1.
Steve Lambke
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Steve Lambke is a Canadian singer-songwriter. He is a vocalist and guitarist for the rock band Constantines. Lambke grew up in Cambridge, Ontario where he played with fellow Constantine Dallas Wehrle in a band called Captain Co-Pilot in the late 1990s and he moved to Guelph in 1997 to attend school at the University of Guelph and earned a Bachelor of Science in physics. Lambke and Wehrle joined two former members of Shoulder in 1999 to form the Constantines, Lambke released his first solo album, Baby Eagle, in 2006 on Outside Music. The album was recorded in Winnipeg, MB, and includes contributions from John K. Samson, a second album, No Blues, was recorded in Sackville, NB, with contributions from Julie Doiron and Shotgun & Jaybird, and was released in 2007 on Outside Music. The album, Dog Weather was released in 2010 on Lambkes own Youve Changed Records, the album includes collaborations with Daniel Romano of Attack in Black, Shotgun Jimmie as well as David Trenaman and Colleen Collins of Construction & Destruction. The album Bone Soldiers was released by Youve Changed Records on March 6,2012, the album is credited to Baby Eagle and the Proud Mothers, and has a noisier, more punk-influenced sound than previous recordings. The Proud Mothers are Lambkes fellow Constantine Will Kidman, Ian Kehoe, Spencer Burton, Lambke currently lives in Toronto, Ontario, where he continues to write, record and perform. He co-owns and operates Youve Changed Records along with Daniel Romano and he was a nominee for the 2013 SOCAN Songwriting Prize for Mule in the Flowers, a song he cowrote with Tamara Lindeman of The Weather Station. Baby Eagle No Blues Dog Weather Bone Soldiers Days of Heaven Constantines official website http, //youvechangedrecords. com
2.
Semi-automatic pistol
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One cartridge is fired each time the trigger of a semi-automatic pistol is pulled, the pistols disconnector ensures this behavior. Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are automatic pistol, self-loading pistol, autopistol, a semi-automatic pistol harnesses the energy of one shot to reload the chamber for the next. After a round is fired, the spent casing is ejected, most pistols use recoil operation to do this, but some pistols use blowback or gas operation. Most types of semi-automatic pistols rely on a magazine to store ammunition before it is fired. Typically, the first round is loaded into the chamber by pulling back. This is called racking the slide or racking the gun, after the trigger is pulled and the round is fired, the recoil operation of the handgun automatically extracts and ejects the shell casing and reloads the chamber. This mode of operation allows for faster reloading and storing a larger number of cartridges than a revolver. Each pull of the trigger on a DAO semi-automatic pistol requires the amount of pressure. The Kel-Tec P-32 is an example of a DAO action, DAO semi-automatic pistols are most generally recommended only in the smaller, self-defense, concealable pistols, rather than in target or hunting pistols. A notable exception is Glock-brand pistols which optimize preset triggers, and this allows for significantly shorter trigger pulls than DAO. The trigger spring can be replaced with a one and paired with a low-strength sear connector resulting in lightened trigger pulls to improve a shooters accuracy. Standard modern semi-automatic pistols are double action, also sometimes known as double-action/single-action. In this design, the hammer or striker may be either thumb-cocked or activated by pulling the trigger when firing the first shot, the hammer or striker is recocked automatically during each firing cycle. In double-action pistols, the first pull of the trigger requires roughly twice as much pressure as subsequent firings, the Beretta 92F/FS, a full-sized, service, semi-automatic pistol is an example of this style of action. A common mode of carry for DA semi-automatic pistols is with the full, a round chambered. In contrast, a single-action semi-automatic pistol must be cocked by first operating the slide or bolt, or, if a round is already chambered, the famed Colt M1911 is an example of this style of action. All SA semi-automatic pistols exhibit this feature, and automatically cock the hammer when the slide is first racked to chamber a round, a round can also be manually inserted in the chamber with the slide locked back. Then the safety can be applied, the normal mode of carrying an SA semi-automatic pistol is condition 1, popularly known as cocked and locked
3.
