1.
Flying boat
–
A flying boat is a fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water, that usually has no type of landing gear to allow operation on land. It differs from a floatplane as it uses a purpose-designed fuselage which can float, Flying boats may be stabilized by under-wing floats or by wing-like projections from the fuselage. Flying boats were some of the largest aircraft of the first half of the 20th century and their advantage lay in using water instead of expensive land-based runways, making them the basis for international airlines in the interwar period. They were also used for maritime patrol and air-sea rescue. Their use gradually trailed off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war. In the 21st century, flying boats maintain a few uses, such as dropping water on forest fires, air transport around archipelagos. Many modern seaplane variants, whether float or flying boat types, are convertible amphibious aircraft where either landing gear or flotation modes may be used to land, on 6 June 1905 Gabriel Voisin took off and landed on the River Seine with a towed kite glider on floats. The first of his flights was 150 yards. He later built a powered floatplane in partnership with Louis Blériot, other pioneers also attempted to attach floats to aircraft in Britain, Australia, France and the USA. On 28 March 1910 Frenchman Henri Fabre successfully flew the first successful powered seaplane, the Gnome Omega-powered hydravion, fabres first successful take off and landing by a powered seaplane inspired other aviators and he designed floats for several other flyers. The first hydro-aeroplane competition was held in Monaco in March 1912, featuring aircraft using floats from Fabre, Curtiss, Tellier and this led to the first scheduled seaplane passenger services at Aix-les-Bains, using a five-seat Sanchez-Besa from 1 August 1912. The French Navy ordered its first floatplane in 1912, in 1911-12 François Denhaut constructed the first seaplane with a fuselage forming a hull, using various designs to give hydrodynamic lift at take-off. Its first successful flight was on 13 April 1912, throughout 1910 and 1911 American pioneering aviator Glenn Curtiss developed his floatplane into the successful Curtiss Model D land-plane, which used a larger central float and sponsons. Combining floats with wheels, he made the first amphibian flights in February 1911 and was awarded the first Collier Trophy for US flight achievement, from 1912 his experiments with a hulled seaplane resulted in the 1913 Model E and Model F, which he called flying-boats. In February 1911 the United States Navy took delivery of the Curtiss Model E, in Britain, Captain Edward Wakefield and Oscar Gnosspelius began to explore the feasibility of flight from water in 1908. They decided to use of Lake Windermere in the Lake District. Meanwhile, Wakefield ordered a similar to the design of the 1910 Fabre Hydravion. By November 1911, both Gnosspelier and Wakefield had aircraft capable of flight from water and awaited suitable weather conditions, gnosspeliers flight was short-lived as the aircraft crashed into the lake
Flying boat
–
Short S23 "C" Class or "Empire" Flying Boat
Flying boat
–
Gabriel Voisin, air pioneer, who made one of the earliest flights in a seaplane, with
Henry Farman (left), in 1908.
Flying boat
–
Curtiss NC Flying Boat "NC-3" skims across the water before takeoff, 1919
Flying boat
–
The
Felixstowe F.2A, the first production seaplane, and the basis for future development.
2.
Hughes Aircraft
–
The Hughes Aircraft Company was a major American aerospace and defense contractor founded in 1932 by Howard Hughes in Glendale, California as a division of Hughes Tool Company. During World War II the company designed and built prototype aircraft at Hughes Airport. These included the famous Hughes H-4 Hercules, better known by the nickname for it, the Spruce Goose, the H-1 racer, D-2. At the start of the war Hughes Aircraft had only four full-time employees—by the end the number was 80,000. Hughes Aircraft was one of many aerospace and defense companies which flourished in Southern California during, by the summer of 1947 certain politicians had become concerned about Hughes alleged mismanagement of the Spruce Goose and the XF-11 photo reconnaissance plane project. They formed a committee to investigate Hughes which culminated in a much-followed Senate investigation. Despite a highly critical report, Hughes was cleared. In 1948 Hughes created a new division of the company, the Aerospace Group, two Hughes engineers, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge, had new ideas on the packaging of electronics to make complete fire control systems. Their MA-1 system combined signals from the radar with a digital computer to automatically guide the interceptor aircraft into the proper position for firing missiles. At the same time other teams were working with the newly formed US Air Force on air-to-air missiles, delivering the AIM-4 Falcon, the MA-1/Falcon package, with several upgrades, was the primary interceptor weapon system of the USAF for many years, lasting into the 1980s. The company became TRW in 1965, another company and a major competitor to Hughes Aircraft. In 1951 Hughes Aircraft Co. built a plant in Tucson. By the end of year, the U. S. Air Force had purchased the property. This Tucson plant is still in operation under the ownership of Raytheon Co, Howard Hughes donated Hughes Aircraft to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1953 allegedly as a way of avoiding taxes on its huge income. Pat Hyland was hired as president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft, he would ultimately become company president. Under Hylands guidance, the Aerospace Group continued to diversify and become massively profitable, the company developed radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines, and many other advanced technologies. The Electronic Properties Information Center of the United States was hosted at the Hughes Culver City library in the 1970s, EPIC published the multi-volume Handbook of Electronic Materials as public documents. Greg Jarvis and Ronald McNair, two of the astronauts on the last flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger, were Hughes alumni, Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group was located in Fullerton, California
Hughes Aircraft
–
Hughes H-1 Racer
Hughes Aircraft
–
Hughes Aircraft Company logo, during most of the company's first 50 years
Hughes Aircraft
–
Hughes H-4 Hercules.
Hughes Aircraft
–
Hughes Galileo probe being deployed.
3.
Evergreen Aviation Museum
–
The Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum is an aviation museum which displays a number of military and civilian aircraft and spacecraft, most notably, the Hughes H-4 Hercules Spruce Goose. The museum is located in McMinnville, Oregon, across the street from the headquarters of Evergreen International Aviation, Oregon Route 18 separates the museum from the company operations and McMinnville Municipal Airport. An IMAX theater opened in 2007, and an exhibit hall focusing on the Titan II ICBM. In March 1990, the Disney Corporation, which owned the Spruce Goose, announced that it was closing its exhibit located in Long Beach, the Aeroclub of Southern California was notified and they immediately began the search for a new home for the Spruce Goose. In 1992, the Evergreen Museum won the bid with a proposal to build a museum around the aircraft, the disassembly of the aircraft began in August 1992. The plane was disassembled and sent by ship up the Pacific Ocean, Columbia River, for the next eight years, the plane went through detailed restoration. Volunteers removed all the paint, replaced worn parts, and repainted the entire aircraft, in September 2000, the main aircraft assemblies were complete. The fuselage, wings, and tail were transported across the highway and into the new museum building, for the next year, crews spent their time assembling the wings and tail to the fuselage. These were completed in time for the opening on June 6,2001. The control surfaces were assembled later, the last piece was put into place on December 7,2001. The name of the museum has evolved, Initially known as the Evergreen Museum, in 1997, the facility was renamed the Captain Michael King Smith Evergreen Aviation Educational Center in memory of Captain Smith, who died in an automobile accident in March 1995. Work began on the museum building in September 2006 which is identical to the aviation museum. It was completed in May 2008 and had its opening on June 6,2008. In 2009 the museum became an affiliate in the Smithsonian Affiliations program, a key component of the museum are the many volunteers that work there. Many are former aviators who flew the planes on display and their detailed descriptions and real life commentary help bring the planes and their days of flight back to life. The museum also offers a number of presentations on the development and use of the aircraft. As of June 2008, two centers were open to the public, The primary structure is the aviation center with the Spruce Goose as centerpiece. The space flight center holds a Titan II missile as its centerpiece, the Titan II sits upright in a specially constructed display extending two stories below the floor, silo fashion
Evergreen Aviation Museum
–
Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum
Evergreen Aviation Museum
–
A
B-25 Mitchell bomber on the main floor of the museum.
Evergreen Aviation Museum
–
Kids climb on a Soviet T-55 behind the main building.
Evergreen Aviation Museum
–
Exterior of the waterpark, showing the mounted
Boeing 747 -100
4.
Aircraft registration
–
In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
Aircraft registration
–
A
Van's Aircraft RV-7 displaying registration G-KELS. The G prefix denotes a civil aircraft registered in the
United Kingdom
Aircraft registration
–
Registration JA8089 on a
Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400.
Aircraft registration
–
Air France Airbus A318 displaying registration F-GUGJ on the
wing undersurface and the last two letters of the registration, GJ, on the
nose wheel doors.
Aircraft registration
–
A
Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner displaying
Air India registration VT-ANG on the
wing undersurface, on the
nose wheel doors and on the rear
fuselage.
5.
Strategic airlift
–
An airlift is the organized delivery of military supplies or military personnel primarily via military transport aircraft. Airlifting consists of two types, strategic and tactical airlifting. Typically, strategic airlifting involves moving material long distances, whereas a tactical airlift focuses on deploying resources, depending on the situation, airlifted supplies can be delivered by a variety of means. When the destination and surrounding airspace is considered secure, the aircraft land at an appropriate airport or airbase to have its cargo unloaded on the ground. However, when the area is too small for this method, as with a base, and/or is too dangerous to land in. Serbian Air Force, made first transport of wounded soldiers from Serbia through Albania to Corfu and that was the first Medevac operation in air history. April 1923 aircraft of the RAFs Iraq Command flew 280 Sikh troops from Kingarban to Kirkuk in the first British air trooping operation, the worlds first long-range combat airlift took place in July 1936. Luftwaffe Ju 52 and Italian Air Force Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 were used by the Spanish Nationalists to transport troops from Spanish Morocco to Spain at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Airlifts became practical during World War II as aircraft became large and this joint effort is estimated to have saved more than a million lives in Biafra. Most airplanes departed from the Portuguese colony of Sao Tome and Principe to the landing strip of Uli, the only operational airport in Biafra. Flights were made flying at night all lights off and under near-total radio silence to avoid Nigerian MIG aircraft. All the airplanes, crews and logistics were paid, set up, JCA and their crews and aircraft kept flying into Biafra at the cost of many crews lives. Strategic airlift is the use of transport aircraft to transport materiel, weaponry. Typically, this involves airlifting the required items between two airbases which are not in the same vicinity and this allows commanders to bring items into a combat theater from a point on the other side of the planet, if necessary. Aircraft which perform this role are considered strategic airlifters and this contrasts with tactical airlifters, such as the C-130 Hercules and Transall C-160, which can normally only move supplies within a given theater of operations. This difficulty has prompted investment in lighter armoured fighting vehicles, as well as some research into alternative airlift technologies such as ground effect vehicles. Civilian aircraft are commonly used for transportation. For some civilian airlines, such as Miami Air International and Volga-Dnepr Airlines, tactical airlift is a military term for the airborne transportation of supplies and equipment within a theatre of operations
Strategic airlift
–
A large military cargo aircraft: the
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
Strategic airlift
–
The
Airbus A400M, the future transport/tanker aircraft of many European countries
Strategic airlift
–
Antonov An-124 loading a container for the Dutch military
Strategic airlift
–
Boeing C-17 Globemaster III
6.
