1.
MTR
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The Mass Transit Railway is the rapid transit railway system of Hong Kong. Opened in 1979, the system now includes 218.2 km of rail with 161 stations, operated by the MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world, with a high farebox recovery ratio of 186%. Under the governments rail-led transport policy, the MTR system is a mode of public transport in Hong Kong. It consistently achieves a 99. 9% on-time rate on its train journeys, as of 2014, the MTR has a 48. 1% market share of the franchised public transport market, making it the most popular transport option in Hong Kong. The integration of the Octopus smart card fare-payment technology into the MTR system in September 1997 has further enhanced the ease of commuting on the MTR, construction started soon after the release of the study, and the first line opened in 1979. The MTR was immediately popular with residents of Hong Kong, as a result, there are continual debates regarding how and where to expand the MTR network. As a successful operation, the MTR has served as a model for other newly built systems in the world. During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong saw a need to accommodate increasing traffic as Hong Kongs economy continued to grow strongly. In 1966, British transportation consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the system of Hong Kong. The study was based on the projection of the population of Hong Kong for 1986, on 1 September 1967, the consultants submitted the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study to the government, which recommended the construction of a 40-mile rapid transit rail system in Hong Kong. The study suggested that four rail lines be developed in six stages, detailed positions of lines and stations were presented in the study. These four lines were the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, the study was submitted to the Legislative Council on 14 February 1968. The consultants received new data from the 1966 by-census on 6 March 1968, a short supplementary report was submitted on 22 March 1968 and amended in June 1968. The by-census indicated that the projected 1986 population was reduced by more than one million from the estimate to 5,647,000. The dramatic reduction affected town planning, the population distribution was largely different from the original study. The projected 1986 populations of Castle Peak New Town, Sha Tin New Town, and, to an extent, Tsuen Wan New Town, were revised downward. In this updated scenario, the reduced the scale of the recommended system. The other lines would be placed in the list of extensions and this report led to the final study in 1970
2.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
3.
Hung Hom
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Hung Hom is an area of Kowloon, in Hong Kong, administratively part of the Kowloon City District, with a portion west of the railway in the Yau Tsim Mong District. Hung Hom serves mainly residential purposes though is mixed with industrial buildings in the north. Hung Hom is in the southeast of the Kowloon Peninsula and it is bordered by Victoria Harbour in the south, Kings Park in the west, Hung Hom Bay in the east, No.12 Hill, Hok Yuen and the valley Lo Lung Hang. in the north. Originally, Hung Hom was much smaller than the present-day context, Hung Hom Bay has been partially reclaimed several times since 1850, expanding the area of Hung Hom as a consequence. Rumsey Rock, formerly located in the bay, was buried in the reclamation process, later a town was developed eastward parallel to the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock. Hong Hum was renamed to Yamashita District during the Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945 and it was one of the few places to be renamed. There is a large Japanese residence community in Hung Hom due to the established JUSCO Japanese-style department store in Whampoa Garden, there is also a growing number of other foreign residents, like Koreans, Indians, etc. A small park located in a built up residential area once occupied by docklands, grade II historic building Pak Tai Temple, located at No.146 Ma Tau Wai Road. Grade III historic building Holy Carpenter Church St. Marys Church True World Lutheran Church Hung Hom is served by the Hung Hom Station of the MTR. The station serves as the terminus of both East Rail Line and West Rail Line, as well as the terminus of cross-border services with destinations to major cities in China. As of October 2016, Ho Man Tin Station and Whampoa Station as part of an extension of the Kwun Tong Line, are available for accessing the Hung Hom area, the Cross-Harbour Tunnel was the first tunnel in Hong Kong that was built under water. It connects Hong Kong Island and Kowloon at respectively Kellett Island, citybus, A22, E23, R22, R11, N11, N23. Minibus routes,2, 2A,6, 6A, 6X,8,13, list of places in Hong Kong Map of Hung Hom area
4.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
5.
Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation
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On 2 December 2007, the MTR Corporation Limited, another railway operator in Hong Kong, took over the operation of the KCR network under a 50-year service concession agreement, which can be extended. Under the service concession, KCRC retains ownership of the KCR network with the MTR Corporation Limited making annual payments to KCRC for the right to operate the network, from 1910 to 1982, the KCR network was operated as a department of the Hong Kong Government. The Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation was created in December 1982 after the government decided to corporatise its railway department, until 2007, the KCR owned and operated a network of heavy rail, light rail and feeder bus routes within Kowloon and the New Territories. It was also a developer by utilising its property development rights atop and around railway stations. In December 2007, it ceased operations, with its business becoming primarily that of earning revenue from being the holder of railway assets. While it continues to own the network, the network is operated by the MTR Corporation under a 50-year service concession. The events leading to the present day KCR go back one hundred years. During the 19th century, the colonial powers competed with each other to establish. Hong Kong held a position in protecting British trading interests in South China. It took a further 30 years before the idea of building a railway from Hong Kong to China was again given serious consideration, and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank. These concessions included the right to construct and operate a railway from Kowloon to Canton that would link to the Peking-Hankow-Canton line. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the Hong Kong Government under the leadership of the governor, Sir Henry Blake. The arrangements were ratified by the Hong Kong Governments passage of the Railway Loans Ordinance in 1905. It took until 1907, however, for the agreement for the Chinese Section to be concluded. It was a question of preserving the predominance of Hong Kong and it was a question of seeing that the final outlet of the main trunk railway should be at Kowloon, and at no other place. Following a detailed survey in 1905, the route was proposed. The initial estimate for the project was HK$5,053,274, the most difficult part of the project was the construction of the Beacon Hill Tunnel, which ended up costing about one quarter of the whole project. This decision, although it might have seemed unnecessarily costly at the time, the railway was formally opened on Saturday,1 October 1910, but without a terminus, this event being officially recorded by way of a notice in the following Fridays Hong Kong Government Gazette
6.
Island platform
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An island platform is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost-effective reasons, an alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location, the island platform layout is a popular, cost-effective and practical solution in modern railway systems. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and this is essential for wheelchair accessible stations. An island platform makes it easier for users and the infirm to change services between tracks. Additionally, an island platform layout eliminates the need to construct a crossover or subway between two platforms, however, island platforms may become overcrowded, especially at busy stations, and this can lead to safety issues such as Clapham Common and Angel on the London Underground. However, for the tracks to diverge around the platform, extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 meters, if the island platform is 6 meters wide, the tracks have to slew out by the same distance. While this is not a problem on a new line that is being constructed, in addition, a single island platform makes it quite difficult to have through tracks, which are usually between the local tracks. A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, high-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms. This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where trains can be passed by faster trains. The purpose of this design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway were constructed in this form and this was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. Island platforms are a normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms, in Toronto,29 subway stations use island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long, in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. Most elevated stations in Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system use island platforms, the exception is Dover MRT Station, which uses side platforms as it is built on an existing rail line. The planned Canberra MRT Station will also use side platforms, as it also be built on an existing rail line
7.
Beijing West Railway Station
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Beijing West Railway Station is located in western Beijings Fengtai District. Opened in early 1996 after three years of construction, it was the largest railway station in Asia with 510, 000m², the station serves in average 150, 000–180,000 passengers per day with a maximum of 400,000 people per day. It was expanded in 2000 and had a vast amount of parking spaces added, regular rail services leave from Platforms 1-11, HSR leaves from Platforms 12-18. A dedicated exit is used for arriving on Platform 18. These passengers will clear customs and immigration at Beijing West and will not leave the train until it arrives at the Kowloon / Hung Hom terminus in Hong Kong, a VIP lounge is available for Business Class passengers travelling HSR. Ticket counters and machines are available beside the main entrances, Beijing West Railway Station is a terminal for both traditional and high-speed trains. It is the Beijing terminal for most trains leaving the city for destinations in western and southwestern China, including Xian, Chongqing, Chengdu, Lhasa, major traditional rail lines beginning at this station include the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. Beijing West is the terminal both for the Beijing-Kowloon Through Train and for the Beijing-Lhasa trains, Beijing West is the northern terminal of the Beijing-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway as of December 2012. High-speed trains leave the station for Guangzhou and Shenzhen, as well as destinations on the connecting lines. There are, however, plans to new major railway terminal in the southwestern part of Beijing. Beijing Subway, This station is served by Line 9. Passengers are able to change trains using the cross-platform interchange method, the Subway concourse is on the Arrivals level, with all platforms a level further below. Beijing West Railway Station Beijing Huoche Zhan Network Beijing Railways Time Table
8.
