1.
State park
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State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at the sub-national level within those nations which use state as a political subdivision. State parks are established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U. S. state, some of the Mexican states, the term is also used in the Australian state of Victoria. The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to parks, but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, in general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with a few exceptions such as the Adirondack Park in New York and Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California. As of 2014, there were 10,234 state park units in the United States, there are some 739 million annual visits to the countrys state parks. The NASPD further counts over 43,000 miles of trail,217,367 campsites, many states include designations beyond state park in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas, state beaches, some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites. The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York, however several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by the state of Georgia as a park since 1825. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its forests as The State Park but, needing money. The first state park with the designation of state park was Mackinac Island State Park in 1895, list of U. S. state parks National Association of State Park Directors Wilderness preservation systems in the United States Ahlgren, Carol. The Civilian Conservation Corps and Wisconsin State Park Development, the State Park Movement in America, A Critical Review excerpt and text search Larson, Zeb. Silver Falls State Park and the Early Environmental Movement, oregon Historical Quarterly 112#1 pp, 34-57 in JSTOR Newton, Norman T. When Forests Trumped Parks, The Maryland Experience, 1906-1950, Maryland Historical Magazine 101#2 pp, 203-224
State park
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Niagara Falls State Park,
New York, USA
State park
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American bison in
Custer State Park,
South Dakota, USA
State park
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Bodie State Historical Park,
California, USA
State park
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Babcock State Park,
West Virginia, USA
2.
Beaufort County, South Carolina
–
Beaufort County is a county in the U. S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 162,233, Beaufort County is part of the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beaufort County is one of the Souths fastest-growing counties, primarily because of development south of the Broad River clustered along the U. S. Highway 278 corridor. The countys northern portions have also grown steadily, due in part to the federal military presence around the city of Beaufort. The countys two portions are connected by the Broad River Bridge, which carries South Carolina Highway 170, despite the connectivity, often the north of Broad and south of Broad populations of the county find each other at odds over county-wide issues dealing with growth management. From the early days of plantations, African slaves outnumbered the European minority in the colony, the plantations on the Sea Islands had large concentrations of slaves, and frequently limited interaction with whites. The islands were sites of the development of the Gullah culture, which preserved elements from a variety of West African roots, the people developed the Gullah language. The county was majority black nearly to the mid-20th century, Union troops took control of Beaufort County and occupied the area beginning in 1861. Many slaves escaped and went to Union lines, in some cases, planters had moved inland for refuge, leaving their slaves on the Sea Islands. Slaves began to organize schools and other parts of their communities early in the war in this county, the Army founded Mitchellville on Hilton Head by March 1863 as a village where blacks could practice self-governance, and in 1865 it had 1500 residents. After the war, the Drayton family reclaimed this land for their use, in some cases the Union Army allocated plots for blacks for housing and cultivating crops. When freedmen were granted citizenship and the franchise after the American Civil War by constitutional amendments, although not the only black majority state, South Carolina was the only southern state during Reconstruction to elect a black majority of representatives to the state legislature. Beaufort County had many prominent black leaders, such as Robert Smalls, Jonathan Jasper Wright, William James Whipper, increasing violence during election campaigns in the state from 1868 on was used by white insurgents and paramilitary groups to suppress black voting, results were also dependent on fraud. In 1876, the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governors office. They were excluded from the system and kept in second-class status for decades. In 1903 the county was reported to have 3,434 literate black males to 927 whites, African Americans went to northern and midwestern industrial cities for jobs and became an urbanized population. The total county population of 35,495 in 1900 dropped by more than one third to 1930, and did not reach the 1900 population level again until well after 1950, when the population was 26,933. In addition, vacation and resort areas were developed that attracted increasing numbers of tourists through the winter season, and then others all year-round as retirees
Beaufort County, South Carolina
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Counties
Beaufort County, South Carolina
–
Location in the state of
South Carolina
3.
South Carolina
–
South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
South Carolina
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Released in 2000
South Carolina
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Flag
South Carolina
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Table Rock State Park in the mountains of South Carolina
South Carolina
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Francis Marion National Forest in
Berkeley County
4.
Lowcountry
–
The Lowcountry is a geographic and cultural region along South Carolinas coast, including the Sea Islands. The term Low Country originally was all the state below the Fall Line and these Sandhills were the ancient sea coast. The area above the Sandhills was known as the Up Country and these areas are not only different in geology and geography, but culturally as well. There are several variations on the extent of the Lowcountry area. The most commonly accepted definition includes the counties of Beaufort, Colleton, Hampton, the area includes the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. A larger geographic definition for the Lowcountry often includes Berkeley, Charleston, less frequently, the term is applied to Allendale, Georgetown, and Williamsburg counties. Rarely, it is applied to Horry County, home to Myrtle Beach and Conway, orangeburg County can be included in the Lowcountry region. One of the most distinctive elements of the South Carolina and Georgia Lowcountry is the architecture, Lowcountry style home architecture developed in the late 1700s and is still constructed today as the most efficient design for the hot subtropical climate of the southeast United States. Lowcountry buildings have historically been constructed of timber and set on pilings or had a raised first floor, the raised first floor was a response to the often swampy environment, high water tables, and tropical cyclone flooding. The underfloor space is often screened with lattice and used for storage or a carport, large windows are used to allow warm inside air to escape in the cooler evening. Most modern Lowcountry homes feature an open breezeway through the entire house allowing a cooling breeze to move through the building. Originally dependent on plantation agriculture based on indigo, rice and cotton, tourism dominates the economy in much of the Lowcountry. The area offers many destinations for golf, tennis, and beach vacations on Hilton Head Island, Fripp Island, Seabrook Island, Kiawah Island, Hilton Heads Sea Pines Plantation was an early resort in the 1950s. Charleston attracts millions of visitors each year, Beaufort offers cultural activities and sightseeing, while some of the smaller communities in the region have certain cultural activities or amenities that attract thousands of visitors per year. Highway or traveler commercial services are of importance to communities in the Lowcountry. Much of the Lowcountrys economy revolves around manufacturing, transportation, logistics, the Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South Carolina State Ports Authority, is one of the ten busiest U. S. ports and handles over $60 billion in goods each year. Major shippers include Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, Evergreen Marine Corporation, COSCO, a port facility in Port Royal closed in 2005. Major manufacturers in North Charleston include Robert Bosch GmbH, Cummins, Hess, Kapstone, in 2009, Boeing created a second assembly facility for its 787 Dreamliner aircraft in North Charleston
Lowcountry
–
A scenic vista from an observation area at
Hunting Island State Park near
Beaufort. Such
marsh views are emblematic of the Lowcountry and its landscapes.
