1.
The Turning (2013 film)
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The Turning is a 2013 Australian anthology film based on a collection of short stories by Tim Winton. It premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival on 3 August 2013 and it was nominated for the 2013 Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Feature Film, and was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. Initially, Cate Blanchett also intended to direct before switching to an acting role, with Simon Stone taking her place behind the camera. Running for approximately 90 minutes, only eight of the original 17 stories were included, Reunion, Aquifer, On Her Knees, The Turning, Long, Clear View, Commission, Cockleshell, the remaining nine stories were made available online as multi-platform ABC iView content. The Turning received positive reviews critics and audiences, earning an approval rating of 88% on Rotten Tomatoes. Official website The Turning at the Internet Movie Database The Turning on Facebook
The Turning (2013 film)
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The Turning
2.
Ibadan
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Ibadan is the state capital of Oyo State, Nigeria. At the time Nigerias independence in 1960, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country, and the second most populous in Africa after Cairo. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of the British colonial rule, the principal inhabitants of the city are the Yorubas, as well as various communities from other parts of the country. Ibadan came into existence in 1829, during a period of turmoil that characterized Yorubaland at the time. It was in period that many old Yoruba cities such as old Oyo, Ijaye and Owu disappeared. According to local historians, Lagelu founded the city, and was intended to be a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo, Ife. As a forest site containing several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 metres, moreover, its location at the fringe of the forest promoted its emergence as a marketing centre for traders and goods from both the forest and grassland areas. In 1852 the Church Missionary Society sent David and Anna Hinderer to found a mission and they decided to build the mission and a church in Ibadan when they arrived in 1853. Ibadan thus had initially began as a state and remained so until the last decade of the 19th century. The city-state also succeeded in building an empire from the 1860s to the 1890s which extended over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland. It was appropriately nicknamed idi Ibon or “gun base”, because of its military character. Unlike other Yoruba cities with traditional kingship institutions however, In Ibadan, the then Alaafin of Oyo had ordered the old city destroyed for the act. Lagelu was by now an old, frail man, he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails, later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as oori or eko and they improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied eko. Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city, the new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people, the newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. A part of Ibadan was historically an Egba town, the Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke as result of their disloyalty. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, the military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors
Ibadan
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Ibadan Ìbàdàn (Ìlú Ẹ̀bá-Ọ̀dàn)
3.
Colonial Nigeria
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Colonial Nigeria was the area of West Africa that became the modern day Nigeria, during the time of British rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of trade to British subjects in 1807. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884, British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Other European powers acknowledged Britains power over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference, from 1886 to 1899, much of the country was ruled by Royal Niger Company, authorized by charter, and governed by George Taubman Goldie. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from hands to the Crown. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians, the colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Administration and military control of the territory was primarily by white Britons. Following military conquest, the British imposed a system designed to profit from African labour. The essential basis of system was a money economy—specifically the British pound sterling—which could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives. The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the plantation colonies which existed in Americas. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were established and more populous than those of the Americas. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognized the risks of British expansion. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year and this rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 1700–1850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792, at first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin became the next most important hub, ouidah and Lagos were the major ports in Biafra. From 1790–1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1000–2000 slaves each year in Lagos alone, the trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese
Colonial Nigeria
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Map of Negroland and Guinea including the
Slave Coast, 1736, by London cartographer
Hermann Moll
Colonial Nigeria
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Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Colonial Nigeria
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Queen Victoria on a stamp of the Niger Coast Protectorate of 1894.
Colonial Nigeria
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British stamps used in 1898 at
Akassa by the Royal Niger Company.
4.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
Sydney
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The
Sydney Opera House and
CBD at dusk from
Jeffrey Street,
Kirribilli in December 2008
Sydney
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A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Sydney
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Sydney Cove from
Dawes Point, 1817
5.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
New South Wales
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286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
New South Wales
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Flag
New South Wales
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Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
New South Wales
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A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
6.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
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Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
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Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
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Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
7.
National Institute of Dramatic Art
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The National Institute of Dramatic Art is an Australian national education and training institute for students in the performing arts. Since 1958, NIDA has educated students in performance and production for theatre, film and it offers programs ranging from degrees to public short courses, including holiday programs and corporate training. In 2013, NIDA was ranked as the 8th best drama school in the world by The Hollywood Reporter. NIDAs main campus is based in the Sydney suburb of Kensington, located adjacent to the University of New South Wales, NIDA is affiliated with the University of New South Wales. Founded in 1958, NIDA commenced acting classes in 1959, more than 50 years later, NIDA has grown to approximately 232 full-time students annually, approximately 70 full-time staff members. The student body for these courses totalled 199 in 2014, NIDA is located on Anzac Parade in the Sydney suburb of Kensington, across the road from the University of New South Wales. The campus was first opened in 1987, followed by additional buildings opened in 2001, the largest of these is the Parade Theatre offering seating for audiences of up to 707 people in its three-tiered, horseshoe-shaped auditorium. The Playhouse, Studio Theatre, the Space and the Atrium offer a variety of performance spaces. The Rodney Seaborn Library is a specialist library for NIDA students, graduates, the NIDA Archives collects, organises and preserves archival records created by or relating to NIDA. Williams had defended herself stating her management style was not Thatcherite, long also mentioned that amongst Williams supporters were Cate Blanchett and Ralph Myers. Supporting Puplick were actor, director and a graduate of the school Jeremy Sims, who had launched the essay, and Kevin Jackson, who had taught acting at the school for 27 years
National Institute of Dramatic Art
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National Institute of Dramatic Art
National Institute of Dramatic Art
National Institute of Dramatic Art
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The National Institute of Dramatic Art complex
National Institute of Dramatic Art
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National Institute of Dramatic Art theatre
8.
Samara Weaving
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Weaving was born in Adelaide, but grew up in Singapore, Fiji and Indonesia. While she was living in Jakarta, Indonesia, she attended school there. She then returned to Australia in 2004 and attended Pittwater House School on Sydneys Northern Beaches prior to entering Canberra Girls Grammar School and she has performed in short films, dance and stage shows, with Singapore Dance Company, Canberra Youth Theatre and school productions. Her uncle is actor Hugo Weaving and her younger sister Morgan is also in the industry, Weaving played Kirsten Mulroney in the 2008 TV series Out of the Blue, which was commissioned by the BBC. A second series was not commissioned, in 2009, Weaving began appearing in the Australian soap opera Home and Away, playing Indi Walker. During the 2009 season, Weaving had a role on the show. Weaving is currently a model for Australian underwear brand Bonds, Samara Weaving at the Internet Movie Database Canberra Girls Grammar newsletter announcing Samaras role Samara Weaving on TVSA Samara Weaving on SamaraWeaving. com
Samara Weaving
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Weaving at the InStyle Awards, May 2015
9.
English Australians
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In the 2011 census,7.2 million or 36. 1% of respondents identified as English or a combination including English, such as English-Australian. The census also documented 911,592 residents of Australia as being born in England, English Australians have more often come from the South than the North of England. English immigrants have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of New South Wales as the first penal colony in 1788, Sydney was founded by the British government as a penal colony. Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, first-generation colonial Sydney residents were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850, between 1788 and 1840,80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with the greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England,47,547 born in Ireland, until 1859,2.2 million of the free settlers who immigrated were British. Many more English people immigrated to Victoria by the rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 England-born people in Victoria, Immigration policies and assistance schemes helped maintain high levels of immigration from England. Of the 1 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, just over half came from England, when transportation ended, convicts made up 40 percent of Australias English-speaking population. Between 1840 and 1870 there were more Irish than English assisted migrants which did not change until the 1870s, at least 75 per cent of all overseas-born people in Australia during the nineteenth century were from the British Isles. The proportion who had born in England or Wales remained quite stable from 1861 to 1911. Australians born in England or of English ancestry made up more than 50 percent of the population at the time of Federation, from 1922 the Empire Settlement Act assisted thousands of migrants from England. After World War II, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be UK-born. The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until the scheme was abolished in 1982, in 2006 the English were still the largest group of overseas-born in Victoria, with over 3% of Victorians born in England. Among the notable English-born were politicians such as Henry Parkes, and Joseph Cook, in retailing and media, John Norton, Anthony Hordern and John Fairfax. Surges of English immigration in the 1880s, between 1910 and 1914, again in the 1920s and, most of all, in the 1950s and 1960s, in 1978 Australians born in England or Australians of predominantly English ancestry made up over 45 per cent of the population. English ancestry was reported by 6.6 million people in 1986, with over 200 years of English settlement, however, Australian society continues to be influenced by its strong English heritage. English migrants and English Australians were by far the single most influential group in colonial Australia
English Australians
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Alfred Deakin
English Australians
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Edmund Barton
English Australians
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Joseph Cook
English Australians
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Earle Page
10.
Agent Smith
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Agent Smith is a fictional character and the primary antagonist in the The Matrix franchise. He is portrayed by Hugo Weaving in the films and voiced by Christopher Corey Smith in The Matrix, in 2008, Agent Smith was selected by Empire Magazine as the 84th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. In 2013, Weaving reprised the role for a General Electric advertisement, to this end, Smith and his fellow Agents possess a number of superhuman attributes from their ability to bend the rules of the Matrix. He and other Agents wear earpieces that allow them to communicate each other instantaneously. When Agent Smith removes his earpiece during the first film, he is unaware of the attack on the building in which he is holding Morpheus. Smith is armed in the first film with the Desert Eagle, chambered for high-caliber.50 AE ammunition, at the end of the first film, Smith appears to have been deleted by Neo. However, in the sequels, Smith is revealed to have linked to Neo. By copying himself onto a human redpill in the process of disconnecting from the Matrix, Smith overwrites their consciousness and this is seen when Smith takes over Banes body in The Matrix Reloaded, however, he is repelled when he attempts to do the same to Morpheus and Neo. All Agents are Caucasian males, as opposed to the population of Zion, in contrast to the other Agents who show apathy toward the human race, Smith harbors an acute disgust with humanity. This at least partially explains his extreme antagonism towards Neo, who fights relentlessly to save Zion, other Agents have common Anglo-Saxon names like Brown, Jones, and Thompson. Neos solitary role as the One is contrasted by Smith, who, by replicating himself, when Neo asks the Oracle about Smith, the Oracle explains that Smith is Neos opposite and his negative. Unlike the other characters in The Matrix, Smith almost always refers to Neo as Mr. Anderson, from the start it is evident that Agent Smith is significantly stronger, smarter, and more individualistic than other Agents. Smith also appears to be the leader of other Agents in the first film, as with other Agents, Smith generally approaches problems through a pragmatic point of view but, if necessary, will also act with brute force and apparent rage, especially when provoked by Neo. The earpieces represent some form of control mechanism by the machines, early in the second film, Smiths earpiece is sent to Neo in an envelope as a message from Smith, representing Smiths newfound freedom. Agent Smith complains to Morpheus that the Matrix and its inhabitants smell disgusting, Smith has an open hatred of humans and their weakness of the flesh. He compares humanity to a virus, an organism that would replicate uncontrollably and eventually destroy their environment were it not for the machine intelligences keeping them in check. Ironically, Smith eventually becomes a computer virus, multiplying until he has overrun the entire Matrix, at the same time, Smith develops an animosity towards the Matrix itself, feeling that he is as much a prisoner of it as the humans he is tasked with controlling. He later develops an immense and increasingly open desire for the destruction of mankind and machines
Agent Smith
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Smith and other agents
mannequins
Agent Smith
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Movie poster for
The Matrix Revolutions, featuring some of the numerous copies of Smith
11.
