1.
Turin
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Turin is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region and was the first capital city of Italy. The city is located mainly on the bank of the Po River, in front of Susa Valley and surrounded by the western Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 892,649 while the population of the area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million, in 1997 a part of the historical center of Torino was inscribed in the World Heritage List under the name Residences of the Royal House of Savoy. Turin is well known for its Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neo-classical, many of Turins public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. This was after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy was moved to Turin from Chambery as part of the urban expansion, the city used to be a major European political center. Turin was Italys first capital city in 1861 and home to the House of Savoy, from 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of the unified Italy. Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the Risorgimento, such as Cavour. The city currently hosts some of Italys best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the University of Turin, founded in the 15th century, in addition, the city is home to museums such as the Museo Egizio and the Mole Antonelliana. Turins attractions make it one of the worlds top 250 tourist destinations, Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Milan and Rome, for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the worlds 78th richest city by purchasing power, as of 2010, the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city. Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry, the Taurini were an ancient Celto-Ligurian Alpine people, who occupied the upper valley of the Po River, in the center of modern Piedmont. In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal as he was allied with their long-standing enemies, the Taurini chief town was captured by Hannibals forces after a three-day siege. As a people they are mentioned in history. It is believed that a Roman colony was established in 27 BC under the name of Castra Taurinorum, both Livy and Strabo mention the Taurinis country as including one of the passes of the Alps, which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times. In the 1st century BC, the Romans created a military camp, the typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city, especially in the neighborhood known as the Quadrilatero Romano. Via Garibaldi traces the path of the Roman citys decumanus which began at the Porta Decumani. The Porta Palatina, on the side of the current city centre, is still preserved in a park near the Cathedral
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Entrepreneurship
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
4.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
5.
Fiat Tipo
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The Fiat Tipo. is a small family car, designed by the I. DE. A Institute design house, and produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat between 1988 and 1995. The Tipo was initially only as a five-door hatchback. The car was entirely out of galvanized body panels to avoid rust, and was built on a completely new Fiat platform, which was later used on Fiat, Alfa-Romeo. This type of design was comparable to the smaller Fiat Uno, for 1989, the Tipo won the European Car of the Year award and 1989 Semperit Irish Car of the Year in Ireland. The car has been popular in Brazil. It outsold the Volkswagen Gol, which had been the best-selling Brazilian car for over 20 years, only the Tipo, the Fiat Uno Mille, and Fiat Palio have also ever outsold the Gol. Launched in June 1988, initially base, DGT, S, SX, Tipo is Spanish for kind, and Italian for type. Power from 58 to 148 PS came from 1. 1-,1. 4-,1. 6-,1. 7-,1. 8-,1. 8- 16-v,2. 0-, and 2. 0-L 16-v petrol engines, as well as a 1. 7-L diesel,1. 9-L diesel, and 1. 9-L turbodiesel. The 1. 1-L base engine was regarded as underpowered for the car. This version was never sold in the United Kingdom, the top of the range was the 2.0 Sedicivalvole. This included the new S, SX, and SLX trim levels, the Tipo ceased production in the summer of 1995 and was replaced by the three-door Fiat Bravo and five-door Fiat Brava. The Tempra saloon and estate were replaced by the Marea, the Bravo and Brava were strong sellers throughout Europe, but the Marea was a disappointment in most markets. It was a strong seller in the United Kingdom, initially winning plaudits for its innovative and practical design. It was originally sold with only 1.4 and 1.6 petrol engines, the digital dashboard of higher end models proved to be controversial and unreliable. The car launched into a market in the United Kingdom. However, these three all had new Tipo sized products within three years, and increased competition reduced the Tipos sales. Its fortunes outside Italy also suffered in the early 1990s, as it was launched around the time as Frances Renault 19. The final two years had a significant increase in sales, but these were mostly of the low-priced 1.4 litre models, in Brazil, it only started to be produced in 1995, in a single trim level
6.
