1.
Order of Canada
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The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
2.
London, Ontario
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London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city has a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census, London is at the confluence of the Thames River, approximately halfway between Toronto, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. The City of London is a municipality, politically separate from Middlesex County. London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe, the first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman. The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855, since then, London has grown to be the largest Southwestern Ontario municipality and Canadas 11th largest metropolitan area, having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it. London is a centre of health care and education, being home to the University of Western Ontario, Fanshawe College. Londons university and hospitals are among its top ten employers, London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402, connecting it to Toronto, Windsor, and Sarnia. It also has an airport, train and bus station. Prior to European contact in the 18th century, the present site of London was occupied by several Neutral, Odawa, archaeological investigations in the region indicate that aboriginal people have resided in the area for at least the past 10,000 years. The current location of London was selected as the site of the capital of Upper Canada in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. Simcoe intended to name the settlement Georgina, in honour of King George III, however, the choice of a capital site in the midst of extensive hardwood forests was rejected by Guy Carleton. In 1814, there was a skirmish during the War of 1812 in what is now southwest London at Reservoir Hill, the village of London, named after the English capital of London, was not founded until 1826, and not as the capital Simcoe envisioned. Rather, it was a seat for the area west of the actual capital. At the time, Crown and clergy reserves were receiving preference in the rest of Ontario, in 1832, the new settlement suffered an outbreak of cholera. London proved a centre of strong Tory support during the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, London was incorporated as a town in 1840. On 13 April 1845, fire destroyed much of London, which was at the time largely constructed of wooden buildings, one of the first casualties was the towns only fire engine. This fire burned nearly 30 acres of land destroying 150 buildings before burning itself out later the same day, one-fifth of London was destroyed and this was the provinces first million dollar fire. Sir John Carling, Tory MP for London, gave three events to explain the development of London in a 1901 speech
3.
Fairfield, Connecticut
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Fairfield is a town located in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It borders the towns of Bridgeport, Trumbull, Easton, Weston, as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 59,404. In July 2006, Money magazine ranked Fairfield the ninth best place to live in the United States, the Massachusetts General Court granted them permission to settle in the towns of Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford which is an area now known as Connecticut. On January 14,1639, a set of legal and administrative regulations called the Fundamental Orders was adopted, by 1639 these settlers had started new towns in the surrounding areas. Roger Ludlowe, framer of the Fundamental Orders, purchased the land presently called Fairfield, according to historian John M. Taylor, Early in 1639 the General Court granted a commission to Ludlow to begin a plantation at Pequannocke. He was on that errand, with a few others from Windsor, afterwards joined by immigrants from Watertown, Fairfield was one of the two principal settlements of the Connecticut Colony in southeastern Connecticut. The town line with Norwalk was not set until May 1685, over time, it gave rise to several new towns that broke off and incorporated separately. The following is a list of towns created from parts of Fairfield, in a predominantly Tory section of the colony, the people of Fairfield were early supporters of the cause for independence. Throughout the war, a constant battle was being fought across Long Island Sound as men from British-controlled Long Island raided the coast in whaleboats, Gold Selleck Silliman, whose home still stands on Jennings Road, was put in charge of the coastal defenses. In the spring of 1779, he was kidnapped from his home by Tory forces in preparation for a British raid on Fairfield County. His wife, Mary Silliman watched from their home as, on the morning of July 7,1779, approximately 2,000 enemy troops landed on Fairfield Beach near Pine Creek Point and proceeded to invade the town. When they left the evening, the entire town lay in ruins. Fairfield recovered slowly from the burning, but soon after the end of the war its houses, world War I brought Fairfield out of its agrarian past by triggering an unprecedented economic boom in Bridgeport, which was the center of a large munitions industry at the time. The prosperity created a shortage in the city, and many of the workers looked to Fairfield to build their homes. The trolley and later the automobile made the countryside accessible to these newly rich members of the class, who brought with them new habits, new attitudes. The prosperity lasted throughout the twenties, by the time of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the population had increased to 17,000 from the 6,000 it had been just before the war. Even during the Depression, the town kept expanding, the grounding of a barge with two crewmen on Penfield Reef in Fairfield during a gale led to the 1st civilian helicopter hoist rescue in history, on November 29,1945. The helicopter flew from the nearby Sikorsky Aircraft plant in Bridgeport, Fairfield became the home of the corporate headquarters of General Electric, one of the worlds largest companies
4.
Jessica Tandy
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Jessica Tandy was a British stage and film actress. She appeared in over 100 stage productions and had more than 60 roles in film, born in London to Jessie Helen Horspool and commercial traveller Harry Tandy, she was only 18 when she made her professional debut on the London stage in 1927. During the 1930s, she appeared in a number of plays in Londons West End, playing roles such as Ophelia. During this period, she worked in a couple of British films. Following the end of her marriage to the British actor Jack Hawkins, she moved to New York in 1940 and he became her second husband and frequent partner on stage and screen. She received the Tony Award for best performance by a Leading Actress in A Play for her performance as Blanche Dubois in the original Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948, Tandy shared the prize with Katharine Cornell and Judith Anderson in a three-way tie for the award. Over the following three decades, her career continued sporadically and included a role in Alfred Hitchcocks horror film, The Birds. Along with Cronyn, she was a member of the acting company of the Guthrie Theater. In the mid-1980s she had a career revival and she appeared with Cronyn in the Broadway production of Foxfire in 1983 and its television adaptation four years later, winning both a Tony Award and an Emmy Award for her portrayal of Annie Nations. During these years, she appeared in such as Cocoon. At the height of her success, she was named as one of Peoples 50 Most Beautiful People and she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 1990, and continued working until shortly before her death. The youngest of three siblings, Tandy was born in Geldeston Road in Hackney, London and her father, Harry Tandy, was a travelling salesman for a rope manufacturer. Her mother, Jessie Helen Horspool was the head of a school for handicapped children who was from a large fenland family in Wisbech. Her father died when Tandy was 12, and her mother subsequently taught evening courses to earn an income and her brother Edward was later a prisoner of war of the Japanese in the Far East. Tandy was educated at Dame Alice Owens School in Islington, Tandy began her career at the age of 18 in London, establishing herself with performances opposite such actors as Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud. She entered films in Britain, but after her marriage to Jack Hawkins failed, during her time as a leading actress on the stage in London she often had to fight for roles over her two rivals, Peggy Ashcroft and Celia Johnson. In 1942, she married Hume Cronyn and over the years played supporting roles in several Hollywood films. Tandy became a citizen of the United States in 1952
5.
Susan Cooper
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Susan Mary Cooper is an English author of childrens books. She is best known for The Dark is Rising, a fantasy series set in England and Wales, which incorporates British mythology, such as the Arthurian legends. For that work, in 2012 she won the lifetime Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association recognizing her contribution to writing for teens. In the 1970s two of the five novels were named the years best English-language book with an authentic Welsh background by the Welsh Books Council, Cooper was born in 1935 in Burnham, Buckinghamshire, to Bob Richard Cooper and his wife Ethel Maybelle, nee Field. Her father had worked in the room of the Natural History Museum until going off to fight in the First World War. He then pursued a career in the offices of the Great Western Railway and her mother was a teacher of ten-year-olds and eventually became deputy head of a large school. Her younger brother Roderick also grew up to become a writer, Cooper lived in Buckinghamshire, until she was 21, when her parents moved to her grandmothers village of Aberdovey in Wales. She attended Slough High School and then earned a degree in English at Somerville College at the University of Oxford, after graduating, she worked as a reporter for The Sunday Times under Ian Fleming, and wrote in her spare time. During that period she began work on the series The Dark Is Rising and finished her debut novel, Cooper emigrated to the United States in 1963 to marry Nicholas J. Grant, Professor of Metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a widower with three teenage children. She had two children with him, Jonathan Roderick Howard Grant and Katharine Mary Grant and she then became a full-time writer, focusing on The Dark Is Rising and on Dawn of Fear, a novel based on her experiences of the Second World War. Eventually she wrote fiction for children and adults, a series of picture books, film screenplays, and works for the stage. Around the time of writing Seaward, both of her parents died and her marriage to Grant was dissolved, in July 1996, she married the Canadian-American actor, and her sometime co-author, Hume Cronyn, the widower of Jessica Tandy. Cooper and Cronyn remained married until his death in June 2003, hollywood adapted The Dark Is Rising as a film in 2007, The Seeker. It disappointed Cooper, who requested some changes from her narrative be reverted. Cooper was on the Board of the National Childrens Book and Literacy Alliance, a U. S. nonprofit organization that advocates for literacy, literature and she lived in Marshfield, Massachusetts as of October 2012. The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognises one writer and a body of work for significant. Cooper won the award in 2012 citing the five Dark Is Rising novels, when I Was Your Age, Original Stories about Growing Up – story set in World War II England Ghost Story, Dont Read This
6.