The Matrix trilogy
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The franchise is owned by Warner Bros. which distributed the films along with Village Roadshow Pictures. The latter, along with Silver Pictures are the two companies that worked on all three films. For those reasons it has added to the National Film Registry for preservation. Its first sequel was a bigger commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing R-rated film in history. The series features a story incorporating references to numerous philosophical. Influences include the principles of mythology, anime, and Hong Kong action films, the characters and settings of the films are further explored in other media set in the same fictional universe, including animation, comics, and video games. The comic Bits and Pieces of Information and The Animatrix short film The Second Renaissance act as prequels to the films, as of February 2016, the franchise has generated $3 billion in revenue, making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. In March 2017, it was reported that Warner Bros. was in stages of developing a relaunch of the franchise with new films. The series depicts a future in which Earth is dominated by robots that were created early in the 21st century, at one point, humans attempted to block out the machines source of solar power by covering the sky in thick, stormy clouds. During this time, the machines and mankind were engaged in a war in which the machines ultimately emerged the victor. The virtual reality world simulated by the Matrix resembles human civilization around the turn of the 21st century, the majority of the stories in the Matrix franchise take place in a vast Western World unnamed megacity. This environment is practically indistinguishable from reality, and the majority of bluepills - humans connected to the Matrix - are unaware of its true nature, the virtual world is first introduced in The Matrix. Its history and purpose are further explained in The Matrix Reloaded, the series was filmed in Australia and began with 1999s The Matrix, which depicts the recruitment of hacker Neo into humanitys rebellion against sentient machines. The film was successful, earning $460 million worldwide. The films mainstream success had backed up the idea of making a trilogy. The sequels The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions were filmed simultaneously during one shoot and they tell the story of the impending attack on the human enclave of Zion by a vast machine army. Neo also learns more about the history of the Matrix and his role as the One, the sequels also incorporate more ambitious action scenes and visual effects. While making the Matrix films, the Wachowskis told their close collaborators that at time they had no intention of making another one after The Matrix Revolutions
The Matrix trilogy
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The Ultimate Matrix Collection cover
12.
Elrond
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Elrond Half-elven is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium. He is introduced in The Hobbit, and plays a role in The Lord of the Rings. Elrond was Lord of Rivendell, one of the mighty rulers of old that remained in Middle-earth in its Third Age. His name was explained by Tolkien in a letter from 1958 to Rhona Beare as Elf of the Cave, later notes, reflected in The Silmarillion and The War of the Jewels, interpret the name instead as Star-dome or Vault of Stars. Elronds twin brother was Elros Tar-Minyatur, the first High King of Númenor, although Elrond was considered half-elven, that was not meant to be an exact percentage value. Through Lúthien, daughter of Melian the Maia, he and his brother Elros were also descended from the Maiar, both his mother and his father had mixed human-elf ancestry, and as a result Elrond himself was 6/16 human, 9/16 elf and 1/16 Maia. Elrond, along with his parents, his brother, and his children, were granted a choice between Elven or human fates by the Valar, Elrond chose to live as an immortal Elf, while his twin Elros chose the mortality of Men. As documented in The Silmarillion, Elrond was born in the First Age at the refuge of the Mouths of Sirion in Beleriand, not long afterwards the havens were destroyed by the sons of Fëanor, who captured Elrond and his brother Elros. Their parents feared that they would be killed, but instead they were befriended by Fëanors sons Maedhros, like his parents but unlike his brother, Elrond chose to be counted among the Elves when the choice of kindreds was given to him. When Beleriand was destroyed at the end of the First Age, Elrond went to Lindon with the household of Gil-galad, during the War of the Elves and Sauron in the Second Age, Gil-galad sent Elrond to the defence of Eregion against Sauron. Sauron destroyed Eregion and surrounded Elronds army, but Durin and Amroth attacked Saurons rearguard, causing the Dark Lord to turn, Elrond was able to retreat north to a secluded valley, where he established the refuge of Imladris, later called Rivendell. Elrond founded Rivendell in S. A.1697 and was its lord for thousands of years, including the events of The Hobbit, Elrond served as Gil-galads herald, and Elrond and Círdan were entrusted with the two Elven Rings that Gil-galad held. Elrond and Círdan were the ones to stand with Gil-galad when he fell. In the early years of the Third Age, Elrond married Celebrían, daughter of Celeborn, the union produced twin brothers Elladan and Elrohir, and a daughter, Arwen Undómiel. During the Third Age Elrond was an ally of Arnor, following its fall, Elrond harboured the Chieftains of the Dúnedain and sheltered the Sceptre of Annúminas, Arnors symbol of royal authority. Celebrían was captured and tortured by Orcs in the Redhorn Gate and thereafter left Elrond, after Aragorns father Arathorn was killed a few years after Aragorns birth, Elrond raised Aragorn in his own household and became a surrogate father to him. Aware of his daughter Arwens feelings for Aragorn, Elrond would permit their marriage only if Aragorn could unite Arnor and Gondor as High King, in The Hobbit, Elrond gave shelter to Thorins company, after which Elrond and Bilbo Baggins became friends. He received Bilbo as a permanent guest when Bilbo left the Shire some 60 years later
Elrond
–
Elrond in
Ralph Bakshi 's animated version of
The Lord of the Rings.
13.
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, the films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. They were distributed by New Line Cinema, each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the general storyline, they do omit some of the novels plot elements and include some additions to. The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile, Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Gondor, Legolas, Gimli, Merry, and Pippin, the series was a major financial success, with the films collectively being among the highest-grossing film series of all time. The films were acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations. The series received praise for its innovative special and visual effects. Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshis 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings, Jackson enjoyed the film and wanted to know more. Afterwards, he read an edition of the book during a twelve-hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen. In 1995, Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project, with the new developments in computer-generated imagery following Jurassic Park, Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real. Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong, Weinstein was furious, and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit, United Artists, which was in the market, did. By April 1996, the question was still not resolved. It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began, but due to location problems, he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead. When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997, Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein, Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book. Two to three months later, they had written their treatment, Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond, Sam looks into Galadriels mirror, Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall. They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein, the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book and they agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million. During mid-1997, Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair, sinclairs partner, Philippa Boyens, was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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The poster for the series is a
montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow, August 2005.
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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A helmet of the Rohirrim.
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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An example of Elvish armour from the films.
14.
The Hobbit (film series)
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The Hobbit is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the 1937 novel The Hobbit by J. R. R, together they act as a prequel to Jacksons The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. The films are subtitled An Unexpected Journey, The Desolation of Smaug, the screenplay was written by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Jackson, and Guillermo del Toro, who was originally chosen to direct before his departure from the project. The films also feature Manu Bennett, Sylvester McCoy, Stephen Fry, Mikael Persbrandt, Barry Humphries, the first film in the series premiered at the Embassy Theatre in Wellington, New Zealand on 28 November 2012. One hundred thousand people lined the red carpet on Courtenay Place, the second film of the series premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California on 2 December 2013. The third and final film premiered at Leicester Square in London on 1 December 2014, the series was a major financial success, with the films classified as one of the highest-grossing film series of all time, going on to outgross The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. Although critically considered to be inferior to The Lord of the Rings, it was nominated for awards and won several. Jackson and Walsh originally expressed interest in filming The Hobbit in 1995, frustration arose when Jacksons producer, Harvey Weinstein, discovered that Saul Zaentz had production rights to The Hobbit, but that distribution rights still belonged to United Artists. The United Artists studio and its parent corporation Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was for sale in 2005, Weinstein asked Jackson to press on with adapting The Lord of the Rings. Ultimately, The Lord of the Rings was produced by New Line Cinema, not the Weinsteins, in September 2006, the new ownership and management of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer expressed interest in teaming up with New Line and Jackson to make The Hobbit. In March 2005, Jackson launched a lawsuit against New Line, claiming he had lost revenue from merchandising, video and he did not seek a specific settlement, but requested an audit to see whether New Line had withheld money owed him. Although Jackson wanted it settled before he would make the film, he felt the lawsuit was minor, New Line co-founder Robert Shaye was annoyed with the lawsuit and said in January 2007 that Jackson would never again direct a film for New Line, accusing him of being greedy. MGM boss Harry Sloan halted development, as he wanted Jackson to be involved, by August, after a string of flops, Shaye tried to repair his relationship with the director. He said, I really respect and admire Peter and would love for him to be involved in some way in The Hobbit. The following month, New Line was fined $125,000 for failing to provide requested accounting documents, on 16 December 2007, New Line and MGM announced that Jackson would be executive producer of The Hobbit and its sequel. The two studios would co-finance the film and the studio would distribute the film outside North America—New Lines first ever such deal with another major studio. Each films budget was estimated at US$150 million, which compares to the US$94 million budget for each of the films in Jacksons Lord of the Rings trilogy. After completion of the merger of New Line Cinema with Warner Bros. in February 2008, producer Mark Ordesky, the executive producer of The Lord of the Rings, planned to return to supervise the prequels
The Hobbit (film series)
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Cover of the The Hobbit - The Motion Picture Trilogy DVD.
The Hobbit (film series)
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Peter Jackson, the film's director,
co-writer, and producer.
The Hobbit (film series)
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Guillermo del Toro was originally set to direct the film, but left because of ongoing delays. Jackson stated that del Toro's "creative DNA" would remain in the scripts and designs.
The Hobbit (film series)
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Martin Freeman was cast as
the titular character.
15.