Hughes Aircraft Company
–
The Hughes Aircraft Company was a major American aerospace and defense contractor founded in 1932 by Howard Hughes in Glendale, California as a division of Hughes Tool Company. During World War II the company designed and built prototype aircraft at Hughes Airport. These included the famous Hughes H-4 Hercules, better known by the nickname for it, the Spruce Goose, the H-1 racer, D-2. At the start of the war Hughes Aircraft had only four full-time employees—by the end the number was 80,000. Hughes Aircraft was one of many aerospace and defense companies which flourished in Southern California during, by the summer of 1947 certain politicians had become concerned about Hughes alleged mismanagement of the Spruce Goose and the XF-11 photo reconnaissance plane project. They formed a committee to investigate Hughes which culminated in a much-followed Senate investigation. Despite a highly critical report, Hughes was cleared. In 1948 Hughes created a new division of the company, the Aerospace Group, two Hughes engineers, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge, had new ideas on the packaging of electronics to make complete fire control systems. Their MA-1 system combined signals from the radar with a digital computer to automatically guide the interceptor aircraft into the proper position for firing missiles. At the same time other teams were working with the newly formed US Air Force on air-to-air missiles, delivering the AIM-4 Falcon, the MA-1/Falcon package, with several upgrades, was the primary interceptor weapon system of the USAF for many years, lasting into the 1980s. The company became TRW in 1965, another company and a major competitor to Hughes Aircraft. In 1951 Hughes Aircraft Co. built a plant in Tucson. By the end of year, the U. S. Air Force had purchased the property. This Tucson plant is still in operation under the ownership of Raytheon Co, Howard Hughes donated Hughes Aircraft to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1953 allegedly as a way of avoiding taxes on its huge income. Pat Hyland was hired as president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft, he would ultimately become company president. Under Hylands guidance, the Aerospace Group continued to diversify and become massively profitable, the company developed radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines, and many other advanced technologies. The Electronic Properties Information Center of the United States was hosted at the Hughes Culver City library in the 1970s, EPIC published the multi-volume Handbook of Electronic Materials as public documents. Greg Jarvis and Ronald McNair, two of the astronauts on the last flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger, were Hughes alumni, Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group was located in Fullerton, California
Hughes Aircraft Company
–
Hughes H-1 Racer
Hughes Aircraft Company
–
Hughes H-4 Hercules.
Hughes Aircraft Company
–
Hughes Galileo probe being deployed.
Hughes Aircraft Company
–
Hughes-built NASA Surveyor lunar lander.
7.
Transatlantic flight
–
A transatlantic flight is the flight of an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean, from Europe, Africa or the Middle East to North America, Central America, South America, or vice versa. Such flights have been made by fixed-wing aircraft, airships, balloons, early aircraft engines did not have the reliability needed for the crossing, nor the power to lift the required fuel. There are difficulties navigating over featureless expanses of water for thousands of miles, since the middle of the 20th century, however, transatlantic flight has been routine, for commercial, military, diplomatic, and other purposes. Experimental flights still present challenges for transatlantic fliers, the idea of transatlantic flight came about with the advent of the balloon. The balloons of the period were inflated with gas, a moderate lifting medium compared to hydrogen or helium. In 1859, John Wise built an enormous aerostat named the Atlantic, the flight lasted less than a day, crash-landing in Henderson, New York. Lowe prepared a massive balloon of 725,000 cubic feet called the City of New York to take off from Philadelphia in 1860, the possibility of transatlantic flight by aircraft emerged after the First World War, which had seen tremendous advances in aerial capabilities. In April 1913 the London newspaper The Daily Mail offered a prize of £10,000 to The competition was suspended with the outbreak of war in 1914 but reopened after Armistice was declared in 1918. Between 8 and 31 May 1919, the Curtiss seaplane NC-4 made a crossing of the Atlantic flying from the U. S. to Newfoundland, then to the Azores and on to mainland Portugal, the whole journey took 23 days, with six stops along the way. A trail of 53 station ships across the Atlantic gave the points to navigate by. This flight was not eligible for the Daily Mail prize since it more than 72 consecutive hours. With the war over, there were four teams competing to be the first non-stop across the Atlantic and they were Australian pilot Harry Hawker with observer Kenneth Mackenzie-Grieve in a single engine Sopwith Atlantic, Frederick Raynham and C. W. F. Morgan in a Martinsyde, the Handley Page Group, led by Mark Kerr, each group had to ship its aircraft to Newfoundland and make a rough field for the take off. Hawker and Mackenzie-Grieve made the first attempt on 18 May, Raynham and Morgan also made an attempt on 18 May but crashed on take off due to the high fuel load. The Handley Page team was in the stages of testing its aircraft for the flight in June. During 14–15 June 1919, the British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, Alcocks enthusiasm impressed Vickerss team, and he was appointed as its pilot. Work began on converting the Vimy for the flight, replacing its bomb racks with extra petrol tanks. Shortly afterwards Brown, who was unemployed, approached Vickers seeking a post, Alcock and Brown flew the modified Vickers Vimy, powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle 360 hp engines
Transatlantic flight
–
Alcock and Brown made the first transatlantic flight in 1919. They took off from
St. John's, Newfoundland.
Transatlantic flight
–
Alcock and Brown landed in
Ireland 1919. Their flight paved the way for commercial transatlantic aviation.
Transatlantic flight
–
Charles Lindbergh with the Spirit of St. Louis – 1927.
Transatlantic flight
–
Flown picture postcard from the "First North American Flight" of the D-LZ127 (1928)
8.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
9.
Aluminum
–
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal, Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building facades. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium, despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts abundance, the potential for a role for them is of continuing interest. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite, a fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel and it is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a cubic structure. Aluminium has an energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Aluminium is a thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin. Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium
Aluminum
–
Aluminium, 13 Al
Aluminum
–
Spectral lines of aluminium
Aluminum
–
"
Red mud " storage facility in
Stade,
Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.
Aluminum
–
Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of
iron minerals.
10.
Birch
–
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae, the genus Betula contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN2011 Green List of Threatened Species. They are a typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern temperate, Birch species are generally small to medium-sized trees or shrubs, mostly of northern temperate and boreal climates. The simple leaves are alternate, singly or doubly serrate, feather-veined and they often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like, two-leaved, lateral branchlets. The fruit is a samara, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the alders in that the female catkins are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody, cone-like female alder catkins. The bark of all birches is characteristically marked with long, horizontal lenticels and its decided color gives the common names gray, white, black, silver and yellow birch to different species. The buds form early and are grown by midsummer, all are lateral, no terminal bud is formed. The wood of all the species is close-grained with satiny texture, staminate aments are pendulous, clustered or solitary in the axils of the last leaves of the branch of the year or near the ends of the short lateral branchlets of the year. They form in autumn and remain rigid during the winter. The scales of the staminate aments when mature are broadly ovate, rounded, yellow or orange color below the middle, each scale bears two bractlets and three sterile flowers, each flower consisting of a sessile, membranaceous, usually two-lobed, calyx. Each calyx bears four short filaments with one-celled anthers or strictly, the pistillate aments are erect or pendulous, solitary, terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow green often tinged with red and these scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two styles, the ovule is solitary. Each scale bear a small, winged nut that is oval. Betula species are organised into five subgenera, pendula and B. pubescens confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers. This root is derived from *bʰreh₁ǵ- ‘to shine’, in reference to the birchs white bark. The Proto-Germanic rune berkanan is named after the birch, the generic name betula is from Latin, which is a diminutive borrowed from Gaulish betua
Birch
–
Birch
Birch
–
The front and rear sides of a piece of birch
bark
Birch
–
Birch trees near stream in
Hankasalmi, Finland
Birch
–
A stand of birch trees
11.
Wingspan
–
The wingspan of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777 has a wingspan of about 60 metres, and a wandering albatross caught in 1965 had a wingspan of 3.63 metres, the official record for a living bird. The term wingspan, more technically extent, is used for other winged animals such as pterosaurs, bats, insects, etc. In humans, the term also refers to the distance between the length from one end of an individuals arms to the other when raised parallel to the ground at shoulder height at a 90º angle. Former professional basketball player Manute Bol stands at 77 and owns one of the largest wingspans at 86, the wingspan of an aircraft is always measured in a straight line, from wingtip to wingtip, independently of wing shape or sweep. The lift from wings is proportional to their area, so the heavier the animal or aircraft the bigger that area must be. The area is the product of the times the width of the wing, so either a long. For efficient steady flight, the ratio of span to chord, long-ranging birds, like albatrosses, and most commercial aircraft maximize aspect ratio. Alternatively, animals and aircraft which depend on maneuverability need to be able to roll fast to turn, for them, short-span, broad wings are preferred. The highest aspect ratio wings are aircraft propellers, in their most extreme form as helicopter rotors. In basketball and gridiron football, a measurement is used to determine the players wingspan. This is called reach in boxing terminology, the wingspan of Manute Bol, at 8 feet 6 inches, is the longest in NBA history, and his vertical reach was 10 feet 5 inches
Wingspan
–
The distance A to B is the wingspan of this
Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 777-200ER
12.
McMinnville, Oregon
–
McMinnville is the county seat and largest city of Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. According to Oregon Geographic Names, it was named by its founder, William T. Newby, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 32,187. McMinnville is located at the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Yamhill River in the Willamette Valley, part of the Portland metropolitan area, it lies 35 miles southwest of Portland. The city is home to Linfield College and the Evergreen Aviation Museum, town founder William T. Newby joined the Great Migration of 1843, later claiming land in 1844 on the present site of McMinnville in what was then known as the Oregon Country. He built a grist mill in 1853 at what would become the west end of Third Street, on May 5th,1856 Newby platted a town and named it after his hometown of McMinnville, Tennessee. Newby would later make a donation of land for the founding of an institution of higher learning in the town, originally called McMinnville College. McMinnville was incorporated as a town in 1876 and became a city in 1882, County residents voted to move the county seat of Yamhill County from Lafayette to McMinnville in 1886. The Oregonian published the photographs the next day, and within a month they were published in LIFE magazine, although these images have come to be known as the McMinnville UFO photographs, the Trent farm was actually located just outside Sheridan, Oregon, nine miles southwest of McMinnville. McMinnville is located 50 miles from the Pacific Ocean,35 miles from Portland, and 26 miles from Salem, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.58 square miles, all of it land. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, McMinnville has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 32,187 people,11,674 households, the population density was 3,042.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 12,389 housing units at a density of 1,171.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 82. 2% White,0. 7% African American,1. 2% Native American,1. 5% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,10. 7% from other races, and 3. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 6% of the population,26. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.14. The median age in the city was 34 years. 25. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 7% were from 25 to 44,22. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 2% male and 51. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 26,499 people residing in the city, among 9,367 households and 6,463 families
McMinnville, Oregon
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Hotel Oregon in the Downtown Historic District
McMinnville, Oregon
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Headquarters of the
Oregon Mutual Insurance Company
McMinnville, Oregon
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Pioneer Hall at Linfield College
McMinnville, Oregon
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The Evergreen Aviation Museum
13.
Douglas DC-3
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The Douglas DC-3 is a fixed-wing propeller-driven airliner. Its cruise speed and range revolutionized air transport in the 1930s and 1940s and its lasting effect on the airline industry and World War II makes it one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made. The DC-3 was a twin-engine metal monoplane, developed as a larger and it had many exceptional qualities compared to previous aircraft. It was fast, had a range and could operate from short runways. It was reliable and easy to maintain and carried passengers in greater comfort, before the war it pioneered many air travel routes. Civil DC-3 production ended in 1942 with 607 aircraft being produced, however, together with its military derivative, the C-47 Skytrain, and with Russian- and Japanese-built versions, over 16,000 were built. Following the Second World War, the market was flooded with surplus C-47s and other transport aircraft. While the DC-3 was soon made redundant on main routes by more advanced such as the Douglas DC-6 and Lockheed Constellation. Large numbers continue to see service in a variety of niche roles well into the 21st century. In 2013 it was estimated that approximately 2,000 DC-3s and military derivatives were still flying, the DC-3 was the culmination of a development effort that began after an inquiry from Transcontinental and Western Airlines to Donald Douglas. TWA asked Douglas to design and build an aircraft that would allow TWA to compete with United, Douglas design, the 1933 DC-1, was promising, and led to the DC-2 in 1934. The DC-2 was a success, but there was room for improvement, Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of Americans intention to purchase twenty aircraft. The new aircraft was engineered by a led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond over the next two years, and the prototype DST first flew on December 17,1935. Its cabin was 92 in wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3, there was no prototype DC-3, the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines. The DC-3 and DST popularized air travel in the United States, eastbound transcontinental flights could cross the U. S. in about 15 hours with three refueling stops, westbound trips against the wind took 17 1⁄2 hours. A few years such a trip entailed short hops in slower and shorter-range aircraft during the day. A variety of engines were available for the DC-3. Early-production civilian aircraft used Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9s, but later used the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp
Douglas DC-3
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DC-3
Douglas DC-3
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Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 engine of Douglas DC-3 "Flagship Knoxville" of American Airlines
Douglas DC-3
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A former military
C-47B of
Air Atlantique taking off at
RAF Hullavington (2005)
Douglas DC-3
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A BSAS C-47–65ARTP powered by two
Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6-65AR engines, formerly operated by the
National Test Pilot School
14.