Lowcountry
–
Hilton Head Island is one of the most popular resort destinations in the United States.
Lowcountry
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The Port of Charleston has several shipping terminals.
Lowcountry
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Marine recruits on the Chosin Range, located at the
Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.
5.
Sea Islands
–
The Sea Islands are a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States. Numbering over 100, they are located between the mouths of the Santee and St. Johns Rivers along the coast of the US states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Settled by indigenous cultures over thousands of years, the islands were selected by Spanish colonists as sites for founding of colonial missions. Historically the Spanish influenced the Guale and Mocama chiefdoms by establishing Christian missions in their major settlements, both chiefdoms extended to the coastal areas on the mainland. The Mocama Province included territory to the St. Johns River in present-day Florida, the mission system ended under pressure of repeated raids by English South Carolina colonists and Indian allies. After 18th-century European-American settlement of Georgia and Florida, planters imported enslaved Africans as laborers, many were used to work the labor-intensive cotton, rice and indigo plantations on the Sea Islands, which generated much of the wealth of the colony and state. The slaves developed the notable and distinct Gullah/Geechee Creole culture and language which has survived to contemporary times, the islands now are known for resort, recreational, and residential development. During the American Civil War, the Union Navy and the Union Army soon occupied the islands, the white planter families had fled to other locations on the mainland, sometimes leaving behind their slaves. The slaves largely ran their own lives during this period and they had already created cohesive communities, because planter families often stayed on the mainland to avoid malaria and the isolation of the islands. Large numbers of slaves worked on the rice and indigo plantations, and had limited interaction with whites, during the war, the Union Army managed the plantations and assigned plots of land to slaves for farming. After President Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation became effective on January 1,1863, many of the freedmen stayed in the area, working on their former plantations as sharecroppers, tenant farmers or laborers as the system changed to free labor. In 1893 the islands were damaged by the Sea Islands Hurricane, in the 1950s and 1960s the Sea Islands, like other Afro-American communities, were the scene of intensive activity by the Civil Rights Movement, of which a prominent local leader was Esau Jenkins. Bear Island Amelia Island and Fernandina Beach Sea Islands, Erosion Remnant Islands and Barrier Islands -- Beaufort County Library
Sea Islands
–
Counties
Sea Islands
–
Map of the Sea Islands
6.
Beaufort, South Carolina
–
Beaufort is a city in and the county seat of Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, the citys population was 12,361 in the 2010 census. It is a city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands, the city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The city is known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island. The Lowcountry region had been subject to numerous European explorations and failed attempts at colonization before the British founded the city in 1711, the city initially grew slowly, subject to numerous attacks from Native American tribes and threats of Spanish invasion. It flourished first as a center for shipbuilding and later, when the colony was established as a slave society, several months after hostilities began between the states, Beaufort was occupied by Union forces following the Battle of Port Royal. Due in part to its occupation, the city attracted escaping slaves. The Union declared the slaves emancipated and initiated efforts at education and preparation for full independence, the Freedmens Bureau worked with local blacks during Reconstruction. After the war, the city relied on phosphate mining before a hurricane in 1893. Their effects slowed growth of the city for nearly half a century, in the latter half of the twentieth century, the community became a destination for tourists. It also benefited by the growth of military installations in the area, local groups have worked to preserve Beauforts historic character and significant architecture. In addition to the Beaufort Historic District, The Anchorage, William Barnwell House, Barnwell-Gough House, Beaufort National Cemetery, John A. Beaufort is located at 32°25′55″N 80°41′22″W. The majority of the city is situated upon Port Royal Island, the city has also annexed lands across the Beaufort River on Ladys Island. The city is amid a marshy estuary, and according to the United States Census Bureau has an area of 33.6 square miles, of which 27.6 square miles is land and 6.0 square miles. Remnants of the original English colonial settlement of Beaufort can be found in the downtown or historic district area,304 acres of the town have been designated a National Historic Landmark. With approximate dimensions, downtown is defined as anything upon the peninsula jutting into the Beaufort River that is located east of Ribaut Road. Further defined, downtown is broken into five distinct neighborhoods, Downtown, The Point, The Bluff, The Old Commons
Beaufort, South Carolina
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Looking down Bay Street
Beaufort, South Carolina
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Plan of the City of Beaufort, S.C., as allotted by U.S. Tax Commissioners for the District of South Carolina, February 1863
Beaufort, South Carolina
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Downtown Beaufort as seen from the
Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge
Beaufort, South Carolina
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Homes in the Old Point neighborhood
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
8.
Semitropical
–
The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropic circle of latitude at 23.5 latitude and temperate latitudes. Subtropical climates are characterized by warm to hot summers and cool to mild winters with infrequent frost. Subtropical climates can occur at elevations within the tropics, such as in the southern end of the Mexican Plateau and in Vietnam. Six climate classifications use the term to define the various temperature. A great portion of the deserts are located within the subtropics. Within savanna regimes in the subtropics, a wet season is seen annually during the summer, within Mediterranean climate regimes, the wet season occurs during the winter. Areas bordering warm oceans are prone to heavy rainfall from tropical cyclones. Plants such as palms, citrus, mango, lychee, the tropics have been historically defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, located at 23. 45° north and south latitude respectively. The poleward fringe of the subtropics is located at approximately 40° north and south latitude respectively, northern fringes of the type can go further north due to moderating effects of ocean streams, like in parts of Southern Europe due to heat transported by the Gulf Stream. Several methods have used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a temperature greater than 10 °C. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone. According to the E. Neef climate classification, the zone is divided into two parts, Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate. According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the zone is divided into three parts, high-continental, continental, and maritime. According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six zones in the world. Heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the trough or Intertropical convergence zone. The upper-level divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft, as the air moves towards the Mid-Latitudes, it cools and sinks, which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres. This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge, many of the worlds deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas, located within the subtropics
Semitropical
–
Tadrart Acacus desert, part of the Sahara, in western
Libya.
Semitropical
–
The subtropics and tropics
Semitropical
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Hadley cells located on the Earth's atmospheric circulation.
Semitropical
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Curitiba,
Brazil: Live oak with
araucarias.
9.