Israel Weapon Industries
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Israel Weapon Industries, formerly the Magen division of the Israel Military Industries Ltd. is an Israeli firearms manufacturer. Formerly owned by the State of Israel, in 2005, the Small Arms Division of IMI was privatized and renamed IWI, IWI is one of the worlds most famous and bestselling military arms manufacturers. The Magen division rose to prominence in the 1950s, as the creator of the Uzi, of which over 10 million would be produced. Subsequent well known military exports have included the Negev light machine gun, Galil assault rifle, Tavor assault rifle, IWI develops and manufactures guns used by armies and law enforcement agencies around the world. IWIs weapon systems include the Uzi submachine gun, Jericho and Barak handguns, the Galil is a compact assault rifle. The Negev is IWIs main light machine gun, the Jericho 941 is a semi-automatic pistol. The Tavor is an assault rifle. In the 1980s an American firearms designer, Magnum Research, contracted IWI to re-design and manufacture a Magnum caliber, the result was the Desert Eagle. In 2014, IWI launched the IWI DAN.338 sniper rifle, the rifle is designed for light weight and compact carry. The chassis is made of alloy, the heavy fluted free floating barrel is 737 mm long. The new rifle weighs 6.9 Kg without magazine, ammo, telescope, the IWI DAN is a bolt action sniper rifle chambered in the 0.338 Lapua Magnum, with effective range of 1200 meters and sub-MOA accuracy. In 2014, IWIs DAN.338 sniper rifle was selected as the new sniper rifle of the British Armys SAS special forces unit, the DAN sniper rifle has been used by the SAS to kill ISIS commanders in Syria and Iraq. IWI collaborates with the Metropolitan College of New York in New York City, all students attend an intensive seminar in Israel covering Homeland Security and Anti-Terrorism topics with top security and military experts. Military equipment of Israel List of modern armament manufacturers Science and technology in Israel Economy of Israel Official website
4.
Magnum Research
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Magnum Research Inc. is an American privately held corporation based in Fridley, Minnesota which manufactures and distributes firearms. The majority owners, Jim Skildum and John Risdall, have been with the company since its founding in 1979, in June 2010, Kahr Arms, an American-based producer of compact pistols, announced its purchase of the Minnesota-based firearms manufacturer. MRI was responsible for the design and development of the Desert Eagle pistol, for some time the pistols were also manufactured by Israel Military Industries until 1995, when MRI shifted the manufacturing contract and license to Saco Defense in Saco, Maine. In 2000 MRI shifted manufacturing back to IMI, which later reorganized under the name Israel Weapon Industries, since 2009 the Desert Eagle Pistol has been exclusively produced in the USA only, at MRI’s Pillager, Minnesota facility. Magnum Research imported the IMI/IWI Jericho 941 series of pistols under the Baby Eagle name until the end of 2008, currently, the Baby Eagle name is used on a new series of striker-fired polymer-framed pistols. For a time they also imported the Barak SP-21 pistol, other products include the BFR series of single-action magnum revolvers, the Mountain Eagle rifle, Magnum Lite rifle, and Micro Desert Eagle. MRI offers custom gunsmithing services and has a line of guns that are coated with titanium nitride in artful patterns and designs
5.
