Hubert Dreyfus was a critic of artificial intelligence research. In a series of papers and books, including Alchemy and AI, What Computers Can't Do and Mind over Machine, he presented a skeptical and
Book cover of the 1979 paperback edition
The history of artificial intelligence began in antiquity, with myths, stories, and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence by master craftsmen.
Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence
…said in 2007, "I figure I won and it's over—they've given up." In Alchemy and AI (1965) and What Computers Can't Do (1972), Dreyfus summarized the history of artificial intelligence and ridiculed the unbridled optimism that permeated the field. For example, Herbert A. Simon, following the success of his program General Problem…
Al-Jazari's programmable automata (1206 CE)
Gottfried Leibniz, who speculated that human reason could be reduced to mechanical calculation
The IBM 702: a computer used by the first generation of AI researchers.
Alan Turing in 1951