1.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
2.
Dutchess County, New York
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Dutchess County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 297,488, the county seat and largest city is Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683 and later organized in 1713, Dutchess County is part of the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley, prior to Anglo-Dutch settlement, what is today Dutchess County was a leading center for the native Wappinger peoples. They had their council-fire at what is now present-day Fishkill Hook, on November 1,1683, the Province of New York established its first twelve counties, with Dutchess County being one of them. Its boundaries at that time included the present Putnam County, the county was named for Mary of Modena, Duchess of York, second wife of James, Duke of York. Dutchess is a form of the word duchess. The Province of New York and the Connecticut Colony negotiated an agreement on November 28,1683, establishing their border as 20 miles east of the Hudson River, north to Massachusetts. The 61,660 acres east of the Byram River making up the Connecticut Panhandle were granted to Connecticut, the eastern half of the stub of land in northeast Dutchess County containing Rudd Pond and Taconic State Park is the northernmost extension of The Oblong. Until 1713, Dutchess was administered by Ulster County, on October 23,1713 Queen Anne gave permission for Dutchess County to elect its own officers from among their own population including a Supervisor, Tax Collector, Tax Assessor and Treasurer. In 2013, Dutchess County celebrated its 300th anniversary of democracy based upon a resolution sponsored by County Legislator Michael Kelsey from Salt Point. In 1812, Putnam County was detached from Dutchess, in the twelve years 1685–1697 lawful patents had been granted securing for their purchasers every foot of Hudson River shoreline in the original county. Three additional patents, to 1706, laid claim to the interior lands. From 1683 to 1715 most of the settlers in Dutchess County were Dutch, many of these moved in from Albany and Ulster Counties. They settled along the Fishkill River and in the areas that are now Poughkeepsie, from 1715 to 1730 most of the new settlers in Dutchess county were Germans. From 1730 until 1775 New Englanders were the new settlers in Dutchess County. Franklin D. Roosevelt lived in his home in Hyde Park. His familys home is now the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, prior to the 1960s, Dutchess County was primarily agricultural
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
5.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
6.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
7.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
8.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
9.
North American Numbering Plan
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The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
10.
Area code 845
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Area code 845 is a telephone area code straddling the Hudson Valley region of the U. S. state of New York. 845 serves Rockland, Putnam, Orange, and Ulster counties, and parts of Dutchess and Sullivan, Delaware, Greene, Area code 845 was created on June 5,2000, from most of area code 914, which was retained by Westchester County. It was the first new area code in upstate New York since 1954, NANPA Area Code Map of New York
11.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
12.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
13.
Poughkeepsie, New York
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Poughkeepsie /pəˈkɪpsi/, officially the City of Poughkeepsie, is a city in the state of New York, United States, which is the county seat of Dutchess County. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 32,736, Poughkeepsie is in the Hudson Valley midway between New York City and Albany, and is part of the New York metropolitan area. Poughkeepsie is known as The Queen City of the Hudson and it was settled in the 17th century by the Dutch and became New Yorks second capital shortly after the American Revolution. It was chartered as a city in 1854. S, the city of Poughkeepsie lies in New Yorks 18th congressional district. The site of Poughkeepsie was purchased from the Indians in 1686 by Robert Sanders, an Englishman, and Myndert Harmense Van Den Bogaerdt, the first settlers were the families of Barent Baltus Van Kleeck and Hendrick Jans van Oosterom. The settlement grew quickly, and the Reformed Church of Poughkeepsie was established by 1720, the community was set off from the town of Poughkeepsie when it became an incorporated village on 27 March 1799. The city of Poughkeepsie was chartered on 28 March 1854, spared from battle during the American Revolution, Poughkeepsie became the second capital of New York. With its ratification, New York entered the new union as the eleventh of the thirteen colonies to join together as the United States of America. In 1799, a new seal was created for Poughkeepsie, due to the areas natural beauty and proximity to New York City, families such as the Astors, Rogers, and Vanderbilts built palatial weekend homes nearby. The city is home to the oldest continuously operating entertainment venue in the state, the city is on the western edge of Dutchess County, bordered by the Hudson River on the west and by the town of Poughkeepsie on the north, east and south. There are two crossings of the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, the Mid-Hudson Bridge for motor vehicles and pedestrians, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.7 square miles. 5.1 square miles of it is land, and 0.23 square miles of it is water and it is about 75 miles north of New York City and is in southeastern New York State. It receives approximately 44.12 inches of precipitation per year, much of which is delivered in the late spring, due to its inland location, Poughkeepsie can be very cold during the winter, with temperatures dropping below zero a few times per year. Poughkeepsie can also be hit by powerful noreasters, but usually significantly less snow or rain from these storms compared to locations to the south. As of the census of 2010, there were 32,736 people, the population density was 5,806.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 13,153 housing units at a density of 2,556.6 per square mile. 35. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.15. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,12. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64
14.