United States Department of War
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The Secretary of War, a civilian with such responsibilities as finance and purchases and a minor role in directing military affairs, headed the War Department throughout its existence. Retired senior General Henry Knox, then in civilian life, served as the first United States Secretary of War, forming and organizing the department and the army fell to Secretary Knox. On November 8,1800 the War Department building with its records, foundation of the new military academy at West Point along the Hudson River upstream from New York City in 1802 was important to the future growth of the American army. The multiple failures and fiascos of the War of 1812 convinced Washington that thorough reform of the War Department was necessary, winfield Scott became the senior general until the start of the American Civil War in 1861. The bureau chiefs acted as advisers to the Secretary of War while commanding their own troops, the bureaus frequently conflicted among themselves, but in disputes with the commanding general, the Secretary of War generally supported the bureaus. Congress regulated the affairs of the bureaus in detail, and their chiefs looked to that body for support, during the American Civil War, the War Department responsibilities expanded. It handled the recruiting, training, supply, medical care, transportation, a separate command structure took charge of military operations. In the late stages of the war, the Department took charge of refugees and freedmen in the American South through the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, during Reconstruction, this bureau played a major role in supporting the new Republican governments in the southern states. When military Reconstruction ended in 1877, the U. S. Army removed the last troops from military occupation of the American South, and the last Republican state governments in the region ended. The Army comprised hundreds of small detachments in forts around the West, dealing with Indians, the United States Army, with 39,000 men in 1890 was the smallest and least powerful army of any major power in the late 19th century. By contrast, France had an army of 542,000, temporary volunteers and state militia units mostly fought the Spanish–American War of 1898. This conflict demonstrated the need for effective control over the department. Elihu Root enlarged the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and established the United States Army War College and he changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line, indeed, Secretary Taft exercised little power, President Theodore Roosevelt made the major decisions. In 1911, Secretary Henry L. Stimson and Major General Leonard Wood, his chief of staff, the general staff assisted them in their efforts to rationalize the organization of the army along modern lines and in supervising the bureaus. Assisted by industrial advisers, they reorganized the system of the army. General March reorganized the general staff along similar lines and gave it authority over departmental operations. After the war, the Congress again granted the bureaus their former independence, in the 1920s, General John J. Pershing realigned the general staff on the pattern of his American Expeditionary Force field headquarters, which he commanded
United States Department of War
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State, War, and Navy Building in 1917
United States Department of War
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The seal of the U.S. Department of War.
15.
Battle of the Atlantic
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The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war and it was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and these forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13,1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10,1940, as an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a war, the Allied struggle to supply Britain. From 1942 onwards, the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies, the defeat of the U-boat threat was a pre-requisite for pushing back the Axis. The outcome of the battle was a victory for the Allies—the German blockade failed—but at great cost,3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk for the loss of 783 U-boats. The name Battle of the Atlantic was coined by Winston Churchill in February 1941 and it has been called the longest, largest, and most complex naval battle in history. The campaign started immediately after the European war began, during the so-called Phoney War and it involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters, in a theatre covering millions of square miles of ocean. The Allies gradually gained the hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943. The first meeting of the Cabinets Battle of the Atlantic Committee was on March 19, Churchill claimed to have coined the phrase Battle of the Atlantic shortly before Alexanders speech, but there are several examples of earlier usage. Following the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in the First World War, countries tried to limit, even abolish, the effort failed. or active resistance to visit or search. This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot, in 1939, the Kriegsmarine lacked the strength to challenge the combined British Royal Navy and French Navy for command of the sea. Instead, German naval strategy relied on commerce raiding using capital ships, armed merchant cruisers, submarines and these ships immediately attacked British and French shipping. U-30 sank the ocean liner SS Athenia within hours of the declaration of war—in breach of her orders not to sink passenger ships, much of the early German anti-shipping activity involved minelaying by destroyers, aircraft and U-boats off British ports. With the outbreak of war, the British and French immediately began a blockade of Germany, the Royal Navy quickly introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as Panama, Bombay and Singapore. Convoys allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate its escorts near the one place the U-boats were guaranteed to be found, each convoy consisted of between 30 and 70 mostly unarmed merchant ships
Battle of the Atlantic
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Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer stand watch for enemy submarines, October 1941.
Battle of the Atlantic
–
Vizeadmiral Karl Dönitz, commander of German U-boats (BdU), 1935–1943; Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy, 1943–1945.
Battle of the Atlantic
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The German submarine base in Lorient
Battle of the Atlantic
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A U-boat shells a merchant ship which has remained afloat after being torpedoed
16.
Henry J. Kaiser
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Henry John Kaiser was an American industrialist who became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. He established the Kaiser Shipyards, which built Liberty ships during World War II, after which he formed Kaiser Aluminum, Kaiser organized Kaiser Permanente health care for his workers and their families. He led Kaiser-Frazer followed by Kaiser Motors, automobile companies known for the safety of their designs, Kaiser was involved in large construction projects such as civic centers and dams, and invested in real estate. With his wealth, he established the Kaiser Family Foundation, a nonprofit, non-partisan, Kaiser was born on May 9,1882, in Sprout Brook, New York, the son of Franz and Anna Marie Kaiser, ethnic German immigrants. Kaisers first job was as a boy in an Utica, New York. He worked as an apprentice photographer early in life, and was running the studio in Lake Placid by the age of twenty. He used his savings to move to Washington state on the west coast of the United States in 1906, where he started a construction company that fulfilled government contracts. Kaiser met his wife, Bess Fosburgh, the daughter of a Virginia lumberman. They married on April 8,1907, and had two children, Edgar Kaiser, Sr and Henry Kaiser, Jr, in 1914 Kaiser founded a paving company, Henry J. Kaiser Co. Ltd. one of the first to use heavy construction machinery. His firm expanded significantly in 1927 when it received a contract to build roads in Camagüey Province. In 1931 his firm was one of the contractors in building the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. Henry Kaiser was an advocate of bringing American aid to those suffering from Nazi aggression in Europe. S. Still fretted over preserving its isolationism, many leading industrialists, such as Henry Ford, were pro-Fascist and adamantly against the US entering that conflict until December 7,1941. These ships became known as Liberty ships and were supplemented in the mid-war by improved. He became world-renowned when his teams built a ship in four days, the previous record had been 10 days for the Liberty ship Joseph M. Teal. A visit to a Ford assembly plant by one of his associates led to the decision to use welding instead of riveting for shipbuilding. Welding was advantageous in that it took less strength and it was easier to teach thousands of employees, mostly unskilled laborers, Kaiser adopted the use of subassemblies in ship construction, formerly, hundreds of laborers crowded together to complete a ship. Though this practice had been tried on the East Coast and in Britain, other Kaiser Shipyards were located in Ryan Point on the Columbia River in Washington state and on Swan Island in Portland, Oregon
Henry J. Kaiser
–
Henry J. Kaiser
Henry J. Kaiser
–
Kaiser was born in this house near
Canajoharie, New York.
Henry J. Kaiser
Henry J. Kaiser
–
The
Kaiser Center in downtown Oakland served as the headquarters of Kaiser Industries. Up to that time, it was Oakland's tallest building, as well as "the largest office tower west of Chicago".
17.
Liberty ship
–
The Liberty ship was a class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II. Though British in conception, the design was adapted by the United States for its simple, mass-produced on an unprecedented scale, the now iconic Liberty ship came to symbolize U. S. wartime industrial output. The class was developed to meet British orders for transports to replace those torpedoed by German U-boats, the vessels were purchased both for the U. S. fleet and lend-lease deliveries of war materiel to Britain and the Soviet Union. Eighteen American shipyards built 2,710 Liberty ships between 1941 and 1945, easily the largest number of ships produced to a single design and their production mirrored on a much larger scale the manufacture of the Hog Islander and similar standardized ship types during World War I. Only three Liberty Ships are preserved, two as operational museum ships. S, the number was doubled in 1939 and again in 1940 to 200 ships a year. Ship types included two tankers and three types of merchant vessel, all to be powered by steam turbines, limited industrial capacity, especially for reduction gears, meant that relatively few of these ships were built. In 1940 the British government ordered 60 Ocean-class freighters from American yards to replace war losses and these were simple but fairly large with a single 2,500 horsepower compound steam engine of obsolete but reliable design. Britain specified coal-fired plants, because it then had extensive coal mines, the order specified an 18-inch increase in draft to boost displacement by 800 long tons to 10,100 long tons. The accommodation, bridge, and main engine were located amidships, the first Ocean-class ship, SS Ocean Vanguard, was launched on 16 August 1941. The design was modified by the United States Maritime Commission, in part to increase conformity to American construction practices, but more importantly to make it even quicker and cheaper to build. The US version was designated EC2-S-C1, EC for Emergency Cargo,2 for a ship between 400 and 450 feet long, S for steam engines, and C1 for design C1. The new design replaced much riveting, which accounted for one-third of the costs, with welding. It was adopted as a Merchant Marine Act design, and production awarded to a conglomerate of West Coast engineering and construction companies headed by Henry J. Kaiser known as the Six Companies. Liberty ships were designed to carry 10,000 long tons of cargo, usually one type per ship, but, during wartime, generally carried loads far exceeding this. On 27 March 1941, the number of ships was increased to 200 by the Defense Aid Supplemental Appropriations Act and increased again in April to 306. By 1941, the turbine was the preferred marine steam engine because of its greater efficiency compared to earlier reciprocating compound steam engines. Eighteen different companies built the engine. It had the advantage of ruggedness and simplicity
Liberty ship
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SS John W. Brown, one of two surviving operational Liberty ships, photographed in 2000
Liberty ship
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Profile plan of a Liberty ship
Liberty ship
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140-ton vertical triple expansion steam engine of the type used to power
World War II Liberty ships, assembled for testing before delivery
Liberty ship
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Day 2: Laying of the keel plates
18.
Howard Hughes
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Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was an American businessman, investor, pilot, film director, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world. He first made a name for himself as a film producer, later in life, he became known for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle, oddities that were caused in part by a worsening obsessive–compulsive disorder and chronic pain from a plane crash. As a maverick film tycoon, Hughes gained prominence in Hollywood beginning in the late 1920s, when he made big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket, Hells Angels, later he controlled the RKO film studio. Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers and designers and he spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules. He acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines and later acquired Air West, Hughes was included in Flying Magazines list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation, ranked at No.25. Today, his legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the birthplace of Howard Hughes is recorded as either Humble or Houston, Texas. The date remains uncertain due to conflicting dates from various sources and he repeatedly claimed that his birthday was on Christmas Eve. A1941 affidavit birth certificate of Hughes that was signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and Estelle Boughton Sharp states that he was born on December 24,1905, in Harris County, Texas. Hughes was the son of Allene Stone Gano and Howard R. Hughes Sr. a successful inventor and he was of English, and some French Huguenot, ancestry, and was a descendant of John Gano, a minister who allegedly baptized George Washington. His father had patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places, the senior Hughes made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, and founded the Hughes Tool Company in 1909. Hughes uncle was the famed novelist, screenwriter, and film director Rupert Hughes, at a young age, Hughes demonstrated interest in science and technology. In particular, he had great engineering aptitude and built Houstons first wireless radio transmitter at age 11 and he went on to be one of the first licensed ham radio operators in Houston, having the assigned callsign W5CY. At 12, Hughes was photographed in the newspaper, identified as being the first boy in Houston to have a motorized bicycle. He was an indifferent student, with a liking for mathematics, flying and he took his first flying lesson at 14, and later attended math and aeronautical engineering courses at Caltech. The red brick house where Hughes lived as a teenager at 3921 Yoakum St. Houston today serves as the headquarters of the Theology Department of the University of St. Thomas and his mother Allene died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. Howard Hughes Sr. died of an attack in 1924. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the creation of a research laboratory in the will that he signed in 1925 at age 19. Howard Sr. s will had not been updated since Allenes death, on his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his life
Howard Hughes
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Howard Hughes in February 1938
Howard Hughes
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A young Howard Hughes, April 1912
Howard Hughes
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The
Hughes H-4 Hercules with Howard Hughes at the controls
Howard Hughes
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The S-43 Sikorsky in
Brazoria County Airport in Texas
19.