Big screen
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
7.
Canadian House of Commons
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The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. There were 308 members in the last Parliament, but that number has risen to 338 following the election on Monday October 19,2015, Members are elected by simple plurality in each of the countrys electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election, historically however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an Act of Parliament now limits each term to four years, seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population, the lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both Houses is necessary for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons, moreover, the Government of Canada is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support, or confidence, the term derives from the Anglo-Norman word communes, referring to the geographic and collective communities of their parliamentary representatives and not the third estate, the commonality. This distinction is clear in the official French name of the body. Canada and the United Kingdom remain the only countries to use the name House of Commons for a house of parliament. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the Queen, the Senate, the Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model. Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures, the Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new Acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada and these exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber until that was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum—what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, since then, the Commons has sat in its current chamber. The House of Commons comprises 338 members, each of whom represents a electoral district. The constitution specifies a minimum of 295 electoral districts
8.
University of Western Ontario
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The University of Western Ontario, corporately branded as Western University, is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. The university was founded on 7 March 1878 by Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron as The Western University of London Ontario and it incorporated Huron University College, which had been founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908. According to the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings, the university ranked 201–300 in the world, the 2016 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 198th in the world, making it ninth in Canada. Several of Westerns programs were ranked in individual rankings. Westerns co-educational student body of over 24,000 represents 107 countries and Western scholars have established research and education collaborations, there are more than 306,000 alumni who are active internationally, living and working around the globe. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, Nobel Laureates, Rhodes Scholars, Westerns varsity teams, known as the Western Mustangs, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. It incorporated Huron University College, which had founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the first of these students graduated in 1883. The Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908, in 1916, the universitys current site was purchased from the Kingsmill family. A third plaque lists those who served with the No.10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, in 1923, the university was renamed The University of Western Ontario. The first two buildings constructed by architect John Moore and Co. at the new site were the Arts Building, classes on the universitys present site began in 1924. The University College tower, one of the most universitys distinctive features, was named the Middlesex Memorial Tower in honour of the men from Middlesex County who fought in World War I. Before the end of the affiliation, Assumption College was one of the largest colleges associated with the University, St. Peters College seminary of London, Ontario was later became affiliated with Western in 1939, and it became Kings College, an arts college. Today, Kings, Huron and Brescia colleges are all still affiliates of Western,10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, the unit raised and equipped by UWO. Although enrollment was small for many years, the university began to grow after World War II. In 2012, the university rebranded itself as Western University, the universitys legal name, however, remains The University of Western Ontario. The University of Western Ontario is in the city of London, Ontario, the majority of the campus is surrounded by residential neighbourhoods, with the Thames River bisecting the campus eastern portion
9.
Labatt
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Labatt Brewing Company Ltd. is a Belgian-owned Canadian beer company founded by John Kinder Labatt in 1847 in London, Ontario. Labatt is the largest brewer in Canada, in 1995, it was purchased by Belgian brewer Interbrew. In 2004, Interbrew merged with Brazilian brewer AmBev to form InBev, in 2008, InBev merged with American brewer Anheuser-Busch to form Anheuser-Busch InBev making Labatt Brewing part of Anheuser-Busch InBev. On October 10,2016, an over $100 billion merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller closed, in 1901, Prohibition in Canada began through a provincial legislation in Prince Edward Island. In 1916, prohibition was instituted in Ontario as well, affecting all 64 breweries in the province, although some provinces totally banned alcohol manufacture, some permitted production for export to the United States. Labatt survived by producing full strength beer for export south of the border, however, the Canadian beer industry suffered a second blow when Prohibition in the United States began in 1919. When Prohibition was repealed in Ontario in 1926, just 15 breweries remained and this resulted in a strengthened industry position. In 1945 Labatt became a traded company with the issuance of 900,000 shares. John and Hugh Labatt, grandsons of founder John K. Labatt, the first light ale introduced in Canada, Labatt 50 was Canadas best-selling beer until 1979. The nickname stuck and in 1979 Labatt Blue claimed top spot in the Canadian beer market and it lost this status in the late eighties to Molson Canadian, but over the next decade, periodically regained top spot as consumer preferences fluctuated. In 2004, Budweiser took the top spot, pushing Blue to third for the first time in twenty-five years, however, since Labatt has brewed Budweiser in Canada under licence since the 1980s, Labatt likely did not suffer from this shift. Moreover, Labatt Blue remains the best selling Canadian beer in the world based upon worldwide sales, Labatt was also the majority owner of the Toronto Blue Jays from their inception in 1976 until 1995, when Interbrew purchased Labatt. Labatts innovations include the introduction of the first twist-off cap on a bottle in 1984. Photographer and boyfriend, Dann Ilicic, produced the Blue Zone Girl poster on his own after Labatts refused to have anything to do with it, later, Labatts did buy 1000 posters to deal with consumer demand. In 1995, Labatt was acquired by the large Belgian multinational brewer Interbrew, Labatt is part-owner of Brewers Retail Inc. operator of The Beer Store retail chain, which—protected by legislation—has over 90% market share of Ontario off-premises beer sales. In early 2007, Labatt also acquired Lakeport Brewing Company of Hamilton, in 2009, the company sold Labatt USA, including the American rights to its core Labatt products to North American Breweries, and agreed to brew those brands on Labatt USAs behalf until 2012. This sale was mandated by the U. S. S, the sale did not include U. S. rights to Labatt products not carrying the Labatt label, such as Kokanee or Alexander Keiths, which are now distributed in the U. S. by Anheuser-Busch. Moreover, the intellectual property remains the property of the Canadian firm
10.