Hyde Park (CDP), New York
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Hyde Park is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York, United States. Its population was 1,908 as of the 2010 census, the hamlet of Hyde Park is on the western side of the town of Hyde Park, bordered on the west by the Hudson River. The northern edge of the hamlet is Crum Elbow Creek, a tributary of the Hudson, on the north side of the creek, just outside the hamlet, is the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site. The Springwood Estate, preserved as the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, is just outside the hamlet to the south. U. S. Route 9 passes through the center of the hamlet, leading north 5 miles to Staatsburg and south 6 miles to Poughkeepsie, the county seat. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the Hyde Park CDP has an area of 1.2 square miles, all of it land
15.
Staatsburg, New York
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Staatsburg is a hamlet and census-designated place in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 377 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Staatsburg is located in the corner of the town of Hyde Park and is bordered on the west by the Hudson River. The original patent was made to Henry Pawling, subsequently, a large portion of the patent was purchased by Dr. Samuel Staats, a surgeon of Dutch origins who resided in New York City. Hence the area came to be known as Staatsburgh, the concluding h in the name appears to have been dropped in 1890 as part of the United States Board on Geographic Names standardization efforts. Staatsburg is located at 41°51′10″N 73°55′20″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 square miles, all land. Staatsburgh State Historic Site Staatsburg is bordered to the southwest by Margaret Lewis Norrie State Park, there are many scenic views of the Hudson River, making it attractive for camping, walking, hiking, jogging and cycling. Tent sites and cabins are available, campers with boats have river access through a marina. The park is accessible from US9 and the New York State Thruway. The John Hendricks House in the section of Staatsburg was built in 1785. It is believed to have been an inn on the Albany Post Road and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of the census of 2000, there were 911 people,345 households, the population density was 460.6 per square mile. There were 360 housing units at a density of 182. 0/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 90. 78% White,5. 27% African American,1. 10% Asian,0. 22% Pacific Islander,1. 10% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 09% of the population. There were 345 households out of which 29. 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them,59. 4% were married couples living together,9. 0% have a householder with no husband present. 22. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.08. In the CDP, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,28. 1% from 25 to 44,29. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males
16.
Haviland, New York
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Haviland is a community and census-designated place in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 3,634 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Haviland is in the portion of the town of Hyde Park. The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site is located within the community, haviland is located in west-central Dutchess County at 41°46′0″N 73°54′5″W. New York State Route 9G is the road through the community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.9 square miles, of which 3.9 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,710 people,1,417 households, the population density was 958.5 per square mile. There were 1,446 housing units at a density of 373. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93. 23% White,2. 91% African American,0. 08% Native American,1. 75% Asian,0. 57% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 24% of the population. 21. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.03. In the CDP, the population was out with 25. 8% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 8% from 25 to 44,25. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $47,772, and the median income for a family was $54,861. Males had an income of $48,021 versus $28,793 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,174, about 7. 5% of families and 7. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 2% of those under age 18 and 6. 1% of those age 65 or over. Haviland, New York is at coordinates 41°45′50″N 73°54′25″W
17.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
18.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
19.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
20.
Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
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Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site preserves the Stone Cottage at Val-Kill, the home of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and its surrounding property of 181 acres. It is located two miles east of Springwood, the Roosevelt family estate, in Hyde Park, New York. The only residence Eleanor personally owned, it was the site of Val-Kill Industries and would be Eleanors home after the death of her husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1945. Converted into rental units and later sold to developers after Eleanors death in 1962, it was saved through a public campaign and it is now managed by the National Park Service, with partnerships with two private non-profit organizations who assist with fundraising, development and restoration projects. Franklin encouraged Eleanor Roosevelt to develop this property as a place that she could develop some of her ideas for work with winter jobs for rural workers and she named the spot Val-Kill, loosely translated as waterfall-stream from the Dutch language common to the original European settlers of the area. There are two buildings which are adjacent to Fallkill Creek and it was the only residence that she personally owned. Eleanor Roosevelt often hosted workshops for Encampment for Citizenship here, the larger house was converted into four rental units after Eleanors death in 1962, and in 1970 the land was purchased by a private company for development purposes. Public reaction to this sale developed into a campaign and the possibility of making the site a national memorial. In 1984 the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill negotiated an agreement with the National Park Service, in 2008 the Eleanor Roosevelt Center moved from Stone Cottage to a new facility at Val-Kill. In 1998, Save Americas Treasures announced Val-Kill Cottage as a new official project, sATs involvement led to the Honoring Eleanor Roosevelt project, initially run by private volunteers and now a part of SAT. The site is managed by the National Park Service in conjunction with the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, the NPS continues to partner with SAT and the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill in the management of the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. NY-324, NPS Route No.401 Bridge, Spanning Fall Kill, Hyde Park, Dutchess County, NY,4 photos,1 photo caption page
21.