M4 Sherman
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The M4 Sherman, officially Medium Tank, M4, was the most numerous battle tank used by the United States and some of the other Western Allies in World War II. The M4 Sherman proved to be reliable, relatively cheap to produce, thousands were distributed through the Lend-Lease program to the British Commonwealth and Soviet Union. The tank was named by the British for the American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, the M4 Sherman evolved from the interim M3 Medium Tank, which had its main armament in a side sponson mount. The M4 retained much of the mechanical design, but put the main 75 mm gun in a fully traversing turret. The designers stressed mechanical reliability, ease of production and maintenance, durability, standardization of parts and ammunition in a number of variants. These factors, combined with the Shermans then-superior armor and armament, outclassed German light, the M4 went on to be produced in large numbers. It spearheaded many offensives by the Western Allies after 1942, for this reason, the US Army believed that the M4 would be adequate to win the war, and no pressure was exerted for further tank development. Logistical and transport restrictions, such as limitations imposed by roads, ports, Tank destroyer battalions using vehicles built on the M4 hull and chassis, but with open-topped turrets and more potent high-velocity guns, also entered widespread use in the Allied armies. Even by 1944, most M4 Shermans kept their dual purpose 75 mm gun, some Shermans were produced with a more capable gun, the 76 mm gun M1, or refitted with a 17-pounder by the British. These factors combined to give the Allies numerical superiority in most battles, the U. S. Army Ordnance Department designed the M4 medium tank as a replacement for the M3 medium tank. The M3 was a development of the M2 Medium Tank of 1939. The M3 was developed as a stopgap measure until a new turret mounting a 75 mm gun could be devised, though reluctant to adopt the British army weapons in their entirety the American designers were prepared to accept proved British ideas. British ideas, as embodied with in a designed by the Canadian General Staff. Before long American Services and designers had accumulated sufficient experience to forge ahead on several points, in the field of tank armament the American 75mm and 76mm dual-purpose tank guns won the acknowledgement of British tank experts. On 18 April 1941, the U. S, Armored Force Board chose the simplest of five designs. Known as the T6, the design was a modified M3 hull and chassis and this would later became the Sherman. The goals were to produce a fast, dependable medium tank able to support infantry, provide breakthrough striking capacity, the T6 prototype was completed on 2 September 1941. The T6 upper hull was a large casting
M4 Sherman
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An M4 (105) model Sherman preserved at the Langenberg Liberation Memorial,
Ede, Netherlands in 2010.
M4 Sherman
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Cutaway Sherman showing transmission and driver's seat.
M4 Sherman
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A Sherman
DD tank of 13th/18th Royal Hussars in action against German troops using crashed
Horsa gliders as cover near Ranville,
Normandy, 10 June 1944.
M4 Sherman
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M4A1 (76)W Sherman with cast hull
20.
Glenn Odekirk
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Glenn Odekirk was an American aerospace engineer who made significant contributions to the work of Hughes Aircraft. The son of Edward John and Louise Odekirk, Glenn, also known by his nickname Ode, was an engineer who graduated from Oregon State University in 1927. During the 1930s and through World War II, Odekirk was the assistant to the businessman Howard Hughes, Odekirk met Hughes on the set of his movie Hells Angels, and Hughes was very impressed with him. For several years, the two flew around the country together, testing the young engineers ideas and arguing constantly over the most trivial matters of airplane construction, in 1935, Odekirk co-designed the Hughes H-1 Racer. It set a speed record of 352.39 miles per hour in September of that year. The plane was revolutionary for its time and was one of the first planes in history to sport retractable landing gear and special countersunk screws and flat rivets to reduce wind resistance. Odekirk co-designed the H-4 Hercules and many sources state that Odekirk was aboard when Hughes piloted the plane on its flight on November 2,1947. However, according to The Ouderkerk Family Saga,350 Years in America, Glenn Odekirk was not on the Hercules. Odekirk recalls that day, I dropped Hughes down on the dock and he said to me, Odie, you dont mind not being aboard while I taxi. and I said, Oh, come on. The fellows back there were giving him a bad time and told him the thing would never fly, so that is when I knew real well that he would take off if possible. I know darn well if it feels right, you are going to fly it, mr. Hughes didnt want another pilot on board because someday someone would come out and say that Howard Hughes didnt fly it, so-and-so did. In the Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator, Matt Ross portrayed Odekirk, Oregon State University Alumni Association H. John Ouderkirk, The Ouderkerk Family Saga,350 Years in America
Glenn Odekirk
–
Glenn Odekirk
21.
Hughes Airport (California)
–
The Hughes Airport was a private airport owned by Howard Hughes for the Hughes Aircraft Company. It was located just north of the Westchester bluffs and district of Los Angeles, California and it was directly south of and along Jefferson Boulevard and Ballona Creek, the location of the present day planned community development of Playa Vista. In 1940 Howard Hughes bought 380 acres of the Ballona wetlands south of Jefferson Avenue in south-west Culver City, a total of 9,600 feet were available for a runway and an unpaved runway 23/5 was operational in 1943. In 19486,800 feet were paved with asphalt, extended by 1962 to 8,800 feet, takeoffs to the west had to be coordinated with nearby Los Angeles International Airport. The field served a number of aircraft and helicopter development projects of the Hughes Aircraft Co. and Hughes Tool Company. The Spruce Goose, officially known as the Hughes H-4 Hercules, was here and moved in sections to the Port of Long Beach where it was re-assembled and made its first. A full-time crew of 300 workers, all sworn to secrecy, the crew was reduced to 50 workers in 1962 and then disbanded after Hughess death in 1976. By the mid-1990s, the former Hughes Aircraft hangars here, including the one held the Hercules, were converted into sound stages. Scenes from movies such as Titanic, What Women Want, and End of Days have been filmed in the 315 and it also features in the computer game Crimson Skies. The hangar will be preserved as a structure eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Buildings, the former Hughes Airport is currently occupied by The YouTube Space LA, part of the Playa Vista development
Hughes Airport (California)
–
The neighborhood in which the majority of the Hughes Airport sat; location of the runway is just south of where current day Jeffereson Blvd runs
22.
Playa Vista, Los Angeles
–
Playa Vista is a neighborhood located in the Westside of the City of Los Angeles, California, United States, north of LAX. The area began development in 2002 as a community with residential, commercial. The community has become a choice address for businesses in technology, media and entertainment and, along with Santa Monica, the Tongva Native Americans once inhabited the location now occupied by Playa Vista. There was a Tongvan sacred burial site located here, about 1,000 Native American remains had been exhumed during construction, the remains were discovered after construction had begun. In 2008, the remains were laid to rest and covered with white seashells during a burial ceremony near the Westchester bluffs. In addition, Playa Vista plans to complete a museum dubbed the Discovery Center to educate people about the Ballona wetlands and it is expected to be completed at the end of. In 1839 the land was part of Rancho La Ballona, later in 1887, prior to its development as headquarters for Hughes Aircraft Company, much of the land occupied by Playa Vista was a wetlands connected with a large salt-marsh in what is now Marina Del Rey. These wetlands were formerly part of the larger Ballona Creek watershed that occupied areas along with what is now Playa Del Rey. The famous Spruce Goose, with the largest wingspan and height of any aircraft in history, was built in the hangar, during the late 1990s, DreamWorks failed in its attempt to build a studio in Playa Vista. In October, Steve Soboroff was named president of Playa Vista and it was one of six communities in the nation selected by President Bill Clinton in 1998 as a National Pilot Project of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing. As such it is, one of the most technologically advanced communities ever planned and is connected via telecommunications. Beginning in 1994, developers and some environmentalists worked together to restore the Ballona Wetlands, other environmentalists, however, oppose development in the wetlands. A controversy surrounding methane at Playa Vista developed around 2000, the City Council then asked Playa Vista to conduct more studies with ETI as a peer reviewer. This study found that ETIs original hypothesis was incorrect, and stated that a fault zone did not exist under Lincoln, the study further showed that gas seepage from the SoCal gas storage facility was not occurring. The report concluded that no significant fault is possible under the entire Playa Vista development project site. According to officials at the L. A. Department of Building and Safety, Methane is an old story in Los Angeles and the standards the city requires at Playa Vista are the strictest in the country. Hence, Playa residents we spoke to cited areas where the gas has not been mitigated - such as Venice, Santa Monica, many also argue that much of the methane is natural - not the kind that comes from the gas company. The Los Angeles City Council has consistently voted in favor of the developers of the project, the development has a government-mandated blend of high- and low-income housing
Playa Vista, Los Angeles
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Playa Vista from the south, with Bluff Creek in foreground
Playa Vista, Los Angeles
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Districts and neighborhoods
23.
Plywood
–
Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or plies of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is a wood from the family of manufactured boards which includes medium-density fibreboard. All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets to form a composite material, there is usually an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced—this reduces warping. Because plywood is bonded with grains running against one another and with an odd number of composite parts, the word ply derives from the French verb plier, to fold, from the Latin verb plico, from the ancient Greek verb πλέκω. In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers, in his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what we now call plywood. Samuel Bentham was a British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat sawn, rift sawn or quarter sawn, i. e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length. One can thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacture was a process in France in the 1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865 and industrial production started shortly after, in 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building material. Artists use plywood as a support for paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-made artist boards for oil painting in three-layered plywood were produced, in India, plywood is more commonly called Kitply after a leading brand which pioneered the concept of waterproof plywood in the early 1970s. A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers, the principal function of the core layers is to increase the separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the panels resistance to bending. As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances under the same loads, in bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in tension, the other in compression. Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the layers to nearly zero at the central layer. Shear stress, by contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, the most common dimension is 1.2 by 2.4 metres or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet ×8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4 mm to 4.3 mm, the number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the sheet. Roofing can use the thinner 5/8 plywood, subfloors are at least 3/4 thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the 1/2 to 1 range, hardwood plywood is made out of wood from angiosperm trees and used for demanding end uses
Plywood
–
Softwood plywood made from spruce.
Plywood
–
Average-quality plywood with 'show veneer'
Plywood
–
Birch plywood
24.
Duramold
–
Duramold is a composite material process developed by Virginius E. Clark. Birch plies are impregnated with resin, such as Haskelite and laminated together in a mold under heat. The material has advantages over metal in strength, construction technique. A cylinder made of duramold is 80% stronger than a cylinder made of aluminum, there are over 17 varieties of Duramold, using various quantities of birch or poplar wood, with as many as seven plies. The Duramold process has also used to make radomes for aircraft as well as missile bodies. The Fairchild Aircraft Corporation patented the process, designing and constructing the AT-21, hughes Aircraft had purchased rights to the process for this use. The Duramold and Haskelite process was first developed in 1937, followed by Gene Vidals Weldwood, the aeromold process differs in that it is baked at a low 100 °F at cutting and forming, and 180 °F for fusing together sections after the resins are added. Tego film Aerolite Stitch and glue
Duramold
–
The
Hughes H-4 Hercules, made of birch ply Duramold
25.
