1.
Castle Hill, Filleigh
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Castle Hill in the parish of Filleigh in North Devon, is an early Palladian country house situated 3 miles north-west of South Molton and 8 miles south-east of Barnstaple. Whose family is earliest recorded as residing in the 12th century at the manor of Whympston in the parish of Modbury in South Devon, the Fortescue family became major land owners, influential in British and West Country history. The house was reconstructed following a disastrous fire in 1934. It was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1967, the park and gardens are Grade I listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Today the property is leased by Eleanor, Countess of Arran, the only historic residence of the Fortescue family now remaining as a seat of the Earls Fortescue is Ebrington Manor in Gloucestershire, a very modest building in comparison to Castle Hill. The manor of Filleigh has been held by the Fortescue family since the 15th century, although the main seat until the late 17th century was Weare Giffard. An older late Tudor manor house on the site was re-modelled in 1684 by Arthur Fortescue, a plaque to the left of the north entrance front of the main range is inscribed in Latin, Re-Edificat Per Arthur Fortescue AR AD1684. In 1728/9 he appointed Burlingtons favoured builder Roger Morris to reface the house in Portland stone, the former hall was remodelled as a double-height saloon. A circular library was added in the early 19th century, in 1841 the architect Edward Blore added a porte-cochere on the north side of the main range, now demolished and replaced in 1974 by an entrance porch to the design of Raymond Erith. Blore also refashioned the entrance hall and stairs and added a top storey with mansard roof, in 1861 Blore added at the east side of the house service wings and stables, thus considerably elongating the southern appearance of the building beyond the east wing. The service wing is set back from the east wing by the width of the road which passes directly in front of it. Adjoining it on its east end and extending backwards to give the ensemble an L-shape, is Blores stable block, a major fire broke out in the early morning of 9 March 1934 and burned for two days. It destroyed much of the interior and killed two members of staff, the housekeeper and a maid, the 5th Earl had recently installed a central heating system, the boiler of which, situated underneath the library floor, had malfunctioned. After the fire the house was restored to the 18th-century style by Lord Gerald Wellesley, soldier, diplomat and architect, the house is surrounded by landscaped grounds containing many picturesque structures and decorative points-de-vue. This made available a site for the planned landscaping. Other points-de-vue include the Sham Castle, the Triumphal Arch, the Ebrington Tower, a sham castle dating from about 1746, occupies the hill behind the house to the north, possibly inspired by Vanbrugh, and is said to be the feature which gave the house its name. It served for a while as a hall, at which time it was lined with oak panelling from nearby North Aller House. The building was converted into a dwelling house, originally intended for a couple to tend the tame pheasants
2.
Filleigh
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Filleigh /faɪliː/ is a small village, civil parish and former manor in North Devon, on the southern edge of Exmoor,3 1/2 miles west of South Molton. Much of the land is contained within grade I listed park and garden, Castle Hill. The manor was held in the 14th century by a family took its name from the manor. The family also held lands within the settlements of East Buckland, Bray. On default of heirs, the manor passed by marriage to the Denzell family. This family originated from Denzell manor in St Mawgan parish, near St Columb Major, near Newquay, the senior line became extinct in the male line on the death of John Denzel, sergeant-at-law and Attorney-General to the Queen Consort, Elizabeth of York. It was a branch of this family which had acquired the de Filleigh lands by marriage. The arms of Denzell were, Sable, a mullet in chief and these arms can be seen sculpted on a bench-end, c. 1510, in Weare Giffard Church, where exist others adorned with Fortescue arms, the Denzell arms are also shown in the second quarter of the arms of Richard Fortescue on his monumental brasses in Filleigh Church. Elizabeth Denzell survived her first husband and remarried to Sir Richard de Pomeroy, KB, feudal baron of Berry Pomeroy, Devon, also four smaller figures between as many escotcheons, all of gilded brass or copper. Which are long since become the prey of some greedy or childish hand, the arch is finely fretted and flowered. The Filleigh Estate, comprising 5,500 acres, together with Castle Hill mansion are still privately owned by descendants of the Fortescue family. The only surviving fabric from the old church comprises the two monumental brasses which formerly adorned the now lost tomb-monument of Richard Fortescue, great-grandson of Sir Martin Fortescue. The present parish church of St Paul was built in 1732 on a new site 1/2-mile west of the new Palladian mansion of Castle Hill which was then being built by Lord Clinton and it was designed to be an eye-catcher, visible from the terrace of Castle Hill. The Fortescue Chapel contains several monuments to members of that family. To his most dear and most honoured parent, Matthew Lord Fortescue raised this stone, Castle Hill is a privately owned Palladian country house built in 1730 by Hugh Fortescue, 14th Baron Clinton, who was created in 1751 Baron Fortescue of Castle Hill and Earl of Clinton. The house is opened to the public, whilst its surrounding garden and parklands are open to public access during spring. The Castle Hill estate borders the village, much of the land is included in the estate, as mentioned, covering a substantial area
3.