Isaac Roosevelt House
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The Isaac Roosevelt House is located on Riverview Circle in Hyde Park, New York, United States. It was the house of Roosevelts Rosedale estate on the Hudson River. His grandson Franklin spent a lot of there as a child. It was built in an application of the Federal style. In 1993 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The house sits on a 1. 9-acre lot on the east side of Riverview Circle, near the top of a small rise less than a mile inland from the river and it is a two-story, five-bay clapboard-sided frame house on an exposed brick foundation. The rectangular main block has a north wing, a one-story south wing. Its cross-gabled roof, pierced by four chimneys, has overhanging eaves with exposed rafters. The same treatment is found on the roofs as well. At the ends of the gables are round-arched windows with louvered shutters, the recessed main entrance contains a glazed wooden double French door with a molded surround and elliptical transom. All the windows on the first floor have a small cornice, a one-story flat-roofed porch wraps around the front and both sides, supported by chamfered posts. Above the entrance on the story is a projecting bay window. It has a roof with the same roof treatment as the main roof. The flanking windows are similar to their first-story counterparts, the front facade is topped with a Palladian window and shutters at the attic level. The south wing has a one-story octagonal enclosed porch, the eastern facade also has a porch similar to the one on the front. The north wing has a projecting bay of its own at the northwest corner. The interior retains the Federal-style center-hall plan, the adjoining rooms on either side have many of their original features such as woodwork, hardware, and mantels. Isaac Roosevelt purchased the land for his estate, in 1832 and it was near his father Jamess estate, Mount Hope, most of which is now the grounds of the former Hudson River State Hospital
22.
Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site
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The Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site is a historic house museum in Hyde Park, New York. It became a National Historic Landmark and started operation under the National Park Service in 1940, the mansion, known as Hyde Park, was the Gilded Age home of Frederick William Vanderbilt and his family from 1895 to 1938. The 54-room Vanderbilt mansion was designed by the architectural firm McKim, designed and built between 1896 and 1899, the house is an example of the Beaux-Arts architecture style. The interior of the mansion is an archetype of the American Renaissance, incorporating European antiques, the site includes 211 acres of the original larger property, including lawns against the Hudson River, formal gardens, woodlands, and auxiliary buildings. The grounds also include Italian gardens that were restored by the volunteer Frederick W. Vanderbilt Garden Association, known as Hyde Park, the Vanderbilt site is one of the areas oldest Hudson River estates. The earliest development of the began in 1764 when Dr. Bard family ownership continued through 1821 with his son, Dr. Samuel Bard. In 1828, Dr. David Hosack, president of the New York Horticultural Society, purchased the property from Samuel Bards heirs, in 1840, John Jacob Astor purchased the property from Hosacks heirs for his daughter Dorothea and her husband Walter S. Langdon. Frederick and Louise Vanderbilt purchased Hyde Park in May 1895 from Langdons heirs, attracted to the Hudson Valley and the land on the east bank of the Hudson River, Frederick and his wife settled into their 600-acre estate. The location offered quick and easy access to New York City on the Vanderbilts own New York Central Railroad, the house was designed and built between 1896–1899, and was primarily used as a vacation home for Frederick Vanderbilts family. The previous owners of the estate had made it known for its grand landscape and array of different plants. The New York Times described the Vanderbilt’s estate as the finest place on the Hudson between New York and Albany and their niece, Margaret Daisy Van Alen, inherited the property when Frederick Vanderbilt died in 1938. Encouraged by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Van Alen donated a portion of the estate, including the residence with most of its original furnishings, the 54-room mansion is the work of the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White. Charles Follen McKim designed the plan in the Beaux-Arts style and Stanford White assisted as an antiques buyer. The house has a classic Beaux-Arts plan, with the public rooms on its ground floor – the central Elliptical Hall, Dining Room. North and South Foyers provide transitional space from the Hall to the Dining Room, five secondary spaces are located off the Elliptical Hall, the Lobby, Den, Gold Room, Grand Stair Hall, and Lavatory. The third floor contains five additional guest bedrooms, and a Servants Hall separated from the rooms by a door at the main staircase. Supported by both concrete and steel, the Vanderbilt mansion was considered modern for its time, the mansion also included plumbing and forced hot air central heating and electric lighting which was powered by a hydroelectric plant built on the estate on the Crumb Elbow stream. The Vanderbilt estate had electric lighting before the surrounding area, herter Brothers and A. H. Davenport and Company were subcontractors who executed McKims interior designs
23.