Marshfield, Wisconsin
–
Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. It is located at the intersection of U. S. Highway 10, Highway 13, the largest city in Wood County, its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census. Of this,18,218 were in Wood County, and 900 were in Marathon County, the city is part of the United States Census Bureaus Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Wood County. The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area, when done, the deputy surveyor filed this general description, This Township is nearly all Dry land, There being no Swamp of consequence in it. There being to much clay & rocks in it, particularly that part which contains Fir & Hemlock. The surface is rough & uneven and rather to flat for anything, There is some good Pine it but to much scattering to make it an object. The Township is well watered with small streams but none of them are of sufficient size for Milling purposses, the streams are lined with Alder & many of them producing good hay. There are no improvements in this Township, Marshfield was settled much later than many surrounding towns. DuBay started his trading post 40 miles east on the Wisconsin River around 1818, a sawmill was built at Nekoosa in 1832. A sawmill was built at Neillsville around 1847, the first building at Marshfield came in 1872. Unlike Marshfield, earlier communities were located on rivers, which at the time were highways through the forests of central Wisconsin. In 1872 the Wisconsin Central Railway was building the leg of its line from Stevens Point through the forest to what would become Colby, the railway needed a supply depot between those two towns, and Marshfield was about midway. At the railroads request, Louis Rivers, his wife and child and they built a two-room log hotel at what is now the corner of Depot and Chestnut streets, with bunks in the west room and tables, benches, bar and store in the east room. That crude building between the stumps was the first permanent structure in Marshfield, the first industry was a stave and spoke factory located near the railroad. In 1878 William H. Upham, a Yankee migrant of English descent from Massachusetts and later governor of Wisconsin, built a sawmill near the railway, by 1885 he had added a general store, a planing mill, a furniture factory and a flour and feed mill. Other businesses started, too, a factory, hotels, saloons, stores, newspapers, blacksmith. There were also churches and schools, the city was incorporated in 1883. By 1885 the population exceeded 2,000, ranging from the Uphams in their fine Italianate homes to laborers living in shacks along the railroad, in 1887 the young city was dealt a blow by fire
Marshfield, Wisconsin
–
Brick storefronts on Central Avenue, some built shortly after the fire of 1887
Marshfield, Wisconsin
–
The Frank R. Upham house was built in 1882.
Marshfield, Wisconsin
–
The Hamilton and Catherine Roddis House was built in 1914.
Marshfield, Wisconsin
–
The medical complex, with St. Joseph's Hospital on the left and Marshfield Clinic on the right.
26.
Long Beach, California
–
Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
Long Beach, California
–
Images from top, left to right: Long Beach skyline from Bluff Park,
RMS Queen Mary,
Aquarium of the Pacific Blue Cavern exhibit, Hanjin Terminal at
Port of Long Beach,
Villa Riviera,
Metro Blue Line, Long Beach Lighthouse
Long Beach, California
–
Seal
Long Beach, California
–
Long Beach boardwalk, 1907
Long Beach, California
–
Oil field in Long Beach, 1920
27.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
–
United States Senate
United States Senate
–
Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
–
The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
–
A typical Senate desk
28.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
–
Flag
California
–
Mount Shasta
California
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
29.
National Air and Space Museum
–
The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, also called the NASM, is a museum in Washington, D. C. It holds the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. It was established in 1946 as the National Air Museum and opened its building on the National Mall near LEnfant Plaza in 1976. In 2014, the museum saw approximately 6.7 million visitors, the museum contains the Apollo 11 module, the Friendship 7 capsule which was flown by John Glenn, the Bell X-1 which broke the sound barrier, and the Wright brothers plane near the entrance. The National Air and Space Museum is a center for research into the history and science of aviation and spaceflight, as well as science and terrestrial geology. Almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or the original backup craft and it operates an annex, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, at Dulles International Airport, which opened in 2003 and itself encompasses 760,000 square feet. The museum currently conducts restoration of its collection at the Paul E. St, the mass of the museum is similar to the National Gallery of Art across the National Mall, and uses the same pink Tennessee marble as the National Gallery. Built by Gilbane Building Company, the museum was completed in 1976, the west glass wall of the building is used for the installation of airplanes, functioning as a giant door. The Air and Space Museum was originally called the National Air Museum when formed on August 12,1946 by an act of Congress and signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. The String fellow steam engine intended for aircraft was added to the collection in 1889, some pieces were on display in the Arts and Industries Building, some were stored in the Aircraft Building, a large temporary metal shed in the Smithsonian Castles south yard. Larger missiles and rockets were displayed outdoors in what was known as Rocket Row, the shed housed a large Martin bomber, a LePere fighter-bomber, and an Aeromarine 39B floatplane. Still, much of the collection remained in storage due to a lack of display space, the current Garber Facility was ceded to the Smithsonian by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission in 1952 after the curator Paul E. Garber spotted the wooded area from the air. Bulldozers from Fort Belvoir and prefabricated buildings from the United States Navy kept the initial costs low, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center opened in 2003, funded by a private donation. The museum also holds the mirror for the Hubble which. The Smithsonian has also promised the International Cometary Explorer, which is currently in a solar orbit that occasionally brings it back to Earth. The Air and Space Museum announced a renovation of its main entrance hall. The renovation to the hall was funded by a $30 million donation from Boeing. The gift, which will be paid over seven years, is the largest corporate donation ever received by the Air, Boeing had previously given donations totaling $58 million
National Air and Space Museum
–
National Air and Space Museum
National Air and Space Museum
–
The Milestones of Flight entrance hall of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. Among the visible aircraft are
Spirit of St. Louis, the
Apollo 11 command module,
Space Ship One, and
Bell X-1.
National Air and Space Museum
–
Macchi C.202 &
P-51D Mustang
National Air and Space Museum
–
Ad Astra ("to the stars"), the sculpture at the entrance to the building
30.
Hughes H-1 Racer
–
The Hughes H-1 is a racing aircraft built by Hughes Aircraft in 1935. It set an airspeed record and a transcontinental speed record across the United States. The H-1 Racer was the last aircraft built by an individual to set the world speed record. During his work on his movie Hells Angels, Howard Hughes employed Glenn Odekirk to maintain the fleet of over 100 aircraft used in the production, the two men shared a common interest in aviation and hatched a plan to build a record-beating aircraft. The aircraft was given names, but is commonly known as the H-1. It was the first aircraft produced by the Hughes Aircraft company. Design studies began in 1934 with an exacting, large scale model that was tested in the California Institute of Technology wind tunnel, streamlining was a paramount design criterion resulting in one of the cleanest and most elegant aircraft designs ever built. Many groundbreaking technologies were developed during the process, including individually machined flush rivets that left the aluminium skin of the aircraft completely smooth. The H-1 also had landing gear to further increase the speed of the aircraft. It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R-1535 twin-row 14-cylinder radial engine of 1,535 cubic inches, which although originally rated at 700 horsepower, was tuned to put out over 1,000 horsepower. Due to two different roles being envisioned for the aircraft, a set of short-span wings for air racing and speed records. The H-1 first flew in 1935 and promptly broke the world speed record with Hughes at the controls. Hughes apparently ran the aircraft out of fuel and managed to crash-land without serious damage to himself or the H-1. As soon as Hughes exited the H-1 when he crashed it in a field south of Santa Ana, California, his only comment was, We can fix her. At the time, the world speed record was 440.7 mph. Hughes later implemented minor changes to the H-1 Racer to make it suitable for a transcontinental speed record attempt. The most significant change was the fitting of a new, longer set of wings that gave the aircraft a lower wing loading and he smashed his own previous record of 9 hours,27 minutes by two hours. His average speed over the flight was 322 miles per hour. S and his efforts to sell the design were unsuccessful
Hughes H-1 Racer
–
Hughes H-1 Racer
Hughes H-1 Racer
–
Front of H-1 Racer
Hughes H-1 Racer
–
The original H-1 Racer on display at the National Air & Space Museum, November 2014
Hughes H-1 Racer
–
Jim Wright's H-1 on display at Oshkosh Wisconsin
31.
Summa Corporation
–
Summa Corporation was the name adopted for the business interests of Howard Hughes after he sold the tool division of Hughes Tool Company in 1972. The tool division would merge with Baker International in 1987 to form Baker Hughes, the name Summa, Latin for highest, was allegedly chosen by several of Hughes employees without consulting him first. Hughes was allegedly dissatisfied, and preferred the name HRH Properties - with the standing for both Howard Robard Hughes and Hughes Resort Hotels. His suggestions were never implemented, and the company remained Summa for 18 years following Hughes death, administrators were appointed led by his cousin William Lummis. Most of Summas operations were gradually liquidated, Summas Nevada money losing mining interests were sold by the end of 1976, while KLAS-TV and Hughes Sports Network were both sold in 1978. Hughes Airwest was sold to Republic Airlines for $38.5 million in October 1980, the hotel and casino properties were gradually sold off during the 1980s. As its original businesses were sold, Summa recast itself as a real estate developer, in September 1994 Summa Corporation was renamed The Howard Hughes Corporation, both to honor Howard Hughes and to fulfill his original intentions of keeping his name on the business. Howard Hughes Corp. was acquired by the Rouse Company in 1996, Rouse was, in turn, acquired by General Growth Properties in November,2004. The current version of The Howard Hughes Corporation was spun off in 2010 and is now a developer and operator of master-planned communities
Summa Corporation
–
KLAS-TV - the
Las Vegas CBS affiliate, reportedly purchased because Hughes tycoon was dismayed that the station never played his favorite late night movies.
32.
RMS Queen Mary
–
RMS Queen Mary is a retired ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line. The two ships were a British response to the built by German and French companies in the late 1920s. Queen Mary was the flagship of the Cunard Line from May 1936 until October 1946 when she was replaced in that role by Queen Elizabeth, with the outbreak of the Second World War, she was converted into a troopship and ferried Allied soldiers for the duration of the war. Following the war, Queen Mary was refitted for passenger service, the two ships dominated the transatlantic passenger transportation market until the dawn of the jet age in the late 1950s. By the mid-1960s, Queen Mary was ageing and, though still among the most popular transatlantic liners, was operating at a loss, after several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, Queen Mary was officially retired from service in 1967. She left Southampton for the last time on 31 October 1967 and sailed to the port of Long Beach, California, United States, where she remains permanently moored. Much of the machinery, including one of the two rooms, three of the four propellers, and all of the boilers, were removed. The ship serves as a tourist attraction featuring restaurants, a museum, the ship is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Trust for Historic Preservation has accepted the Queen Mary as part of the Historic Hotels of America, with Germany launching Bremen and Europa into service, Britain did not want to be left behind in the shipbuilding race. White Star Line began construction on their 80, 000-ton Oceanic in 1928, while Cunard planned a 75, 000-ton unnamed ship of their own. Construction on the ship, then only as Hull Number 534. Work was halted in December 1931 due to the Great Depression, the loan was granted, with enough money to complete Queen Mary and to build a sister ship, Hull No. Both lines agreed and the merger was completed on 10 May 1934, work on Queen Mary resumed immediately and she was launched on 26 September 1934. Completion ultimately took 3 1⁄2 years and cost 3.5 million pounds sterling, much of the ships interior was designed and constructed by the Bromsgrove Guild. The ship was named after Queen Mary, consort of King George V, until her launch, the name she was to be given was kept a closely guarded secret. And so, the legend goes, the delegation had of course no other choice and this story was denied by company officials, and traditionally the names of sovereigns have only been used for capital ships of the Royal Navy. Some support for the story was provided by Washington Post editor Felix Morley, in his 1979 autobiography, For the Record, Morley wrote that he was placed at table with Sir Percy Bates, chairman of the Cunard Line. Bates told him the story of the naming of the ship on condition you wont print it during my lifetime
RMS Queen Mary
–
RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California
RMS Queen Mary
–
Overhead view of Queen Mary docked at Long Beach in 2008
RMS Queen Mary
–
A Queen Mary baggage tag.
RMS Queen Mary
–
"It's Men That Count", a late 1930s promotional poster for the
Cunard Line.
33.
The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
The Walt Disney Company
–
The
Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).
The Walt Disney Company
–
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
The Walt Disney Company
–
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).
The Walt Disney Company
–
The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios.
