Human rights in Russia
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Russia has consistently been criticized by international organizations and independent domestic media outlets for human rights violations. Some of the most commonly cited violations include deaths in custody, the systemic and widespread use of torture by security forces and prison guards, the existence of hazing rituals within the Russian Army —referred to as dedovshchina — as well as prevalent breaches of children's rights, instances of violence and prejudice against ethnic minorities, and the targeted killings of journalists.
Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny attends a march in memory of assassinated opposition politician Boris Nemtsov, Moscow, 29 February 2020
Russian opposition politician Ilya Yashin was sentenced to eight-and-a-half years in prison in 2022 for his anti-war statements
Protest outside the Russian Embassy in Berlin demanding the release of political prisoners in Russia, February 2024
Illustration depicting Russian artist Aleksandra Skochilenko, who was arrested for replacing supermarket price tags with anti-war messages
Constitution of Russia
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The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993. The last reform was in 2020, see 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia.
In miniature book version.
Dmitry Medvedev takes the presidential oath with his right hand resting on the Constitution, 7 May 2008.