The Culinary Institute of America
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The Culinary Institute of America is an American private not-for-profit college specializing in culinary and baking and pastry arts education. The schools primary campus is located in Hyde Park, New York, with campuses in St. Helena and Napa, California, San Antonio, Texas. The college offers associate and bachelors degrees, and has the largest staff of American Culinary Federation Certified Master Chefs, the CIA also offers continuing education for professionals in the hospitality industry as well as conferences and consulting services. In addition to education, the college also offers recreational classes for non-professionals. The college operates student-run restaurants on their four U. S. campuses, the school colors refer to the schools mission to sustain the environment and to strive for excellence. The school was founded in 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut, with a growing student body, the school purchased a former Jesuit novitiate in Hyde Park in 1970, which remains its central campus. The school began awarding degrees in 1971 and bachelors degrees in 1993. The school opened its St. Helena campus in 1995, its Texas campus in 2008, its Singapore campus in 2010, with assistance from Yale University, the school purchased the Davies mansion in New Havens Prospect Hill neighborhood. The first class consisted of sixteen students and the faculty included a dietitian, a baker, in 1947 the school was renamed the Restaurant Institute of Connecticut to reflect its growing repute, the schools name was changed again to the Culinary Institute of America in 1951. Enrollment grew to approximately 1,000 students by 1969, beyond the capacity of its campus, so the school purchased the St. Andrew-on-Hudson Jesuit novitiate in Hyde Park. In 1971, the college began awarding degrees, and opened its doors in Hyde Park on the following year. From 1974 to 1979, the school built three residence halls, a library, a career planning center, and a learning resources center. From 1982 to 1984, the American Bounty and Caterina de Medici Restaurants, in 1984, the schools continuing education center opened, and the school improved its teaching kitchens and constructed an experimental kitchen and food laboratory. In 1990, the opened a baking and pastry facility. In 1993, the school opened its Conrad N, hilton Library and began offering bachelors degree programs. In 1995, the schools first branch opened, the Culinary Institute of America at Greystone in St. Helena. In 1998, the Student Recreation Center was opened, the Apple Pie Bakery Café opened in 2000, and the Colavita Center opened the following year. More residence halls were built at the schools Hyde Park campus in 2004, in 2005, Anton Plaza opened in Hyde Park while the Ventura Center for Menu Research and Development opened in St. Helena
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Presidential library
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These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States since Herbert Hoover. In addition to the services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the middle 20th century, presidential papers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president, proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws have established the library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by the NARA, libraries have been organized for several presidents who preceded the start of the Presidential Library Office. Each library also provides a series of public programs. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014, the 14th facility in the presidential library system is then expected to be open around 2020. The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA, for example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois. The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the library system. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, on July 11,2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library, historian John Simon edited Grants letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources, dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online, historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed, lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service, in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. Roosevelts decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and he asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers, in 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries
25.
U.S. Route 9 in New York
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U. S. Route 9 is a part of the U. S. Highway System that runs from Laurel, Delaware, to Champlain, New York. In New York, US9 extends 324.72 miles from the George Washington Bridge in Manhattan to an interchange with Interstate 87 just south of the Canada–United States border in the town of Champlain. US9 is the longest north–south U. S. Highway in New York, additionally, the highways passage through the state offers a diverse sample of New York to a traveler, passing through busy urban neighborhoods, suburban strips and forested wilderness. It is Broadway in Upper Manhattan, the Bronx and much of Westchester County and it uses parts of the old Albany Post Road in the Hudson Valley, where it passes the historic homes of a U. S. President and Gilded Age heir. It passes the center of New York political power in downtown Albany, and it penetrates into the deep recesses of the Adirondack Park and runs along the shore of Lake Champlain, where it is part of the All-American Road known as the Lakes to Locks Passage. US9 spawns more letter-suffixed state highways than any other route in New York, including the longest, outside of the cities it passes through, it is a mostly a two-lane road, save for two expressway segments in the mid-Hudson region. For much of its southern half it follows the Hudson River closely, in the north it tracks I-87, New York State Bicycle Route 9 follows the US9 corridor, diverging from the route in areas not conducive to bicycling. For example, Bicycle Route 9 follows US 9W in northern New Jersey and Rockland County, crosses the Bear Mountain Bridge, US9 enters New York as part of an expressway, soon becoming a surface street and major urban and suburban artery. Outside of the portions, it is mostly a two- or four-lane road save for a lengthy four-lane strip that leads into one of the expressways. It runs near the more frequently in the southern areas. The concurrency between US1 and US9 that began in New Jersey ends at the first exit from I-95 on the George Washington Bridge, Broadway passes through the Washington Heights neighborhood and then into Inwood, the northernmost neighborhood on the island. The region in which US9 passes through has a large Latino immigrant population, the northernmost section of the New York City Subways underground IND Eighth Avenue Line runs along Broadway between Dyckman Street and the Inwood–207th Street terminal. On the corner of 204th Street is the Dyckman House, the original farmhouse left in Manhattan. Near the islands northern tip, at the intersection with 215th Street, the Marble Hill Metro-North station here is the first of several along Route 9. At or just south of 230th Street,9, still Broadway and it draws alongside I-87, here the Major Deegan Expressway, the first of many encounters between the two roads on their northward course. At the 242nd Street station, the ends and Broadway runs along the west side of Van Cortlandt Park. The Henry Hudson Parkway interchange a mile up this stretch adds NY 9A to 9, the northwestern corner of the park marks the city limit and 9 enters Yonkers, where it is now known as South Broadway. It trends closer to the Hudson River, remaining a busy commercial street
26.
Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon
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From the age of nine, after his fathers second marriage to the heiress Flower Backhouse, Edward Hyde lived at Swallowfield Park in Berkshire. He studied at Oxford, matriculating on 23 January 1675, a month after his father succeeded as 2nd Earl of Clarendon and he joined the Royal Regiment of Dragoons before being elected as a Tory Member of Parliament for Wiltshire from 1685–1696 and for Christchurch 1695–1701. He was Master of the Horse to Prince George of Denmark, and he was one of the first commanders to desert the King in 1688, taking with him as many troops as he could. Lady Cornbury died in New York on 11 August 1706 and is buried at Trinity Church, as Lord Cornbury, he became Governor of New York and New Jersey from 1701 to 1708. In 1707 the governor ordered prosecution of Rev. Francis Makemie, leader of the first Presbyterian synod in the new country and it is said that the governors character and conduct were equally abhorred in both hemispheres. Lord Clarendon was imprisoned for debt at the time of his fathers death and he was Envoy Extraordinary to Hanover in 1714. Lord Clarendon died at Chelsea in obscurity and in debt and was buried on 5 April 1723 in Westminster Abbey, Viscount Cornbury came to be fabled in historical literature as a moral profligate, sunk in corruption, possibly the worst governor Britain ever appointed to an American colony. The early accounts claim he took bribes and plundered the public treasury, nineteenth century historian George Bancroft said that Cornbury illustrated the worst form of the English aristocracys arrogance, joined to intellectual imbecility. Later historians characterise him as a degenerate and pervert who is said to have spent half of his time dressed in clothes, a fop. Cornbury is reported to have opened the 1702 New York Assembly clad in a hooped gown, when his choice of clothing was questioned, he replied, You are all very stupid people not to see the propriety of it all. In this place and occasion, I represent a woman, and it is also said that in August 1707, when his wife Lady Cornbury died, His High Mightiness attended the funeral dressed as a woman. It was shortly after this that mounting complaints from colonists prompted The Queen to remove Cornbury from office, bonomi re-examined these assertions and found them to be questionable and based on very little evidence. Three colonials, all members of a faction opposed to Cornbury, there are also some early documents that might be cited to support charges of having taken bribes or misappropriated government funds, but there the contemporary evidence ends. A portrait possibly of Lord Cornbury dressed in clothes which hangs at the New-York Historical Society. The title of the painting at the New-York Historical Society is Portrait of an Unidentified Woman, the Philip Davenport-Hines, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, thinks the portrait accurately depicts Cornbury and pronounced Bonomis findings inconclusive. Joseph Papp produced and Holland directed, with Joseph Maher in the role of Cornbury, the play was revived in 2009 at the Hudson Guild Theater under the direction of Tim Cusack. He also makes appearances in Edward Rutherfurds historical saga novel New York, in Daniel Pinkwaters The Adventures of a Cat-Whiskered Girl, list of deserters from James II to William of Orange Did New York once have a transvestite governor. Royal Berkshire History, Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon
27.