Barrier island
–
Barrier islands are coastal landforms and a type of dune system that are exceptionally flat or lumpy areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen and they are subject to change during storms and other action, but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish. A barrier chain may extend uninterrupted for over a hundred kilometers, excepting the tidal inlets that separate the islands, the longest and widest being Padre Island of Texas. The length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range, wave energy, sediment supply, sea-level trends, the amount of vegetation on the barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island. Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately thirteen percent of the worlds coastlines and they display different settings, suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environmental settings. Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation, lower shoreface The shoreface is the part of the barrier where the ocean meets the shore of the island. The barrier island body itself separates the shoreface from the backshore, characteristics common to the lower shoreface are fine sands with mud and possibly silt. Further out into the ocean the sediment becomes finer, the effect from the waves at this point is weak because of the depth. Bioturbation is common and many fossils can be found here, middle shoreface The middle shore face is located in the upper shoreface. The middle shoreface is strongly influenced by wave action because of its depth, closer to shore the grain size will be medium size sands with shell pieces common. Since wave action is heavier, bioturbation is not likely, upper shoreface The upper shore face is constantly affected by wave action. This results in development of sedimentary structures because of the constant differing flow of waves. Foreshore The foreshore is the area on land between high and low tide, like the upper shoreface, it is constantly affected by wave action. Cross bedding and lamination are present and coarser sands are present because of the energy present by the crashing of the waves. The sand is very well sorted. Backshore The backshore is always above the highest water level point, the berm is also found here which marks the boundary between the foreshore and backshore. Wind is the important factor here, not water, during strong storms high waves and wind can deliver and erode sediment from the backshore. Dunes The dunes are typical of an island, located at the top of the backshore
Barrier island
–
Outer barrier in Long Island.
Barrier island
–
The Mississippi-Alabama barrier islands guarding
Mobile Bay and
Mississippi Sound.
Barrier island
10.
ACE Basin
–
The Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto Basin is one of the largest undeveloped estuaries along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The 350,000 acres area is renowned for its natural beauty and commitment to preserve marshes, wetlands, hardwood forests, and riverine systems. A sizable portion of the ACE Basin has been protected via a partnership with contributing properties. A collaboration of federal, state, local, and private efforts have led to the preservation of 250,000 acres of land, the umbrella organization for these efforts is the ACE Basin Task Force. For generations, this area was agricultural, dominated by the plantation system. After the Civil War, only three plantation homes survived in the area, and much of the land became fertile ground for hunting and outdoor enthusiasts. Development pressures emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, prompting concerned citizens to local, state. In 1988, a group of concerned citizens and advocacy groups formed the ACE Basin Task Force which further formalized the cause for preservation and conservation, what emerged from these efforts became the ACE Basin Project, comprising the U. S. In November 2014, National Geographic had an article celebrating 25 years of conservation efforts in the ACE Basin. The basin is located along the half of South Carolinas Atlantic coastline. The basins name comes after the three rivers that drain the area, the Ashepoo, the Combahee, and the Edisto. These rivers drain primarily into the St. Helena Sound, which drains into the Atlantic Ocean between Hunting Island and Edisto Island, Helena Sound and Hunting Island State Park. Of the 350,000 acres that are comprised by this area, the reserve itself consists of over 140,000 acres which consists of a mixture of upland and lowland that is publicly protected or privately owned. In essence, it is an area and is not in direct control or ownership of any specific land area. The Ernest F. Hollings ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge is a protected,11,815 acres national wildlife refuge made up of two units, the Edisto River unit and the Combahee River unit. The refuge operates an office out of the Grove Plantation House which receives visitors and hosts educational and scientific programs. The Bear Island Wildlife Management Area is a 12,021 acres reserve that is managed by SCDNR, the area is open to the public from early February to late October and is a popular spot for hiking, biking, birding, fishing, and hunting. A wide variety of species inhabit the area
ACE Basin
–
Pine Island, ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve
ACE Basin
–
Counties
11.
Hunting Island Light
–
The Hunting Island Light is located in Hunting Island State Park on Hunting Island near Beaufort, South Carolina. Although no longer used as a lighthouse, the tower is a fixture at the state park and is open to visitors. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, the tower is made mostly of brick with a cast iron shell. The conical tower is 136 feet tall with a second order, the top third of the tower is painted black and the lower two-thirds is painted white. A fog horn was not installed, the only sound signal is a large bell. Currently, a light is in place to mimic the original lamp in the lighthouse. It is turned on at dusk and rotates brightly through the night, while not bright enough for navigation, it provides night visitors to the island the feel of an operating lighthouse. When operational, the Hunting Island Lighthouse was visible for 17 miles, Historic records from March 1890 note that the lighthouse was complete, including one of the larger sized fire proof oil light houses. Construction started in 1859, but was set back as the tower was destroyed during the Civil War in 1862, major George H. Elliot is credited with the 1860s development of what is known as the segmented cast-iron light house design. In the United States, two were constructed, the Hunting Island Lighthouse and subsequently Floridas Cape Canaveral Light, Hunting Island’s Lighthouse was designed to be disassembled and moved if required. It consists of sections, each weighing up to 1200 pounds which are bolted together to form the shell. The shell is lined with brick, which constitutes the main load-bearing structural element, erection commenced in 1873, and was completed in 1875. The Lighthouse was first located on the portion of Hunting Island, South Carolina. By 1888 it was reported that the Atlantic Ocean’s high tide had reached within 35 feet of the keepers house, as a result, the lighthouse, the keepers home and two other structures were relocated a mile away in 1889 to their present locale. At the time of the 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane the Hunting Island Lighthouse functioned as a sanctuary for some passengers aboard the steamer City of Savannah I which had been forced onto the shoals, the Lighthouse continued operation until deactivation in 1933. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as reference #70000561, in 2009, celebrations were held in honor of the lighthouses 150th anniversary. As part of Hunting Island State Park, the tower open to the public. Continued remodeling of the tower is made possible by South Carolina funding, in May 2003 the lighthouse was closed after rust had compromised the structural integrity of several of its cast-iron stairs
Hunting Island Light
–
Hunting Island Light
Hunting Island Light
Hunting Island Light
–
Bloody Point Range Lights
12.