Labatt Brewing Company
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Labatt Brewing Company Ltd. is a Belgian-owned Canadian beer company founded by John Kinder Labatt in 1847 in London, Ontario. Labatt is the largest brewer in Canada, in 1995, it was purchased by Belgian brewer Interbrew. In 2004, Interbrew merged with Brazilian brewer AmBev to form InBev, in 2008, InBev merged with American brewer Anheuser-Busch to form Anheuser-Busch InBev making Labatt Brewing part of Anheuser-Busch InBev. On October 10,2016, an over $100 billion merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller closed, in 1901, Prohibition in Canada began through a provincial legislation in Prince Edward Island. In 1916, prohibition was instituted in Ontario as well, affecting all 64 breweries in the province, although some provinces totally banned alcohol manufacture, some permitted production for export to the United States. Labatt survived by producing full strength beer for export south of the border, however, the Canadian beer industry suffered a second blow when Prohibition in the United States began in 1919. When Prohibition was repealed in Ontario in 1926, just 15 breweries remained and this resulted in a strengthened industry position. In 1945 Labatt became a traded company with the issuance of 900,000 shares. John and Hugh Labatt, grandsons of founder John K. Labatt, the first light ale introduced in Canada, Labatt 50 was Canadas best-selling beer until 1979. The nickname stuck and in 1979 Labatt Blue claimed top spot in the Canadian beer market and it lost this status in the late eighties to Molson Canadian, but over the next decade, periodically regained top spot as consumer preferences fluctuated. In 2004, Budweiser took the top spot, pushing Blue to third for the first time in twenty-five years, however, since Labatt has brewed Budweiser in Canada under licence since the 1980s, Labatt likely did not suffer from this shift. Moreover, Labatt Blue remains the best selling Canadian beer in the world based upon worldwide sales, Labatt was also the majority owner of the Toronto Blue Jays from their inception in 1976 until 1995, when Interbrew purchased Labatt. Labatts innovations include the introduction of the first twist-off cap on a bottle in 1984. Photographer and boyfriend, Dann Ilicic, produced the Blue Zone Girl poster on his own after Labatts refused to have anything to do with it, later, Labatts did buy 1000 posters to deal with consumer demand. In 1995, Labatt was acquired by the large Belgian multinational brewer Interbrew, Labatt is part-owner of Brewers Retail Inc. operator of The Beer Store retail chain, which—protected by legislation—has over 90% market share of Ontario off-premises beer sales. In early 2007, Labatt also acquired Lakeport Brewing Company of Hamilton, in 2009, the company sold Labatt USA, including the American rights to its core Labatt products to North American Breweries, and agreed to brew those brands on Labatt USAs behalf until 2012. This sale was mandated by the U. S. S, the sale did not include U. S. rights to Labatt products not carrying the Labatt label, such as Kokanee or Alexander Keiths, which are now distributed in the U. S. by Anheuser-Busch. Moreover, the intellectual property remains the property of the Canadian firm
11.
Benjamin Cronyn
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Benjamin Cronyn was the first bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Huron. Cronyn was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, a member of the prominent Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy Cronyn family, and a relative of Robert Whitehead, he emigrated to Canada in 1832. He was posted to London, Ontario, where he completed the building started by his predecessor. In 1844 he relocated the church to a site, now occupied by St Pauls Cathedral. When the new Diocese of Huron was created in 1857 he was elected its first bishop and travelled to London to be consecrated and he died in London, Ontario in 1871. He had married in Ireland Margaret Ann Bickerstaff of Lislea, Longford with whom he had seven children, on her death he was remarried to Martha Collins. He was father to Benjamin Cronyn, Jr. a former mayor of London and he was the father-in-law of Edward Blake, Premier of Ontario and grandfather of politician Hume Cronyn, Sr. and great-grandfather of actor Hume Cronyn, Jr. and artist Hugh Verschoyle Cronyn GM. Huron University College Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury Benjamin Cronyn
12.
Anglo-Irish
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Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers. The term is not usually applied to Presbyterians in the province of Ulster, whose ancestry is mostly Scottish, rather than English or Irish, the Anglo-Irish held a wide range of political views, with many of them being outspoken Irish Nationalists. And while many of the Anglo-Irish were part of the English diaspora in Ireland, in the course of the 17th century, this Anglo-Irish landed class replaced the Gaelic Irish and Old English aristocracies as the ruling class in Ireland. They were also referred to as New English to distinguish them from the Old English who descended from the medieval Hiberno-Norman settlers and those who converted to the Church of Ireland were usually able to keep or regain their lost property, as the issue was primarily one of allegiance. In the late 18th century the Parliament of Ireland in Dublin won legislative independence, the Anglo-Irish social class was usually of mixed English and Irish or Welsh ancestry. Members of this class commonly identified themselves as Irish, while retaining English habits in politics, commerce. They participated in the popular English sports of the day, particularly racing and fox hunting, many of the more successful of them spent much of their careers either in Great Britain or in some part of the British Empire. Many constructed large houses, which became known in Ireland as Big Houses. The Dublin working class playwright Brendan Behan, a staunch Irish Republican, saw the Anglo-Irish as Irelands leisure class, the Anglo-Irish novelist and short story writer Elizabeth Bowen memorably described her experience as feeling English in Ireland, Irish in England and not accepted fully as belonging to either. Due to their prominence in the military and their conservative politics and they also controlled financial companies such as the Bank of Ireland and Goodbody Stockbrokers. Prominent Anglo-Irish poets, writers, and playwrights include Jonathan Swift, George Berkeley, Oliver Goldsmith, Bram Stoker, Oscar Wilde, J. M. Synge, W. B. Yeats, Cecil Day-Lewis, Bernard Shaw, Augusta, Lady Gregory, Samuel Beckett, Giles Cooper, C. S. Lewis, Lord Longford, the polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton was also an Anglo-Irishman. Medical experts included Sir William Wilde, Robert Graves, Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw, William Stokes, Robert Collis, Sir John Lumsden, William Desmond Taylor was an early and prolific maker of silent films in Hollywood. Philanthropists included Thomas Barnardo and The 1st Earl of Iveagh, the Anglo-Irish, as a class, were mostly opposed to the notions of Irish independence and Home Rule. Most were supporters of continued political union with Great Britain, which existed between 1800 and 1922, however, Protestants in Ireland, and the Anglo-Irish class in particular, were by no means universally attached to the cause of continued political union with Great Britain. For instance, author Jonathan Swift, a clergyman in the Church of Ireland, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by members of the Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a Roman Catholic identity, by the beginning of the twentieth century, many Anglo-Irishmen in southern Ireland had become convinced of the need for a political settlement with Irish nationalists. Anglo-Irish politicians such as Sir Horace Plunkett and Lord Monteagle became leading figures in finding a solution to the Irish question
13.
Protestant Ascendancy
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Until the Reform Acts even the majority of Irish Protestants were effectively excluded from the Ascendancy, being too poor to vote. In general, the privileges of the Ascendancy were resented by Irish Catholics, english soldiers and traders became the new ruling class, as its richer members were elevated to the Irish House of Lords and eventually controlled the Irish House of Commons. This class became known as the Anglo-Irish. The phrase was first used in passing by Sir Boyle Roche in a speech to the Irish House of Commons on 20 February 1782. George Ogle MP used it on 6 February 1786 in a debate on falling land values, When the landed property of the Kingdom, the Corporations resolution was a part of the debate over Catholic emancipation. In the event, Catholics were allowed to vote again in 1793, the phrase therefore was seen to apply across classes to rural landowners as well as city merchants. However, those protected by the Treaty were still excluded from political life. The situation was confused by the policy of the Tory party in England and Ireland after 1688 and they were Protestants who generally supported the Catholic Jacobite claim, and came to power briefly in London in 1710–14. This provided the main political excuse for the new laws, thousands did so, as recorded on the Convert Rolls, and this allowed for the successful careers of Irishmen such as that of William Conolly, but the majority declined to convert. It did, however, push for reforms allowing equality within the system, some 9% of this land belonged to formerly-Catholic landlords who had converted to the state religion. Reform, though not complete, came in three stages and was effected over 50 years, Reform of religious disabilities in 1778–82, allowing bishops, schools. Reform of restrictions on property ownership and voting in 1778–93, restoration of political, professional and office-holding rights in 1793–1829. The parliament repealed most of the Penal Laws in 1771–93 but did not abolish them entirely, Grattan sought Catholic emancipation for the catholic middle classes from the 1780s, but could not persuade a majority of the Irish MPs to support him. From 1840 corporations running towns and cities in Ireland became more democratically elected, Ireland remained a net exporter of food throughout most of the famine. About 20% of the population emigrated, the Encumbered Estates Act of 1849 was passed to allow landlords to sell mortgaged land, where a sale would be restricted because the land was entailed. Many landlords went bankrupt as their tenants could not pay any rent due to the famine, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by members of the Anglo-Irish class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. Reformist and nationalist politicians such as Henry Grattan, Wolfe Tone, Robert Emmet, and Sir John Gray were also Protestant nationalists, local government was democratised by the Act of 1898, passing many local powers to councillors who were usually supportive of nationalism. Formerly landlords had controlled the grand jury system, where membership was based on being a large ratepayer, nearly 300 stately homes of the old landed class were burned down between 1919 and 1923
14.