Lancia Dedra
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The Lancia Dedra is a compact executive car produced by the Italian automaker Lancia from 1989 to 2000. It was initially designed to support, and later to replace and it can be considered as the saloon version of the second generation Delta, that was launched four years later, in 1993. The task of the Dedra was demanding, it must gather the legacy of Prisma, which relaunched the Lancia brand in the field of executive cars. The design, by Ercole Spada of the I. DE. A Institute, inside the ability to obtain the perfect driving position was helped by the adjustable seats, steering wheel and electrically adjustable mirrors. Safety, both passive with a designed to minimize injury in an accident, and active, such as ABS. Also were designed on the same floorpan the Lancia Delta and the Fiat Coupe, in 1991 was launched the Dedra Integrale. It used the engine and transmission that the Delta Integrale 8v. The Dedra Integrale also uses the same permanent 4-wheel drive of the Delta Integrale, also includes the electronically controlled suspension available as option in the 2.0 and upper versions. However, the Dedra was not a success outside Italy. A major facelift in 1993 did little to boost the sales success. The car, after 1993 also sold as a station wagon, a total of 418,084 Dedras were manufactured during its commercial life. January 89, Production begun April 89, Official launch, may 91, Launch of Integrale and 2.0 L turbocharger versions. May 92, Launch of automatic version, january 93, Enhancement of security equipment. July 94, Launch of second version, with new engines, station wagon version, february 96,2.0 L engine was replaced by 1.8 L16 V. January 97, New 2.0 L16 V Integrale version, july 97, New 1.8 L113 PS engine. December 97, Launch of third version, with new engines, new frontal, new door, the first was in 1992, to adapt the engine, resizing the features and introducing the HF Integrale 180 HP version. The second was between 1994 and 1998, with the introduction of the DOHC 16V engine and this car, thanks to the 180 HP engine, reached a speed limit of 230 km/h, with 13 L/100 km. The Dedra HF Integrale, and Turbo, could have a rear wing spoiler to give a better aerodynamic at high speeds
7.
Fiat Tempra
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The Fiat Tempra is a small family car produced by the Italian automaker Fiat from 1990 to 1996. The Tempra was intended as a replacement for the Fiat Regata, the original project was called Tipo 3, being a mid-size car between the Fiat Tipo and the bigger Fiat Croma. The Tempra shares its Type Three platform with the Lancia Dedra, the Tempra was named the 1991 Semperit Irish Car of the Year in Ireland. The Tempra saloon was introduced in February 1990 at the Geneva Salon, the initial engine range comprised 1.4,1.6 and 1.8 petrol units and normally aspirated and turbocharged 1. 9-litre diesel units. The car began to be produced in Brazil for Latin American markets after being introduced in Aruba, first seen in September 1992, a two-door coupé version of it was produced exclusively for the Brazilian market. It was built until 1995 and a petrol version was also available there. The Tempras engine range was similar to that of the Tipo, initially 1. 4- and 1. 6-litre models had carburettor engines. Both of these models were discontinued in 1992 due to the new European emission standards and thus all models from 1992 on had catalytic converters and this, called the Selecta, was available only with the 1. 6-litre engine with either bodystyle. As of July 1991, the 2. 0-litre SX model became available with an optional four-speed automatic transmission, presented in Geneva 1992, there was a version of the station wagon which offered the 2-litre engine combined with permanent four-wheel drive. The four-wheel drive version had a front bias. Chassis and main parts were shared with the Fiat Tipo, other vehicles, derived from the same project were Lancia Dedra, Lancia Delta second generation, Alfa Romeo 155, Alfa 145 and Alfa 146. The engine delivered around 163hp and 26,5 kgf. m, Car Magazine tests registered 0 to 100 km/h in 8,2 seconds and 213 km/h of top speed by the Tempra Turbo 2-door 1994. As remark, the Tempra Turbo 1994 was the turbocharged car to be produced in Brazil. The first one was the Uno Turbo, also in 1994, only two trim levels were available in its early years, standard and SX, both reasonably equipped considering the Tempras low price. They were also available with optional extras like anti-lock brakes, alloy wheels, sunroof, electronic climate control, an optional drivers airbag was another innovation that year. The four-wheel drive Station Wagons continued to be available in markets such as Switzerland. In Turkey, where Tofaş built the car, there were also SX A, the 1,000, 000th Tofaş built was a Tempra 2.0 i. e. 16V. The Turkish 16-valve Tempra was not sold in the rest of Europe, there was also the domestic market Marengo, a name also used before with the Regata Weekend and later again with the Marea Wagon
8.