TripAdvisor
–
TripAdvisor, Inc. is an American travel website company providing reviews of travel-related content. It also includes interactive travel forums, TripAdvisor was an early adopter of user-generated content. The website services are free to users, who provide most of the content, and the website is supported by a business model. K. In February 2000, TripAdvisor was founded by Stephen Kaufer, Langley Steinert, Kaufer says the original idea wasnt a user generated social media site to swap reviews. Rather, We started as a site where we were focused more on those official words from guidebooks or newspapers or magazines and we also had a button in the very beginning that said, Visitors add your own review, and boy, did that just take off. Pretty soon the number of average consumer reviews far surpassed the number of professional reviews and that is when the site really turned into this collection of what the normal traveler was saying wherever they were going. Original financing was obtained from Flagship Ventures, the Bollard Group, in 2004, the company was purchased by IAC/InterActiveCorp. In August 2005, IAC spun off its travel group of businesses under the Expedia, in April 2009, TripAdvisor launched its official site in China, www. daodao. com. Since then it has indexed more than 20,000 hotels and restaurants information and customer reviews, in September 2010, SmarterTravel, part of TripAdvisor Media Group, launched SniqueAway, the first members-only site where each travel deal is endorsed by the people. In March 2011, TripAdvisor informed all registered TripAdvisor members that a third party had stolen some of TripAdvisors email list. No passwords or other information was stolen and this happened shortly before many other companies reported similar thefts of the addresses on their email lists. In April 2011, it was announced that Expedia would split into two publicly traded companies by spinning off the TripAdvisor brand of travel sites. According to Expedia CEO Dara Khosrowshahi, the allows the two businesses to be pure plays and to operate with the proper amount of focus to grow respectively. In December 2011, TripAdvisor was spun off from Expedia in a public offering, TripAdvisor states it is the world’s largest travel site, with nearly 280 million unique monthly visitors. In April 2012, the company launched a connection to Facebook that lets users select reviews from people in their social graph, in August 2014, a survey found that TripAdvisor was the most widely recognized, used, and trusted travel website. In October 2014, Trip Advisor released a new feature, Just for you, offering tailored hotel recommendations based on the users preferences and this feature mirrored the Tribes feature launched on competitor site Gogobot in 2013. In 2015, Tripadvisor started letting users not only places but tag them, saying, for example that a place offers brunch, is open on Sunday, or offers delivery, takeout. In May 2007 TripAdvisor acquired Smarter Travel Media operator of SmarterTravel. com and BookingBuddy. com, SeatGuru. com, TravelPod. com, and Travel-Library. com
TripAdvisor
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TripAdvisor booth at ITB Berlin 2014
13.
1893 Sea Islands hurricane
–
On August 27,1893, a major hurricane which came to be known as the Sea Islands Hurricane struck the United States near Savannah, Georgia. It was one of three deadly hurricanes during the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season, the storm killed an estimated 1, 000–2,000 people and this is also the storm that made famous United States Life-Saving Service Keeper Dunbar Davis. Modern analysis of records has allowed the history of this storm to be pieced together. On August 15,1893, a storm formed east of Cape Verde. It likely passed directly through the islands on the 16th, leaving their vicinity during the evening of the 17th and it became a hurricane on the 19th, while crossing the Atlantic between the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane continued to strengthen, attaining Category 3 status on August 22 while located northeast of the Lesser Antilles, by the evening of the 25th, the storm was approaching the Bahamas. During the approach it began to deviate from its westerly course and it is believed that the first effects of the storm were beginning to be felt in the Sea Islands area, with the winds steadily increasing during the night of the 25th. Some of the inhabitants anticipated the storm and left the islands as quickly as possible, the conditions soon rapidly deteriorated on the island and the hurricane passed over sometime on the 26th. By now the hurricane was turning more and more towards the north and it moved parallel to the coast for about one hundred miles before making landfall. Landfall occurred near Savannah, Georgia, on August 27, reports from the time say that wind during landfall was around 120 mph, making it a category 3 storm. Pressure in Savannah was measured at 960 mbar, modern estimates put the pressure around 954 mbar at landfall and this would have made the hurricane most likely stronger than a Category 3 storm on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The hurricane passed north over South Carolina on August 28 and moved up the U. S, east Coast before becoming extratropical over Atlantic Canada. The hurricane carried with it a storm surge, which caused great destruction along the coastline and offshore Sea Islands in Georgia. An estimated 1,000 to 2,000 people were killed, st. Helena was estimated to have 6,000 African-Americans living there while 2,000 were women. The majority of the African-Americans owned land there and some rented, a lot of structures in that area were not elevated higher than 2 feet, therefore, they were covered by the first waves that went above the normal water mark. Although the hurricane was devastating, the American Red Cross did not arrive until October 1, after the Red Cross arrived, a warehouse of clothing and food was started at Beaufort, South Carolina, to provide services to the affected. Relief efforts were impeded by a second Category 3 hurricane that struck just north of the area, near Charleston, South Carolina, during a massive 10-month relief campaign, success was declared, with the Sea Islands population living in decent houses producing their own food again. Damages from the storm totaled to at least $1 million, damage was reported as far north as Maine
1893 Sea Islands hurricane
–
Damaged houses in Beaufort, South Carolina
1893 Sea Islands hurricane
–
Workers sort seed potatoes that will be used to restore inundated fields following the Sea Islands, South Carolina Hurricane, which struck on August 27, 1893.
1893 Sea Islands hurricane
–
Counties
14.
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
The Civilian Conservation Corps was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was expanded to young men ages 17–28. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency, the CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. At the same time, it implemented a general natural resource conservation program in every state, maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Over the course of its nine years in operation,3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them shelter, clothing. The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs, principal benefits of an individuals enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans, approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. Despite its popular support, the CCC was never a permanent agency and it depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation and funding to operate. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, as governor of New York, Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale. He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, uniforms, the Emergency Conservation Work Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5,1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, the organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative each of the supervising departments. In addition, the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program, to end the opposition from labor unions Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the American Machinists Union, as director of the corps. William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor, was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor. Reserve officers from the U. S. Army were in charge of the camps, General Douglas MacArthur was placed in charge of the program but said that the number of Army officers and soldiers assigned to the camps was affecting the readiness of the Regular Army. But the Army also found benefits in the program. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals, CCC also provided command experience to Organized Reserve Corps officers. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the performance of both Regular and Reserve Officers
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
Poster by Albert M. Bender,
Illinois WPA Art Project Chicago (1935)
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
CCC workers constructing a road, 1933.
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
CCC camps in
Michigan; the tents were soon replaced by barracks built by Army contractors for the enrollees.
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
A CCC map of the planned route of a parkway in Texas, drafted in 1934. The Corps worked in numerous parks throughout the state during the early 1930s, constructing everything from benches to highways.
15.