V (comics)
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V is the title character of the comic book series V for Vendetta, created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. He is a mysterious anarchist, vigilante, and freedom fighter who is recognizable by his Guy Fawkes mask, long hair. He strives to topple a government of a dystopian United Kingdom through grand acts of propaganda of the deed. According to Moore, he was designed to be morally ambiguous, Vs background and identity is unknown and is never revealed. While there, he is part of a group of prisoners who are subjected to medical experimentation, conducted by Dr. Delia Surridge. Lewis Prothero is the commandant, and a pedophile vicar. All prisoners so injected soon die under gruesome circumstances, with the exception of the man in room five. Although there is nothing wrong with him, Surridge theorizes that his mind had been warped by the experimentation. Still, his actions seem to maintain a twisted logic, the experiments actually yield some beneficial results, he develops Olympic-level reflexes, enhanced strength, speed and dexterity as well as incredibly expanded mental capacity. Over time, the man is allowed to grow roses and raise crops for camp officials, the man eventually starts taking surplus ammonia-based fertilizer back to his cell, where he arranges it in bizarre, intricate patterns on the floor. He then takes an amount of grease solvent from the gardens. In secret, the man uses the fertilizer and solvent to make mustard gas, on a stormy night, he detonates his homemade bomb and escapes his cell. Much of the camp is set ablaze, and many of the guards who rush in to see what happened are killed by the mustard gas, the camp is evacuated and closed down. He adopts the new identity, V, as well as dons a Guy Fawkes mask, V then spends the next five years planning his revenge on the fascist government, building his secret base, which he calls The Shadow Gallery. He then kills off most of the over 40 surviving personnel from Larkhill, however, he saves Prothero, Lilliman and Surridge for last, showing mercy only to the remorseful Surridge by injecting her with a painless poison in her sleep. Four years after his escape from Larkhill, V blows up The Old Bailey on November 5, in the process he stumbles across Evey Hammond as she is being accosted by several members of the secret police and saves her, bringing her back to his lair. V kills now-Bishop Lilliman by forcing him to eat a communion wafer laced with cyanide, Norsefire had used religion in their rhetoric, saying that those who were exterminated were not pure in the eyes of God. Vs black humor in his vendetta forces Lilliman to put some of his religious rhetoric to the test of transubstantiation, V then injects Surridge, the one Larkhill official who feels remorse for her actions, with a poison that kills her without pain
V (comics)
–
V in
V for Vendetta Art by
David Lloyd.
16.
V for Vendetta (film)
–
The film is set in an alternative future where a neo-fascist regime has subjugated the United Kingdom. The film was scheduled for release by Warner Bros. on Friday, November 4,2005. V for Vendetta has been seen by political groups as an allegory of oppression by government, libertarians. In the late 2020s the world is in turmoil and warfare, with the United States fractured as a result of prolonged second civil war, the United Kingdom is ruled as a fascist police state by the Norsefire Party, helmed by all-powerful High Chancellor Adam Sutler. Political opponents, immigrants, Muslims, atheists, homosexuals, from a rooftop, they watch his demolition of the Old Bailey criminal court building, accompanied by fireworks and the 1812 Overture. Inspector Finch of Scotland Yard is tasked with investigating Vs activities while BTN declares the incident an emergency demolition. V interrupts the broadcast to claim responsibility, encouraging the people of Britain to rise up against their government, during the broadcast, the police attempt to capture V. Evey helps him escape, but is knocked unconscious. V takes Evey to his home, where she is told she must remain for one year, V then kills Lewis Prothero, Norsefires chief propagandist, and Anthony Lilliman, the Bishop of London. Evey offers to help, and uses the opportunity to escape to the home of her boss, comedian, in return for Evey trusting him with her safety, Gordon reveals prohibited materials including subversive paintings, an antique Quran, and homoerotic photographs. After Gordon performs a satire of the government on his show, his home is raided and she is imprisoned and tortured for information about V, with her only solace being a note written by actress Valerie Page, a former prisoner who was tortured and killed for her homosexuality. Evey is told she will be executed unless she reveals Vs location, when she says she would rather die, she is inexplicably released and then finds herself in Vs home. It turns out that V was the one who had captured her at Gordons home, the note was real, passed from Valerie to V when he was imprisoned. He also informs her that Deitrich had been executed when the Quran was found in his home, while Evey initially hates V for what he did to her, she realises she has become a stronger person. She leaves him, promising to return before 5 November, reading the deceased Surridges journal, Finch learns V is the result of human experimentation and has been targeting the people who detained him. Despite being stonewalled by the government, Finch searches for the identity of V. Finch meets William Rookwood, who tells him that the program, Finch later discovers the man he met was V in disguise, and though he initially disbelieves the story, his faith in the Norsefire government is severely shaken. As 5 November nears, V distributes thousands of Guy Fawkes masks, on the eve of 5 November, Evey visits V, who shows her an explosive-laden train in the abandoned London Underground, set to destroy Parliament. He leaves it to Evey to decide whether to use it, V meets Party Leader Creedy, with whom he made a deal to surrender in exchange for Sutlers execution
V for Vendetta (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
V for Vendetta (film)
–
Actor
Hugo Weaving in 2012. He portrayed V in the film, keeping his face hidden by his mask or obscured throughout.
17.
Red Skull
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The Red Skull is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as the archenemy of the superhero Captain America. Portrayed as a Nazi agent, the character was created by Joe Simon, Jack Kirby, and France Herron, the character has been adapted to a variety of other media platforms, including animated television series, video games and live-action feature films. He was portrayed by actor Scott Paulin in the 1990 direct-to-video film Captain America, Red Skull was ranked number 21 on Wizard Magazines Top 100 Greatest Villains Ever list and was also ranked as IGNs 14th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time. While considering ideas for an appropriate archenemy for Captain America, writer and artist Joe Simon saw a hot fudge sundae melting, inspired, Simon at first considered calling his new villain Hot Fudge. However, as the cherry on top of the sundae seemed like an exposed skull, the original Red Skull was introduced in Timely Comics Captain America Comics #1 which was edited and drawn by the team of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby and written by France Ed Herron. The Skull was to again in issue #3 of Captain America Comics. As in issue #1, The Red Skulls secret identity is George Maxon, Maxon wears a mask to create the look of the Red Skull and his face is often exposed. As the Red Skull, Maxon attempts to rob banks in order to raise money to overthrow the U. S. Government, in the comic he says, Of course you realize the main item in overthrowing the government is money. A new, more lasting version of the Red Skull was introduced in Captain America #7 and this Skull claims to be the real one and states that George Maxon was but a pawn posing as the Red Skull. In later comics this Red Skull is identified as the Nazi, after an absence from comics for many years, both Captain America and the Red Skull were brought back in 1954 in Young Men Comics #24, in a story entitled Back From The Dead. Here the Red Skull, thinking Captain America was dead, has left politics, in his next appearance, in issue #27, the Red Skull is once again left for dead. In that issue it is revealed that the Red Skull, like Steve Rogers, had been in suspended animation since World War II. For decades, the true face was hidden, but in Captain America #297 the Red Skull unmasks in front of Captain America and his face. In the next issue, the Red Skull retells his story with his face visible in his various ages. The characters origin was more fully illustrated in the series, Red Skull, Incarnate. Johann Schmidt was a Nazi general officer and confidant of Adolf Hitler and he has been closely affiliated with Hydra and is an enemy of S. H. I. E. L. D. The Avengers, and the interests of the United States and the world in general
Red Skull
–
Red Skull as seen in the promotional art for Captain America vol. 5, #38 (July 2008) by
Steve Epting
Red Skull
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The Red Skull, in Alexander Lukin's mind. Art by Steve Epting.
Red Skull
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Ultimate Red Skull shown on the variant cover to Ultimate Comics: Avengers #1. Art by Leinil Yu.
Red Skull
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Red Skull in the 1994
Spider-Man animated series.
18.
Captain America: The First Avenger
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Captain America, The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Captain America, The First Avenger began as a concept in 1997 and was scheduled for distribution by Artisan Entertainment, however, a lawsuit, not settled until September 2003, disrupted the project. In 2005, Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch, directors Jon Favreau and Louis Leterrier were interested in directing the project before Johnston was approached in 2008. The principal characters were cast between March and June 2010, production of Captain America, The First Avenger began in June 2010, and filming took place in London, Manchester, Caerwent, and Liverpool in the United Kingdom, and Los Angeles in the United States. The film was converted to 3D in post-production, Captain America, The First Avenger premiered in Hollywood on July 19,2011, and was released in the United States on July 22,2011. The film received reviews and was commercially successful, grossing over $370 million worldwide. The Blu-ray and DVD were released on October 25,2011, a sequel titled Captain America, The Winter Soldier was released on April 4,2014, and a third film titled Captain America, Civil War was released on May 6,2016. In the present day, scientists in the Arctic uncover an old, in March 1942, Nazi officer Johann Schmidt and his men steal a mysterious relic called the Tesseract, which possesses untold powers, from the town of Tønsberg in German-occupied Norway. In New York City, Steve Rogers is rejected for World War II military recruitment because of various health, while attending an exhibition of future technologies with his friend, Sgt. James Bucky Barnes, Rogers again attempts to enlist, overhearing Rogers conversation with Barnes about wanting to help in the war, Dr. Abraham Erskine allows Rogers to enlist. He is recruited into the Strategic Scientific Reserve as part of an experiment under Erskine, Col. Chester Phillips. Phillips is unconvinced by Erskines claims that Rogers is the person for the procedure. The night before the treatment, Erskine reveals to Rogers that Schmidt underwent an imperfect version of the procedure, Schmidt and Dr. Arnim Zola harness the energies of the Tesseract, intending to use the power to fuel Zolas inventions, mounting an offensive that will change the world. Schmidt discovers Erskines location and dispatches assassin Heinz Kruger to kill him, Erskine subjects Rogers to the super-soldier treatment, injecting him with a special serum and dosing him with vita-rays. After Rogers emerges from the experiment taller and more muscular, an undercover Kruger kills Erskine, Rogers pursues and captures Kruger, but the assassin avoids interrogation by committing suicide with a cyanide capsule. With Erskine dead and his super-soldier formula lost, U. S, senator Brandt has Rogers tour the nation in a colorful costume as Captain America to promote war bonds while scientists study him and attempt to rediscover the formula. In 1943, while on tour in Italy performing for active servicemen, refusing to believe that Barnes is dead, Rogers has Carter and engineer Howard Stark fly him behind enemy lines to mount a solo rescue attempt
Captain America: The First Avenger
–
Theatrical release poster
Captain America: The First Avenger
–
Kevin Feige,
Joe Johnston,
Chris Evans, and
Hugo Weaving at the 2010
San Diego Comic-Con International.
Captain America: The First Avenger
–
Johnston at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International.