Huron University College
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Huron University College, referred to locally as Huron College is one of the affiliated colleges of the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1863 by two Anglican priests and is the oldest affiliated college of the University of Western Ontario, Huron is also home to an Anglican seminary. Huron predates the founding University of Western Ontario by 15 years, Huron College occupies traditional-style buildings on the West side of Western Road in the Northwest part of the UWO campus. Huron College was founded on May 5,1863 by Benjamin Cronyn and Isaac Hellmuth, the first class of 13 students were taught by Isaac Hellmuth in the winter of 1863. The evangelical section of the Church of England obtained a charter for Huron College and it has been a University of Western Ontario founding institution since 1878. William A. Joanes designed an addition to Huron Colleges original property in 1891, over one-fifth of Canadian Anglican chaplains who served in the First and Second World Wars were trained at Huron. A plaque was unveiled on 11 November 1997 to commemorate the lives of 18 Huron graduates who died in the First and its original property, known as Rough Park, occupied the block bounded by Grosvenor, St. George and St. James Streets. In 1951, Huron moved to its present location and has seen a growth in not only student enrollment, but also in its residence facilities, classrooms, library. Hurons faculty of Arts and Social Science has been in partnership with the University of Western Ontario since 1956, an Act respecting Huron University College was given Royal Assent on June 23,2000. The name was changed to Huron University College on June 23,2000, the Huron University College Corporations Arms, Supporters, Flag and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on September 15,2005. The Faculty includes Ingrid Mattson as the Chair for Islamic Studies, Rough Park, its original property, occupied the block bounded by Grosvenor, St. George and St. James Streets in London Ontario. In 1951, Huron moved to its present location steps from the University of Western Ontario, Huron is located on the western side of Western Road, across from the centre of the University of Western Ontario Main Campus. The University Community Centre and the Weldon Library are also nearby, the administrative wing includes the Silcox Memorial Library, great hall and the chapel. The Valley wing includes Jago courtyard and classrooms, the Huron dining hall is steps from the Western campus. Huron is also home to the collegiate-style Chapel of St. John the Evangelist which was built in the 1950s to replace the original chapel, the chapel has a seating capacity of 160 and includes a Casavant organ. There are also a number of Orthodox icons including a 19th-century hand-painted Russian icon of the Holy Trinity, the chapel is open to students of all denominations. The Huron University College Library is located on the floor of the administration wing of the Huron campus. The Library houses a 165,000 volume collection in the humanities and social sciences as well as The Kimel Family Information Commons, with 20 PC workstations, comfortable reading alcoves, and private group study rooms are available in addition to personal study carrels
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Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
16.
George Medal
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The George Medal is the second level civil decoration of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. The GM was instituted on 24 September 1940 by King George VI, the medal is presented to those performing acts of bravery in, or meriting recognition by, the United Kingdom. In 1940, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward the many acts of civilian courage. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, the Warrant for the GM, dated 24 January 1941, was published in the London Gazette on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of acts of great bravery, the original Warrant for the George Medal did not permit it to be awarded posthumously. This was changed in December 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have subsequently made. The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states, The Medal is intended primarily for civilians, bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the ribbon alone is worn. Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal letters GM, the details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the London Gazette. Approximately 2,122 medals have been awarded since its inception in 1940, the GM is a circular silver medal. The obverse depicts the effigy of the reigning monarch. The reverse shows St. George on horseback slaying the dragon on the coast of England, the ribbon is 32 mm wide, crimson with five narrow blue stripes. The blue colour is taken from the George Cross ribbon, the first recipient chronologically was Coxswain Robert Cross, commander of the RNLI lifeboat City of Bradford, based at Spurn Point, whose award was gazetted on 7 February 1941. It was awarded for an incident on 2 February 1940 when Cross took the lifeboat out in gale force winds, snowsqualls, having been one of the first recipients in September 1940, his bar to the George Medal was gazetted on 4 July 1941. 2015 represented the 75th anniversary of the creation of the award and was marked with a ceremony, orders and decorations of the Commonwealth realms Abbott, P. E. Tamplin, J. M. A. Mackay, James A. Mussell, John W. eds, acts of Courage, Register of The George Medal 1940-2015
17.
Elmwood School (Ottawa)
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Elmwood School is an independent day school for girls located in Rockcliffe Park in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1915 and is an International Baccalaureate World School, the school is also a member of the National Coalition of Girls Schools and the Canadian Accredited Independent Schools. The faculty provides education to 400 students aged 4 to 18, classes are small, with an average class size of 12 and a student to teacher ratio of 7,1. Tuition fees for the 2015-2016 school year are approximately $23,640, the current Headmistress is Cheryl Boughton, who took over the leadership of the school in 2008. Prior to joining Elmwood, she served as Deputy Head at Bedford School in Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, Boughton spent a considerable part of her educational career at single gender independent schools in the UK, despite being a Canadian citizen. Like many other schools throughout the Commonwealth, Elmwoods traditions are based on similar schools in Britain. Senior formal leaders in their graduating year are called prefects, the students must wear uniforms, in 2010, Elmwoods class of 43 graduates were offered over $1,000,000 in scholarship awards. The largest single scholarship awarded was in 2009, when $150,000 US was awarded to a student, Elmwood is the only school in Ottawa to offer all three International Baccalaureate programs. The PYP, MYP and DP offers a continuum of high quality education that encourages international-mindedness, the three programs form a coherent sequence of education by promoting the education of the whole person through an emphasis on intellectual, personal, emotional and social growth. The programs are based and concept driven rather than content driven and are examples of best practices in education. This approach is based on learning theory which argues that humans generate knowledge. Over the past decade, Elmwood School has excelled in math, more than 50% of Elmwoods graduates go on to study math, science and engineering at university. Elmwood has long recognized as a globally diverse learning community. Elmwoods students represent more than 30 different nationalities and many say that one of Elmwood’s paramount strengths is its diversity, Elmwood is known for educating children of political and diplomatic figures. Many diplomatic families choose Elmwood for their daughters education and there are links with embassies and consulates located in. Roughly 20% of the student population are members of the diplomatic community, Elmwoods high academic standards, small class sizes and multicultural student base combine to create a unique learning environment. Elmwood’s faculty draws on best practices, specific to all girls’ education, as they challenge students to be principled, knowledgeable, students who follow a prescribed sequence of courses and achieve fluency in both English and French are awarded a Bilingual Certificate. Elmwood also offers opportunities to study Spanish, Latin and Mandarin, Elmwood School was one of the first schools in Canada to introduce a 1,1 laptop program in the Senior School
18.