Shanghai Railway Station
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The station is located on Moling Road, Jingan District, to the North of the city centre. It is governed by Shanghai Railway Bureau and is one of the most important hubs of the network in China. Shanghai Railway Station is called The New Railway Station by locals since it replaced Shanghai North Railway Station as the main train station in 1987. In the late 80s, the old North Railway Station was inadequate to handle the increasing traffic in Shanghai. The government then decided to pull down the Shanghai East Railway Station, on 28 December 1987, the North Railway Station was closed. At the same time, the new Shanghai Railway Station was built, in 2006, some railway lines of the station were moved to the reopened Shanghai South Railway Station, which lessened the increasing pressure of passenger traffic. In August 2006, a decision was made to renovate the aging station, many new ticket machines were installed to increase efficiency.1 billion RMB. On May 29,2010, the renovation was completed and it expanded the north building from 1,000 square meters to 15,560 square meters, refurbished the south building and added a new designed wave-shaped roof over the platform. In late 2015, rumours of the demolition of the Shanghai Railway Station arose, however, this rumour has been rejected by the Shanghai Municipal Government. Shanghai Railway Station primarily serves north-south and westward locations and it is the terminus of the main Beijing-Shanghai railway line. There are two Z trains to Taiyuan and Xian every day, most long-haul, non high-speed trains bound for Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province and the North depart from Shanghai Railway Station. It also offers over 50 highspeed CRH trains to those areas every day, in addition, a lot of pass-by trains from the north to the south of China also use Shanghai Railway Station as an intermediate stop. Shanghai Railway Station can be reached by taking Shanghai Metro Line 1,3 or 4, due to its pervasive connections with the Shanghai street network, the station is also accessible by numerous bus lines and by taxi. Taxis are not allowed to directly in front of the station
9.
Sha Tin to Central Link
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The Sha Tin to Central Link is an under-construction expansion of the MTR rapid transit network in Hong Kong. Its route is divided two sections. The first section is from Tai Wai Station in the New Territories to Hung Hom Station in Kowloon, the Tai Wai – Hung Hom segment will connect the Ma On Shan Line and West Rail Line forming the East West Corridor. In anticipation of the East West Corridor, the existing Kwun Tong Line was extended from its previous terminus at Yau Ma Tei Station to Whampoa Station and this extension includes the new Ho Man Tin Station to provide interchange with the East West Corridor. The Kwun Tong Line Extension was opened on 23 October 2016, the second section of the Sha Tin to Central Link is from Hung Hom Station to Admiralty Station on Hong Kong Island. The Hung Hom–Admiralty segment will be an extension of the East Rail Line to form the North South Corridor and this cross-harbour extension is scheduled to be completed in 2021. The proposed route of the Sha Tin to Central Link roughly follows the scheme of the original East Kowloon Line, the Shatin to Central Link was included as one of the Priority Railway Schemes in the Hong Kong governments Railway Development Strategy 2000. On 25 June 2002, the government announced that the Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation had won its bid against the MTR Corporation to build, the route was originally planned to go from Tai Wai Station to Central West Station, as an extension of the then-under-construction KCR Ma On Shan Rail. Mong Kok Station would have relocated, joining a new tunnel to a deeper Hung Hom station platform connecting to the cross-harbour section. Additionally, stations at Tsz Wan Shan and Whampoa Garden were removed from the proposal, however, the KCRCs proposal had not yet been finalised. At the same time, the MTRC submitted a new proposal to the government, on 11 April 2006, MTRC signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding with the government of Hong Kong, the owner of KCRC, to merge the operations of the territorys two railway networks. According to the memorandum, the MTRC-owned MTR lines will be integrated with the Shatin to Central Link. The government also intended to choose the KCRCs modified proposal to build the railway, however, final decisions were not made before conducting further studies on the proposal with the MTRC. The new proposal was announced jointly by both companies on 12 July 2007, before the merger of the two networks on 2 December that year. Under this proposal, the depot for the Sha Tin to Central Link would have been built underneath the former Tai Hom Village site between Kai Tak and Diamond Hill stations. The people movers were omitted, Causeway Bay North station was removed from the proposal due to potential adverse effects on road traffic during construction. The MTRC announced a proposal on 11 March 2008. The government would fund all of the required HK$37.4 billion for construction, the Executive Council approved the construction cost of HK$79.8 billion in March 2012 and construction began on 22 June 2012
10.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
Shenzhen Metro
Dongguan RT
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