Marsh
–
A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams and they are often dominated by grasses, rushes or reeds. If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, Marshes provide a habitat for many species of plants, animals, and insects that have adapted to living in flooded conditions. The plants must be able to survive in wet mud with low oxygen levels, many of these plants therefore have aerenchyma, channels within the stem that allow air to move from the leaves into the rooting zone. Marsh plants also tend to have rhizomes for underground storage and reproduction, familiar examples include cattails, sedges, papyrus and sawgrass. Aquatic animals, from fish to salamanders, are able to live with a low amount of oxygen in the water. Some can obtain oxygen from the air instead, while others can live indefinitely in conditions of low oxygen, Marshes provide habitats for many kinds of invertebrates, fish, amphibians, waterfowl and aquatic mammals. Marshes have extremely high levels of production, some of the highest in the world. Marshes also improve water quality by acting as a sink to filter pollutants, Marshes are able to absorb water during periods of heavy rainfall and slowly release it into waterways and therefore reduce the magnitude of flooding. The pH in marshes tends to be neutral to alkaline, as opposed to bogs, Marshes differ depending mainly on their location and salinity. Both of these factors influence the range and scope of animal and plant life that can survive. The three main types of marsh are salt marshes, freshwater marshes, and freshwater marshes. These three can be found worldwide and each contains a different set of organisms, saltwater marshes are found around the world in mid to high latitudes, wherever there are sections of protected coastline. They are located close enough to the shoreline that the motion of the tides affects them and they flourish where the rate of sediment buildup is greater than the rate at which the land level is sinking. Salt marshes are dominated by specially adapted rooted vegetation, primarily salt-tolerant grasses, salt marshes are most commonly found in lagoons, estuaries, and on the sheltered side of shingle or sandspit. The currents there carry the fine particles around to the side of the spit. These locations allow the marshes to absorb the nutrients from the water running through them before they reach the oceans. Coastal development and urban sprawl has caused significant loss of these essential habitats, although considered a freshwater marsh, this form of marsh is affected by the ocean tides
Marsh
–
A marsh along the edge of a small river
Marsh
–
Marsh in shallow water on a lakeshore
Marsh
–
White water lilies are a typical marsh plant in European areas of deeper water.
Marsh
–
Many kinds of birds nest in marshes; this one is a
yellow-headed blackbird.
16.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
17.
U.S. Route 21
–
U. S. Route 21 is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs 394 miles from Hunting Island State Park, South Carolina to Wytheville, Virginia. US21 travels 233.2 miles through the state, beginning at Hunting Island State Park, US21 travels west toward Beaufort, where it widens to four lanes. The route bypasses Beaufort to the south, going through Port Royal, Shell Point, in the Beaufort area, US21 passes by the entrances to Parris Island and MCAS Beaufort, the major Marine Corps installations in the area. North of Beaufort, US21 continues as a divided highway. North of Yemassee, US21 splits off and crosses Interstate 95 at exit 42, the two-lane route continues through rural portions of the state. US21 goes through Smoaks and Branchville, South Carolina and bypasses Orangeburg, North of Orangeburg, US21 runs roughly parallel to I-26 until Gaston where it conjoins US321 and becomes an urban highway. US21 passes through Cayce, West Columbia, and Columbia, North of Columbia, US21 splits from US321, reverting to a rural two-lane road parallel to I-77. In York County, US21 enters urban areas again, connecting Rock Hill, near the North Carolina state line, US21 merges with I-77 near Carowinds, then enters North Carolina. US21 begins as a concurrency with I-77 in Charlotte, which it repeats three times within the state, the second break with I-77 occurs at Mooresville, where US21 travels through the city and then northwest into Statesville. After Statesville, US21 travels northeast to Harmony and Brooks Crossroads, North of Elkin, US21 splits with I-77 for the last time and goes north to Sparta, passing the Blue Ridge Parkway after a major, curvy section. North of Sparta, at Twin Oaks, US221 overlaps with US21 before entering Virginia, after a few miles crossing the state line, US21 reaches the town of Independence, where it splits with US221 and continues north. The route goes through the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area before entering the city of Wytheville, after a short concurrency with US11 in downtown Wytheville, it goes north and ends at the intersection of I-81/US52. US21 travels 35 miles through western Virginia, mostly as a rural mountain road. US21 in the era was a north–south highway connecting the area around Lake Erie. US21 originally connected Cleveland, Ohio, and Yemassee, South Carolina, in the Interstate Highway era much of US21 became an obvious corridor for a long-distance expressway. I-77 was later extended to Columbia, South Carolina, also within a few miles of US21. Between Cleveland and Charleston, all but a short segment of US21 was completely deleted in favor of I-77. The section of US21 between Mineral Wells and Charleston is now signed as County Route 21 in all four counties along the route
U.S. Route 21
–
End of US 21 at
Hunting Island, SC
U.S. Route 21
–
U.S. Route 21
18.
Erosion
–
In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earths crust, then transport it away to another location. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, the rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is carried by, for example. Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition, while erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. At well-known agriculture sites such as the Appalachian Mountains, intensive farming practices have caused erosion up to 100x the speed of the rate of erosion in the region. Excessive erosion causes both on-site and off-site problems, on-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, the end result is desertification. Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads. Intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion, however, there are many prevention and remediation practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils. Rainfall, and the surface runoff which may result from rainfall, produces four types of soil erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion. Splash erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the erosion process. In splash erosion, the impact of a falling raindrop creates a crater in the soil. The distance these soil particles travel can be as much as 0.6 m vertically and 1.5 m horizontally on level ground. If the soil is saturated, or if the rate is greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil. If the runoff has sufficient flow energy, it will transport loosened soil particles down the slope, sheet erosion is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow. Rill erosion refers to the development of small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes, generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimetres or less and this means that rills exhibit hydraulic physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers. Gully erosion occurs when water accumulates and rapidly flows in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains or melting snow
Erosion
–
An actively eroding
rill on an
intensively-farmed field in
eastern Germany
Erosion
–
A
natural arch produced by the wind erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz,
Jordan.
Erosion
–
A wave-like sea cliff produced by
coastal erosion, in Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark,
Dalian,
Liaoning Province,
China.
Erosion
–
Soil and water being
splashed by the impact of a single
raindrop.
19.
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from the western coast of
Portugal
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean, not including
Arctic and
Antarctic regions
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from
Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Atlantic Ocean
–
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina view of the Atlantic Ocean.
20.
Saint Helena Sound
–
Saint Helena Sound is a coastal inlet in the Lowcountry region South Carolina, located along the Atlantic Ocean between Beaufort and Colleton counties. Located within the relatively undeveloped ACE Basin, the sound consists of the mouths of the Ashepoo, Combahee, the inlet is located 15-mile east of Beaufort, between Edisto Island and Hunting Island. At its widest point, Saint Helena Sound is 7. 5-mile across, the Intracoastal Waterway crosses the sound. Much of lands surrounding St. Helena Sound has been preserved through the St. Helena Sound Heritage Preserve, ACE Basin St. Helena Sound Heritage Preserve Waterways forming and crossings of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway
Saint Helena Sound
–
Counties
21.
Vietnam
–
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the worlds 14th-most-populous country, and its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, an independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished, in 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnams path towards integration into the world economy. By 2000, it had established relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnams economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world and its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, Vietnam remains one of the worlds four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism. The name Việt Nam is a variation of Nam Việt, a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC. The word Việt originated as a form of Bách Việt. The form Vietnam is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình, the name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558. Then, as recorded, rewarded Yuenan/Vietnam as their nations name, to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue/Bach Viet. Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long and it was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châus History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age, Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state, in 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương
Vietnam
–
A
Đông Sơn bronze drum, c.800 BC.