Kahr Arms
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Kahr Arms is an American small arms manufacturer founded by Kook Jin Justin Moon, who currently serves as CEO and President. It is currently under the Kahr Firearms Group, a USA based firearms manufacturer, the company specializes in compact and mid-size semi-automatic pistols chambered for popular cartridges, including.380 ACP, 9mm Luger.40 S&W and.45 ACP. Kahr pistols feature polymer or stainless steel frames, single-stack magazines, the Kahr Firearms Group Company headquarters is in Greeley, Pennsylvania and the Kahr manufacturing facility is located in Worcester, Massachusetts. From the age of 14, Justin Moon enjoyed shooting guns, at age 18, Moon got a license to carry a handgun, co-signed by one of his older brothers, but he was not satisfied with the small calibers available in compact handguns. I had been licensed to carry in New York State since I was 18 and had looked for an ultra-compact 9mm pistol, to my chagrin, I could not find a pistol with the quality of construction and features in design which I felt were appropriate for a carry gun. Therefore, I decided to design an ultra-compact 9-mm, by his junior year of college, he decided to design one himself. Now Kahr manufactures Auto-Ordnances line of weapons, including a long-barreled rifle version of the famous Tommy Gun. Kahr offers its line of pistols at a time of significant liberalization of concealed weapons laws in many U. S. states. Since the 1990s, many states have passed laws, as promoted by the American National Rifle Association. In 1994 the U. S. government banned manufacture and importation of magazines with more than a 10-round capacity. These were the so-called high-capacity magazines, which became legal to manufacture and import in most states in September 2004. This change in federal law rendered many staggered-magazine pistol models less popular in the American market and they were now overly large in light of their newly mandated 10-shot limit. Kahr was at the forefront, offering small, well-made pistols with magazine capacities of up to eight rounds of 9mm or. 40-caliber ammunition. These single-stack magazines allow for slender, compact pistols that have proven popular with the buying public, since late 2003 or very early in 2004, Kahr has changed from offering a Limited Lifetime Warranty on their pistols to one of only five years duration. In 2003 the New York Daily News reported that the Kahr K9 was popular as a weapon with New York City police officers. In June 2010, Kahr bought Magnum Research, which markets the Desert Eagle, on July 1,2013 the Kahr Arms company announced that it was leaving New York state because of the Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act. Kahr has purchased 620 acres in Pike County, Pennsylvania, during the Shot Show in January 2015, the Kahr Arms company changed its name to the Kahr Firearms Group. Kahr Arms is currently under the Kahr Firearms Group as a firearms manufacturer, alongside Magnum Research
6.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
7.
.40 S&W
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The.40 S&W is a rimless pistol cartridge developed jointly by major American firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. It uses 0. 40-inch diameter bullets ranging in weight from 105 to 200 grains, the semi-automatic pistol offered two advantages over the revolver, 1) increased ammunition capacity and 2) increased ease of reloading during a firefight. The FBI was satisfied with the performance of its.38 Special +P158 gr L. S. W. C. H. P, cartridge based on decades of dependable performance. Ammunition for the new semi-automatic pistol had to deliver terminal performance equal or superior to the.38 Special FBI Load, during tests of the 9×19mm and. During this collaboration with the FBI, S&W realized that downsizing the 10mm full power to meet the FBI medium velocity specification meant less powder, S&W then teamed with Winchester to produce a new cartridge, the.40 S&W. It uses a small pistol primer whereas the 10mm cartridge uses a large pistol primer, the.40 S&W cartridge debuted January 17,1990, along with the new Smith & Wesson Model 4006 pistol, although it was several months before the pistols were available for purchase. Beat Smith & Wesson to the shelves in 1990, with pistols chambered in.40 S&W which were announced a week before the 4006. Glocks rapid introduction was aided by its engineering of a pistol chambered in 10mm Auto, since the.40 S&W uses the same bore diameter and case head as the 10mm Auto, it was merely a matter of adapting the 10mm design to the shorter 9×19mm Parabellum frames. The new guns and ammunition were an immediate success, the.40 S&W case length and overall cartridge length are shortened, but other dimensions except case web and wall thickness remain identical to the 10mm Auto. Both cartridges headspace on the mouth of the case, thus in a semi-auto they are not interchangeable. Fired from a 10mm semi-auto, the.40 Smith & Wesson cartridge will headspace on the extractor, if the cartridge is not held by the extractor, the chances for a ruptured primer are great. Smith & Wesson does make a double-action revolver that can fire either at will using moon clips, a single-action revolver in the. 38–40 chambering can also be modified to fire the.40 or the 10mm if it has an extra cylinder. Some.40 caliber handguns can be converted to 9mm with a purpose made barrel, magazine change. The.40 S&W has 1.25 ml cartridge case capacity. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 millimetres,6 grooves, ∅ lands =9.91, mm, ∅ grooves =10.17 mm, land width =3.05 mm and the primer type is small pistol. Guidelines, the.40 S&W case can handle up to 225 megapascals piezo pressure, in C. I. P. -regulated countries every pistol/cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.40 S&W is set at 241.32 megapascals piezo pressure, the.40 S&W cartridge has been popular with law enforcement agencies in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Marshall & Sanow contend that with good jacketed hollow point bullets, apart from the imperfect relationship between ordnance gelatin ballistics and actual stopping power, critics pointed to the reduced power of the round compared with the 10mm Auto it was based on
8.