Alfa Romeo 155
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The Alfa Romeo 155 is a compact executive car produced by the Italian manufacturer Alfa Romeo between 1992 and 1998. It was released in January 1992 in Barcelona and the first public launch was in March 1992 at the Geneva Motor Show and it was built in 192,618 units. Built to replace the 75 and based on the parent Fiat Groups Type Three platform, the 155 was designed by Italian design house I. DE. A Institute. An exceptional drag coefficient of 0.29 was achieved with the body design, the design of the 155 allowed also big boot space,525 litres. The single most significant technical change from the 75 was the change to a front-wheel drive layout and this new configuration gave cost and packaging benefits but many Alfa die-hards and the automotive press lamented the passing of the purer rear-wheel drive layout on a car from this sporting marque. The new model came in Sport and Super guises, the Sport had a slightly lowered ride height and more aggressive dampers while the Super had the option of wooden trim and electronically controlled dampers and seat controls. Reception of the new model was generally lukewarm, there were several Sport Packs available, including a race-inspired body kit and black or graphite-coloured 16-inch Speedline wheels. The more genteel could opt for the Super which came with wood inserts in the cabin, the 155 was never produced as a Sportwagon but Sbarro made a proposal for such a vehicle in 1994.0 16v engine. The 1.7 L was not sold in the United Kingdom, two four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engines, Fiat derived 1.9 L and VM Motori 2.5 L were available in some markets, but again not the UK. The Q4 also incorporated three differential gears, both the 2.5 V6 and Q4 models were also available with electronically adjustable suspension with two damper settings. The Silverstone was a lighter but no more powerful version of the 1.8 L, even though the race car it was homologating had a 2.0 L engine. This anomaly came about because the 1.8 L engine block, with its narrower bore, allowed Alfa to use a stroke on the racing car. The Silverstone was only available in either Alfa red or Black paintwork with plain, in 1995, the 155 was given an extensive revamp resulting in wider front and rear tracks with subtle enlargement to the wheel arches to accommodate the changes underneath. The revised car also received a quicker steering rack, with 2.2 turns lock to lock, the 4-cylinder cars retained the twin spark ignition system but received Alfa-designed 16-valve cylinder heads with belt-driven camshafts based on engine blocks of Fiat design. They replaced the elderly but indestructible all-Alfa 8-valve, chain-driven camshaft motors of the earlier models, the 2.5 L v6 continued in wide body form while the Q4 was discontinued. In Europe the 1.7 L Twin Spark was replaced by a 1.6 L 16-valve Twin Spark, some 8-valve engines continued in a wide body car in some markets. The wide-bodied cars also received revised interiors and equipment specifications to keep the cars competitive in the showroom, the wide body 155s can be distinguished from their earlier counterparts by their flared front and smooth rear wheel arches. They also sported round or oblong indicator side-repeaters and had their model badges moved to below the rear rather than having them above
9.
