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History
Hydraulic mining
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Hydraulic mining is a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment. In the placer mining of gold or tin, the resulting water-sediment slurry is directed through sluice boxes to remove the gold. It is also used in mining kaolin and coal.
A miner using a hydraulic jet to mine for gold in California, from The Century Magazine January 1883
A miner using a hydraulic jet to mine for gold in California, from The Century Magazine January 1883
Gold miners excavate an eroded bluff with jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat, California sometime between 1857 and 1870.
Gold miners excavate an eroded bluff with jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat, California sometime between 1857 and 1870.
A man leans over a wooden sluice. Rocks line the outside of the wood boards that create the sluice.
A man leans over a wooden sluice. Rocks line the outside of the wood boards that create the sluice.
The Malakoff Diggins, California, showing the effects of hydraulic mining on a hillside over a century later. Much of the effects of the mining was be
The Malakoff Diggins, California, showing the effects of hydraulic mining on a hillside over a century later. Much of the effects of the mining was beyond the hills themselves, on the areas downstream of the water and sediment flow they produced.
Mining
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Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. The ore must be a rock or mineral that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
Mining of sulfur from a deposit at the edge of Ijen's crater lake, Indonesia.
Mining of sulfur from a deposit at the edge of Ijen's crater lake, Indonesia.
Malachite
Malachite
Agricola, author of De Re Metallica
Agricola, author of De Re Metallica
Gallery, 12th to 13th century, Germany
Gallery, 12th to 13th century, Germany