Clinton, Dutchess County, New York
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Clinton is a municipal subdivision of Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 4,312 at the 2010 census, the town as a governmental subdivision is standard in New York and New England and analogous to townships in other regions. The current boundaries of the town of Clinton were set in 1821, the general area was part of a British land grant in 1697 known as the Great Nine Partners Patent. In 1734 a soil survey was done in the Great Nine Partners patent running in 1 1/2 mile wide strips from the Hudson river east through the patent, the particular strip running at the bottom of the patent including the future hamlet of Clinton Corners was classified as good land. In 1737 the patents were reorganized into precincts, with the current town of Clinton being part of the Charlotte precinct from 1762 until 1788, in 1821 the current boundaries were set when the towns of Pleasant Valley and Hyde Park were created out of the larger Clinton township. The early European settlers in Clinton filtered in from two main directions, in the early 1700s, Rhinebeck was the largest settlement in Dutchess County taking advantage of the Hudson River for transportation of people and produce. Across Dutchess county to the east the settlements of Amenia and Wassaic in the Harlem river valley were also attracting European settlers, in 1718 a road was established branching off from the central Wassaic-Poughkeepsie road to connect to the northern Amenia-Rhinbeck road at the Crum Elbow creek crossing. In 1748 the road commissioners from Rhinebeck and Crum Elbow precincts met at the bridge over Crum Elbow Creek to discuss the old road which had been in existence for 30 years. One of those commissioners was Mordecai Lester and his home and his sons home were mentioned in the commissions report as landmarks along the road north and south of the hamlet of Clinton Corners. In addition to the early Dutch and English settlers, by the mid 1700s German Palatines were moving into the regions of Clinton. By the 1770s Quakers were moving up into Clinton from the southeast, Clinton participated in the Civil War with men enlisting in the 128th and 150th regiments. After the war ended, dairy farmers brought their milk by wagon to the creamery in the hamlet of Clinton Corners by the tracks of the Poughkeepsie and Eastern Railway. This rail line continued to the Grove Amusement Park at the southeast end of Upton Lake, after the Poughkeepsie and Eastern declined with the advent of the automobile, the park closed. During the last half of the 20th century, the town of Clinton has transformed from an agricultural to a residential center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 38.8 square miles, of which 38.1 square miles is land and 0.66 square miles. The Taconic State Parkway passes through the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,010 people,1,502 households, and 1,120 families residing in the town. The population density was 104.3 people per square mile, there were 1,734 housing units at an average density of 45.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 03% White,1. 60% African American,0. 35% Native American,1. 02% Asian,0. 22% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 75% of the population
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Hyde Park Railroad Station
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The Hyde Park Railroad Station is the former New York Central Railroad station located where Crum Elbow Creek flows into the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. A one-story wooden station was first established by the Central at the spot in 1851 by the Hudson River Railroad, connecting New York City and Albany. When passenger rail transport in the U. S. declined as air and auto established themselves as alternatives in mid-century, regular train service was suspended in 1953, after which it may have become a flag stop. It was listed by the Central as a station until 1958, eventually the Central sold the station building to the Town of Hyde Park, one of many assets it divested itself of as it tried to stay afloat. Local youths began fixing the station up for use as a teen center, by 1975 the abandoned building had fallen into disrepair and become heavily vandalized. It was one day away from demolition when the Hudson Valley Railroad Society took possession, the tracks, fenced off for safety reasons, remain in use by CSX and Amtraks Empire Service. Media related to Hyde Park Railroad Station at Wikimedia Commons Hudson Valley Railroad Societys Hyde Park Station homepage
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Frederick William Vanderbilt
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Frederick William Vanderbilt was a member of the American plutocratic Vanderbilt family. He was a director of the New York Central Railroad for 61 years, a son of William Henry Vanderbilt and Maria Louisa Kissam, Frederick Vanderbilt graduated in 1876 from Yale Universitys Sheffield Scientific School, to which he donated $500,000 in 1902. In 1878, he married Louise Holmes née Anthony the divorced wife of his first cousin, Alfred Torrance, Louise was the daughter of Charles Lee Anthony. Though they were unable to have children, they enjoyed a relationship with their nieces. Frederick Vanderbilt died on June 29,1938 and he built the nearby Howard Mansion and Carriage House for his nephew Thomas H. Howard in 1896. Vanderbilt was the owner of 10 East 40th Street in Manhattan and he commissioned a number of campus buildings at Yale University by architect Charles C. Anthony Hall. New York, Lloyds Register of Shipping
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
31.