George Grenville
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George Grenville, PC was a British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. Grenville was born into a political family and first entered Parliament in 1741 as an MP for Buckingham. He emerged as one of Cobhams Cubs, a group of members of Parliament associated with Lord Cobham. In 1754 Grenville became Treasurer of the Navy, a position he held twice until 1761, in October 1761 he chose to stay in government and accepted the new role of Leader of the Commons causing a rift with his brother-in-law and political ally William Pitt who had resigned. Grenville was subsequently made Northern Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, on 8 April 1763, Lord Bute resigned, and Grenville assumed his position as Prime Minister. His government tried to bring public spending under control and pursued a foreign policy. His best known policy is the Stamp Act, a tax in Great Britain onto the colonies in America. Grenville had increasingly strained relations with his colleagues and the King and in 1765 he was dismissed by George III, for the last five years of his life Grenville led a group of his supporters in opposition and staged a public reconciliation with Pitt. George Grenville was born at Wotton House on 14 October 1712 and he was the second son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple. He was one of five brothers, all of whom became MPs and his sister Hester Grenville married the leading political figure William Pitt. His elder brother was Richard Grenville, later the 2nd Earl Temple and it was intended by his parents that George Grenville should become a lawyer. Grenville received his education at Eton College and at Christ Church, Oxford and he entered Parliament in 1741 as one of the two members for Buckingham, and continued to represent that borough for the next twenty-nine years until his death. He was disappointed to be giving up what appeared to be a legal career for the uncertainties of opposition politics. In Parliament he subscribed to the Boy Patriot party, which opposed Sir Robert Walpole, in December 1744 he became a Lord of the Admiralty in the administration of Henry Pelham. He allied himself with his brother Richard and with William Pitt in forcing Pelham to give them promotion by rebelling against his authority, in June 1747, Grenville became a Lord of the Treasury. In 1754 Grenville was made Treasurer of the Navy and Privy Councillor, opposition to European entanglements was a cornerstone of Patriot Whig thinking. He and Pitt joined the opposition, haranguing the Newcastle government, Grenville and Pitt both championed the formation of a British militia to provide additional security rather than the deployment of Hessian mercenaries favoured by the government. As the military situation deteriorated following the loss of Minorca, the government grew increasingly weak until it was forced to resign in Autumn 1756, Pitt then formed a government led by the Duke of Devonshire
4.
Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue
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Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue KG, PC, styled Viscount Ebrington from 1789 to 1841, was a British Whig politician. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1839 to 1841, Fortescue was the eldest son of Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue, and Hester Grenville, daughter of Prime Minister George Grenville. He was educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford, when the Whigs finally came to power in 1830, Ebrington would come to play a significant part in the passing of the Great Reform Act. During the 1830s, Ebrington continued to lead a body of Reformist Whigs. In 1839, as Baron Fortescue, he began serving under Lord Melbourne as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and continued to do so until in 1841 he succeeded his father in the earldom. He went on to serve under Lord John Russell as Lord Steward from 1846 to 1850, was sworn of the Privy Council in 1839, and created a Knight of the Garter in 1856. A statue of the Earl stands in Exeter Castle Yard, in 1858 together with Rev. J. L. A marble bust of Earl Fortescue, sculpted in 1861 by Edward Bowring Stephens, Lord Fortescue married twice, Firstly in 1817 to Lady Susan Ryder, daughter of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby. Fortescue died in September 1861, aged 78, and was succeeded by his eldest son from his first marriage, Hugh Fortescue, 3rd Earl Fortescue. Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Lauder, Rosemary, Devon Families, Tiverton,2002, Fortescue, pp. 75–82 Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl Fortescue
5.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
6.