Lancia Delta
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The Lancia Delta is a small family car produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Lancia in three generations. The first generation produced between 1979 and 1994, the generation from 1993 to 1999, and the third generation from 2008 to 2014. The Delta was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1979, the Delta dominated the World Rally Championship during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The homologation requirements of Group A regulations meant marketing road-going versions of these competition cars — the Lancia Delta HF 4WD, a total of 44,296 Integrales were produced. The first Delta was a hatchback, designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro. Between 1980 and 1982, it was sold in Sweden by Saab Automobile. The Delta was voted the 1980 European Car of the Year, a special Delta HF Integrale version was a four-wheel drive hot hatch with a turbocharged petrol engine. Design was by Giorgetto Giugiaros Italdesign and its platform put together MacPherson suspension developed for the Beta with four-cylinder, SOHC engines derived from the Fiat Ritmo. The Fiat engines were revised by Lancia engineers with a Weber twin-choke carburettor and its three-piece body-coloured bumpers made from polyester resin sheet moulding compound were claimed by Lancia to be a first in the industry. The heating and ventilation were developed with help from Saab, experts in the field, sales started in October 1979,43,000 were sold in 1980, and by the end of 1981 production had exceeded 100,000. At the beginning of 1982 as a transmission option was added. Two months after the level was extended to the 1. 3-litre engine too. November 1982 brought the first facelift for the Delta, other changes included the deletion of the anodised fascia between the rear tail lights and a 40 kg weight reduction on all models. Inside there were new seats and, on the range topping models, concurrently the Delta GT1600 was launched, the cars first sporting variant. It was powered by a 1585 cc,105 PS twin-cam engine with Marelli Digiplex ignition, lower profile tyres, retuned suspensions, standard equipment was the richest available and some optionals like air conditioning were exclusive to the GT, the cabin was upholstered in Zegna cloth. Outside details like a GT badge on the side of the grille, matte black door handles. As the 5-speed 1500, 4-speed 1300 and LX versions were dropped — the latter only to be reintroduced in April 1984 on the 1300 LX, on 9 March 1984 the 200, 000th Delta left the Chivasso factory. The first performance Delta was the Delta HF, which was introduced in July 1983, the HF acronym—last used on the Stratos—stood for High Fidelity, and had been used on performance version of Lancia cars since 1966
10.
Nissan Terrano II
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The Nissan Terrano II is a midsize SUV manufactured by the Japanese automaker Nissan from 1993 to 2006. Nissans internal designation for this model was R20 and it was exported to Japan, where it was called the Mistral, and exclusive to Japanese Nissan dealership network called Nissan Satio Store. The R20 was based on the WD21 Nissan Terrano platform, for the British market chiefly, a panel van version of the three-door was also made. The vehicles body, tall compared to most competitors and providing for high clearance, was designed by the Italian I. DE. A Institute. Production of the R20 started in Spain in February 1993 and the Terrano II went on sale in Europe in May that year, the Mistral was launched in Japan in June 1994, at first available in the five-door version only - the three-door Mistral joined in 1995. In 1996, the car was facelifted, gaining round headlights, in Australia, the Terrano II arrived late to the market, going on sale in April 1997. It was available only with a transmission, the lack of an automatic option limited its sales potential in that market. In 2002, yet another facelift took place, giving the model the steering wheel from the Nissan Primera P12, presented in March, at the 72nd Geneva Motor Show, the model was hence marketed as simply Nissan Terrano in Europe, the previous Terrano being marketed as Pathfinder. The R20 was sold in Europe until 2006, when production in Spain ceased and it was replaced indirectly by three different models, the Nissan X-Trail, which had been sold alongside it since 2001, the Nissan Pathfinder and the United Kingdom–built Qashqai. While the Terrano II had two or five doors and a platform, the Qashqai has 5 doors and a unibody platform. In the Mistral/Terrano, the 3.0 TDi engine provides more power
11.