Ridley College
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Ridley College is a private boarding and day university-preparatory school located in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada,20 miles from Niagara Falls. The school confers the Ontario Secondary School Diploma and the International Baccalaureate diploma programme, Ridley is one of the oldest private schools in Canada, and has the largest boarding program in Ontario, with students representing over 35 countries. Established as an Anglican-affiliated all-boys school in 1889, Ridley became coeducational in 1973, the school is divided into ten houses, each of which serves as a residence and community for its students. All students take part in an extracurricular program including sports, arts and theatre opportunities, student initiatives. Ridleys boarding program plays a dominant role in its curriculum, with faculty heavily involved in student life outside the classroom in roles such as housemasters, coaches, Ridley has an array of student clubs, many of which take part in both Canadian and international competitions. The schools overall curriculum emphasizes a balanced and disciplined combination of academics, athletics, school involvement, and community service. Ridley alumni are known as Old Ridleians, and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters “O. R. ”Established in 1889, named after Bishop Nicholas Ridley, a 16th-century English churchman martyred during the Protestant Reformation, the school was originally known as Bishop Ridley College. The Reverend Dr. John Ormsby Miller, a highly regarded scholar and administrator, in 1891, the first Ridley College Cross Country Run was held, which would go on to become one of the longest standing traditions at Ridley. In the same year, the first edition of ACTA Ridleiana was published, in 1903, the Springbank campus was destroyed as a result of a fire, resulting in the founders seeking a new site to restore it. The school was rebuilt at the site of its current campus, the address and street name of which soon became known as Ridley Road. The cornerstone of the Upper School building was laid in 1904, Dr. Millers 30-year tenure as headmaster would establish the foundations of the school. The oldest building remaining on campus is the shed, which was already built as sports equipment storage for the students of the Springbank campus. In 1907, the Ridley College Cadet Corps was officially recognized as Unit No.162, the Corps was brought about by Colonel Thairs and Headmaster Miller. The first Inspection was held in 1908 with 40 cadets and in 1912, in 1917, the first Lower School Cross Country Run was held. The school experienced rapid growth and expansion in the first half of the century, including the building of Ridley College Chapel and Dormitory Building by architects Sproatt. The Memorial Chapel and two plaques were built by architects Sproatt and Rolph in 1921 to commemorate the sixty-one Old Ridleians who lost their lives in World War I. In the same year, Dr. Harry Griffith became the headmaster of Ridley. In 1922, Gooderham House, donated by the Gooderham family, was opened, the Lower School opened in 1927 with a total of eighty students
19.
McGill University
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McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain, the University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the universitys precursor, McGill College. Its academic units are organized into 11 main Faculties and Schools, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, with the highest average admission requirements of any Canadian university. Most students are enrolled in the five largest faculties, namely Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, as well as between faculties. Scholarships are generous, yet highly competitive and relatively difficult to attain, throughout its long history, McGill alumni were instrumental in inventing or initially organizing football, basketball, and ice hockey. In 1816 the RIAL was authorized to operate two new Royal Grammar Schools, in Quebec City and in Montreal and this was an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools. When James McGill died in 1813 his bequest was administered by the RIAL, the original two Royal Grammar Schools closed in 1846 and by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered. Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequest on behalf of the private college, since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a merchant in Quebec. Between 1811 and 1813, he drew up a will leaving his Burnside estate, a 19-hectare tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province. On March 31,1821, after protracted battles with the Desrivières family. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, the Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833, this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada. The Faculty of Medicine remained the only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building. The university also historically has strong linkage with The Canadian Grenadier Guards and this title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848 which is also the oldest of its kind in the nation,48 years later, the school of architecture at McGill University was founded. Sir John William Dawson, McGills principal from 1855 to 1893, is credited with transforming the school into a modern university. He recruited the aid of Montreals wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and their names adorn many of the campuss prominent buildings
20.
Kappa Alpha Society
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The Kappa Alpha Society, founded in 1825, was the progenitor of the modern fraternity system in North America. It was the first of the fraternities which would become known as the Union Triad. As of 2012, there are nine chapters in the United States. According to Bairds Manual, nine undergraduates at Union College in Schenectady, New York—John Hart Hunter, John McGeoch, the organization represents the middle link between secret societies, literary societies, and Greek-letter organizations like Phi Beta Kappa. The Kappa Alpha Society, emulated by Sigma Phi and Delta Phi, constitute the Union Triad and this organization is not to be confused with the Kappa Alpha Order, a completely separate national fraternity. Chapters are designated with an abbreviation of the institutions Latin name, the Union and Wesleyan chapters were co-educational in the recent past. The chapter at Wesleyan University, which existed from 1967 to about 1997, was at various times both as part of The Society and as a local starting in 1974. The Union Chapter was co-ed from 1991 until 2003, there are currently no co-educational chapters. John Hart Hunter, Union College,1824, fitz Hugh Ludlow, Union College,1856. Over the course of its nearly 200-year history, The Kappa Alpha Society has produced a number of notable members in widely varied fields. List of social fraternities and sororities Kappa Alpha Society, a biographical record of the Kappa Alpha Society in Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. From its foundation to the present time, New York, NY, S. W. Greens Son. A directory of Kappa Alpha 2002, 175th anniversary edition, purchase, NY, Bernard C. Harris Publishing Company. The Spirit of Kappa Alpha, The oldest Greek-letter social fraternity in prose, poetry, New York, NY, John Hart Hunter Press. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society, the Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society. Directory of the Kappa Alpha Society 1950, st. Albans, VT, The North Country Press. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society, utica, NY, Thomas J. Griffiths Sons. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society, Kappa Alpha Record 1825-1976, Sesquicentennial edition
21.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
22.
Boxing at the 1932 Summer Olympics
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These are the results of the boxing competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Medals were awarded in 8 weight classes, the competitions were held from August 9,1932 to August 13,1932. A total of 85 boxers from 18 nations competed at the Los Angeles Games, NOTE, Including one South Korean boxer, who competed for Japan
23.
Max Reinhardt (theatre director)
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Max Reinhardt was an Austrian-born American theatre and film director, intendant, and theatrical producer. With his innovative stage productions, he is regarded as one of the most prominent directors of German-language theatre in the early 20th century, in 1920, he established the Salzburg Festival with the performance of Hofmannsthals Jedermann. Reinhardt was born Maximilian Goldmann in the spa town of Baden near Vienna, the son of Wilhelm Goldmann, a Jewish merchant from Stomfa, Hungary, having finished school, he began an apprenticeship at a bank, but already took acting lessons. In 1890, he gave his debut on a stage in Vienna with the artists name Max Reinhardt. In 1893 he performed at the re-opened Salzburg City Theatre and one later joined the Deutsches Theater ensemble under director Otto Brahm in Berlin. In 1901, Reinhardt together with Friedrich Kayßler and several other colleagues founded the Schall und Rauch Kabarett stage in Berlin. Re-opened as Kleines Theater it was the first of numerous stages, from 1903 to 1905, he managed the Neues Theater and in 1906 acquired the Deutsches Theater in Berlin. In 1911, he premiered with Karl Vollmöllers The Miracle at Olympia, by employing powerful staging techniques, and harmonising stage design, language, music and choreography, Reinhardt introduced new dimensions into German theatre. The Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna, which is arguably the most important German-language acting school, was installed implementing his ideas, in 1910, Siegfried Jacobsen wrote his book entitled Max Reinhardt. In 1914, he was persuaded to sign the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three and he was signatory 66, he later expressed regret at signing. By 1930, he ran 11 stages in Berlin and, in addition, in the United States, he successfully directed The Miracle in 1924, and a popular stage version of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream in 1927. Reinhardt followed that success by directing a film version in 1935 using a different cast. Mickey Rooney and Olivia de Havilland had also appeared in Reinhardts 1934 stage production, the Nazis banned the film because of the Jewish ancestry of both Reinhardt and Felix Mendelssohn, whose music was used throughout the film. After the Anschluss of Austria to Nazi-governed Germany in 1938, he emigrated first to Britain, Reinhardt opened the Reinhardt School of the Theatre in Hollywood, on Sunset Boulevard. Several notable stars of the day received classical training, among them actress Nanette Fabray. In 1940, he became a citizen of the United States. At that time, he was married to his wife, actress Helene Thimig. Compared with most of his contemporaries, Reinhardt was more interested in film than in theater and he made films as a director and from time to time also as a producer
24.