.41 Action Express
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The.41 Action Express is a pistol cartridge developed in 1986 to reproduce the performance of the.41 Magnum police load in semi-automatic pistols. The.41 Action Express was designed by Evan Whildin, vice president of Action Arms and it was based on the.41 Magnum case, cut down to fit in a 9mmP frame, and using a rebated rim. Performance was compared to the ballistics of the 41 Magnum police load, the.41 AE was thought to be a very attractive concept, as the rebated rim allows a simple change of barrel, mainspring, and magazine to convert many 9mm guns to 41 AE. The powerful 10mm Auto cartridge, which had been suffering from poor acceptance from its start in the early 1980s, was accepted by the FBI in a reduced power. Because most ammunition manufacturers backed the.40 S&W, there was use for the very similar.41 AE. The.41 AE was doomed by circumstance to obscurity, the.50 Action Express, developed by Magnum Research for the Desert Eagle pistol, uses a similar rebated rim that is the same diameter as the.44 Magnum. This allows a change with replacement of just the barrel. The.41 AE can be similar to the.40 S&W. Original IMI factory cartridges are much higher powered, pushing a 170 gr bullet at 1215 ft/s, the.41 AE uses 0. 410-inch bullets, whereas the.40 S&W uses 0. 400-inch bullets. However, as it lacks the backing of ammunition manufacturers in making.410 caliber bullets suited to semiautomatic pistols, there have been several firearms chambered for this cartridge, most notably the Israeli Uzi and the Jericho 941. The potential for success for the 41 AE was sound, and for this reason, additionally, aftermarket conversion kits were available as well. It offered a larger case capacity than the standard 9 mm case. This move anticipated the development of the.357 SIG from the.40 S&W in 1994. Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Taffin Tests the.41 Action Express Description of the.41 AE Description of the 9 mm AE
9.
.45 ACP
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The.45 ACP, or.45 Auto is a handgun cartridge designed by John Browning in 1905, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials it was adopted along with the Browning.45 Colt handgun as the.45 M1911 cartridge, the handgun was designated M1911 handgun. The U. S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s, the.45 Colt Single Action Army had largely been replaced, even by some double-action versions of the same caliber. The Army had fielded some double-action revolvers in.38 Long Colt and they determined the.38 caliber round was significantly less effective than the.45 Colt against determined opponents such as the Moro juramentado warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion. This experience, and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and they noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new.45 ACP cartridge. The resulting. 45-caliber cartridge, named the.45 ACP, was similar in performance to the.45 Schofield cartridge, by 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Brownings design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut, DWM, which submitted two Parabellum P08s chambered in.45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons. In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the testing with no failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911, the cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U. S. military purposes. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked F A811, the cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. Thompson insisted on a real man stopper pistol, following the showing of the Armys.38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine–American War. The.45 ACP has 1.62 ml cartridge case capacity.45 ACP maximum C. I. P. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =11.23 mm, Ø grooves =11.43 mm, land width =3.73 mm and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference, according to Commission Internationale Permanente pour lEpreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives rulings, the.45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to 131.000 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers and this means that.45 ACP chambered arms in C. I. P. Regulated countries are proof tested at 170.30 MPa PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP is set at 21,000 psi piezo pressure, while the SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP +P is set at 23,000 psi, piezo pressure
10.