Vietnam
–
Flag
Vietnam
–
The
Imperial City in
Huế.
Vietnam
–
French Indochina in 1913.
22.
Forrest Gump
–
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, the film differs substantially from Winston Grooms novel, including Gumps personality and several events that were depicted. Principal photography took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes. A comprehensive soundtrack was featured in the film, using music intended to pinpoint specific time periods portrayed on screen and its commercial release made it a top-selling soundtrack, selling over twelve million copies worldwide. In 1995 it won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director for Robert Zemeckis, Best Actor for Tom Hanks, Best Adapted Screenplay for Eric Roth, Best Visual Effects, and Best Film Editing. It also garnered other awards and nominations, including Golden Globes, Peoples Choice Awards. Since the films release varying interpretations have made of the films protagonist. In 1996, a restaurant, Bubba Gump Shrimp Company. The scene of Gump running across the country is referred to when real-life people attempt the feat. In 2011, the Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. The plot is delivered in a number of flashbacks in the narrative of Forrest Gump as he sits at a bus stop with a suitcase full of mementos in Savannah. He initiates conversation with a stranger and recalls his childhood in Greenbow, Forrest is raised by a single mother who runs a bed and breakfast for travelling folk including at one point a young Elvis Presley, and has to wear leg braces to fix a crooked back. Despite having a diminished intellect, Forrest is admitted to school after his mother agrees to have sex with the principal. On his first day of school, Forrest meets Jenny Curran, the children bond, finding in each other a confidante and kindred spirit. With Jennys encouragement, Forrest runs away from a group of bullies, struggling until his leg braces break off and he features in the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door and listens to George Wallace. He then meets President John F. Kennedy as a member of the NCAA All-American team and they are sent to Vietnam under Lieutenant Dan Taylor. After four months of patrolling in rain, Bubba is killed during their first encounter, Lieutenant Dan sustains major injuries and loses both his legs. Forrest is wounded in the buttocks while saving members of his platoon—including Lieutenant Dan—and is awarded the Medal of Honor, while recovering from his wounds, Forrest discovers an aptitude for ping-pong, eventually playing against the Chinese in ping-pong diplomacy
Forrest Gump
–
Theatrical release poster
Forrest Gump
–
Tom Hanks (left) and
Gary Sinise on the film set in 1993.
Forrest Gump
Forrest Gump
–
Gump with President
John F. Kennedy. A variety of visual effects were used to incorporate Tom Hanks into archive footage with various historical figures and events.
23.
Fripp Island
–
Fripp Island is a 6.546 sq mi barrier island located along the Atlantic coast of the lowcountry part of South Carolina. It is approximately 21 miles from Beaufort,96 miles south of Charleston, some of the neighboring islands include Hunting Island, St. Helena Island, and Ladys Island. The island mostly serves as a vacation resort, but several hundred residents make it their permanent home. It is also the most seaward of the South Carolina Sea Islands, Fripp is renowned for its resort amenities and natural conservation. Although it has had several names over its history, the island is named after Captain Johannes Fripp. Local folklore and dedicated history have long suspected Fripp to be the location where Edward Teach, due to its relatively remote location, the island was utilized primarily as a private hunting range for most of its history. In the mid-20th century, completion of bridges connecting Beaufort with nearby Hunting Island State Park, in 1994, the island underwent its final major development phase on its southwestern end. Ocean Creek golf course designed by Davis Love III was built, additional housing styles were offered and the marina was expanded. Though the island will not undergo any future expansion, nearly one-third of the lots on the island remain undeveloped, the need for a fire department was determined in 1962 by legislation establishing the Fripp Island Public Service District. Originally, the department and first fire truck was housed in a three-sided building. The fire department started as an effort and was later recognized by South Carolina as a volunteer organization. In 1982, a new station was built to park the two trucks owned by the department. Four years later the Public Service District hired its first professional Fire Chief to operate the department on a daily basis, the fire station that serves as the islands current station was built in 1999. A full-time paramedic was later hired by the county in 2001, the department is composed of 34 volunteers and 19 paid personnel. The department has owned two fire truck pumpers, a truck, a Quick Response Vehicle, and a 6-wheeled Beach Rescue ATV since 2006. The fire departments main services include Fire Suppression, Search and Rescue, Medical Emergency Response, Vehicle Extrication, Top Water Rescue, in the early days of the islands population, all drinkable water had to be transported onto the island. St. Helena Island started to pump water into Fripps central water tank by 1965, by 1980, all water was bought from the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority and pumps an average 172 million gallons a year into the island for use by the public. The main bridge leading to Fripp Island was completed in 1964, the legislation authorizing the 2,067 foot bridge called for a two dollar toll, it is now toll-free
Fripp Island
–
This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013)
Fripp Island
–
Beaufort County, South Carolina
Fripp Island
–
Counties
24.
Loggerhead turtle
–
The loggerhead sea turtle, or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around 90 cm long fully grown. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately 135 kg, with the largest specimens weighing in at more than 450 kg, the skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish brown. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, the loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate, females lay an average of four egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years, the loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve as an tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads are exploited by numerous predators, the eggs are vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach adulthood, their size limits predation to large marine animals. Loggerheads are considered a species and are protected by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Untended fishing gear is responsible for many loggerhead deaths, Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented in efforts to reduce mortality by providing a route for the turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations, efforts to restore their numbers will require international cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical nesting beaches are scattered across several countries. Loggerhead turtles, along with sea turtles, are the sea turtle species that are most commonly kept in captivity. The loggerhead sea turtle is the worlds largest hard-shelled turtle, adults have an average weight range of 80 to 200 kg and a length range of 70 to 95 cm. The maximum reported weight is 545 kg and the carapace length is 213 cm. The head and carapace range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, the turtles neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom
Loggerhead turtle
Loggerhead turtle
–
The carapace of this loggerhead is reddish-brown; five vertebral scutes run down the turtle's midline bordered by five pairs of costal scutes.
Loggerhead turtle
–
A resting loggerhead sea turtle
Loggerhead turtle
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An adult
Aurelia jellyfish which loggerheads eat during migration through the open sea
25.