American Academy of Dramatic Arts
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The American Academy of Dramatic Arts is a two-year performing arts conservatory with bi-coastal facilities at 120 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, and at 1336 North La Brea Avenue, Los Angeles. The oldest acting school in the English speaking world, the Academy in New York City was founded in 1884 to train actors for the stage and its first home was the original Lyceum Theatre on what is now Park Avenue South. In 1963, the moved to its current home, a landmark building designed by noted architect Stanford White as the original Colony Club. In 1974, the Academy opened another campus in Pasadena, California, the Los Angeles campus moved from Pasadena to Hollywood in 2001 in a new building next to the site of the former studios of Charlie Chaplin. The Academy remains dedicated to training professional actors and it offers a two-year program in which students have to be invited back for the second year. Auditions are held at the end of the year for the third year company. Students who graduate in New York receive an Associate of Occupational Studies degree, students from New York and Los Angeles can get a Bachelor of Arts degree from selected universities. Numerous students of the Academy have gone on to distinguished careers throughout the entertainment industry, receiving nominations for Tonys, Oscars, from their Web site, The Academy has many teachers and faculty who have many professional connections and credits. Notable faculty includes, David Dean Bottrell, Karen Hensel, Sandy Martin, Ian Ogilvy, notes American Academy of Dramatic Arts Home Page
25.
National Medal of Arts
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The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the United States Congress in 1984, for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts. A prestigious American honor, it is the highest honor given for achievement in the arts conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the people. Honorees are selected by the National Endowment for the Arts, the medal was designed for the NEA by sculptor Robert Graham. In 1989, composer and conductor, Leonard Bernstein refused his award, in 1997, poet Adrienne Rich refused her award as a protest against “inconsistencies” between art and “the cynical politics” of the Clinton White House administration. National Medal of Science National Medal of Technology and Innovation National Endowment for the Arts
26.
Alfred Hitchcock
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Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as The Master of Suspense. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres and he had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as Englands best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955 and he also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style. Hitchcocks stylistic trademarks include the use of movement that mimics a persons gaze. In addition, he framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy and his work often features fugitives on the run alongside icy blonde female characters. Prior to 1980, there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film, Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours. Hitchcock directed more than fifty films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else, Hitchcocks first thriller, The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, helped shape the thriller genre in film. His 1929 film, Blackmail, is cited as the first British sound feature film, while Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone and he was the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock, a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock. He was named after his fathers brother, Hitchcock was raised as a Roman Catholic, and sent to Salesian College, Battersea, and the Jesuit grammar school St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry and he often described a lonely and sheltered childhood that was worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock recalled that to him for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifelong fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment, sources vary on Hitchcocks performance in school. Gene Adair reports that by most accounts, Alfred was only an average, or slightly above-average, however, McGilligan writes that Hitchcock certainly excelled academically. When Hitchcock was 15, his father died, in that same year, he left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London. After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a company called Henleys. Hitchcock joined a regiment of the Royal Engineers in 1917
27.
Shadow of a Doubt
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Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American psychological thriller film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. Written by Thornton Wilder, Sally Benson, and Alma Reville, in 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Charlie Newton is a teenaged girl living in the idyllic town of Santa Rosa. She receives wonderful news, her mothers brother, Charles Oakley, is arriving for a visit. Two men appear, supposedly working on a national survey, one takes a photo of Uncle Charlie, who demands the roll of film because no one takes my photograph. The younger surveyor, Jack Graham, asks young Charlie out and he explains that her uncle is one of two suspects who may be the Merry Widow Murderer. Charlie refuses to believe it at first, but then observes Uncle Charlie acting strangely, primarily with a news clipping from her fathers newspaper. The initials engraved inside a ring he gave her match those of one of the murdered women, Uncle Charlie follows and takes her into a seedy bar. He admits he is one of the two suspects and he begs her for help, she reluctantly agrees not to say anything, as long as he leaves soon, to avoid a horrible confrontation that would destroy her mother, who idolizes her younger brother. Detective Saunders tells Charlie that the photo they took of Uncle Charlie was sent for identification by witnesses, news breaks that an alternative suspect was chased by police and killed by an airplane propeller, it is assumed that he was the murderer. Jack tells young Charlie that he loves her and would like to marry her, Uncle Charlie is delighted to be exonerated, but young Charlie knows all his secrets. Soon, she falls down dangerously steep stairs which were cut through, Uncle Charlie says he wants to settle down, and young Charlie says she will kill him if he stays. Later that night, she is trapped in the garage with a car spewing exhaust fumes, Uncle Charlie announces he is leaving for San Francisco, along with a rich widow, Mrs. Potter. Young Charlie boards the train with her younger sister Ann and their brother to see Uncle Charlies compartment, as the children disembark, Uncle Charlie restrains his niece Charlie on the train, hoping to kill her by shoving her out after it picks up speed. However, in the struggle, he falls in front of an oncoming train. At his funeral, Uncle Charlie is honored by the townspeople, Jack has returned, and Charlie confesses that she withheld crucial information. They resolve to keep Uncle Charlies crimes a secret, Teresa Wright as Young Charlie Newton, a precocious teenager who initially idolizes her loving uncle. Joseph Cotten as Charles Uncle Charlie Oakley Henry Travers as Joseph Newton, Young Charlies father, Patricia Collinge as Emma Newton, Young Charlies mother and Uncle Charlies sister
28.
Lifeboat (film)
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Lifeboat is a 1944 American survival thriller drama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock from a story by John Steinbeck. The film stars Tallulah Bankhead with William Bendix, also in the cast are Walter Slezak, Mary Anderson and John Hodiak. Additional roles in the boat were from Henry Hull, Heather Angel, Hume Cronyn and it is set entirely on a lifeboat launched from a sinking passenger vessel following a World War II naval attack. The film is the first in Hitchcocks limited-setting films, the others being Rope, Dial M for Murder and it is the only film Hitchcock made with 20th Century Fox. The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Director, Best Original Story and Best Cinematography – Black, Tallulah Bankhead won the New York Film Critics Circle award for best actress of the year. Several British and American civilians, service members and merchant mariners are stuck in a lifeboat in the North Atlantic after their ship, Willi, a German survivor, is pulled aboard and denies being the U-boats captain. During an animated debate, engine room crewman Kovac demands the German be thrown out to drown, however, the others object, with radioman Stanley, wealthy industrialist Rittenhouse and columnist Connie Porter, who speaks German, succeeding in arguing that he be allowed to stay. Porter, initially alone in the boat, had managed to bring her luggage with her, and her primary concern at first is a run in her stocking. She is thrilled at having filmed the battle between the two vessels, but her camera is the first in a series of her possessions to be lost overboard in a succession of incidents. Among the passengers is Mrs. Higley, a young British woman whose infant child is dead when they are pulled from the water after being saved by steward Joe Spencer. After being treated by a U. S. Army nurse, Alice, the woman, still wrapped in Porters mink coat for warmth, sneaks off the boat while the other passengers sleep, drowning herself in the night. Willi is revealed to be the U-boat captain, the film then follows the lifeboat inhabitants as they attempt to organize their rations, set a course for Bermuda, and coexist as they try to survive. The characters start out being good-natured, cooperative, and optimistic about rescue, however, they descend into desperation, dehydration, and frustration with each other. The back stories of the characters are examined, and divisions of race, religion, sex, class, the passengers also cooperate through this stress, such as when they must amputate the leg of one of their boatmates, the German-American Gus Smith, because of gangrene. Kovac takes charge, rationing the little food and water they have, but Willi, one morning, while the others are sleeping, Smith, who had resorted to drinking seawater, catches Willi drinking water from a hidden flask. Too delirious to be taken seriously by the survivors, Gus is coaxed overboard by Willi. Upon waking, the others discover Gus missing and Willi is questioned, when they notice that the German is sweating, the other passengers discover the hoarded flask in his jacket. In a spasm of anger led by Alice, they descend upon him as a group, beat him, Rittenhouse strikes him multiple times with Gus boot to prevent him from re-boarding and, utterly disillusioned by Willis behavior, laments, What do you do with people like that
29.