Captain America: The First Avenger
–
Photo taken in
Manchester on the set of Captain America: The First Avenger.
19.
Bodyline (miniseries)
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Bodyline is an Australian 1984 television miniseries which dramatised the events of the 1932–1933 English Ashes cricket tour of Australia. The title refers to the bodyline cricketing tactic devised by the English cricket team during their 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia, the directors were Denny Lawrence, Lex Marinos, George Ogilvie and Carl Schultz. The scriptwriters for the mini-series were Robert Caswell, Lex Marinos, Denny Lawrence, the music for the mini-series was written by Chris Neal and Phillip Scott. Photography was by Dean Semler and Andrew Lesnie, the seven-part mini-series was a ratings success, and was shown over a four-week period. BBC2 divided the series into 5 parts of varying lengths. When originally shown on Channel 10 Australia in July 1984 over 4 consecutive nights - including extensive advert-breaks - the run-time was approx, excluding advert breaks, the actual run-time is 7 hours 16 minutes. 47 minutes each - a total of 329 minutes, therefore, the original version transmitted in its entirety by BBC2 Television in June 1985 is approximately 1 hour 46 minutes longer than the official Australian DVD version of Bodyline. BBC2 had licence for UK premiere broadcast and one repeat showing before transmission rights reverted to Australian TV Network 10, the Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia — Theatre. Television — Volume 1 — Ann Atkinson, Linsay Knight, Margaret McPhee — Allen & Unwin Pty. Ltd
Bodyline (miniseries)
–
Bodyline (DVD cover)
20.
England cricket team
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The England cricket team is the team that represents England and Wales in international cricket. Since 1 January 1997 it has been governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board, England and Australia were the first teams to play a Test match, and these two countries together with South Africa formed the Imperial Cricket Conference on 15 June 1909. England and Australia also played the first One Day International on 5 January 1971, Englands first Twenty20 International was played on 13 June 2005, once more against Australia. As of 9 March 2017, England has played 983 Test matches, winning 351, the team has won The Ashes on 32 occasions, the same number as their opponents Australia. England has played 683 ODIs, winning 332, and its record in major ODI tournaments includes finishing as runners-up in three Cricket World Cups, and also in two ICC Champions Trophys, England has also played 89 T20Is, winning 43. They won the ICC World Twenty20 in 2010, and were runners-up in 2016, England are currently ranked fourth in Tests, fifth in ODIs and fifth in T20Is by the ICC. England currently holds the record for the highest ever ODI total of 444, such matches were repeated on numerous occasions for the best part of a century. In 1846 William Clarke formed the All-England Eleven and this team would eventually compete against a United All-England Eleven with annual matches occurring between 1847 and 1856. These matches were arguably the most important contest of the English season if judged by the quality of the players, the first overseas tour occurred in September 1859 with England touring North America. This team had six players from the All-England Eleven, six from the United All-England Eleven and was captained by George Parr, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, attention turned elsewhere. English tourists visited Australia in 1861-62 with this first tour organised as a venture by Messrs Spiers and Pond. Most matches played during tours prior to 1877 were against odds and this first Australian tour were mostly against odds of at least 18/11. The tour was so successful that George Parr led a tour in 1863–64. James Lillywhite led a subsequent England team which sailed on the P&O steamship Poonah on 21 September 1876 and they would play a combined Australian XI, for once on even terms of 11 a side. The match, starting on 15 March 1877 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground came to be regarded as the inaugural Test match, the combined Australian XI won this Test match by 45 runs with Charles Bannerman of Australia scoring the first Test century. At the time, the match was promoted as James Lillywhites XI v Combined Victoria, the teams played a return match on the same ground at Easter,1877, when Lillywhites team avenged their loss with a victory by four wickets. The first Test match on English soil occurred in 1880 with England victorious, – The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia. As a result of loss the tour of 1882–83 was dubbed by England captain Ivo Bligh as the quest to regain the ashes
England cricket team
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The first England team to tour Southern Australia
England cricket team
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England cricket crest
England cricket team
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Bill Woodfull evades a Bodyline ball. Note the number of leg-side fielders.
England cricket team
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English cricket team at the Test match held at the
Brisbane Exhibition Ground. England won the match by a record margin of 675 runs.
21.
Douglas Jardine
–
Douglas Robert Jardine was a cricketer who played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 of those matches between 1931 and 1934. A right-handed batsman, he is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia, Jardine is generally believed to be the person responsible for the implementation of Bodyline. Many who played under his leadership regarded him as an excellent captain and he was also famous in cricket circles for wearing a multi-coloured Harlequin cap. He developed a method of batting which was unusual for an amateur. Despite this, Jardine was selected in Test matches for the first time in 1928, following this tour, his business commitments prevented him from playing as much cricket. However, in 1931, he was asked to captain England in a Test against New Zealand. Although there were initial misgivings about his captaincy, Jardine led England in the next three cricket seasons and on two overseas tours, one of which was the Australian tour of 1932–33. Of his 15 Tests as captain, he won nine, lost one and he retired from all first-class cricket in 1934 following a tour to India. Although Jardine was a solicitor he did not work much in law, choosing instead to devote most of his working life to banking and, later on. He joined the Territorial Army in the Second World War and spent most of it posted in India, after the war, he worked as company secretary at a paper manufacturer and also returned to journalism. While on a trip in 1957, he became ill with what proved to be lung cancer and died, aged 57. Douglas Jardine was born on 23 October 1900 in Bombay, British India, to Scottish parents, at the age of nine, he was sent to St Andrews in Scotland to stay with his mothers sister. He attended Horris Hill School, near Newbury, Berkshire, from May 1910, there, Jardine was moderately successful academically, and from 1912, he played cricket for the school first eleven, enjoying success as a bowler and as a batsman. He led the team in his year, and the team were unbeaten under his captaincy. As a schoolboy, Jardine was influenced by the writing of former England captain C. B, Fry on batting technique, which contradicted the advice of his coach at Horris Hill. The coach disapproved of Jardines batting methods, but Jardine did not back down, in 1914, Jardine entered Winchester College. At the time, life at Winchester was arduous and austere, sport and exercise were vital parts of the school day. In Jardines time, preparing the pupils for war was also important, according to Jardines biographer, Christopher Douglas, the pupils were taught to be honest, impervious to physical pain, uncomplaining and civilised
Douglas Jardine
–
Douglas Jardine
Douglas Jardine
–
The England side emerging onto the field during the first Test at Brisbane in 1928–29. Jardine is third from the right.
Douglas Jardine
–
A team photograph of England's 1932–33 side: Jardine is seated at the centre of the front row;
Pelham Warner is standing at the extreme left.
Douglas Jardine
–
Australian captain
Bill Woodfull facing bodyline bowling from
Harold Larwood in the fourth Test at Brisbane 1932–33. Jardine is the third fielder anti-clockwise in the ring, the furthest fielder on the left.
22.
Proof (1991 film)
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Proof is a 1991 Australian comedy-drama film written and directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse, and starring Hugo Weaving, Geneviève Picot and Russell Crowe. The film was released in Australia on 15 August 1991, the story concerns the tribulations of Martin, a blind photographer. Through a series of flashbacks, Martin is shown as a child, distrustful of his own mother and she tells him that someone is raking leaves, but he cant hear the sound and angrily decides she is lying to him. This childhood experience strongly affects Martin as an adult, as he anticipates that sighted people will take advantage of his blindness to lie to him, or worse yet, pity him. He has become a resentful, vaguely bitter person who spends his days taking some photographs of the world around him and he uses these photographs and the Braille descriptions before he stamps on them as proof that the world around him really is as others describe it to him. He also takes secret pleasure in rebuking the romantic advances of Celia, Martin keeps Celia around because her love and hatred of him means he knows she cant pity him. One day Martin encounters Andy, and is pleased with the depth, the two become fast close friends, and Martin soon comes to trust him implicitly. The jealous Celia is threatened by Andys increasing presence in Martins life and she seduces Andy, and Martin catches the two in the act, before Andy reluctantly lies to him about it. Celia recognizes this opportunity to foil Martin yet again, and sets up a series of events leading Martin to discover Andys dishonesty, Martin is devastated and plunged into a deep despair, and breaks off his friendship with Andy. Later on, Andy confronts him, and tries to him that everyone has flaws. People lie, he tells Martin, but not all the time, Martin doesnt respond, but is swayed by Andys impassioned words. Near the storys conclusion, Martin decides to fire Celia, despite his openness she is extremely angry that her efforts have gone to waste, and when asked to return her key to Martins house, she throws it in the sink. Finally, Martin asks Andy to describe one last photo for him, Andy does so, knowing nothing of its significance. It is a photo of the garden from Martins childhood, taken moments after his mother described it on that fateful day, however, Andys detailed description includes the iconic man raking leaves Martins mother told him about, that he had rejected for all these years. This revelation provides Martin with his proof, and emotional release, cinema of Australia Russell Crowe filmography Proof at the Internet Movie Database Proof at the National Film and Sound Archive
Proof (1991 film)
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Film poster
23.
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert
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The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert is a 1994 Australian comedy-drama film written and directed by Stephan Elliott. The films title is a pun on the fact that in English speaking cultures, the film was a surprise worldwide hit and its positive portrayal of LGBT individuals helped to introduce LGBT themes to a mainstream audience. The film received positive reviews and won an Academy Award for Best Costume Design at the 67th Academy Awards. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section of the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, when the tour bus breaks down in the middle of the desert, Adam spends the whole day repainting it lavender to cover up the vandalism. The trio later meet Bob, a mechanic from a small outback town who joins them on their journey. Before they arrive at Alice Springs, Tick reveals that Marion is actually his wife, as they never divorced, continuing their journey, Adam is almost mutilated by a homophobic gang before he is saved by Bob and Bernadette. Adam is shaken and Bernadette comforts him, allowing them to reach an understanding, likewise, the others come to terms with the secret of Ticks marriage and resolve their differences. Together, they fulfil a dream of Adams, which, in the original plan, is to climb Uluru in full drag regalia. Upon arrival at the hotel, it is revealed that Tick and Marion also have a son, Benjamin. By the time their contract at the resort is over, Tick and Adam head back to Sydney, taking Benjamin back with them, so that Tick can get to know his son. However, Bernadette decides to remain at the resort for a while with Bob and their primary choice for the role of Bernadette was Tony Curtis, who read and approved of the script, but eventually became unavailable. They then approached John Cleese, who was not interested, for the part of Tick, they had initially wanted Rupert Everett and for Adam they wanted Jason Donovan. However, at a pre-production casting meeting held at Cannes, Everett, in light of this, it was readily agreed that they would not be suitable for the parts and the search for their three leading men would resume. However, Donovan would go on to play Tick in the West End musical adaptation of the film, after unsuccessfully lobbying Colin Firth to play the role, producers eventually awarded the part to Hugo Weaving. They also decided to film at Coober Pedy, a mining town in Central Australia featured prominently in the film. Instead, the scene was filmed in Kings Canyon, dialogue from the scene was rewritten slightly to accommodate the new location. With filming over, the director and producers began editing the footage, on the advice of early viewers, the film was shortened and scenes such as Adams flashback about his pedophilic uncle were edited down. The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert took $18,459,245 at the box office in Australia, being an Australian film, not an American-produced Hollywood blockbuster, Priscilla was released as a minor commercial product in North America and other English-speaking nations
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert
–
Theatrical release poster
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert
–
A drag queen homage to the film's costumes on
Fire Island Pines.