Deer
–
Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the deer and the chital, and the Capreolinae, including the elk, reindeer, the Western roe deer. Female reindeer, and male deer of all species, grow, in this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are in the same order, Artiodactyla. The musk deer of Asia and water chevrotain of tropical African and Asian forests are not usually regarded as true deer and form their own families, Moschidae and Tragulidae, respectively. Deer appear in art from Palaeolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion and their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a sport since at least the Middle Ages. Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest, while often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets and prairie and savanna. The majority of deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow, however, fallow deer have been introduced to South Africa. There are also species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps. Some deer have a distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the caribou that live in Arctic tundra and taiga and moose that inhabit taiga, huemul deer of South Americas Andes fill the ecological niches of the ibex and wild goat, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at altitudes in the subalpine meadows. Elk and mule deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region, elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, the adjacent Great Plains grassland habitats are left to herds of elk, American bison, and pronghorn antelope
Deer
Deer
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Sambar in Bangalore
Deer
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Fallow deer in the United States
Deer
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White-tailed deer in Toronto, Canada
26.
Alligator
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An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. The two living species are the American alligator and the Chinese alligator, in addition, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Paleocene epoch about 37 million years ago, the name alligator is probably an anglicized form of el lagarto, the Spanish term for the lizard, which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Later English spellings of the name included allagarta and alagarto, an average adult American alligators weight and length is 360 kg and 4.0 m, but they sometimes grow to 4.4 m long and weigh over 450 kg. The largest ever recorded, found in Louisiana, measured 5.84 m, the Chinese alligator is smaller, rarely exceeding 2.1 m in length. In addition, it considerably less, with males rarely over 45 kg. Adult alligators are black or dark olive-brown with white undersides, while juveniles have strongly contrasting white or yellow marks which fade with age, no average lifespan for an alligator has been measured. In 1937, a specimen was brought to the Belgrade Zoo in Serbia from Germany. It is now at least 80 years old, although no valid records exist about its date of birth, this alligator, officially named Muja, is considered the oldest alligator living in captivity. Alligators are native only to the United States and China, according to the 2005 Scholastic Book of World Records, Louisiana has the largest alligator population. The majority of American alligators inhabit Florida and Louisiana, with over a million alligators in each state, southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side. American alligators live in environments, such as ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, lakes. When they construct alligator holes in the wetlands, they increase plant diversity and they are, therefore, considered an important species for maintaining ecological diversity in wetlands. Further west, in Louisiana, heavy grazing by coypu and muskrat are causing damage to coastal wetlands. Large alligators feed extensively on coypu, and provide a vital ecological service by reducing coypu numbers. The Chinese alligator currently is only in the Yangtze River valley and parts of adjacent provinces and is extremely endangered. Indeed, far more Chinese alligators live in zoos around the world than can be found in the wild, rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southern Louisiana has several in captivity in an attempt to preserve the species. Miami MetroZoo in Florida also has a pair of Chinese alligators
Alligator
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Head
Alligator
Alligator
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Alligator eggs and young
Alligator
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Alligator juveniles
27.
Raccoon
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The raccoon, sometimes spelled racoon, also known as the common raccoon, North American raccoon, northern raccoon and colloquially as coon, is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. The raccoon is the largest of the family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm. Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather, two of the raccoons most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask, which are themes in the mythology of several Native American ethnic groups. Raccoons are noted for their intelligence, with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years, the diet of the omnivorous raccoon, which is usually nocturnal, consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods, and 27% vertebrates. As a result of escapes and deliberate introductions in the century, raccoons are now also distributed across mainland Europe, Caucasia. Though previously thought to be solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in social behavior. Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 hectares for females in cities to 5,000 hectares for males in prairies, after a gestation period of about 65 days, two to five young, known as kits, are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall, although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years, their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas, hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death, the word raccoon was adopted into English from the native Powhatan term, as used in the Virginia Colony. It was recorded on Captain John Smiths list of Powhatan words as aroughcun and it has also been identified as a Proto-Algonquian root *ahrah-koon-em, meaning one who rubs, scrubs and scratches with its hands. Similarly, Spanish colonists adopted the Spanish word mapache from the Nahuatl mapachitli of the Aztecs, in French and European Portuguese, the washing behavior is combined with these languages term for rat, yielding, respectively, raton laveur and ratão-lavadeiro. The colloquial abbreviation coon is used in words like coonskin for fur clothing and in phrases like old coon as a self-designation of trappers. In the 1830s, the U. S. Whig Party used the raccoon as an emblem, causing them to be known as coons by their political opponents. Soon after that it became an ethnic slur, especially in use between 1880 and 1920, and the term is considered offensive. In 1780, Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr placed the raccoon in its own genus Procyon and it is also possible that Storr had its nocturnal lifestyle in mind and chose the star Procyon as eponym for the species. Based on fossil evidence from France and Germany, the first known members of the family Procyonidae lived in Europe in the late Oligocene about 25 million years ago. Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and weasels share a common ancestor, after the then-existing species crossed the Bering Strait at least six million years later in the early Miocene, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America. Coatis and raccoons have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus Paranasua present between 5.2 and 6.0 million years ago
Raccoon
Raccoon
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The mask of a raccoon is often interrupted by a brown-black streak that extends from forehead to nose.
Raccoon
–
A Torch Key raccoon (P. l. incautus) in
Cudjoe Key, Florida. Subspecies inhabiting the
Florida Keys are characterized by their small size and very pale fur.
Raccoon
–
Skull with dentition: 2/2 molars, 4/4 premolars, 1/1 canines, 3/3 incisors
28.
Crotalus adamanteus
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Common names, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, eastern diamondback, more Crotalus adamanteus is a pit viper species found in the southeastern United States. It is the heaviest though not the longest venomous snake in the Americas and this is the largest rattlesnake species and is the heaviest known type of venomous snake, with one specimen shot in 1946 measuring 7.8 ft in length and weighing 15.4 kg. Maximum reported lengths for eastern diamondback rattlesnakes are 8 ft. and 8.25 ft. However, specimens over 7 ft are rare, but well documented. Klauber included a letter he received from E. Ross Allen in 1953, in which Allen explains how for years he offered a reward of $100, and later $200, for an 8 ft specimen, dead or alive. He did receive a number of 7 ft range specimens and some 8 ft skins, a 7.3 ft specimen was caught and killed outside a neighborhood in St. Augustine, Florida in September 2009. The average size is much less, specimens are rarely found under 1 foot in length. Lengths of 3.5 to 5.5 ft, and 2.75 to 6 ft are given, one study found an average length of 5.6 ft based on 31 males and 43 females. The average body mass is roughly 2.3 kg, the average weight of 9 laboratory-kept specimens was 2.55 kg, with a range of 0.8 to 4.9 kg. Few specimens can exceed 5.12 kg, although exceptional specimens can weigh 6.7 kg or more, the scalation includes 25–31 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 165–176/170–187 ventral scales in males/females and 27–33/20–26 subcaudal scales in males/females, respectively. On the head, the scale is higher than it is wide. There are 10–21 scales in the region and 5–11 intersupraocular scales. Usually, there are two scales between preoculars and the postnasal. There are 12–17 supralabial scales, the first of which is in contact with the prenasal. The color pattern consists of a brownish, brownish-yellow, brownish-gray or olive ground color, each of these diamond-shaped blotches is outlined with a row of cream or yellowish scales. Posteriorly, the shapes become more like crossbands and are followed by 5–10 bands around the tail. The belly is a yellowish or cream-colored, with diffused, dark mottling along the sides, the head has a dark postocular stripe that extends from behind the eye backwards and downwards to the lip, the back of the stripe touches the angle of the mouth. Anteriorly and posteriorly, the stripe is bordered by distinct white or yellow stripes. The original description for the species does not include a locality, although Schmidt proposed it be restricted to Charleston
Crotalus adamanteus
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Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Crotalus adamanteus
Crotalus adamanteus
–
Detail of rattle
Crotalus adamanteus
–
C. adamanteus showing one of its venomous fangs, Louisville Zoo,
Louisville, KY
29.