Rope (film)
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The film was produced by Hitchcock and Sidney Bernstein as the first of their Transatlantic Pictures productions. It is the second of Hitchcocks limited setting films, the first being Lifeboat, the original play was said to be inspired by the real-life murder of 14-year-old Bobby Franks in 1924 by University of Chicago students Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. Two brilliant young aesthetes, Brandon Shaw and Phillip Morgan, strangle to death their former classmate from Harvard University, David Kentley and they commit the crime as an intellectual exercise, they want to prove their superiority by committing the perfect murder. After hiding the body in an antique wooden chest, Brandon and Phillip host a dinner party at the apartment. The guests, who are unaware of what has happened, include the victims father Mr. Kentley and aunt Mrs. Atwater, also there are his fiancée, Janet Walker and her former lover Kenneth Lawrence, who was once Davids close friend. Brandon uses the chest containing the body as a table for the food, just before their housekeeper. Now the fun begins, Brandon says when the first guests arrive, Brandon and Phillips idea for the murder was inspired years earlier by conversations with their prep school housemaster, publisher Rupert Cadell. He too is among the guests at the party, since Brandon in particular feels that he would approve of their work of art, brandons subtle hints about Davids absence indirectly lead to a discussion on the art of murder. Brandon appears calm and in control, although when he first speaks to Rupert he is nervously excited, Phillip, on the other hand, is visibly upset and morose. He does not conceal it well and starts to drink too much, much of the conversation, however, focuses on David and his strange absence, which worries the guests. A suspicious Rupert quizzes a fidgety Phillip about this and about some of the inconsistencies that have raised in conversation. For example, Phillip had vehemently denied ever strangling a chicken at the Shaws farm, Phillip later complains to Brandon about having had a rotten evening, not because of Davids murder, but over Ruperts questioning. As the evening goes on, Davids father and fiancée begin to worry that he has neither arrived nor phoned, Brandon increases the tension by playing matchmaker between Janet and Kenneth. Mrs. Kentley calls, overwrought because she has not heard from David and he takes with him some books Brandon has given him, tied together with the rope Brandon and Phillip used to strangle his son. When Rupert goes to leave, Mrs. Wilson accidentally hands him Davids monogrammed hat, Rupert returns to the apartment a short while after everyone else has departed, pretending that he has left his cigarette case behind. He hides the case behind some books on the chest, asks for a drink and he is encouraged by Brandon, who hopes Rupert will understand and even applaud them. A drunk Phillip is unable to take it any more, he throws a glass and says, Cat and mouse, cat, but which is the cat and which is the mouse. Rupert lifts the lid of the chest and finds the body inside and he is horrified but also deeply ashamed, realizing that Brandon and Phillip used his own rhetoric to rationalize murder
30.
Under Capricorn
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The film was based on the novel Under Capricorn by Helen Simpson, with a screenplay by James Bridie. It was adapted to the screen by Hume Cronyn and this was Hitchcocks second film in Technicolor, and like the preceding color film Rope, it also featured 10-minute takes. The film is set in colonial Sydney, New South Wales, under Capricorn is one of several Hitchcock films that are not typical thrillers, instead it is a mystery involving a love triangle. Hitchcock considered it to be one of his worst films and a disaster, the title Under Capricorn references the Tropic of Capricorn, which bisects Australia. Capricornus is a constellation, Capricorn is an astrological sign dominated by the goat, in 1831, Sydney is a frontier town, full of rough ex-convicts from the British Isles. The new Governor, Sir Richard, arrives with his charming and cheery but indolent nephew, Charles, who is hoping to make his fortune, is befriended by gruff Samson Flusky, a prosperous businessman who was previously a transported convict, apparently a murderer. Sam says that because he has bought the legal limit of land, he wants Charles to buy land, though the Governor orders him not to go, Charles is invited to dinner at Sams house. Charles discovers that he already knows Sams wife, Lady Henrietta, Lady Henrietta is now an alcoholic who is socially shunned. Sam invites Charles to stay at his house, hoping it will cheer up his wife, the housekeeper, Milly, has completely taken over the running the household, and is the one who secretly feeds Lady Henrietta alcohol, hoping to destroy her and win Sams affections. They become closer and closer, and eventually share a passionate kiss. But Henrietta explains that she and Sam are bound together most profoundly, overcome with desire, they ran away and married at Gretna Green. Henriettas brother, furious that aristocratic Henrietta had paired up with a lowly servant and her brother shot at them and missed, she then shot her brother fatally. Sam made a confession to save her, and was sent to the penal colony in Australia. She followed him and waited seven years in poverty for his release. After listening to Millys greatly exaggerated stories of what Charles did in Lady Henriettas bedroom, Sam becomes furious, taking Sams favorite mare in the dark, Charles has a fall and the horse breaks a leg. Sam has to shoot her dead and, in a subsequent struggle over the gun, Sam will now be prosecuted again for attempted murder. At the hospital, Henrietta confesses to the Governor that Sam was wrongly accused of the first crime of murder, she was the one who shot, by law she should be deported back to Ireland to stand trial. Milly, still plying Henrietta with drink, is using a shrunken head to fake hallucinations
31.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
32.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
33.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
34.
Polonius
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Polonius is a character in William Shakespeares Hamlet. He is chief counsellor of the king, and the father of Laertes, in Act II Hamlet refers to Polonius as a tedious old fool and taunts him as a latter day Jeptha. Polonius connives with Claudius to spy on Hamlet, Hamlet unknowingly kills Polonius, provoking Ophelias fit of madness, ultimately resulting in her early death and the climax of the play, a duel between Laertes and Hamlet. Father of Ophelia and Laertes, and counselor to King Claudius, he is described as a windbag by some and a rambler of wisdom by others. It has also suggested that he only acts like a foolish prating knave in order to keep his position and popularity safe. It is important to note that throughout the play, Polonius is characterized as a typical Renaissance new man, some adaptations show him conspiring with Claudius in the murder of King Hamlet. In Act 1, Scene 3, Polonius gives advice to his son Laertes and he finishes by giving his son his blessing, and is apparently at ease with his sons departure. However, in Act 2, Scene 1, he orders his servant Reynaldo to travel to Paris and spy on Laertes, Laertes is not the only character Polonius spies upon. He is fearful that Hamlets relationship with his daughter will hurt his reputation with the king and he and the king test his hypothesis by spying on and interrogating Ophelia. In his last attempt to spy on Hamlet, Polonius hides himself behind an arras in Gertrudes room, Hamlet deals roughly with his mother, causing her to cry for help. Polonius echoes the request for help and is heard by Hamlet, Polonius death at the hands of Hamlet causes Claudius to fear for his own life, Ophelia to go mad, and Laertes to seek revenge, which leads to the duel in the final act. The literary origins of the character may be traced to the Kings counselor found in the Belleforest, however, at least since the 19th century scholars have also sought to understand the character in terms of Elizabethan court politics. Polonius was first proposed as a parody of Queen Elizabeths leading counsellor, Lord Treasurer, israel Gollancz also suggested that Polonius might have been a satire on Burghley. The theory was often finessed with supplementary arguments, but also disputed, arden Hamlet editor Harold Jenkins, for example, criticised the idea of any direct personal satire of Burghley as unlikely and uncharacteristic of Shakespeare. Polonius is Latin for Polish or a/the Polish man, the English translation of the book refers to its author as a statesman of the polonian empyre. In the first quarto of Hamlet, Polonius is named Corambis and it has been suggested that this derives crambe or crambo, derived from a Latin phrase meaning reheated cabbage, implying a boring old man who spouts trite rehashed ideas. Whether this was the name of the character or not is debated. Various suggestions have been made to explain this, since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual, the name might have been interpreted as a deliberate insult
35.