34.
Barge
–
A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Some barges are not self-propelled and must be towed or pushed by towboats, Barge is attested from 1300, from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin barga. The word originally could refer to any small boat, the modern meaning arose around 1480, bark small ship is attested from 1420, from Old French barque, from Vulgar Latin barca. The more precise meaning three-masted ship arose in the 17th century, both are probably derived from the Latin barica, from Greek, βάρις, translit. Egyptian boat, from Coptic, ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ bāri small boat, hieroglyphic Egyptian, by extension, the term embark literally means to board the kind of boat called a barque. The long pole used to maneuver or propel a barge has given rise to the saying I wouldnt touch that with a barge pole. On the British canal system, the barge is used to describe a boat wider than a narrowboat. In the United States, deckhands perform the labor and are supervised by a leadman or the mate, the captain and pilot steer the towboat, which pushes one or more barges held together with rigging, collectively called the tow. The crew live aboard the towboat as it travels along the river system or the intracoastal waterways. These towboats travel between ports and are also called line-haul boats, poles are used on barges to fend off the barge as it nears other vessels or a wharf. These are often called pike poles, barges are used today for low-value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods by barge is very low. Barges are also used for heavy or bulky items, a typical American barge measures 195 by 35 feet. The most common European barge measures 76.5 by 11.4 metres, as an example, on June 26,2006, a 565-short-ton catalytic cracking unit reactor was shipped by barge from the Tulsa Port of Catoosa in Oklahoma to a refinery in Pascagoula, Mississippi. Extremely large objects are normally shipped in sections and assembled onsite, of the reactors 700-mile journey, only about 40 miles were traveled overland, from the final port to the refinery. Canal barges are made for the particular canal in which they will operate. Many barges, primarily Dutch barges, which were designed for carrying cargo along the canals of Europe, are no longer large enough to compete in this industry with larger newer vessels. Many of these barges have been renovated and are now used as hotel barges carrying holidaymakers along the same canals on which they once carried grain or coal. This holds true today, for areas of the world
Barge
–
Barges towed by a tugboat on the
River Thames in
London,
England,
United Kingdom
Barge
–
A barge carrying recycling material on Deûle channel in
Lambersart,
France
Barge
–
A towboat pushing a barge on the
Chicago River
Barge
–
Multiple barges pushed around a tight bend on the
Cumberland River.
35.
Portland, Oregon
–
Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
Portland, Oregon
–
Clockwise: View of Portland with
Mount St. Helens in background; downtown cityscape;
Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall;
Pioneer Courthouse;
Mt. Tabor Reservoir; Skyline Memorial Gardens
Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
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Pioneer Courthouse, 1886
Portland, Oregon
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Portland waterfront in 1898
36.
Carnival Cruise Line
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Carnival Cruise Line is a cruise line based in Miami, Florida in the United States. It is a subsidiary of the American-British company Carnival Corporation & plc, originally an independent company founded in 1972 by Ted Arison, the company is now one of nine cruise ship brands owned and operated by Carnival Corporation & plc. The company has the largest fleet in the group, with 25 vessels currently in operation that account for 21. 1% of the market share. Executive control of the company is provided by the North American division of Carnival Corporation, headquartered in Doral, Carnival was a pioneer in the concept of shorter, less expensive cruises. Its ships are known for their Las Vegas-style decor and entertainment, the line calls its ships The Fun Ships, and there are a wide range of activities offered on board. Its trademark is the funnel, which is red, white and blue, the mascot for Carnival is Fun Ship Freddy, a character in the shape of Carnivals distinctive funnel. In 1996 Carnival Destiny of 101,000 GT became the largest passenger ship in the world at the time, in 2001, Robert Dickinson, then CEO, participated in a BBC documentary, Back To The Floor. Dickinson went to work at the lowest crew levels on the Fun Ship MS Imagination on a Carnival cruise in the Caribbean, as of 2009, the latest and largest asset in the Carnival fleet was Carnival Dream, a new 128,000 GT ship. Carnival Dream entered service on 21 September 2009, after several voyages in the Mediterranean she was set to offer weekly Caribbean cruises from Port Canaveral from 5 December 2009. A sister ship, Carnival Magic, debuted on 1 May 2011, on 1 December 2009 it was announced that Carnival placed an order for a third Dream-class vessel. It entered service in June 2012 and is now homeported in Galveston, on May 10,2010, Carnival selected a name for their new Dream-class vessel in 2012, Carnival Breeze. On 26 October 2012, it was announced that Carnival had ordered a new ship for their Carnival Cruise Line brand. This ship will be built by Fincantieri and will be the largest ship they have ever built and it sailed its maiden voyage on May 1,2016, nearly four years after Carnival Breeze entered service. The new ship is named Carnival Vista, in January 2017, Michael Thamm was appointed CEO of Carnival Asia by the Carnival Corporation. As CEO, Thamm will oversee operations in China and the region, thamms career spans more than three decades in the cruise and shipping industry. Thamm serves as CEO of Costa Group since Jul,1,2012 and continues to work at Costa Group alongside Carnival Asia. 2018 will also see the addition of a new liner to Carnivals fleet, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, three of the Carnival cruise ships were chartered by the United States government for six months to serve as temporary housing until the houses can be rebuilt. After being chartered for six months, their voyages were cancelled
Carnival Cruise Line
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Carnival Cruise Line
Carnival Cruise Line
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Carnival Magic
Carnival Cruise Line
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Carnival Breeze
Carnival Cruise Line
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Carnival Splendor
37.
Titanic (1997 film)
–
Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance-disaster film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron. Camerons inspiration for the film came from his fascination with shipwrecks, production began in 1995, when Cameron shot footage of the actual Titanic wreck. The modern scenes on the vessel were shot on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. Scale models, computer-generated imagery, and a reconstruction of the Titanic built at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California were used to re-create the sinking, the film was partially funded by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox. It was the most expensive film made at time, with an estimated budget of $200 million. Upon its release on December 19,1997, Titanic achieved critical and commercial success, with an initial worldwide gross of over $1.84 billion, Titanic was the first film to reach the billion-dollar mark. It remained the highest-grossing film of all time until Camerons 2009 film Avatar surpassed it in 2010. A 3D version of Titanic, released on April 4,2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking, earned it an additional $343.6 million worldwide and it became the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide. In 2015, Titanic Live, an orchestra version of the film. In 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team aboard the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh search the wreck of RMS Titanic for a necklace with a rare diamond, the Heart of the Ocean. They recover a safe containing a drawing of a woman wearing only the necklace dated April 14,1912. Rose Dawson Calvert, the woman in the drawing, is brought aboard Keldysh, in 1912 Southampton, 17-year-old first-class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater, her fiancé Cal Hockley, and her mother Ruth board the luxurious Titanic. Ruth emphasizes that Roses marriage will resolve their familys financial problems, distraught over the engagement, Rose considers suicide by jumping from the stern, Jack Dawson, a penniless artist, intervenes and discourages her. Discovered with Jack, Rose tells a concerned Cal that she was peering over the edge, when Cal becomes indifferent, she suggests to him that Jack deserves a reward. He invites Jack to dine with them in first class the following night, Jack and Rose develop a tentative friendship, despite Cal and Ruth being wary of him. Following dinner, Rose secretly joins Jack at a party in third class, aware of Cal and Ruths disapproval, Rose rebuffs Jacks advances, but realizes she prefers him over Cal. After rendezvousing on the bow at sunset, Rose takes Jack to her room, at her request, Jack sketches Rose posing nude wearing Cals engagement present. They evade Cals bodyguard and have sex in an automobile inside the cargo hold, on the forward deck, they witness a collision with an iceberg and overhear the officers and designer discussing its seriousness
Titanic (1997 film)
–
Theatrical release poster
Titanic (1997 film)
–
The real Margaret Brown (right) giving Captain
Arthur Henry Rostron an award for his service in the rescue of Titanic 's surviving passengers.
Titanic (1997 film)
–
The reconstruction of the RMS Titanic. The blueprints were supplied by the original ship's builder and Cameron tried to make the ship as detailed and accurate as possible.
Titanic (1997 film)
–
Close-up shot of Cameron's nude Rose sketch with the "
Heart of the Ocean ". The nude scene was one of the first scenes shot as the main set was not yet ready.
38.
What Women Want
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What Women Want is a 2000 American romantic comedy fantasy film written by Josh Goldsmith, Cathy Yuspa and Diane Drake, directed by Nancy Meyers, and starring Mel Gibson and Helen Hunt. The film was a box office success with a North American domestic gross of US$182,811,707, Nick Marshall, a Chicago advertising executive and alpha male, who grew up with his Las Vegas showgirl mother, is a chauvinist. He is skilled at selling to men and seducing women, just as he thinks hes headed for a promotion, his manager, Dan, informs him that he is hiring Darcy McGuire instead, to broaden the firms appeal to women. Also, his estranged 15-year-old daughter Alex is spending two weeks with him while his ex-wife Gigi goes on her honeymoon with her new husband Ted, Alex is embarrassed by Nick, and resents his being protective when he meets her boyfriend. Desperate to prove himself to Darcy and Dan, Nick attempts to think of copy for a series of products that Darcy distributed at the days staff meeting. He slips and falls into his bathtub while holding an electric hairdryer, the next day, Nick wakes up and comes to realize that he can hear the innermost thoughts of all women. This proves to be an epiphany for him as he realizes that most women, especially at work, dislike him, when he goes to his old divorce therapist, Dr. Perkins, she realizes his gift and encourages him to learn to use it to his advantage. Nick eavesdrops on Darcy and sabotages her ideas to use as his own, as he spends more time with Darcy, he realizes he is attracted to her. When he tries to get closer to his daughter, she resents him for trying after so many years of neglect and he is able to bond with her by helping her shop for a prom dress. Using his gift, Nick detects that her boyfriend, who is older than Alex, plans to sleep with her and then dump her, Nick and Darcy begin to spend more time together, and ultimately they kiss. When he manages to trump Darcy out of her idea for a new Nike ad campaign aimed at women, he regrets his selfishness. Nick persuades his boss to give Darcy her job back by saying that it was all Darcys idea, over time, Nick succeeds to rekindle some of his female acquaintance/ relationships especially at work. Nick loses his gift during a storm trying to find a company secretary, Erin. He stops her just in the nick of time and offers her a position for which she previously applied, when Alexs boyfriend dumps her for refusing his sexual advances, Nick consoles her and is able to restore their relationship. Nick finally visits Darcy and explains everything and she forgives him and agrees to save him from himself, to which he responds My hero. J. M. Perkins Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 54%, based on 121 reviews, Hunt won latter award in the Favorite Actress - Comedy/Romance category, while Mark Feuerstein and Marisa Tomei each received a nomination in the supporting categories. It also garnered Tomei a nod for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture, the film also won the Bogey Award in Platin from the Bogey Awards, Germany. It was also Nominated for the Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy from the Casting Society of America and it received the Golden Screen Award in Germany
What Women Want
–
Theatrical release poster
39.