24.
Cloud Atlas (film)
–
Cloud Atlas is a 2012 German-American science fiction film written and directed by The Wachowskis and Tom Tykwer. Adapted from the 2004 novel of the name by David Mitchell, the film has multiple plots set across six different eras. Tom Hanks, Halle Berry, and Jim Broadbent lead an ensemble cast, the film was produced by Grant Hill, Stefan Arndt, the Wachowskis, and Tykwer. Production began in September 2011 at Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany and it premiered on 8 September 2012 at the 37th Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 26 October 2012 in conventional and IMAX cinemas. It polarized critics, and has been included on various Best Film and it was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for Tykwer, Johnny Klimek, and Reinhold Heil. It received several nominations at the Saturn Awards including Best Science Fiction Film, winning for Best Editing, tribesman Zachry Bailey recounts stories to his grandchildren on an extraterrestrial Earth colony. Adam Ewing, an American lawyer, has come to the Chatham Islands to conclude a business arrangement with Reverend Horrox, in Horroxs plantation, he witnesses the whipping of a Moriori slave, Autua, who later stows away on the ship. Autua confronts Ewing and convinces him to advocate for Autua to join the crew as a free man, Dr Henry Goose slowly poisons Ewing, claiming it is the cure for a parasitic worm, to steal Ewings valuables. As Goose administers the fatal dose, Autua saves Ewing, returning to the United States, Ewing and his wife Tilda denounce her fathers complicity in slavery and leave to join the abolition movement. Frobisher begins reading Ewings journal, which he has found with the latter portion missing, among the books at Ayrss mansion, Ayrs demands credit for The Cloud Atlas Sextet and threatens to expose Frobishers homosexuality if he refuses. Frobisher shoots Ayrs and flees to a hotel, where he uses the name Ewing and he finishes The Cloud Atlas Sextet and commits suicide with a gun just before his lover Rufus Sixsmith arrives. Journalist Luisa Rey meets an older Rufus Sixsmith, now a nuclear physicist. Sixsmith tips off Rey to a conspiracy regarding the safety of a new nuclear reactor run by Lloyd Hooks, Rey finds Frobishers letters to Sixsmith and tracks down a vinyl recording of Frobishers Cloud Atlas Sextet. Isaac Sachs, another scientist at the plant, passes her a copy of Sixsmiths report. Smoke kills Sachs by blowing up his plane and runs Reys car off a bridge and she escapes but the report is destroyed. With help from the head of security, Joe Napier, Rey evades another attempt on her life. With another copy of the report obtained from Sixsmiths niece, she exposes the plot to use a nuclear accident for the benefit of oil company executives, who are indicted as a result. When Hogginss brothers threaten Cavendishs life for Hogginss share of the profits, Cavendish asks for help from his brother, Denholme
Cloud Atlas (film)
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Theatrical release poster
25.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
Voice acting
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Voice actors in the
Sierra Leonean radio
soap opera Atunda Ayenda
Voice acting
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Actors dubbing a
television show in China while visitors look on, 1987.
26.
Babe (film)
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Babe is a 1995 Australian-American comedy-drama film directed by Chris Noonan, produced by George Miller, and written by both. It is an adaptation of Dick King-Smiths 1983 novel The Sheep-Pig, also known as Babe, The Gallant Pig in the US, the main animal characters are played by a combination of real and animatronic pigs and Border Collies. After seven years of development, Babe was filmed in Robertson, New South Wales, the talking-animal visual effects were done by Rhythm & Hues Studios and Jim Hensons Creature Shop. The film was a box office success and grossed $36,776,544 at the box office in Australia and it has received considerable acclaim from critics, it was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay, winning Best Visual Effects. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, in 1998, Miller directed a sequel, Babe, Pig in the City. Babe, a piglet, is chosen for a guess the weight contest at a county fair. The winning farmer, Arthur Hoggett, brings him home and allows him to stay with a Border Collie named Fly, her mate Rex and their puppies, in the barn. A duck named Ferdinand, who poses as a rooster to spare himself from being eaten, despite succeeding in this, they wake Duchess, the Hoggetts cat, and in the confusion accidentally destroy the living room. Rex sternly instructs Babe to stay away from Ferdinand and the house, sometime later, when Flys puppies are put up for sale, Babe asks if he can call her Mom. Christmas brings a visit from the Hoggetts relatives, Babe is almost chosen for Christmas dinner but a duck is picked instead after Hoggett remarks to his wife Esme that Babe may bring a prize for ham at the next county fair. On Christmas Day, Babe justifies his existence by alerting Hoggett to sheep rustlers stealing sheep from one of the fields, the next day, Hoggett sees Babe sort the hens, separating the brown from the white ones. Impressed, he takes him to the fields and allows him to try, encouraged by an elder ewe named Maa, the sheep cooperate, but Rex sees Babes actions as an insult to sheepdogs and confronts Fly in a vicious fight for encouraging Babe. He injures her leg and accidentally bites Hoggetts hand when he tries to intervene, Rex is then chained to the dog house, muzzled and sedated, leaving the sheep herding job to Babe. One morning, Babe is awakened by the cries and sees three dogs attacking them. Though he manages to scare them off, Maa is mortally injured, Hoggett arrives and, thinking that Babe killed her, prepares to shoot him. Fly is so anxious to find out whether he is guilty or innocent that, instead of barking orders at the sheep, when Esme leaves on a trip, Hoggett signs Babe up for a local sheepherding competition. As it is raining the night before, Hoggett lets him, however, Duchess scratches him when he tries to speak to her, so Hoggett immediately confines her outside. When she is let back in later, she gets revenge on Babe by revealing that humans eat pigs, horrified, he runs out to the barn and learns from Fly that this is true
Babe (film)
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Theatrical release poster
27.
Happy Feet
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Happy Feet is a 2006 Australian-American computer-animated musical comedy film directed, produced, and co-written by George Miller. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Brittany Murphy, Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Hugo Weaving and it was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros. Village Roadshow Pictures, and Kingdom Feature Productions and was released in North American theaters on November 17,2006 and it is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller in association with Animal Logic. Though primarily a film, the film does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain scenes. The film was released in both conventional theatres and in IMAX 2D format. The studio had hinted that a future IMAX 3D release was a possibility, however, Warner Bros. the film’s production company, was on too tight a budget to release Happy Feet in IMAX digital 3D. Happy Feet received generally positive reviews critics, and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, a sequel, Happy Feet Two, was released into theaters November 18,2011 to mixed reviews. Every emperor penguin sings a song called a heartsong to attract a mate. If the male penguins heartsong matches the song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis care, while the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. As a result, Mumble is unable to sing, but he can tap dance instead, nevertheless, he is enamored with Gloria, a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of her age. One day, Mumble encounters a group of hostile skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice. Now a young adult, Mumble is frequently ridiculed by the elders, after escaping from a leopard seal attack, Mumble befriends a group of Adelie penguins called the Amigos, who embrace Mumbles dance moves and assimilate him into their group. After seeing a hidden human excavator in an avalanche, they opt to ask Lovelace, Lovelace has the plastic rings of a six pack entangled around his neck, which he claims to have been bestowed upon him by mystic beings. For the emperor penguins, it is mating season and Gloria is the center of attention, ramón, one of the Amigos, attempts to help Mumble win her affection by singing a Spanish version of My Way, with Mumble lip syncing, but the plan fails. In desperation, Mumble begins tap dancing in synch with her song and she falls for him and the youthful penguins join in for singing and dancing to Boogie Wonderland
Happy Feet
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Promotional poster
Happy Feet
–
Elijah Wood,
Robin Williams,
Brittany Murphy and
Nicole Kidman at the film's European premiere in London, UK.
28.
Happy Feet Two
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Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family musical comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to Millers 2006 film Happy Feet and it features Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first film. Common also replaced Fat Joe as Seymour, the original cast is joined by new characters voiced by Hank Azaria, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Sofía Vergara. Kennedy Miller Mitchell and Dr. D Studios from Sydney, Australia, produced the film, the film was released with a Looney Tunes short called I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat starring Sylvester Cat and Tweety Bird. The film received mixed reviews and lost $40 million, resulting in the closure of Millers Dr. D Studios. Erik, son of the penguins Mumble and Gloria, is unable to dance like the other penguins, Erik and his two best friends, Bodicea and Atticus, follow Ramon to Adélie-Land and find that Adélie-Land has been ruled by a God-like penguin named Sven. Sven is actually a puffin in Adélie-Land who survived the loss of his native fishing grounds due to his miraculous ability to fly, Erik instantly becomes enamored with Sven, who takes a liking to him. Sven and Lovelace tell the others that they were saved by humans, the two eventually flee and end up on Antarctica, where Sven performs his first miracle by revealing moss to the local penguins. Sven uses his power of Sven Think to help Ramon find a mate, Ramon instantly falls in love with Carmen, another Adélie penguin who is uninterested. Mumble follows the chicks footprints to Adélie-Land and orders them to return to Emperor-Land, Sven sends Erik back to Emperor-Land with Mumble. Meanwhile, a couple of krill are in the midst of a swarm, will is an adventurous and existentialist krill determined to discover what lies beyond the swarm. His friend, Bill, reluctantly follows him to ensure his safety, once separated from the swarm, Will and Bill realize that krill are at the bottom of the food chain, created to be eaten. Inspired, Will ventures out to evolve and move up the chain by eating a real creature instead of being eaten. Mumble tells Erik that he is unique to the world and that he will find his calling. While trying to cross a perilous ice bridge, the penguins encounter Elephant Seal Bryan the Beach Master, suddenly the ice gives away and Bryan is trapped in a deep crevice below the ice. Mumble sets out to free Bryan by luring a leopard seal to chase him down, seeking acceptance from Erik, Mumble is devastated to learn Erik attributed the feat of courage to Sven Think. Bryan returns to the elephant seal beach. When the penguins return to Emperor-Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls of ice, Bo ventures out to Adélie-Land to recruit the help of Ramon, the Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins
Happy Feet Two
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Theatrical release poster
Happy Feet Two
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Robin Williams, who voiced Ramon and Lovelace, at the film's Australian premiere in Sydney
Happy Feet Two
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Director
George Miller at the film's Australian premiere in
Sydney
29.