Richard Burton
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Richard Burton, CBE was a Welsh actor who was noted for his mellifluous baritone voice. Burton established himself as a formidable Shakespearean actor in the 1950s and he was called the natural successor to Olivier by critic and dramaturge Kenneth Tynan. An alcoholic, Burtons failure to live up to those expectations disappointed critics and colleagues, Burton was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won an Oscar. He was a recipient of BAFTAs, Golden Globes, and Tony Awards for Best Actor, Burton remains closely associated in the public consciousness with his second wife, actress Elizabeth Taylor. The couples turbulent relationship was rarely out of the news, Burton was born Richard Walter Jenkins, Jr. on 10 November 1925 in a house at 2 Dan-y-bont in Pontrhydyfen, Neath Port Talbot. He was the twelfth of thirteen born to Richard Walter Jenkins Sr. Jenkins Sr. called Daddy Ni by the family, was a miner, while his mother worked as a bartender at a pub called the Miners Arms. He remembered his mother to be a strong woman and a religious soul with fair hair. Richard was barely two years old when his mother died on 31 October, six days after the birth of Graham, Ediths death was a result of postpartum infections, Richard believed it occurred due to hygiene neglect. According to biographer Michael Munn, Edith was fastidiously clean, following Ediths death, Richards elder sister Cecilia, whom he affectionately addressed as Cis, and her husband Elfed James, also a miner, took him under their care. I was immensely proud of her and she felt all tragedies except her own. Daddy Ni would occasionally visit the homes of his daughters but was otherwise absent. Another important figure in Richards early life was Ifor, his brother,19 years his senior, a miner and rugby union player, Ifor ruled the household with the proverbial firm hand. He was also responsible for nurturing a passion for Rugby in young Richard, although Richard also played cricket, tennis, and table tennis, biographer Bragg notes rugby union football to be his greatest interest. On rugby, Richard said he would rather have played for Wales at Cardiff Arms Park than Hamlet at The Old Vic, the Welsh rugby union centre, Bleddyn Williams believed Richard had distinct possibilities as a player. From the age of five to eight, Richard was educated at the Eastern Primary School while he attended the Boys segment of the school from eight to twelve years old. He took an exam for admission into Port Talbot Secondary School in March 1937. Biographer Hollis Alpert notes that both Daddy Ni and Ifor considered Richards education to be of paramount importance and planned to send him to the University of Oxford, Richard became the first member of his family to go to secondary school
36.
Hamlet
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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlets father, Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne, also marrying his deceased brothers widow. It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and he almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeares time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors in each successive century. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto, the Second Quarto, each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The plays structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, the protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his fathers brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlets widow, Gertrude, Hamlets mother, Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighboring Norway, which culminated when King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway, and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbrass infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian kings son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle and they vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. As the court gathers the next day, while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius, after the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself, as Poloniuss son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France, Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim to thine own self be true. Poloniuss daughter, Ophelia, admits her interest in Hamlet, and that night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes, the prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to put an antic disposition on and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret. Privately, however, he remains uncertain of the ghosts reliability, soon thereafter, Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving crazily. Polonius blames love for Hamlets madness and resolves to inform Claudius, as he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlets mood, additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard, messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his fathers battles. The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland, Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlets behavior, and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while, when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his friends warmly, but quickly discerns that they are spies
37.
RKO
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RKO Pictures Inc. also known as RKO Radio Pictures and in its later years RKO Teleradio Pictures, was an American film production and distribution company. It was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the companys sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum, RKO has long been celebrated for its series of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s. Actors Katharine Hepburn and, later, Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio, cary Grant was a mainstay for years. The work of producer Val Lewtons low-budget horror unit and RKOs many ventures into the now known as film noir have been acclaimed, largely after the fact, by film critics. The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history, King Kong and Citizen Kane, RKO Pictures is also a member of Motion Picture Association of America. Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948, after years of turmoil and decline under his control, Hughes sold the troubled studio to General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955. The original RKO Pictures ceased production in 1957 and was dissolved two years later. In 1981, broadcaster RKO General, the heir, revived it as a production subsidiary. In October 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer and its success prompted Hollywood to convert from silent to sound film production en masse. The Radio Corporation of America controlled an advanced optical sound-on-film system, RCA Photophone, the industrys two largest major studios, Paramount and Loews/MGM, with two other studios Universal and First National, were poised to contract with ERPI for sound conversion as well. Next on the agenda was securing a string of exhibition venues like those the leading Hollywood production companies owned, Kennedy began investigating the possibility of such a purchase. Around that time, the large Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit of theaters, built around the medium of live vaudeville, was attempting a transition to the movie business. In mid-1927, the operations of Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Milles Producers Distributing Corporation had united under KAOs control, early in 1928, KAO general manager John J. Murdock, who had assumed the presidency of Pathé, turned to Kennedy as an adviser in consolidating the studio with De Milles company, PDC. This was the relationship Sarnoff and Kennedy sought, on October 23,1928, RCA announced the creation of the Radio-Keith-Orpheum holding company, with Sarnoff as chairman of the board. Kennedy, who withdrew from his positions in the merged companies, kept Pathé separate from RKO. RCA owned the governing stock interest in RKO,22 percent, in the early 1930s, the companys production and distribution arm, presided over by former FBO vice-president Joseph I
38.
The Locket
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The Locket is a 1946 film noir directed by John Brahm, starring Laraine Day, Brian Aherne, Robert Mitchum, and Gene Raymond, and released by RKO Pictures. The film is based on a screenplay by Sheridan Gibney, adapted from What Nancy Wanted by Norma Barzman and it is noted for its complex use of layered flashbacks to give psychological depth to the narrative. A story told in a number of flashbacks from different points of view and she grows up to become a kleptomaniac, inveterate liar, and eventually a murderess. Apparently, all her misdeeds are an attempt by the woman to get her revenge on the world that has falsely accused her of stealing as a child by ruining peoples lives. After splitting up with an artist, and her psychiatrist husband, back in the present day, at her wedding, the young woman collapses physically and mentally as she walks to the altar. The original Barzman screenplay is in the Cronyn-Tandy papers at the Library of Congress, the interiors used for the house of Mrs. Willis are clearly the same as those used for the house of Alex Sebastian in Alfred Hitchcocks Notorious, released by RKO in September 1946. When the film was released the staff at Variety magazine praised the film, writing, the writing by Sheridan Gibney displays an understanding of the subject matter and proves a solid basis for the able performances achieved by John Brahm’s direction. Latter gears his scenes for full interest and carefully carries forward the doubt –, Film historians Alain Silver and Elizabeth Ward praise the unusual melodrama in the RKO visual style. It is distinctive in its flashbacks within flashbacks, with the story often being told by a third or fourth person removed and this device is handled effectively in preparation for the climactic flashback, which reveals the truth. Film critic Dennis Schwartz gave the film a review, writing. Its a post-war baroque melodrama, creaky as wooden steps in a mildewed house and it was too wooden a presentation to generate anything but a few sparks. Its a somber story, with a lot of heavy-handed things going on, the complexities of the heroines character were well presented. The analysts comments about her stealing to get even with Mrs. Willis seemed to be a reasonable explanation, the Locket only had some glitter but not enough substance. Though, as muddled as it was, it kept me alert wanting to know what gives. The problem is I never satisfactorily found out what gives, george Toles, The Gift of Amnesia in John Brahms The Locket in the Film and the Romantic special issue, Jeffrey Crouse, Film International, Vol.7, No
39.
The Barbara Stanwyck Show
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The Barbara Stanwyck Show is an American anthology drama television series which ran on NBC from September 1960 to September 1961. Barbara Stanwyck served as hostess, and starred in all but four of the half-hour productions, the four in which she did not star were actually pilot episodes of potential series programs which never materialized. Stanwyck won the Emmy Award in 1961 for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series, the series, produced at Desilu Studios, was directed by Stuart Rosenberg. The Barbara Stanwyck Show lasted one season and it aired at 10 p. m. Eastern on Mondays opposite Jackie Coopers military sitcom Hennesey on CBS and the second half of Gardner McKays Adventures in Paradise on ABC. E1 Entertainment, formerly known as Koch Vision, and The Archive of American Television released Volume 1 of the series on DVD in the United States on Oc2tober 13,2009, there is also a second 2 DVD disk set ISBN1417232900