Eggesford
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Eggesford is a parish in mid-Devon, without its own substantial village. It is served by Eggesford railway station on the Exeter to Barnstaple railway line, the manor of Eggesford is not recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. In 1233 it was held by Sir John de Reigny, whose family, nearly all the heirs of which were called John or Richard. In the 15th century Ibota, the widow of John Reigny, built an almshouse within the parish, no trace of the building remains and its location is unknown. In the 16th century the line of Reigny died out. Their son was John I Copleston, who is recorded as patron of the church in 1571. He was a captain who commanded HMS Dreadnought against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He served as MP for Cheshire in 1589 and his wife, and Dorothys mother, was Alice Davenport, daughter of Thomas Davenport Esq. of Henbury. Sir Georges effigy and elaborate monument exists against the wall of the sanctuary in St Bonifaces Church. The tablet in Eggesford Church is inscribed as follows, Here lyeth buried ye bodies of John Copleston Esq, & Dorothie his wife daughter to Sr. George Biston of Biston Castel in Chelshere, knight. They had issue Anne their sole daught and she departed ye 29 of July in ye yere 1601 he departed ye 11 of. In ye yere 1606, living together 30 yeres in much peace w. th God & lovinge societie e. ch w. th other. Anne Copleston, the heiress of Eggesford, married in 1605 Edward Chichester, later created Baron Chichester of Belfast and he was thus the younger brother of Arthur Chichester, Baron Chichester. Anne Copleston died in 1616 aged only 28, having produced at least three sons to continue the Chichester line, Edward married secondly Mary Denham, which marriage is recorded by a date-stone now set in the wall of Eggesford Barton inscribed E. C. M. Tristram Risdons 1620 Survey of Devonshire furthermore records regarding Eggesford that Edward Lord Chichester hath made a dainty dwelling thereof, during the Civil War Lord Chichester allowed this house to become a garrison for royalist troops, under the command of Lord Goring, whose HQ was at Tiverton. About twelve prisoners were captured and taken back top Okeys base at Fulford House near Dunsford, Edward and Annes eldest son and heir was Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, who erected a very elaborate alabaster monument to his first two wives in Eggesford Church. Such terms in marriage settlements were not unusual, thus were the sons of the Earl excluded from this part of the Chichester lands. Lady Mary Chichester married in 1655 as his first wife John St Ledger of Doneraile, County Cork, Ireland
7.
Impalement (heraldry)
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An impaled shield is bisected in pale, that is by a vertical line. The husbands arms are shown in the half, being the place of honour. For this purpose alone the two halves of the shield are called baron and femme, from ancient Norman-French usage. The sinister side may thus be divided more than twice in similar fashion where required. The use of impaled arms serves to identify with precision which member of the line of a family is represented, if the identity of his wife is known. Frequently impaled arms appear sculpted on ancient buildings, thus allowing architectural historians to identify the builder, impaled arms also appear frequently on monuments in parish churches, and again facilitate identification of the person for whom erected. Also, is pourtraited kneeling in his robes together with his own match, for same-sex married couples, the College of Arms in 2014 decreed that male couples may impale their arms together but that each individual will have distinguished arms and crests of their own. Slightly different rules applies to couples and heraldic heiresses. Likewise, this extends to senior civic office holders, for example Mayors, Masters of Livery Companies. A rare use of impalement is that where a union is believed to exist between the two parties. Such was the case with King Richard II who had a devotion to the saint King Edward the Confessor. The Confessors arms were shown in the position of honour. A rare form of impalement which allows for the juxtaposition of three armorials is tiercing and this is occasionally used where a man has married twice. The personal arms occupy the place of least honour at sinister whilst the representation of the Body of Christ occupies the place of greatest honour at dexter, shields depicting a pelican in her piety were used by various bishops, for example by Robert Sherborne, by Cranmer and Foxe. The dexter part relates to his first wife Elizabeth the daughter of James Walsh of Alverdiscot in Devon, the sinister part relates to his second wife Elizabeth the daughter of Sir Francis Godolphin of Godolphin in Cornwall, England, UK, and shows the arms of Godolphin. Courtoisie Dimidiation Division of the field
8.