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat, and activist. President Harry S. Truman later called her the First Lady of the World in tribute to her human rights achievements, Roosevelt was a member of the prominent American Roosevelt and Livingston families and a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. She had a childhood, having suffered the deaths of both parents and one of her brothers at a young age. At 15, she attended Allenwood Academy in London and was influenced by its feminist headmistress Marie Souvestre. Returning to the U. S. she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, though widely respected in her later years, Roosevelt was a controversial First Lady at the time for her outspokenness, particularly her stance on racial issues. On a few occasions, she disagreed with her husbands policies. She launched a community at Arthurdale, West Virginia, for the families of unemployed miners. She advocated for expanded roles for women in the workplace, the rights of African Americans and Asian Americans. Following her husbands death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years of her life and she pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, later she chaired the John F. Kennedy administrations Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. By the time of her death, Roosevelt was regarded as one of the most esteemed women in the world, in 1999, she was ranked ninth in the top ten of Gallups List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 at 56 West 37th Street in Manhattan, New York City, to socialites Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt, from an early age, she preferred to be called by her middle name, Eleanor. Through her father, she was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, through her mother, she was a niece of tennis champions Valentine Gill Vallie Hall III and Edward Ludlow Hall. Her mother nicknamed her Granny because she acted in such a manner as a child. Her mother was somewhat ashamed of Eleanors plainness. Eleanor had two brothers, Elliott Jr. and Gracie Hall Roosevelt, usually called Hall. She also had a brother, Elliott Roosevelt Mann, through her fathers affair with Katy Mann. Roosevelt was born into a world of wealth and privilege
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James Roosevelt I
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James Roosevelt I, known as Squire James, was an American businessman and horse breeder, and the father of American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt was born on July 16,1828 in Hyde Park, New York, He was the son of businessman Isaac Daniel Roosevelt, isaacs parents were businessman and politician Jacobus Roosevelt III and Catherine Welles. His maternal grandparents were John Aspinwall and Susan Howland, in 1847, James Roosevelt graduated from Union College in Schenectady, New York. Roosevelts business interests were primarily in coal and transportation and he was vice president of the Delaware and Hudson Railway and president of the Southern Railway Security Company. Before his marriage, Roosevelt was considered an eligible bachelor, tall, slender, in 1853, he married his second cousin, Rebecca Brien Howland. They had one son, James Roosevelt Rosey Roosevelt, who married Helen Schermerhorn Astor, four years after Rebeccas death, he met a sixth cousin named Sara Ann Delano at a party celebrating graduation of his distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. from Harvard University. James and Sara were married on October 7,1880, and became the parents of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, James reportedly was a good father to Franklin, but his recurring heart problems eventually made him an invalid. Franklin reacted by becoming fiercely protective of his father, James died twenty years after he married Sara and left the bulk of his estate to her, and a modest inheritance to Franklin. He is buried at the churchyard at St. James Episcopal Church in Hyde Park, Roosevelt is voiced by John Lithgow in The Roosevelts, a 2014 documentary series by Ken Burns. Biography portal Media related to James Roosevelt, Sr. at Wikimedia Commons
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United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
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Ulster County, New York
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Ulster County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 182,493, the county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. Ulster County comprises the Kingston, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley The area of present-day Ulster County was called Esopus by Dutch settlers, it was then part of the New Netherland Colony. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, purchased land at Esopus, in 1683, the Duke of York created twelve counties in his province. Ulster County was one of them and its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County, and portions of the present Delaware, Orange, and Greene Counties. In 1777, the capital of New York State was established at Kingston, in 1797, portions of Otsego and Ulster Counties were split off to create Delaware County. In 1798, the southernmost towns in Ulster County were moved into Orange County, in 1800, portions of Albany and Ulster Counties were split off to create Greene County. In 1809, Sullivan County was split off from Ulster County, during the American Civil War volunteers were recruited from the more affluent families of the County to form the 139th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,161 square miles. Ulster County is in the southeast part of New York State, south of Albany, much of the county is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. The highest point is Slide Mountain, at approximately 4,180 feet above sea level, the lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River. The population density was 158 people per square mile, there were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 per square mile. 7. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 2% were of Italian,16. 8% Irish,15. 5% German,6. 8% English, and 4. 7% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 90. 3% spoke English,4. 5% Spanish,1. 2% Italian, of all households,27. 90% were made up of individuals and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 23. 50% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,29. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.10 males
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Poughkeepsie (town), New York