Action (firearms)
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In firearms terminology, an action is the mechanism that handles the ammunition or the method by which that mechanism works. Breech-loading weapons have actions, actions are not present on muzzleloaders. The mechanism that fires a muzzle-loader is called the lock, actions can be categorized in several ways, including single action versus double action, break action versus bolt action, and others. The term action can also short, long, and magnum if it is in reference to the length of the rifle’s receiver. The short action rifle usually can accommodate a cartridge length of 2.8 in or smaller, the long action rifle can accommodate a cartridge of 3.34 in, and the magnum action rifle can accommodate cartridges of 3.6 in, or longer in length. Manual operation is a term describing any type of firearm action that is loaded one shot at a time by the user rather than automatically. For example, break action is a form of operation using a simple hinge mechanism that is manually unlatched by the operator. These are actions wherein the breechblock lowers or drops into the receiver to open the breech, there are two principal types of dropping block, the tilting block and the falling block. In a tilting or pivoting block action, the breechblock is hinged on a pin mounted at the rear, when the lever is operated, the block tilts down and forward, exposing the chamber. The best-known pivoting block designs are the Peabody, the Peabody–Martini, the original Peabody rifles, manufactured by the Providence Tool Company, used a manually cocked side-hammer. The 1871 Martini–Henry which replaced the trapdoor Snider–Enfield was the standard British Army rifle of the later Victorian era, charles H. Ballards self-cocking tilting-block action was produced by the Marlin Firearms Company from 1875, and earned a superlative reputation among long-range Creedmoor target shooters. Surviving Marlin Ballards are today highly prized by collectors, especially those mounted in the elaborate Swiss-style Schützen stocks of the day. A falling-block action is a firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon. Examples of firearms using the falling block action are the Sharps rifle, in a rolling block action the breechblock takes the form of a part-cylinder, with a pivot pin through its axis. The operator rotates or rolls the block to open and close the breech, it is a simple, rugged, a break action is a type of firearm where the barrel are hinged and can be broken open to expose the breech. The earliest metallic-cartridge breechloaders designed for military issue began as conversions of muzzle-loading rifle-muskets. The upper rear portion of the barrel was filed or milled away, an internal angled firing pin allowed the re-use of the rifles existing side-hammer. The Allin action made by Springfield Arsenal in the US hinged forward, france countered in 1866 with its superior Chassepot rifle, also a paper-cartridge bolt action
11.
Recoil operation
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Recoil operation is an operating mechanism used to implement locked-breech, autoloading firearms. Recoil operated firearms use the energy of recoil to cycle the action, the same forces that cause the ejecta of a firearm to move down the barrel also cause all or a portion of the firearm to move in the opposite direction. The moving and the masses are coupled by a spring that absorbs the recoil energy as it is compressed by the movement. Since there is a minimum required to operate a recoil-operated firearms action. Therefore, recoil-operated firearms work best with a cartridge that yields an approximately equal to that for which the mechanism was optimized. For example, the M1911 design with factory springs is optimized for a 230-grain bullet at factory velocity, changes in caliber or drastic changes in bullet weight and/or velocity require modifications to spring weight or slide mass to compensate. Recoil-operated designs are categorized by how the parts move under recoil. Long recoil operation is primarily in shotguns, particularly ones based on John Brownings Auto-5 action. In a long recoil action the barrel and bolt remain locked together during recoil, following this rearward movement, the bolt locks to the rear and the barrel is forced forward by its spring. The bolt is held in position until the barrel returns completely forward during which time the spent cartridge has been extracted and ejected, the bolt is released and forced closed by its recoil spring, chambering a fresh round. The long recoil system was invented in the late 19th century, bolt is locked to barrel, both are fully forward. Recoil of firing forces bolt and barrel fully to the rear, bolt is held to rear, while barrel unlocks and returns to battery under spring force. Bolt returns under spring force, loads new round, barrel locks in place as it returns to battery. The short recoil action dominates the world of centerfire semi-automatic pistols, short recoil operation differs from long recoil operation in that the barrel and bolt recoil together only a short distance before they unlock and separate. The barrel stops quickly, and the bolt continues rearward, compressing the spring and performing the automated extraction. During the last portion of its travel, the bolt locks into the barrel. The method of locking and unlocking the barrel differentiates the wide array of short recoil designs. Most common are the John Browning tilting barrel designs based on either the swinging link and locking lugs as used in the M1911 pistol or the linkless cam design used in the Hi Power and CZ75
12.