Megatron
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Megatron is a character from the Transformers franchise, created by Hasbro in 1984, based on a toy design by Takara. The original Megatron was the Decepticon Leader, which could transform into three different types of guns, a Walther P38 handgun, a beam cannon. He is a sentient robotic lifeform from the planet Cybertron and the leader of the villainous Decepticons as well as the archenemy of the Autobot leader Optimus Prime, Megatron is usually depicted as having risen up from the lowly worker to become a champion in gladiatorial combat. As a gladiator, he took the legendary name Megatronus as his own, Prime would later use his teachings against him when he became corrupt. He has the ability to transform between his robot shape and various weapons or vehicles, but these alternate-modes, his origins and even personality and this origin is considered the most consistent between the various incarnations. Further differences are listed in the sections below. The original Megatronus, better known as the Fallen, was one of the original Thirteen Primes created by Primus, Megatronus betrayed his creator by siding with Primus dark twin, the malevolent planet-eater Unicron. In the final battle between Primus and Unicron, Megatronus fell victim to the fate as his master, sucked through a black hole into another dimension. However, while Unicron emerged in another universe, the Fallen was not so fortunate, another being addressed simply as Megatron is an apocalyptic figure said to bring about death and destruction through alteration of the time stream. Possible interpretations in the book of him are Alpha and Omega, the Fallen made his first appearance in the second volume of Transformers, The War Within. The character appears as the main antagonist in the live action film, Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen. Director Michael Bay described him as apocalyptic and he has the ability to teleport and generate a shockwave upon reappearance. He wields a spear as his weapon and has the ability of telekinesis, Megatronus is also mentioned as one of Thirteen in Transformers, Exodus and later appeared as the main antagonist in the first-season finale of Transformers, Robots in Disguise, voiced by Gil Gerard. Megatronuss history would be retconned in Transformers, The Covenant of Primus, Megatronus was one of the original thirteen Primes. Megatronus commissioned Solus Prime to create the Requiem Blaster, following the War of the Primes, he exiled himself from Cybertron after unintentionally murdering Solus Prime. Megatron is the founder of the Decepticon uprising and their most feared leader, bob Budiansky, the writer for the Marvel Comics series, stated that originally Hasbro took issue with the name, saying it sounded too frightening. Budiansky responded that as the villain, that was the point. Hasbro later agreed with his reasoning, and approved the name Megatron, the name itself probably comes from the Greek word megas, although in one of his interviews Budiansky claimed that it is in fact a portmanteau of electronic and megaton
Megatron
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Generation 1 Megatron art.
Megatron
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Megatron as he appears in Dark of the Moon.
Megatron
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The original Megatron toy in gun mode
30.
Transformers (film series)
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Transformers is a series of American science fiction action films based on the toys created by Hasbro and Tomy. The first four were directed by Michael Bay, including Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen, Dark of the Moon, Bay is directing a fifth film, The Last Knight, as his last. A Bumblebee spin-off, directed by Travis Knight, is scheduled for 2018, the series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks. The series has received a critical reception, critics expressed criticism on the plots, crude humor, overuse of product placements. However, many praised the effects, action sequences. It is currently the 10th highest-grossing film series, two films in the series have grossed $1 billion. Transformers is the first film in the series, released on July 3,2007 and it grossed $709.7 million worldwide, and garnered mixed to positive reviews. It was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and a story by Kurtzman, Orci and John Rogers, Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen is the second film in the series, released on June 24,2009. It grossed $836.3 million worldwide, and garnered negative reviews and it was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay written by Ehren Kruger, Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, and starred Shia LaBeouf and Megan Fox. Transformers, Dark of the Moon is the film in the series, released on June 29,2011, in 3D. It grossed $1.124 billion worldwide, and garnered mixed reviews with a 35% on Rotten Tomatoes and it was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay written by Ehren Kruger and starred Shia LaBeouf and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley. Transformers, Age of Extinction is the film in the series. Released on June 27,2014, in 2D and 3D and it grossed $1.104 billion worldwide, and garnered negative reviews, holding, at 18%, the worst score on Rotten Tomatoes of the series so far. It was directed by Michael Bay from a written by Ehren Kruger. Transformers, The Last Knight is the film in the series. Filming started in May 2016 and ended in December 2016, it is expected to be released on June 23,2017. It is being directed by Michael Bay from a written by Art Marcum, Matt Holloway and Ken Nolan. This film will be the final time Michael Bay directs, as the franchise will search for a new director for future sequels
Transformers (film series)
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Official franchise logo
31.
MTV Movie Award
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The MTV Movie & TV Awards is a film and television awards show presented annually on MTV. The nominees are decided by producers and executives at MTV, winners are decided online by the general public. Presently voting is done through MTVs official website through a special Movie Awards link at movieawards. mtv. com, the most recent award show took place on April 9,2016. Winners are presented with the golden statue, made by New York firm. Unlike its sister event MTV Video Music Awards, the MTV Movie Awards were taped, the entire production was taped in a completely different order than what the MTV viewing audience saw. For example, the shows host would tape all his/her monologues and introductions at one time, celebrities would often only appear at the live taping for the announcement of their award category, and members of the general audience fill their vacant seats during the other times. Through editing, MTV was able to present to its audience a awards show which appears to be taped in live sequence. This method of production allowed profanity to be edited from the show, the actual live taping aired same-day on pay-per-view channels in most metropolitan cities around the world. Some awards telecasts had also shown in television syndication. However, in 2007, this changed, as MTV and Survivor producer Mark Burnett announced that the 2007 edition would be broadcast live on MTV for the first time on June 3,2007 in Los Angeles. The 2016 broadcast was the first show since 2006 not to air live as the event was taped on April 9,2016 before airing on Viacoms MTV networks the following day on April 10. Since 2007, polls for several awards were voted by users on MTVs official website. The Lifetime Achievement Award was an award for movie personalities who made an impact on popular culture. Prior to announcing the winner MTV would air testimonials from major Hollywood celebrities praising the winners greatness while only offering a slight tease as to who the winner was, following Clint Howards win and emotional reaction the award was discontinued. The MTV Generation Award is the successor to the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award, the recipient of the award is celebrated for great achievement in movies. The distinction is given to an artist who has shown us a variety of roles, a personal and professional flair and of course. 2016, Will Smith The Silver Bucket of Excellence is an award that was given to a film that has made lasting impact on moviegoers and it was further defined in 2006 as honoring a film of the past that resonates with even more meaning today. The award is given to an actor of young age that managed to inspire others with a portfolio of work
MTV Movie Award
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This is a picture of the "golden popcorn" awarded at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards.
32.
Australian Film Institute
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It is responsible for producing Australias premier annual film and television awards, as of 2011 known as AACTA Awards. The work of the institute is supported by government funding, corporate sponsors, the year 1976 marked the first time that the AFI Awards, which had been given since 1958, were televised. Ten years later, television categories were added to the awards, the AFI is affiliated with the Los Angeles Australian Film & Television Association. In August 2011, AFI formed a professional organisation, the Australian Academy of Cinema. The AFI Research Collection is a significant non-lending, specialist film, the collection operates under the auspices of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technologys School of Media and Communication in conjunction with the Australian Film Institute. Cinema of Australia Culture of Australia AFI website AFI Awards 2010 coverage @ Mediasearch AFI History
Australian Film Institute
–
Films (
A–Z)
33.
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
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Colonial Nigeria was the area of West Africa that became the modern day Nigeria, during the time of British rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of trade to British subjects in 1807. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884, British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Other European powers acknowledged Britains power over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference, from 1886 to 1899, much of the country was ruled by Royal Niger Company, authorized by charter, and governed by George Taubman Goldie. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from hands to the Crown. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians, the colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Administration and military control of the territory was primarily by white Britons. Following military conquest, the British imposed a system designed to profit from African labour. The essential basis of system was a money economy—specifically the British pound sterling—which could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives. The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the plantation colonies which existed in Americas. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were established and more populous than those of the Americas. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognized the risks of British expansion. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year and this rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 1700–1850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792, at first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin became the next most important hub, ouidah and Lagos were the major ports in Biafra. From 1790–1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1000–2000 slaves each year in Lagos alone, the trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
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Map of Negroland and Guinea including the
Slave Coast, 1736, by London cartographer
Hermann Moll
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
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Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
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Queen Victoria on a stamp of the Niger Coast Protectorate of 1894.
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
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British stamps used in 1898 at
Akassa by the Royal Niger Company.
34.
Seismologist
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Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology, a recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology, scholarly interest in earthquakes can be traced back to antiquity. Early speculations on the causes of earthquakes were included in the writings of Thales of Miletus, Anaximenes of Miletus, Aristotle. In 132 CE, Zhang Heng of Chinas Han dynasty designed the first known seismoscope, in 1664, Athanasius Kircher argued that earthquakes were caused by the movement of fire within a system of channels inside the Earth. In 1703, Martin Lister and Nicolas Lemery proposed that earthquakes were caused by chemical explosions within the earth, the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, coinciding with the general flowering of science in Europe, set in motion intensified scientific attempts to understand the behaviour and causation of earthquakes. The earliest responses include work by John Bevis and John Michell, Michell determined that earthquakes originate within the Earth and were waves of movement caused by shifting masses of rock miles below the surface. From 1857, Robert Mallet laid the foundation of instrumental seismology and he is also responsible for coining the word seismology. In 1897, Emil Wiecherts theoretical calculations led him to conclude that the Earths interior consists of a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron. In 1906 Richard Dixon Oldham identified the separate arrival of P-waves, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms, in 1910, after studying the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Harry Fielding Reid put forward the elastic rebound theory which remains the foundation for modern tectonic studies. The development of this depended on the considerable progress of earlier independent streams of work on the behaviour of elastic materials. In 1926, Harold Jeffreys was the first to claim, based on his study of waves, that below the mantle. In 1937, Inge Lehmann determined that within the liquid outer core there is a solid inner core. By the 1960s, earth science had developed to the point where a comprehensive theory of the causation of seismic events had come together in the now well-established theory of plate tectonics, seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate in solid or fluid materials. There are two types of waves, Pressure waves or Primary waves and Shear or Secondary waves. S-waves are transverse waves that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation, therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion, so S-waves only travel in solids, the two main surface wave types are Rayleigh waves, which have some compressional motion, and Love waves, which do not. Rayleigh waves result from the interaction of vertically polarized P- and S-waves that satisfy the conditions on the surface
Seismologist
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Seismic velocities and boundaries in the interior of the
Earth sampled by seismic waves
Seismologist
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Seismogram records showing the three components of ground motion. The red line marks the first arrival of P-waves; the green line, the later arrival of S-waves.