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Poughkeepsie, officially the Town of Poughkeepsie, is a town in Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 43,341 and this later evolved into Apokeepsing, then into Poughkeepsing, and finally Poughkeepsie. The area includes a large IBM campus noted for its ongoing development, the town was first settled around 1780 and was part of the Schuyler Patent of 1788. The town of Poughkeepsie was established in 1788 as part of an organization of towns in the county. In 1854, part of the section of the town, already an independent village. At least two National Historic Landmarks are located in the town, the Vassar College Observatory and the Main Building of Vassar College, Vassar College, Dutchess Community College, and Marist College are located in the town of Poughkeepsie. Our Lady of Lourdes High School is a private, co-educational, Poughkeepsie Day School is an independent, co-educational, day school for students from pre-kindergarten through grade 12, located at another former IBM site on Boardman Road. Oakwood Friends School is a private, co-educational middle school and high school located near the end of State Route 113. Spackenkill High School is a public high school located on Spackenkill Road. Their school mascot is the Spackenkill Spartan, due to its proximity to the IBM plant nearby, many of the students are direct descendants of IBMers. There are several districts in the immediate area, such as Poughkeepsie city, the town itself has Arlingtons, Spackenkills. The first Arlington High School was in Poughkeepsie before being moved to the more rural Lagrangeville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.2 square miles, of which 28.5 square miles is land and 2.6 square miles. The Hudson River, which marks the boundary of Ulster County, the city of Poughkeepsie occupies the remainder of the towns western border. The town is bordered by Hyde Park to the north, Pleasant Valley to the northeast, LaGrange to the east, U. S. Route 9, U. S. Route 44 and State Route 55 pass through the town. The town of Poughkeepsie operates under a form of government. The Town Supervisor is the administrative officer of the town and village. The Deputy Supervisor monitors the towns fiscal condition and enforces its ordinances, the Town Supervisor is also involved in the discussion of all matters coming before council yet has no final vote
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Rhinebeck, New York
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Rhinebeck is a village in the town of Rhinebeck in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 2,657 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The village of Rhinebeck is the community in the town. The postal ZIP code is 12572, U. S. Route 9 passes through the village. European settlement in the Rhinebeck area dates to 1686, when a group of Dutch crossed the river from Kingston, later, Henry Beekman obtained a patent for the land and saw a need for development to begin. He brought into the area Casper Landsman, a miller, and William Traphagen, in 1703, the New York colonial assembly approved money for the construction of the Kings Highway, later known as the Albany Post Road and today most of Route 9. Three years later Traphagen bought a tract of land in Beekmans patent where the Kings Highway intersected the Sepasco Indian Trail and he built a house and tavern on the trail a short distance west of the Kings Highway. This was the beginning of Rhinebeck, the village grew with the new arrivals. New trades established themselves, and in 1733 the Reformed Dutch Church was built and its first building was on the site of its current one at Mill and South streets. In 1766 the beginnings of the current Beekman Inn were erected and it has remained in operation as a hotel ever since. In the mid-1770s, a soldier named Richard Montgomery moved from Knights Bridge into the Rhinebeck village with his new wife. He had just begun to settle into life as a farmer when the American Revolution began, after being elected to the New York Provincial Congress, he was commissioned a general in the Continental Army, and died at the end of 1775 in the Battle of Quebec. After independence, the continued to grow. The town of Rhinebeck, which contains the village, was organized in 1788, the current Dutch Reformed Church was built in 1802, making it the oldest church in the village. The current route of East Market Street was laid out the year during construction of the Ulster-Saulsbury Turnpike. George Washington visited in 1796, dining at Bogarduss, the second Traphagen Tavern, during the 1804 gubernatorial election, both Aaron Burr and Morgan Lewis used taverns in Rhinebeck as campaign headquarters. The village was incorporated in 1834, ten years later, Alexander Jackson built the Henry Delamater House at 44 Montgomery Street. It still stands today, one of the best examples of the use of the Gothic Revival style in American residential architecture
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Pleasant Valley (town), New York
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Pleasant Valley is a town in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 9,672 at the 2010 census, the town is centrally located in the county, northeast of the city of Poughkeepsie. U. S. Route 44 passes through the town, the town was part of the Great Nine Partners Patent of 1697, a land grant whose legality was considered highly questionable. Many believed that the Nine Partners were holding unfair rule over the region through the use of extortion, the town was formed in 1821 from part of the town of Clinton. Buried in Pleasant Valley Presbyterian Churchyard, a section of U. S. Route 44 goes through the town in a southwestern-northeastern direction. It intersects with the Taconic State Parkway, a north-south highway, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,066 people,3,467 households, and 2,485 families residing in the town. The population density was 275.4 people per square mile, there were 3,614 housing units at an average density of 109.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 46% White,1. 93% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 83% from other races, and 1. 00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 65% of the population,23. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,30. 6% from 25 to 44,26. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $54,578, and the median income for a family was $62,264. Males had an income of $47,647 versus $31,496 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,942, about 3. 9% of families and 5. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 6% of those under age 18 and 6. 2% of those age 65 or over. Bloomvale – A former mill hamlet north of Washington Hollow at Route 82, clark Heights – A location southwest of Pleasant Valley village on Route 44. Gretna – A location in the part of the town. Netherwood – A location southwest of Salt Point, Pleasant Valley – The hamlet and census-designated place of Pleasant Valley is in the southwest part of the town on Route 44
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