Magazine (firearms)
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A magazine is an ammunition storage and feeding device within or attached to a repeating firearm. Magazines can be removable or integral to the firearm, the magazine functions by moving the cartridges stored in the magazine into a position where they may be loaded into the chamber by the action of the firearm. The detachable magazine is often referred to as a clip, although this is technically inaccurate, magazines come in many shapes and sizes, from those of bolt-action express rifles that hold only a few rounds to drum magazines for self-loading rifles that can hold one hundred rounds or more. Various jurisdictions ban what they define as high-capacity magazines, with the increased use of semi-automatic and automatic firearms, the detachable box magazine became increasingly common. Soon after the adoption of the M1911 pistol, the magazine was settled on by the military and firearms experts. The defining difference between clips and magazines is the presence of a mechanism in a magazine, typically a spring-loaded follower. Use of the clip to refer to detachable magazines is a point of strong disagreement. The first mass-produced repeater was the Volcanic Rifle which used a bullet with the base filled with powder and primer fed into the chamber from a spring-loaded tube called a magazine. It was named after a building or room used to store ammunition, the anemic power of the Rocket Ball ammunition used in the Volcanic doomed it to limited popularity. The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine fed rifle, designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, it was one of the first firearms to use self-contained metallic cartridges. The Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company and it was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War and favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West and was famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle which are made to this day. The Henry and Winchester rifles would go on to see service with a number of militaries including Turkey, switzerland and Italy adopted similar designs. The first magazine-fed firearm to achieve success was the Spencer repeating rifle. The Spencer used a magazine located in the butt of the gun instead of under the barrel. The Spencer was successful, but the rimfire ammunition did occasionally ignite in the magazine tube and it could also injure the user. The new bolt-action rifles began to favor with militaries in the 1880s and were often equipped with tubular magazines. The Mauser Model 1871 was originally a single-shot action that added a magazine in its 1884 update
13.
Trigger (firearms)
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A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the firing sequence of a firearm or crossbow, a trigger may also start another mechanism such as a trap or a quick release. A small amount of energy applied to the causes the release of much more energy. In double action firearm designs, the trigger is used to cock the firearm -. Firearms use triggers to initiate the firing of a cartridge in the chamber of the weapon. This is accomplished by actuating a striking device through a combination of spring and kinetic energy operating through a pin to strike. There are two types of striking mechanisms, hammers and strikers. Hammers are spring-tensioned masses of metal that pivot on a pin when released, strikers are, essentially, spring-loaded firing pins that travel on an axis in-line with the cartridge eliminating the need for a separate hammer. The connection between the trigger and the hammer is generally referred to as the sear surface, variable mechanisms will have this surface directly on the trigger and hammer or have separate sears or other connecting parts. There are numerous types of action, where action refers to the mechanism or to the logic of how it is built and they are categorized according to which functions the trigger is to perform. Most modern firearms use the trigger to deactivate passive safeties but this does not change how they are identified, a single-action trigger is the earliest and mechanically simplest of trigger types. Almost all rifles and shotguns use this type of trigger, the term single-action wasnt in use until weapons with double-action triggers were invented, which didnt occur until the mid-19th century, before that, all triggers were single-action. Although these weapons dont require the user to physically cock the hammer, manually cocked hammers lasted a while longer in some break-action shotguns, and in dangerous game rifles, where the hunter didnt want to rely on an unnecessarily complex or fragile weapon. In modern usage, the terms single-action and double-action almost always refer to handguns, while a single-action revolver or semi-automatic must always be cocked prior to firing, most double-action handguns are capable of firing in both single- and double-action modes. Only double-action only weapons are incapable of firing from a cocked hammer. Thereafter, every time a round is fired, the hammer is recocked by the cycling slide, after the first shot, they would fire as single-actions. These double action, or double action, pistols rapidly gained popularity. A double-action/single-action firearm combines the features of both mechanisms, and is called traditional double-action. In simple terms, double-action refers to a gun trigger mechanism that both cocks the hammer and then releases the sear, thus performing two actions, hence double action
14.