End of Days (film)
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The film was released by Universal Pictures on November 24,1999. It has grossed $66.9 million in North America and $145.1 million elsewhere, the film received mainly negative reviews. In 1979 a priest at the Vatican sees a comet arching over the moon, the priest is sent on a mission by the Pope to find and protect the girl from Satan, although a few Vatican Knights insist that she must die. In New York a newborn girl, Christine York, is identified by Satanists as the chosen to bear Satans child on New Years Eve,1999. The Satanists perform occult rites on the newborn, in late 1999, Satan possesses an investment banker in a restaurant, he then destroys the restaurant, killing many inside. Jericho and co-worker Bobby Chicago are assigned to protect the possessed banker, a priest, Thomas Aquinas, unsuccessfully tries to kill the banker. Jericho captures Aquinas, who warns Jericho, The thousand years has ended, Jericho shoots Aquinas, who is arrested by the New York Police Department. Marge Francis, an NYPD detective and Jerichos former colleague, tells him that Aquinas has no tongue, Jericho and Bobby investigate on their own, learning that Aquinas was trained at the Vatican and was sent to New York before disappearing. Jericho questions Father Kovak, a priest who knew Aquinas, Kovak asks Jericho if he believes in God, when he says no, the priest tells him that Aquinas was driven mad by forces an atheist could not understand. They go to Aquinas’ apartment, where they find his tongue in a jar and messages, Marge arrives, forcing them to leave. Satan infiltrates Aquinas hospital, and crucifies him on the ceiling, although he survives, he is shot by a Satanic police officer. Jericho and Chicago see Latin words and Christ in New York scratched into Aquinas skin, Jericho and Chicago find Christine in her apartment, saving her from the Vatican Knights, and she brings them to Mabels house. After Satan destroys Chicagos van, killing him, Jericho attempts to leave with Christine, Mabel attacks Jericho, refusing to let him have Christine. Satan enters the house and kills Mabel for failing him, Jericho, Marge and another officer, both Satanists, tell Jericho to surrender Christine. Jericho kills them, but Satan resurrects Marge, Father Kovak tells Jericho and Christine that Satan must impregnate her moments before midnight on New Years Eve to usher in the end of days. Satan infiltrates Jerichos apartment, showing him a vision of his familys murder, enraged, Jericho throws Satan through his apartment window after a fight, and Chicago appears. At the church, the Vatican Knights try to kill Christine before Satan kills them, Chicago tells Jericho that he is in league with Satan after he brought him back. Kovak rescues Jericho, and Satan kidnaps Christine, after locating Satans underground temple, Jericho rescues Christine and again kills Marge
End of Days (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
End of Days (film)
–
End of Days Original Movie Soundtrack
40.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
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Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
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Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
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The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
41.
Playa Vista
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Playa Vista is a neighborhood located in the Westside of the City of Los Angeles, California, United States, north of LAX. The area began development in 2002 as a community with residential, commercial. The community has become a choice address for businesses in technology, media and entertainment and, along with Santa Monica, the Tongva Native Americans once inhabited the location now occupied by Playa Vista. There was a Tongvan sacred burial site located here, about 1,000 Native American remains had been exhumed during construction, the remains were discovered after construction had begun. In 2008, the remains were laid to rest and covered with white seashells during a burial ceremony near the Westchester bluffs. In addition, Playa Vista plans to complete a museum dubbed the Discovery Center to educate people about the Ballona wetlands and it is expected to be completed at the end of. In 1839 the land was part of Rancho La Ballona, later in 1887, prior to its development as headquarters for Hughes Aircraft Company, much of the land occupied by Playa Vista was a wetlands connected with a large salt-marsh in what is now Marina Del Rey. These wetlands were formerly part of the larger Ballona Creek watershed that occupied areas along with what is now Playa Del Rey. The famous Spruce Goose, with the largest wingspan and height of any aircraft in history, was built in the hangar, during the late 1990s, DreamWorks failed in its attempt to build a studio in Playa Vista. In October, Steve Soboroff was named president of Playa Vista and it was one of six communities in the nation selected by President Bill Clinton in 1998 as a National Pilot Project of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing. As such it is, one of the most technologically advanced communities ever planned and is connected via telecommunications. Beginning in 1994, developers and some environmentalists worked together to restore the Ballona Wetlands, other environmentalists, however, oppose development in the wetlands. A controversy surrounding methane at Playa Vista developed around 2000, the City Council then asked Playa Vista to conduct more studies with ETI as a peer reviewer. This study found that ETIs original hypothesis was incorrect, and stated that a fault zone did not exist under Lincoln, the study further showed that gas seepage from the SoCal gas storage facility was not occurring. The report concluded that no significant fault is possible under the entire Playa Vista development project site. According to officials at the L. A. Department of Building and Safety, Methane is an old story in Los Angeles and the standards the city requires at Playa Vista are the strictest in the country. Hence, Playa residents we spoke to cited areas where the gas has not been mitigated - such as Venice, Santa Monica, many also argue that much of the methane is natural - not the kind that comes from the gas company. The Los Angeles City Council has consistently voted in favor of the developers of the project, the development has a government-mandated blend of high- and low-income housing
Playa Vista
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Playa Vista from the south, with Bluff Creek in foreground
Playa Vista
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Districts and neighborhoods
42.
Western Museum of Flight
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The Western Museum of Flight is an aviation museum located at Zamperini Field, the municipal airport in Torrance, California. WMOF is operated by the Southern California Historical Aviation Foundation and it houses not only historic aircraft, many of which were built in Southern California, but also has an extensive collection of historic photographs and blueprints. The museum has several rare aircraft among its collection, including the second Northrop YF-23 Advanced Tactical Fighter 5th generation stealth fighter demonstrator. Also on display is the first Northrop YF-17 Cobra, a fighter which was the basis for the Boeing F/A-18 Hornet currently used by the United States Navy. In addition, a Grumman F-14 Tomcat and Douglas A-4A, plus numerous other notable jet-, the WMOF is one of three museums that house the only surviving Jack Northrop flying wings. List of aerospace museums Western Museum Of Flight Home Page Static Displays at the Western Museum Of Flight
Western Museum of Flight
–
v
43.
Aircraft engine
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An aircraft engine is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines or gas turbines, in commercial aviation, the major players in the manufacturing of turbofan engines are Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, Rolls-Royce, and CFM International. In general aviation, the dominant manufacturer of engines has been Pratt & Whitney. General Electric announced in 2015 entrance into the market,1848, John Stringfellow made a steam engine for a 10-foot wingspan model aircraft which achieved the first powered flight, albeit with negligible payload. 1903, Charlie Taylor built an inline aeroengine for the Wright Flyer,1903, Manly-Balzer engine sets standards for later radial engines. 1906, Léon Levavasseur produces a successful water-cooled V8 engine for aircraft use,1908, René Lorin patents a design for the ramjet engine. 1908, Louis Seguin designed the Gnome Omega, the worlds first rotary engine to be produced in quantity. In 1909 a Gnome powered Farman III aircraft won the prize for the greatest non-stop distance flown at the Reims Grande Semaine dAviation setting a record for endurance of 180 kilometres. 1910, Coandă-1910, a ducted fan aircraft exhibited at Paris Aero Salon. The aircraft never flew, but a patent was filed for routing exhaust gases into the duct to augment thrust,1930, Frank Whittle submitted his first patent for turbojet engine. June 1939, Heinkel He 176 is the first successful aircraft to fly powered solely by a rocket engine. August 1939, Heinkel HeS3 turbojet propels the pioneering German Heinkel He 178 aircraft,1940, Jendrassik Cs-1, the worlds first run of a turboprop engine. It is not put into service,1943 Daimler-Benz DB670, first turbofan runs 1944, Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet, the worlds first rocket-propelled combat aircraft deployed. 1945, First turboprop powered aircraft flies, a Gloster Meteor with two Rolls-Royce Trent engines,1947, Bell X-1 rocket propelled aircraft exceeds the speed of sound. 1948,100 shp 782, the first turboshaft engine to be applied to aircraft use,1949, Leduc 010, the worlds first ramjet-powered aircraft flight. 1950, Rolls-Royce Conway, the worlds first production turbofan, enters service,1968, General Electric TF39 high bypass turbofan enters service delivering greater thrust and much better efficiency. 2002, HyShot scramjet flew in dive,2004, NASA X-43, the first scramjet to maintain altitude. This is typically to differentiate them from radial engines, a straight engine typically has an even number of cylinders, but there are instances of three- and five-cylinder engines
Aircraft engine
–
A
Rolls-Royce Merlin installed in a preserved
Avro York
Aircraft engine
–
Wright vertical 4-cylinder engine
Aircraft engine
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Ranger L-440 air-cooled, six-cylinder, inverted, in-line engine used in
Fairchild PT-19
Aircraft engine
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A Rolls-Royce Merlin V-12 Engine
44.
Radial engine
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The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders radiate outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a star when viewed from the front, and is called a star engine in some languages. The radial configuration was very commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant, instead, the pistons are connected to the crankshaft with a master-and-articulating-rod assembly. One piston, the uppermost one in the animation, has a rod with a direct attachment to the crankshaft. The remaining pistons pin their connecting rods attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod, extra rows of radial cylinders can be added in order to increase the capacity of the engine without adding to its diameter. Four-stroke radials have an odd number of cylinders per row, so that a consistent every-other-piston firing order can be maintained, for example, on a five-cylinder engine the firing order is 1,3,5,2,4 and back to cylinder 1. Moreover, this leaves a one-piston gap between the piston on its combustion stroke and the piston on compression. The active stroke directly helps compress the next cylinder to fire, if an even number of cylinders were used, an equally timed firing cycle would not be feasible. The radial engine normally uses fewer cam lobes than other types, as with most four-strokes, the crankshaft takes two revolutions to complete the four strokes of each piston. The camshaft ring is geared to spin slower and in the direction to the crankshaft. The cam lobes are placed in two rows for the intake and exhaust, for the example, four cam lobes serve all five cylinders, whereas 10 would be required for a typical inline engine with the same number of cylinders and valves. C. M. Manly constructed a water-cooled five-cylinder radial engine in 1901, manlys engine produced 52 hp at 950 rpm. This was installed in his triplane and made a number of short free-flight hops, another early radial engine was the three-cylinder Anzani, originally built as a W3 fan configuration, one of which powered Louis Blériots Blériot XI across the English Channel. Georges Canton and Pierre Unné patented the engine design in 1909, offering it to the Salmson company. It was similar in concept to the radial, the main difference being that the propeller was bolted to the engine. The problem of the cooling of the cylinders, a factor with the early stationary radials, was alleviated by the engine generating its own cooling airflow. Most German aircraft of the time used water-cooled inline 6-cylinder engines, in the early 1920s Le Rhône converted a number of their rotary engines into stationary radial engines. By 1918 the potential advantages of air-cooled radials over the inline engine
Radial engine
–
Radial engine of a
biplane
Radial engine
–
Radial engine timing and cam mechanism. Click
here for full resolution animation.
Radial engine
–
Master rod (upright), slaves and balances from a two-row, fourteen-cylinder Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp
Radial engine
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Mounting of a Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone engine on a North American
B-25 Mitchell bomber, 1942
45.
Hamilton Standard
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Other members of the corporation included Boeing, United Airlines, Sikorsky, and Pratt & Whitney. At the time, Hamilton was the largest manufacturer of propellers in the world. Standard Steel Propeller had been formed in 1918 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Hamilton Aero Manufacturing had been formed in 1920 in Milwaukee, charles Lindberghs Spirit of St. Louis used a propeller made by Standard Steel Propeller Company in his historic solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. Caldwell received the 1933 Collier Trophy for this advance in flight propulsion, later advances included full-feathering and reversible propellers. Hamilton Standard was a division of United Aircraft Corporation along with Pratt & Whitney, in 1952 Hamilton Standard opened its plant in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. In 1958 Hamiltons first environmental control system entered service on the Convair 880, in 1968 Hamilton began delivering automatic, electronic systems for control of cabin pressure in aircraft. In 1999, Hamilton Standard merged with Sundstrand Corporation to become Hamilton Sundstrand, Hamilton Sundstrand continues to provide aerospace components and systems to most of the worlds aircraft manufacturers, including Boeing, Airbus, Bombardier and Embraer. In 2012 Hamilton Sundstrand merged with Goodrich Corporation to become UTC Aerospace Systems, list of aircraft propeller manufacturers Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529 Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311
Hamilton Standard
–
Logo of the company.
Hamilton Standard
–
Hamilton Standard propeller used in
Douglas DC-6
Hamilton Standard
–
Hamilton Standard propeller on
Douglas DC-3 of
American Airlines
46.