Baron Clinton
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Baron Clinton is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1298 for John de Clinton, the peerage of Baron Clinton was created in 1298 for Sir John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton, a knight who had served in the Scottish and French wars. The peerage was created by writ, which means that it can descend through both male and female lines and it is thus one of the most ancient English titles still in existence. The first Barons great-great-great-grandson, the fifth Baron, fought on the Yorkist side in the Wars of the Roses and he was attainted in 1461 but late restored to his title. His great-great-grandson, the ninth Baron, was created Earl of Lincoln in 1572, the titles remained united until 1692 upon the death of his great-great-great-grandson, Edward de Clinton, fifth Earl of Lincoln and 13th Baron Clinton. Lady Margaret had married Hugh Boscawen, MP, of Tregothnan in Cornwall, in 1746 he was created Baron Fortescue, of Castle Hill in the County of Devon and Earl Clinton, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. The Earl was childless and on his death the earldom of Clinton became extinct and he was succeeded in the barony of Fortescue by his half-brother, the second Baron Fortescue. Margaret Rolle was the widow of Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford and the daughter of Samuel Rolle and she was succeeded by her son, George Walpole, third Earl of Orford and sixteenth Baron Clinton. He was childless and on his death in 1791 the earldom passed to his uncle, the barony which had been dormant since 1791 was successfully claimed in 1794 by the late Earl of Orfords cousin Robert George William Trefusis, who became the seventeenth Baron Clinton. He was fourth in descent from Bridget Rolle, the sister of Samuel Rolle and daughter of Robert Rolle by Lady Arabella Clinton, Bridget Rolle had married Francis Trefusis of Trefusis in Cornwall, and had issue Samuel Trefusis, whose great-grandson was the 17th Baron Clinton. The latters younger son, the nineteenth Baron, represented Callington in the House of Commons and he was succeeded by his son, Charles Henry Rolle Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton. He served as Under-Secretary of State for India from 1867 to 1868 in the Conservative administrations of the Earl of Derby, in 1867 Baron Clinton assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes, which were those of his father-in-law. His son, the twenty-second Baron, held office in the coalition government of David Lloyd George. On his death in 1957 the barony fell into abeyance between his two daughters Hon. Harriet Trefusis and Hon. Fenella Trefusis, the abeyance of 1957 was terminated in 1965 in favour of Gerald Neville Mark Fane Trefusis, the twenty-third Baron Clinton and present holder of the title. He is the son of Captain Charles Nevile Fane, eldest son of the aforementioned Hon. Harriet Trefusis and her husband Major Henry Neville Fane. Baron Clinton had already in 1958 assumed by deed poll the surname of Trefusis. The Duke and Duchess of York spent part of their honeymoon there, the 1st Baron resided at Maxstoke Castle, Warwickshire, the inheritance of his wife. The 5th Baron exchanged it for lands in Northamptonshire, the 9th Barons chief seat was in Lincolnshire on an estate which was the inheritance of his wife Elizabeth Blount
9.
William Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon
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Devon was the eldest son of William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon and his first wife Harriet Leslie Pepys, daughter of Sir Lucas Pepys, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1841 Devon was elected to Parliament for South Devon as a Tory. However, when the Tories split over the Corn Laws in 1846, in 1849 Devon was appointed poor-law inspector and retired from the House of Commons. He then served as secretary to the Poor Law Board from 1850 to 1859, the latter year he succeeded his father and took his seat in the House of Lords. He remained in this post until May the following year, when he became President of the Poor Law Board, however, in contrast to his predecessor in the post, Gathorne Hardy, he was not included in the cabinet this time either. Devon continued as President of the Poor Law Board until the Conservatives lost power in December 1868, after this he stopped taking an active part in politics. Apart from his participation in politics, Devon was heavily involved in local affairs. Regarded as the most influential man in the county, he served as a director and later as chairman of the Bristol. Known as the earl, a statue of him was erected in Exeter. Lord Courtenay was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848 until 21 April 1852, in 1830 Lord Devon married Lady Elizabeth Fortescue, daughter of Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue. They had three sons and one daughter and he was succeeded in the earldom by his youngest but only surviving son Edward, William Reginald Courtenay, died aged 21. r 211853. In memory of their first born and much beloved child this cross is erected by his sorrowing parents, underneath was added later in metal lettering, Edward Baldwin 12th Earl of Devon Born 7 May 1836 Died 15 Jan. r 1891. On the north side is inscribed, William Reginald XI Earl of Devon, Born April 14,1807 Died Novr. On the east side is inscribed, Sorrow not even as others which have no hope for if we believe that Jesus died, on the south side is inscribed, Elizabeth Countess of Devon Died Janr. 27th 1887, and underneath in metal lettering, Agnes Elizabeth Viscountess Halifax Born 1 May 1838 Died 4 July 1919, Edward Baldwin Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay. She married on 22 April 1869 Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton, son of Charles Wood, Lord Devon died at his seat of Powderham Castle in November 1888, aged 81. An oil painting of the 11th Earl hangs at Powderham Castle, the unveiling ceremony was attended by Sir Stafford Northcote, later Lord Lieutenant of Devon 1886-7, with the Mayor and Corporation, other dignitaries and the Earl himself. The statue was paid for by subscription to the Devon Statue Fund
10.
Weare Giffard
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Weare Giffard is a small village, parish and former manor in North Devon. The church and manor house are situated 2 1/2 miles NW of Great Torrington in North Devon, most of the houses within the parish are situated some 1/2-mile east of the church. The church is situated on a hillside to the north and slightly above the wide, the Church of the Holy Trinity and the adjacent Weare Giffard Hall are designated members of the Grade I listed buildings in Devon. The historian of Devon Tristram Risdon supposed the name Weare to be derived from a weir which was historically situated in the river to catch fish. The construction of a fish-weir generally required a licence from the feudal overlord, many disputes are recorded in the medieval records over disputes concerning fish-weirs. One of the earliest holders of the manor was the 13th-century Sir Walter Giffard, after whom the manor took its suffix. He left a daughter Emma as his sole heiress who married thrice, Firstly to Hugh Widworthy, secondly to Sir William Trewin, for whom she produced issue, William Trewin, who took the surname de Wear in lieu of his patronymic. Thirdly to Sir Robert Dynham, without issue, stone effigies of an early member of the Giffard family and his wife exist in the Parish Church, now housed separately in arched niches set into the north wall of the nave. The original location of these effigies was in the north transept, the estate of Brightley in the parish of Chittlehampton, about 10 miles east of Weare Giffard, was acquired by Sir Roger Giffard on his marriage to Margaret Coblegh, the heiress of Brightley. Over the porch of Brightley Barton, now a large farmhouse, Roger was a son of Sir Thomas Giffard of the manor of Halsbury, about 13 miles west of Weare Giffard. The Giffards of Halsbury appear to have been a line of the Giffards of Weare. Bartholomew Giffard of Clovelly, married Joan de Halsbury, the heiress of Halsbury, the 13th-century Testa de Nevill lists the manor of Clovelly as being held by Sir Roger Giffard from his overlord Sir Walter Giffard of Wear. The senior male line at Clovelly died out in 1303 on the death of Sir Matthew Giffard, the last of in the male line of the de Wear family was William de Wear, who died c. The senior line of the Denzell family became extinct in the line on the death of John Denzel, serjeant-at-law and Attorney-General to the Queen Consort. It was a branch of this family which had acquired Weare Giffard by marriage to the heiress of Weare. Richard Denzell had one son, also named Richard, by his wife the de Wear heiress, the arms of Denzell were, Sable, a mullet in chief and a crescent in base argent. These arms survive sculpted on a bench-end, c,1510, in Weare Giffard Church and also sculpted in stone on the monument to Sir Richard de Pomeroy, in Berry Pomeroy Church. The Denzell arms are shown in the second quarter of the arms of Richard Fortescue on his monumental brasses in Filleigh Church
11.