35.
Bedford
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Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, England. It had a population of 166,252 in 2015 together with Kempston, Bedford was founded at a ford on the River Great Ouse, and is thought to have been the burial place of Offa of Mercia. Bedford Castle was built by Henry I, although it was destroyed in 1224, Bedford was granted borough status in 1165 and has been represented in Parliament since 1265. It is well known for its population of Italian descent. Bedford is on the Midland Main Line, with stopping services to London and Brighton operated by Thameslink, and express services to London and the East Midlands operated by East Midlands Trains. The name of the town is thought to derive from the name of a Saxon chief called Beda, and a ford crossing the River Great Ouse. Bedford was a town for the surrounding agricultural region from the early Middle Ages The Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia was buried in the town in 796. In 886 it became a boundary town separating Wessex and Danelaw and it was the seat of the Barony of Bedford. In 919 Edward the Elder built the towns first known fortress, on the side of the River Great Ouse. This fortress was destroyed by the Danes, William II gave the barony of Bedford to Paine de Beauchamp who built a new, strong castle. Bedford traces its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II and elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons and it remained a small agricultural town, with wool being an important industry in the area for much of the Middle Ages. The new Bedford Castle was razed in 1224 and today only a mound remains, in 1660 John Bunyan was imprisoned for 12 years in Bedford Gaol. It was here that he wrote The Pilgrims Progress, the River Great Ouse became navigable as far as Bedford in 1689. Wool declined in importance with brewing becoming an industry in the town. The 19th century saw Bedford transform into an important engineering hub, in 1832 gas lighting was introduced, and the railway reached Bedford in 1846. The first corn exchange was built 1849, and the first drains, Bedford is the largest settlement in Borough of Bedford. The borough council is led by an elected mayor who holds the title Mayor of Bedford. The current Mayor of Bedford is Dave Hodgson from the Liberal Democrat Party, Bedford itself is divided into 10 wards, Brickhill, Castle, Cauldwell, De Parys, Goldington, Harpur, Kingsbrook, Newnham, Putnoe and Queens Park
Bedford
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Bedford Town Bridge at night
Bedford
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Bedford in 1611
Bedford
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Bedford Bridge in 1783. This version of the bridge was replaced in 1813.
Bedford
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Bedford in 1806
36.
Brighton
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Brighton /ˈbraɪtən/ is a seaside resort on the south coast of England. It is part of the county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman. The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone was documented in the Domesday Book, Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses. Brighton continued to grow as a centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841. Many of the attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the West Pier. Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors, Brighton has also been called the UKs hippest city, and the happiest place to live in the UK. Brightons earliest name was Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book, although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries. Brighton was originally a shortened form, first seen in 1660, it gradually supplanted the longer name. Brighthelmstone was the official name until 1810, though. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin, most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England. The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, an alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for stony valley is sometimes given but has less acceptance. Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church, the town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century. Poet Horace Smith called it The Queen of Watering Places, which is widely used. Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to Doctor Brighton, calling the one of the best of Physicians. London-by-Sea is well-known, reflecting Brightons popularity with Londoners as a resort, a commuter dormitory. The Queen of Slaughtering Places, a pun on Smiths description, the mid 19th-century nickname School Town referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time
Brighton
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Brighton in 2008
Brighton
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The Palace Pier, Brighton
Brighton
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Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance, Frederick William Woledge, 1840.
Brighton
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Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900
37.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
Melbourne
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(From top left to bottom right)
Melbourne City Centre,
Flinders Street Station,
Shrine of Remembrance,
Federation Square,
Melbourne Cricket Ground,
Royal Exhibition Building.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)
Melbourne
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"Canvas Town", South Melbourne in the 1850s depicting temporary accommodation for the thousands who poured into Melbourne each week during the gold rush.
Melbourne
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Lithograph of the
Royal Exhibition Building, built to host the
Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880
38.
Johannesburg
–
Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, in the same year, the population of Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was 7,860,781. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia. The land area of the city is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2. The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm, the city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand. The name is attributed to one or all of three men involved in the establishment of the city, in ten years, the population was 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until the 1990s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent, controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name Johannes who were involved in the history of the city. Among them are the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic 1883-1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility, precise records for the choice of name were lost. Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik Street is today a street where the historically important and dilapidated Post Office, since burnt out. The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people, the Sotho–Tswana practised farming and extensively mined and smelted metals that were available in the area. The most prominent site within Johannesburg is Melville Koppies, which contains an iron smelting furnace, the main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the start of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name, Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility
Johannesburg
–
Clockwise, from top:
Johannesburg Art Gallery, the
Hillbrow skyline at night,
Nelson Mandela Square in
Sandton,
Johannesburg CBD looking east over the
M1 Freeway, the
University of the Witwatersrand 's East Campus and
Montecasino in
Fourways.
Johannesburg
–
The farm where gold was first discovered in 1886
Johannesburg
–
Pritchard Street c. 1940
Johannesburg
–
Street scene in Johannesburg in 1970
39.
Charlton House, Wraxall
–
Charlton House is a historic building in Wraxall, Somerset, England. It is a Grade II listed building, the original building dates from the late mediaeval period, however it was altered in the early to mid 17th century and further extended between 1877 and 1884. It was the home of Antony Gibbs of Antony Gibbs & Sons a trading company, whose son William Gibbs bought the Tyntesfield estate, the rendered stone three-storey building has a slate roof with a parapet. The hall fireplace dates from the early 17th century as some of the fabric of the central block however most of the building was added in the 19th century. The fireplace has a surround with clustered colonnettes on each side. These finish with caryatids and a moulded cornice, the large overmantel is decorated with the figures of kings and women representing Charity and Justice. Since 1927 it has housed The Downs School, a school founded in 1894. The current headmaster of the Downs School is Marcus Gunn, the school takes pupils from its reception class until year three in pre-preparatory school and then from year four to year eight in the preparatory school. It is set in 60 acres of parkland, the house was part of the Tyntesfield estate and the associated Charlton Farm was sold in 2002. It is now a centre of Childrens Hospice South West
Charlton House, Wraxall
–
Charlton House
40.
Wraxall, Somerset
–
Wraxall is a village in North Somerset, England 6 miles west of Bristol. Until 1811 the parish of the name also included Nailsea. It is now within the parish of Wraxall and Failand, the origin of the name Wraxall, which is shared with other villages in Somerset, Wiltshire and Dorset, is thought to be a nook of land frequented by buzzards. Earthworks of a defended settlement, surrounded by a bank and ditch. Wraxall Court was the manor house. After the Norman conquest the Manor belonged to the De Wrokeshale family until it passed to the Moreville, the parish of Wraxall was part of the Portbury Hundred. In Victorian times the Ford family lived at the Court and it was taken over by the Admiralty during the Second World War and later became a Hall of Residence for Bristol University. Earthworks from a medieval settlement,300 metres east-south-east of Wraxall House, indicate houses, enclosures. The only waterwheel still operating on the Land Yeo is at Watercress Farm, the 6 feet diameter wheel, which was built before 1885 and is housed in a small brick building, is used as a water pump. The other mill in the parish of Wraxall operated in the 18th and 19th centuries and it fell out of use by 1885 and was a ruin by 1950. The mill was demolished in 1961 to allow for the widening and straightening of Wraxall Score. Today the only remains are crumbling walls by the entrance to Wraxall House, an area known as The Rocks stretches north from the Battleaxes to Failand, its many quarries being the source of some of the local building stone. Failand once had a chapel of ease, but now has the Victorian church of St Bartholomew, the Battleaxes free house, which was previously known as the Widdicombe Arms, was built in 1838 and is a grade II listed building. It was built originally as the house for the workers at Tyntesfield Estate. Wraxall Cross Tree, an elm, used to be found on in the small triangle of land where Wraxall Hill meets with the Bristol Road. The original tree had become hollow and local children were often seen climbing inside it and it eventually succumbed to Dutch Elm disease and was felled in May 1977. Children at Wraxall School were given the day off to see the spectacle of the tree being craned and transported to Watercress Farm where it was burned for large barbecue, an oak tree has been planted in its place. A new housing estate, built at the edge of Nailsea in mid 1990s, is now referred to as Lower Wraxall, much more housing has been built since then with Wraxall becoming a largely dormitory town for Bristol
Wraxall, Somerset
–
All Saints Church, Wraxall
Wraxall, Somerset
–
Tomb of
Sir Edmond Gorges (d.1512) and his wife Ann Howard, north wall of east end of chancel, Wraxall Church
41.
Bristol
–
Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
Bristol
–
Bristol
Bristol
Bristol
–
Black and white etching showing the towers of
St Stephen's Church,
St Augustine the Less Church and
Bristol Cathedral, published c.1850
Bristol
–
West front of Bristol Cathedral
42.