V speeds
–
In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of all aircraft. Using them is considered a best practice to maximize aviation safety, the actual speeds represented by these designators are specific to a particular model of aircraft. They are expressed by the indicated airspeed, so that pilots may use them directly, without having to apply correction factors. In general aviation aircraft, the most commonly used and most safety-critical airspeeds are displayed as color-coded arcs, the lower ends of the green arc and the white arc are the stalling speed with wing flaps retracted, and stalling speed with wing flaps fully extended, respectively. These are the speeds for the aircraft at its maximum weight. The yellow range is the range in which the aircraft may be operated in air, and then only with caution to avoid abrupt control movement, and the red line is the Vne. Proper display of V speeds is a requirement for type-certificated aircraft in most countries. The most common V-speeds are often defined by a particular governments aviation regulations, in the United States, these are defined in title 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, known as the Federal Aviation Regulations or FARs. In Canada, the body, Transport Canada, defines 26 commonly used V-speeds in their Aeronautical Information Manual. V-speed definitions in FAR23,25 and equivalent are for designing and certification of airplanes, the descriptions below are for use by pilots. These V-speeds are defined by regulations and they are typically defined with constraints such as weight, configuration, or phases of flight, some of these constraints have been omitted to simplify the description. Some of these V-speeds are specific to types of aircraft and are not defined by regulations. Whenever a limiting speed is expressed by a Mach number, it is expressed relative to the speed of sound, e. g. VMO, Maximum operating speed, MMO, V1 is the critical engine failure recognition speed or takeoff decision speed. It is the speed above which the takeoff will continue if a engine fails or another problem occurs. Aborting a takeoff after V1 is strongly discouraged because the aircraft will by definition not be able to stop before the end of the runway, Transport Canada defines it as, Critical engine failure recognition speed and adds, This definition is not restrictive. An operator may adopt any other definition outlined in the flight manual of TC type-approved aircraft as long as such definition does not compromise operational safety of the aircraft. Getting to grips with aircraft performance, flight Operations Support & Line Assistance
V speeds
–
A single-engine
Cessna 150L's airspeed indicator indicating its V speeds.
V speeds
–
A flight envelope diagram showing V S (stall speed at 1G), V C (corner/maneuvering speed) and V D (dive speed)
47.
Antonov An-225 Mriya
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The Antonov An-225 Mriya is a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that was designed by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union during the 1980s. It is powered by six engines and is the longest and heaviest airplane ever built. It also has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service, the single example built has the Ukrainian civil registration UR-82060. A second airframe with a different configuration was partially built. Its construction was halted in 1994 because of lack of funding and interest, on 30 August 2016, Antonov agreed to complete the second airframe for Aerospace Industry Corporation of China as a prelude to AICC commencing series production. The Antonov An-225, initially developed for the task of transporting the Buran spaceplane, was an enlargement of the successful Antonov An-124, the first and only An-225 was completed in 1988. After successfully fulfilling its Soviet military missions, it was mothballed for eight years and it was then refurbished and re-introduced, and is in commercial operation with Antonov Airlines carrying oversized payloads. The airlifter holds the world records for an airlifted single-item payload of 189,980 kilograms. It has also transported a payload of 247,000 kg on a commercial flight, the Antonov An-225 was designed to airlift the Energia rockets boosters and the Buran orbiter for the Soviet space program. It was developed as a replacement for the Myasishchev VM-T, the An-225s original mission and objectives are almost identical to that of the United States Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. The An-225 first flew on 21 December 1988 with a 74-minute flight from Kiev, the aircraft was on static display at the Paris Air Show in 1989 and it flew during the public days at the Farnborough air show in 1990. Two aircraft were ordered, but only one An-225 was finished and it can carry ultra-heavy and oversize freight, up to 250,000 kg internally, or 200,000 kg on the upper fuselage. Cargo on the fuselage can be 70 m long. A second An-225 was partially built during the late 1980s for the Soviet space program, following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the cancellation of the Buran space program, the lone operational An-225 was placed in storage in 1994. The six Ivchenko-Progress engines were removed for use on An-124s, the first An-225 was later re-engined and put into service. By 2000, the need for additional An-225 capacity had become apparent, the second airframe was scheduled for completion around 2008, then delayed. By August 2009, the aircraft had not been completed and work had been abandoned, according to different sources, the second aircraft is 60–70% complete. In April 2013, the Russian government announced plans to revive Soviet-era air launch projects that would use a modification to the An-225 as a midair launchpad
Antonov An-225 Mriya
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An-225 Mriya
Antonov An-225 Mriya
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An-225 at Farnborough in 1990
Antonov An-225 Mriya
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An-225 main landing gear
Antonov An-225 Mriya
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An-225
Ivchenko Progress D-18T turbofan engines
48.
Airbus A380
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The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by European manufacturer Airbus. It is the worlds largest passenger airliner, and the airports at which it operates have upgraded facilities to accommodate it and it was initially named Airbus A3XX and designed to challenge Boeings monopoly in the large-aircraft market. The A380 made its first flight on 27 April 2005 and entered service on 25 October 2007 with Singapore Airlines. The A380s upper deck extends along the length of the fuselage. The A380-800 has a range of 8,500 nautical miles, serving the second- and third-longest non-stop scheduled flights in the world. As of February 2017, Airbus had received 317 firm orders and delivered 208 aircraft, mcDonnell Douglas unsuccessfully offered its smaller, double-deck MD-12 concept for sale. Roeder was given approval for further evaluations of the UHCA after a presentation to the President. The megaproject was announced at the 1990 Farnborough Air Show, with the goal of 15% lower operating costs than the 747-400. Airbus organised four teams of designers, one each of its partners to propose new technologies for its future aircraft designs. The designs were presented in 1992 and the most competitive designs were used and this joint study was abandoned two years later, Boeings interest having declined because analysts thought that such a product was unlikely to cover the projected $15 billion development cost. Despite the fact only two airlines had expressed public interest in purchasing such a plane, Airbus was already pursuing its own large-plane project. In June 1994, Airbus announced its plan to develop its own very large airliner, Airbus considered several designs, including an unusual side-by-side combination of two fuselages from its A340, the largest Airbus jet at the time. The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeings own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747. From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, the A380 designation was a break from previous Airbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 to A340. It was chosen because the number 8 resembles the double-deck cross section, the aircraft configuration was finalised in early 2001, and manufacturing of the first A380 wing-box component started on 23 January 2002. The development cost of the A380 had grown to €11-14 billion when the first aircraft was completed, major structural sections of the A380 are built in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A380 components are provided by suppliers from around the world, the four largest contributors, by value, are Rolls-Royce, Safran, United Technologies, for the surface movement of large A380 structural components, a complex route known as the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit was developed. The front and rear sections are shipped on one of three RORO ships from Hamburg in northern Germany to the United Kingdom
Airbus A380
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A380
Airbus A380
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The first completed A380 at the "A380 Reveal" event held in Toulouse, France, 18 January 2005
Airbus A380
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A380 components on a barge
Airbus A380
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A380 prototype about to land after its
maiden flight
49.
Boeing 747-8
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The Boeing 747-8 is a wide-body jet airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Officially announced in 2005, the 747-8 is the generation of the 747, with a lengthened fuselage, redesigned wings. The 747-8 is the largest 747 version, the largest commercial aircraft built in the United States, the 747-8 is offered in two main variants, the 747-8 Intercontinental for passengers and the 747-8 Freighter for cargo. The first 747-8F performed the maiden flight on February 8,2010. Delivery of the first freighter aircraft occurred in October 2011 and the model began deliveries in 2012. As of January 2017, confirmed orders for the 747-8 total 136,88 of the freighter version, Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 several times during the 1990s and 2000s. The 747-500X and -600X, proposed at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, would have stretched the 747 and used a 777-derived wing, in 2000, Boeing offered the 747X and 747X Stretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. This was a more modest proposal than the previous −500X and −600X, the 747X would increase the 747s wingspan to 229 ft by adding a segment at the root. The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up to 8,700 nmi, the 747X Stretch would be extended to 263 ft long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers up to 7,800 nmi. However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough interest to enter production, some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER. After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747, the 747-400XQLR was meant to have an increased range of 7,980 nmi, with better fuel efficiency and reduced noise. Changes studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER, although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the 747 Advanced. In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted, similar in nature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to modernize the design and its systems. On November 14,2005, Boeing announced that it was launching the 747 Advanced as the Boeing 747-8, the 747-8 was designed to be the first lengthened 747 to go into production. The 747-8 and shortened 747SP are the only 747 variants with a fuselage of modified length, the 747-8 was intended to use the same engine and cockpit technology as that of the 787, including the General Electric GEnx turbofan and partial fly-by-wire. Boeing said that the new design would be quieter, more economical, as a derivative of the already-common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training and interchangeable parts. Boeing firmed the 747-8 Freighters configuration in October 2006, the 747-8, as the current new development of Boeings largest airliner, is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with the Airbus A380, a full-length double-deck aircraft now in service. For airlines seeking very large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched as competitors on various occasions, production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everett in early August 2008
Boeing 747-8
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Boeing 747-8
Boeing 747-8
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Boeing's
Everett Facility at
Paine Field, originally built for the 747 program, is the site of 747-8 assembly.
Boeing 747-8
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The 747-8 landing gear configuration is the same as on earlier 747 versions
Boeing 747-8
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Boeing 747-8 flight deck
50.
Aircraft in fiction
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These appearances spotlight the popularity of different models of aircraft, and showcase the different types for the general public. Arnold, who picked up a few bucks for his services. The years between World War I and World War II saw extensive use of the new technology, aircraft, in the new medium, film. In 1926 the first proper aviation film was made, Wings is a story of two pilots who sign up to fly and fight in World War I. Made with the co-operation of the United States then-Department of War, it used front-line military aircraft of the day such as the Thomas-Morse MB-3 and Boeing PW-9, flown by military pilots. Future U. S. Air Force Generals Hap Arnold and Hoyt Vandenberg were among the officers involved with the production, Arnold as a technical consultant. Wings was a hit when it achieved general release in 1929. In Fascist Italy in the 1930s, aviation-themed films were used as tools to complement the massed flights led by Italo Balbo in promoting the regime domestically. For example, there was a branch of the Futurist Art movement devoted to aviation. In the United States the use or denial of use of current military aircraft in films is determined by the U. S. military itself. The armed services review all requests for the use of aircraft, because alternatives to using real military aircraft can be expensive, films that do not get U. S. military approval often do not get financed or made. The Pentagon fears that some of the movies may hurt the militarys reputation and these concerns are legitimate, but its more important that we allow John Stuart Mills market place of ideas to be a place for free trade, rather than favoring some over others. Since the advent of television, aircraft have featured in numerous miniseries and series around the world. In the 1953 James A. Michener novel of The Bridges at Toko-Ri a number of Douglas AD-1 Skyraiders fly RESCAP missions over a downed Grumman F9F Panther and this is also the case in the 1954 film of the same name. A flight of U. S. Navy AD-1s stood in for unavailable Republic P-47 Thunderbolts in the 1962 production The Longest Day, the A-1 Skyraider made appearances in the 1968 film The Green Berets, loosely based on the 1965 book of the same name by Robin Moore. Sandy combat search and rescue missions were depicted in the 1991 John Milius film Flight of the Intruder based on the Stephen Coonts novel of the same title. CGI-rendered U. S. Navy Skyraiders were shown in the 2007 Werner Herzog film Rescue Dawn, two Douglas A-4 Skyhawks were featured as aggressor aircraft in the 1986 film Top Gun. Producers reimbursed the U. S. Navy $8,600 an hour for flight time used in the film, a Douglas A-4 Ayit from the Israeli Air Force is featured in the opening scene of the 2002 Paramount Pictures film The Sum of All Fears
Aircraft in fiction
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Real military aircraft, such as this
Grumman F-14 Tomcat, frequently appear in works of fiction.
Aircraft in fiction
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A-10 Thunderbolt II
Aircraft in fiction
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This
Avro Anson was used in the Australian television miniseries
The Great Air Race as a "stand-in" to represent the
Boeing 247 flown by
Roscoe Turner in the
MacRobertson Air Race
Aircraft in fiction
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Avro Lancaster
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