Peerages in the United Kingdom
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The peerage is a legal system historically comprising hereditary titles in the United Kingdom, comprising various noble ranks, and forms a constituent part of the British honours system. The term peerage can be used collectively to refer to the entire body of nobles, and individually to refer to a specific title. British peerage title holders are termed peers of the Realm, New Labour, elected to power in 1997, sought to eject all hereditary peers from Parliament but PM Tony Blair relented by allowing only 92 members to remain by legislation enacted in 1999. The House of Lordss purpose is now that of a legislative chamber. Peerages are created by the British monarch, like all Crown honours, HMG recommends to the Sovereign who to be elevated to the peerage, after external vetting by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. The Sovereign, traditionally the fount of honour, cannot hold a British peerage, succession claims to existing hereditary peerages are regulated by the House of Lords Committee for Privileges and Conduct and administered by The Crown Office. The modern-day parliamentary peerage is a continuation of the renamed medieval baronage system which existed in feudal times, certain other office-holders such as senior clerics and Freemen of the Cinque Ports were deemed barons. This right, entitlement or title, began to be granted by decree in the form of a Writ of Summons from 1265, additionally, many holders of smaller fiefdoms per baroniam ceased to be summoned to parliament, resulting in baronial status becoming personal rather than territorial. In the UK, five peerages co-exist, namely, The Peerage of England — titles created by the Kings, the Peerage of Scotland — titles created by the Kings and Queens of Scotland before 1707. The Peerage of Ireland — titles created for the Kingdom of Ireland before the Act of Union of 1801, the Peerage of Great Britain — titles created for the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. The Peerage of the United Kingdom — most titles created since 1801 to the present, Peers are of five ranks, in descending order of hierarchy, Duke comes from the Latin dux, leader. The first duke in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1337, Marquess comes from the French marquis, which is a derivative of marche or march. This is a reference to the borders between England, Scotland, and Wales, a more evident in the feminine form. The first marquess in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1385, earl comes from the Old English or Anglo-Saxon eorl, a military leader. The meaning may have been affected by the Old Norse jarl, meaning free-born warrior or nobleman, during the Danelaw, since there was no feminine Old English or Old Norse equivalent for the term, Countess is used, from the Latin comes. Viscount comes from the Latin vicecomes, vice-count, Baron comes from the Old Germanic baro, freeman. In the Peerage of Scotland alone, a holder of the rank is not called a Baron. Barons in Scotland were traditionally holders of feudal dignities, not peers, baronets, while holders of hereditary titles, are not peers since baronetcies have never conferred noble status, although socially they came to be regarded as part of the aristocracy
12.
Newton Fellowes, 4th Earl of Portsmouth
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Newton Fellowes, 4th Earl of Portsmouth was an English politician, styled Hon. Newton Wallop until 1794 and Hon. Newton Fellowes from 1794 to 1853. He was Member of Parliament for Andover from 1802 to 1820, Newton Fellowes was born the Hon. Newton Wallop, the third son of John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth and Urania Fellowes. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, becoming MA in 1792, in 1794 he succeeded to the estates of his uncle Henry Arthur Fellowes at Eggesford in Devon, taking the name and arms of Fellowes. Fellowes retired from Parliament in 1837 and he briefly succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Portsmouth on the death of his brother in 1853. An obituarist described Fellowes as always a zealous and energetic supporter of Liberal politics and he was instrumental in building the road between Exeter and Barnstaple, and later promoted the railway in North Devon. Fellowes married twice, Firstly to Frances Sherard, who died in 1819, Newton John Alexander Fellowes, died young. Dudley Fortescue in 1852 Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Newton Fellowes