Great egret
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The great egret, also known as the common egret, large egret or great white heron, is a large, widely distributed egret, with four subspecies found in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and southern Europe. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer regions of the world. It builds tree nests in close to water. Like all egrets, it is a member of the heron family, traditionally classified with the storks in the Ciconiiformes, the Ardeidae are closer relatives of pelicans and belong in the Pelecaniformes instead. The great egret—unlike the typical egrets—does not belong to the genus Egretta, in the past, however, it was sometimes placed in Egretta or separated in a monotypic genus Casmerodius. The Old World population is referred to as the great white egret. This species is confused with the great white heron of the Caribbean. The scientific name comes from Latin ardea heron, and alba, there are four subspecies in various parts of the world, which differ but little. Standing up to 1 m tall, this species can measure 80 to 104 cm in length and have a wingspan of 131 to 170 cm, body mass can range from 700 to 1,500 g, with an average of around 1,000 g. It is thus only slightly smaller than the blue or grey heron. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back, males and females are identical in appearance, juveniles look like non-breeding adults. Differentiated from the intermediate egret by the gape, which extends well beyond the back of the eye in case of the great egret and it has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, the great egret walks with its neck extended and wings held close. The great egret is not normally a vocal bird, it gives a low croak when disturbed. The great egret is generally a successful species with a large and expanding range, occurring worldwide in temperate. It is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States, in North America, large numbers of great egrets were killed around the end of the 19th century so that their plumes could be used to decorate hats. Numbers have since recovered as a result of conservation measures and its range has expanded as far north as southern Canada. Nevertheless, the species adapts well to human habitation and can be seen near wetlands
Great egret
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Great egret
Great egret
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Egg, Collection
Museum Wiesbaden
Great egret
–
Adult in nonbreeding plumage
Great egret
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Bright green facial skin during breeding season
30.
Seahorse
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Seahorse is the name given to 54 species of small marine fishes in the genus Hippocampus. Hippocampus comes from the Ancient Greek word hippos meaning horse and kampos meaning sea monster, the word seahorse can also be written as two separate words, or hyphenated. Having a head and neck suggestive of a horse, seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture, four species are found in Pacific waters from North America to South America. In the Atlantic, H. erectus ranges from Nova Scotia to Uruguay, H. zosterae, known as the dwarf seahorse, is found in the Bahamas. Colonies have been found in European waters such as the Thames Estuary, three species live in the Mediterranean Sea, H. guttulatus, H. hippocampus, and H. fuscus. These species form territories, males stay within 1 m2 of habitat, seahorses range in size from 1.5 to 35.5 cm. They are named for their appearance with bent necks and long snouted heads followed by their distinctive trunk. Although they are fish, they do not have scales, but rather thin skin stretched over a series of bony plates. Each species has a number of rings. Seahorses swim upright, another characteristic not shared by their close pipefish relatives, razorfish are the only other fish that swim vertically. They swim upright propelling themselves by using the dorsal fin, the pectoral fins located on either side of the head are used for maneuvering. They lack the caudal fin typical of fishes and their prehensile tail can only be unlocked in the most extreme conditions. They are adept at camouflage with the ability to grow and reabsorb spiny appendages depending on their habitat, unusual among fish, a seahorse has a flexible, well-defined neck. It also sports a crown-like spine or horn on its head, termed a coronet, seahorses swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins to steer. The slowest-moving fish in the world is H. zosterae, with a top speed of about 5 ft per hour, since they are poor swimmers, they are most likely to be found resting with their prehensile tails wound around a stationary object. They have long snouts, which use to suck up food. Anatomical evidence, supported by molecular, physical, and genetic evidence, the fossil record of seahorses, however, is very sparse. The best known and best studied fossils are specimens of H. guttulatus, from the Marecchia River Formation of Rimini Province, Italy, dating back to the Lower Pliocene, molecular dating finds that pipefish and seahorses diverged during the Late Oligocene
Seahorse
Seahorse
–
Spiny seahorse
H. histrix from
East Timor holding on to soft coral with its prehensile tail
Seahorse
–
Pregnant seahorse at the
New York Aquarium
Seahorse
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Seahorses rely on stealth to ambush small prey such as
copepods. They use
pivot feeding to catch the copepod, which involves rotating their snout at high speed and then sucking in the copepod.
31.
Loggerhead Turtle
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The loggerhead sea turtle, or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around 90 cm long fully grown. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately 135 kg, with the largest specimens weighing in at more than 450 kg, the skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish brown. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, the loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate, females lay an average of four egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years, the loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve as an tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads are exploited by numerous predators, the eggs are vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach adulthood, their size limits predation to large marine animals. Loggerheads are considered a species and are protected by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Untended fishing gear is responsible for many loggerhead deaths, Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented in efforts to reduce mortality by providing a route for the turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations, efforts to restore their numbers will require international cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical nesting beaches are scattered across several countries. Loggerhead turtles, along with sea turtles, are the sea turtle species that are most commonly kept in captivity. The loggerhead sea turtle is the worlds largest hard-shelled turtle, adults have an average weight range of 80 to 200 kg and a length range of 70 to 95 cm. The maximum reported weight is 545 kg and the carapace length is 213 cm. The head and carapace range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, the turtles neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom
Loggerhead Turtle
Loggerhead Turtle
–
The carapace of this loggerhead is reddish-brown; five vertebral scutes run down the turtle's midline bordered by five pairs of costal scutes.
Loggerhead Turtle
–
A resting loggerhead sea turtle
Loggerhead Turtle
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An adult
Aurelia jellyfish which loggerheads eat during migration through the open sea