Lancia Kappa
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The Lancia Kappa is an executive car produced by Italian automaker Lancia. It replaced the Thema as Lancias flagship model in 1994 and was replaced by Lancia Thesis in 2001. It shared its platform with the Alfa Romeo 166 and was available as a saloon, the Kappa was only available in left-hand drive, as Lancia pulled out of right-hand drive markets after the demise of the Thema. Kappa is the letter of the Greek alphabet. Greek letters have frequently used to denote Lancia models. Back in 1919, Lancia had already produced a Kappa, in writing, Lancia often referred to the Kappa simply as the k, which is fairly similar to the original Greek letter κ. The Kappa was not particularly popular, with only 117,216 made in total, italy remained Kappas most important market, absorbing the bulk of sales. It is also worth noting that in Poland, where Fiat Auto is the biggest domestic car manufacturer and this boosted the Kappas profile in that country and gave it a peculiar cachet, which is why the Kappa enjoys a solid enthusiast base there. Autocars Peter Robinson reviewed the Kappa in November 1994 and he commented on the cars bland styling which was justified by Fiats Paolo Cantarella on the basis that the designers did not want to create too much visual noise. The body was reported as having twice the torsional rigidity of the outgoing Thema and it was 15 percent stiffer than any of its rivals. The automatic Aisin-Warner gearbox was shared with the Volvo 850, rear cabin room was described as immense but the cushion was criticised for being too flat, a fault rectified in later iterations of the car. Robinson criticised the horrid mock wood with which Lancia frames the prominent central console that runs from the handbrake, up the length of the dash. About the driving characteristics, Robinson wrote, If Lancia quietened the starter motor, the 2.4 litre engine tested appeared to have been tuned for low-end torque, a characteristic of this Alpine brand. The engine was praised by Robinson for its smooth responsiveness and torque steer has been eliminated. and the Servotronic steering is terrific, with just the right degree of self-centering. His summary of ride and handling was that car was better than average but not class-leading, On the Lancia there is too much body roll,1996 - An estate car joins the lineup. The naturally aspirated 2. 0-litre gasoline engine is fitted with a variable geometry inlet manifold, inside the cabin, the seats are replaced by a new design, including new upholstery patterns. 1997 - The coupé is launched, while at the time, some changes are made to the interior, trunk, suspension and engine bay. 1998 - The 2.0 L turbocharged four-cylinder engine gets replaced by the five-cylinder, the bumper guards, previously black, are changed to body-coloured, and the base trim level, LE, is dropped, leaving only the more lavish LS and LX
12.
Daihatsu Move
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The Daihatsu Move is a kei car, produced by Japanese automaker Daihatsu since August 1995. The Move is designed to be as tall as compact cars like the Suzuki Wagon R. Daihatsu successfully sold 500,000 Moves during its first three years of production, the Move is built upon the chassis of the Daihatsu Cuore but with a taller body. The first generation Daihatsu Move was sold with a 659 cc straight-three engine in Japan, the JDM version was called the L600, or L610 when equipped with four-wheel drive, while the export model was called the L601. Later, a called the Move Custom appeared. This had bigger headlights and a more traditional front-end treatment, combined with a more aggressive overall look, the Move Custom line has continued to be available throughout the new generations of the Move. There was also a version, also of 659 cc. Available from the time of introduction, this was fitted with the DOHC 16-valve turbocharged JB-JL engine and this version has the L602 chassis code. The second generation Move used the chassis as the first generation. In 2002, the third generation Daihatsu Move was introduced, in October 2006, the fourth generation Move was introduced. A KF-VE-type non-turbo engine and a variable transmission were available on this model, providing superior acceleration performance. This latest Move is also one of the few kei cars available with optional side curtain airbags, the fifth generation was introduced in late 2010 as 2011 models. A minor design refresh from the generation, and a new option to have a crash-avoidance system. In addition to the 660 cc engine, the Move has been supplied with 850 cc and 1,000 cc engine for export markets, the sixth-generation Move was launched in Japan on December 12,2014. Fuel economy is now up to 31.0 km/L while turbocharged models can get up to 27.4 km/L, in Malaysia, Perodua manufactures a version of the Move called the Kenari. In China, the FAW Tianjin joint venture between First Automobile Works and Toyota produces a petrol and electrical version of the Move, the electric version is exported to the US as the Miles ZX40. The first two generation Moves were also exported to Europe, where they went by the JDM name. Due to poor sales, Daihatsu did not export the third or fourth generation Moves to Europe, turning circle,5.0 m Tires, 145/65 R13 Top speed,140 km/h /131 km/h Both 2WD and 4WD version are available. Overall length,3,395 Overall width,1,475 Overall height,1,630 Wheelbase,2,390 Wheelbase,2,490 Variations on this include the Grand Move, Move Latte