Knox Grammar School
–
Knox Grammar School is an independent, Uniting Church, day and boarding school for boys, located in Wahroonga, New South Wales, an upper North Shore suburb of Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1924 by the Presbyterian Church of Australia as an all-boys school, the school has since grown, branching out into a large Senior School of approximately 1550 students and a Preparatory School of 550. The school also caters for approximately 160 boarding students from Years 7 to 12, during the period of Dr Paterson as Headmaster, the school doubled in size, raised education standards and increased participation in a wealth of activities. The Royal Commission found in September 2016 that the principal between 1969 and 1998 had covered up allegations of sexual abuse made against teachers. Knox Grammar School was established on Sydneys North Shore in 1924, the school was named after John Knox, the 16th century Scottish reformer, who planned a network of schools in every church parish. Now the Gillespie Heritage House, Earlston was previously owned by Sir Charles Mackellar, was designed by architects Spain & Cosh, the school was officially opened by the Hon. Sir George Fuller KCMG, Premier of New South Wales, on 5 February 1924, under the founding headmaster Neil MacNeil, a Rhodes Scholar, Knox grew rapidly and survived the Great Depression. Student numbers rose from 28 in 1924 to over 300 in 1939, in 1939, Dr William Bryden FRSE took over the role of headmaster. As World War II broke out, around 370 Old Knox Grammarians served in the armed forces,53 of them lost their lives and are now commemorated in the John Williams Memorial Hall, the School Chapel, the Old Students War Memorial, and the original Science Building. The schools Pipe Band was established during Brydens period as headmaster, Dr John Mill Couper, a Scot, became headmaster in 1953. Couper focused on broadening the Schools education, with attention to music and art, however, Dr T Ross McKenzie, former head of Brisbane Boys College, replaced Couper. The schools fifth headmaster, Dr Ian Paterson, initiated further developments including a building program. During this period three teachers sexually abused students, these teachers were later convicted and it has been alleged that other teachers abused students, in 2015 Paterson told the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse that he had failed to protect students from abuse. In 1999, Peter Crawley, former Head of Trinity Grammar School in Melbourne, Knoxs school motto is a Latin phrase, Virile Agitur, which has been translated variously as being Do the Manly Thing, The manly thing is being done. Knoxs senior campus includes the Great Hall and Aquatic Centre, sports facility, gymnasium, squash and weights rooms, music and drama centres, two boarding houses. Knox owns several major sporting fields including one on campus at the Senior School, each classroom is equipped with a digital projector and each student has a laptop with wireless internet access. Since 2006 the school has been involved in the Future Problem Solving Program. Knox has in recent years completed new buildings at both the Senior and Prep Schools, the Senior Schools KG1 Building, opened in 2007, has several high-tech classrooms, access to the Lawson Centre, locker space for approximately 230 students, and a canteen
Knox Grammar School
–
'Earlston' (now Gillespie Heritage House),
c. 1923
Knox Grammar School
–
Latin: Virile Agitur
Knox Grammar School
–
Knox Pipe Band,
c. 1950
Knox Grammar School
–
Knox Grammar School, 1943
43.
Dadah is Death
–
Dadah Is Death is a 1988 Australian film based on the Barlow and Chambers execution in Malaysia in 1986. It was a 2-part mini series running 2 hours per part, john David Bookalil David Bracks Clive Carlin Liddy Clark. David West Neela Dey David Field Narian Singh, prison Superintendent The film is also known as Barlow and Chambers, A Long Way From Home Deadly Decision Barlow and Chambers execution Dadah Is Death at the Internet Movie Database
Dadah is Death
–
Dadah Is Death
44.
Reckless Kelly
–
Reckless Kelly is a 1993 Australian comedy film produced, written, directed and starring Yahoo Serious. It co-stars Melora Hardin, Alexei Sayle and Hugo Weaving, the story is a satirical take on a modern-day Ned Kelly. A modern-day Ned Kelly robs banks in Australia and gives all the money to the poor people, Ned is forced to go to Hollywood in order to make enough money to save his familys land. As it goes against his belief, he cannot simply rob banks there for his own benefit, Ned is forced to find another way to come up with the $1 million required to save his family island. Thats when a movie producer shows up and gives Ned an offer he cant refuse, joe Kelly The film was financed by Warner Bros, Village Roadshow and the Australian Film Finance Corporation. Serious used many of the same key creatives he had on Young Einstein, neil Jillett, film critic for The Age wrote, There are some good gags along the way, and a few of the plots twists have an entertainingly surreal zaniness. But there is heavy going too. Reckless Kelly grossed $5,444,534 at the box office in Australia, Australian rock duo Divinyls covered the song Wild Thing in 1993 for the soundtrack to the film. It peaked at No.39 on the Australian Singles Chart
Reckless Kelly
–
Theatrical release poster
45.
Ned Kelly
–
Edward Ned Kelly was an Australian bushranger of Irish descent. Kelly was born in the British colony of Victoria as the third of eight children to an Irish convict from County Tipperary and his father died after serving a six-month prison sentence, leaving Kelly, then aged 12, as the eldest male of the household. The Kellys were a poor family who saw themselves as downtrodden by the Squattocracy. Arrested in 1870 for associating with bushranger Harry Power, Kelly was first convicted of stealing horses and he fled to the bush in 1878 after being indicted for the attempted murder of a police officer at the Kelly familys home. After he, his brother Dan, and two associates fatally shot three policemen, the Government of Victoria proclaimed them outlaws. During the remainder of the Kelly Outbreak, Kelly and his associates committed armed robberies in Euroa and Jerilderie, and murdered Aaron Sherritt. In a manifesto letter, Kelly—denouncing the police, the Victorian government, threatening dire consequences against those who defied him, he ended with the words, I am a widows son outlawed and my orders must be obeyed. All were killed except Kelly, who was wounded by police fire. Despite support for his reprieve, Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death by hanging and his final words are famously reported to have been, such is life. Even before his execution, Kelly had become a figure in Australia. Despite the passage of more than a century, he remains an icon, inspiring countless works in the arts. Kelly continues to cause division in his homeland, some celebrate him as Australias equivalent of Robin Hood, journalist Martin Flanagan wrote, What makes Ned a legend is not that everyone sees him the same—its that everyone sees him. Like a bushfire on the horizon casting its red glow into the night. Kellys father, John Kelly, was born in 1820 in County Tipperary, Ireland, to Thomas and Mary, after his release in 1848, Red Kelly moved to Victoria and found work at James Quinns farm at Wallan Wallan as a bush carpenter. He subsequently turned his attention to gold-digging, at which he was successful and he soon became notorious as a cattle thief and his house was a rendezvous of criminals. On 18 November 1850, at the age of 30, Red Kelly married Ellen Quinn, his employers 18-year-old daughter, Ned Kelly was his parents third child. The exact date of his birth is not known but, among other things, on passing Beveridge for the last time he told an officer, do you see a little hill there. That is where I was born about 28 years ago, now, I am passing through it, I suppose, to my doom
Ned Kelly
–
Kelly's boyhood home, built by his father in
Beveridge in 1859
Ned Kelly
–
Ned Kelly the day before his execution
Ned Kelly
–
At age 11, Kelly saved a young boy from drowning in a creek and was awarded this green sash in recognition of his bravery. Kelly wore the sash under his
armour during his
last stand at
Glenrowan. It is still stained with his blood. (Benalla Museum).
Ned Kelly
–
Police mugshot of Kelly, aged 15
46.
Serial killer
–
Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone. The murders may be attempted or completed in a fashion. Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering, nor is it spree killing, however, there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U. S. earlier. The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. They were often abused—emotionally, physically and/or sexually—by a family member, a disproportionate number exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior, Many are fascinated with fire setting. They are involved in activity, especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity. More than 60 percent, or simply a large proportion, wet their beds beyond the age of 12 and they were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents. For example, Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child, kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants, suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers. Some were involved in petty crimes, such as fraud, theft, vandalism, often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs. The FBI, however, states, Serial murderers often seem normal, have families and/or a steady job, other sources state they often come from unstable families. Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low-average IQ, although they are often described, a sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89. There are exceptions to these criteria, however, for example, Harold Shipman was a successful professional. He was considered a pillar of the community, he even won a professional award for a childrens asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Televisions World in Action. Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no criminal record when arrested. Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell-tale signs, vlado Taneski, a crime reporter, was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes, Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a childs development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis
Serial killer
–
Mug shot of serial killer, cannibal, and necrophile
Ottis Toole.
Serial killer
–
German serial killer
Fritz Haarmann with police detectives, November 1924
Serial killer
–
Ted Bundy in custody, Florida, July 1978 (State Archives of Florida)
Serial killer
–
Highway prostitute
Aileen Wuornos killed seven men in Florida between 1989 and 1990
47.
The Interview (1998 film)
–
The Interview is a 1998 Australian thriller film from writer-director Craig Monahan, and is the first of two films directed by Monahan. Eddie Rodney Fleming is a quiet, nervous man who recently lost his job, one morning, Eddie is seized from his apartment for unknown reasons by two cops. They take him to headquarters and question him about a stolen car, but as tempers rise and the truth is slowly unraveled, it is revealed there is more to this interview than meets the eye. In this version, Eddie Rodney Fleming is seen hitchhiking along a desolate road, a car stops and Barry Walls offers him a ride. Fleming accepts and they drive away, followed at a distance by Steele on his motorcycle, the Interview grossed $556,263 at the box office in Australia. The Interview was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in July 2011, the DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as audio commentary by Craig Monahan, deleted scenes, the alternate ending and cast and crew interviews. Cinema of Australia The Interview at the National Film and Sound Archive The Interview at the Internet Movie Database The Interview at Rotten Tomatoes The Interview at AllMovie
The Interview (1998 film)
–
Film poster.
48.
The Matrix
–
The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction film written and directed by The Wachowskis, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano. Computer programmer Neo learns this truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, the film is an example of the cyberpunk science fiction genre. The Matrix was first released in the United States on March 31,1999 and it was generally well-received by critics, and won four Academy Awards as well as other accolades including BAFTA Awards and Saturn Awards. Reviewers praised The Matrix for its visual effects, cinematography. The films premise was both criticized for being derivative of earlier science fiction works, and praised for being intriguing, the action also polarized critics, some describing it as impressive, but others dismissing it as a trite distraction from an interesting premise. The film has appeared in lists of the greatest science fiction films. The success of the led to the release of two feature film sequels, both written and directed by the Wachowskis, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. The Matrix franchise was expanded through the production of comic books, video games. Trinity, a hacker, is cornered by police in an abandoned hotel. She overpowers them with superhuman abilities, but a group of sinister superhuman black-suited Agents lead the police in a rooftop pursuit and she answers a ringing public telephone and vanishes. Thomas Anderson is a programmer living a double life under the hacker alias Neo. He believes something is wrong with the world and is puzzled by repeated online encounters with the phrase the Matrix. Trinity contacts him, saying that a man named Morpheus can explain its meaning, however, the Agents, led by Agent Smith, apprehend Neo at his office. Undeterred, Neo meets Morpheus, who offers him a choice between a red pill that will allow him to learn the truth about the Matrix, and a blue pill that will return him to his old life. Swallowing the red pill, Neos reality disintegrates and he awakens, naked and weak, in a liquid-filled pod and he is rescued and brought aboard Morpheuss hovercraft, the Nebuchadnezzar. Morpheus explains that, in the 21st century, intelligent machines waged a war against the humans that created them, when humans blocked the machines access to solar energy, the machines began to harvest the humans bioelectricity for power. The Matrix is a simulation of the world as it was in 1999 in which the minds of the harvested humans are trapped and pacified. Morpheus and his crew belong to a group of rebels who hack into the Matrix and unplug enslaved humans, the rebels understanding of the simulated reality allows them to bend its physical laws, granting them superhuman abilities
The Matrix
–
Theatrical release poster
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