Israel Military Industries
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Israel Military Industries, also referred to as Taas, is an Israeli weapons manufacturer. It manufactures firearms, ammunition and military technology mainly for Israeli security forces, Israel Weapon Industriess small arms are some of the most popular in the world. The Uzi submachine gun is arguably the most popular submachine gun in the world, because of its compact nature, overall, the Uzi has the highest sales statistics of all modern submachine guns, worldwide. The IMI Galil is an assault rifle, along with integrating some other design features. The Negev is IMIs main light machine gun, the Jericho 941 is a semi-automatic pistol, while the Tavor is a bullpup assault rifle. In the 1980s an American firearms designer, Magnum Research, contracted IMI to re-design and manufacture a Magnum caliber, the result was the Desert Eagle, a very powerful handgun made famous by Hollywood and first-person shooters. Other products are created, mainly for use by the IDF, the Uzi, however, is popular with many forces worldwide, while the Galil and Tavor are popular with counter-terrorist forces. IMI has dedicated factories manufacturing ammunition for firearms, artillery, tanks, many of its products are standard NATO-compatible, but IMI also produces eastern bloc-caliber munitions. However, for the past the weapons have not been STANAG compliant, besides small arms, the IMI also produces heavy weapons. IMI engages in many projects for military vehicles. Upgrade components include firepower, survivability and maneuverability, IMI also produces a wide range of defensive products such as vehicle add-on armor packages, landmine clearing systems, and reconnaissance systems and bridges. It also produces aircraft countermeasures, such as flares, decoys and electronic control systems, some of which IMI now offers also for land-. IMI contracts its services to countries that need security and military training. The clients come to IMI in Israel for months of security, IMI also produces cluster weapons which have allegedly been proven to cause civilian casualties - in Lebanon in 2006, and in the 2008 South Ossetia war. Users claim that defective munitions were responsible, Israel Military Industries also has a partnership with the Metropolitan College of New York in New York City. Metropolitan College of New York offers a classroom based Masters In Public Administration in Emergency Management, in addition, all students go to Israel for an intensive study abroad seminar covering Homeland Security and Anti-Terrorism topics with Israels top security and military experts. Israel Weapon Industries Ashot Ashkelon Military equipment of Israel List of modern armament manufacturers Official site Israeli Weapons Industry
15.
O.F. Mossberg & Sons
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Mossberg & Sons is an American firearms manufacturer, specializing in shotguns, rifles, scopes, and firearm accessories. Oscar Frederick Mossberg was born on 1 September 1866 in Sweden, near the village of Svanskog in Värmland, Mossberg went to work at the Iver Johnson Arms & Cycle Works in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. From there he went to work for J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co. where he designed a small 4-shot novelty pistol which he patented in his name. Working out of an old barn behind his house, Mossberg, in 1914, Mossberg left Stevens, moving to New Haven, Connecticut in order to work for Marlin-Rockwell. In 1919, when Marlin-Rockwell went out of business, the unemployed 53-year-old O. F, Mossberg and his two sons Iver and Harold started a new firearms company of their own, O. F. Renting a small loft on State Street in New Haven, the Mossbergs began work on a simple four-shot. 22-caliber pocket pistol, the Brownie. Marketed largely to hunters and trappers for the dispatch of wounded or trapped animals. Thanks to the Brownie pistol, the Mossbergs firearms business grew steadily, in 1922, the company introduced the first of a new line of.22 rimfire Mossberg rifles, a pump-action repeater designed by Arthur E. Savage, the son of the owner of Savage Arms Corp. After building a factory in New Haven, Connecticut in 1937, Mossberg continued to produce simple. Mossberg died in 1937, and the continued under his son Harold. In 1960, the company shifted production to a new facility in North Haven a few miles away, Mossberg & Sons has remained a family-owned business to this day, and is the oldest family-owned firearms manufacturer in America. The Eagle Pass, Texas production facility was enlarged in 2013 to help production. With the addition of 116,000 square feet of space at the Eagle Pass facility. Today over 90% of all O. F, Mossberg & Sons shotguns and rifles are produced at the Eagle Pass, Texas facility. Following the success of the Brownie.22 pistol, Mossberg developed a line of inexpensive.22 caliber rifles, shotguns, from the 1940s through the 1960s, Mossberg produced a HI line of.22 caliber target and sporting rifles. After the end of World War II, Mossberg concentrated on producing sporting long guns for the entry-level sportsman, most of these were bolt-action or pump-action designs. In August 1961, Mossberg introduced the 500 Series pump-action shotgun, designed by Carl Benson, Mossbergs lead design engineer, the 500 was originally intended for use by the entry-level hunter and sportsman but has since become popular for home defense use as well. Variants of the basic Mossberg 500 shotgun have been adopted for use by the U. S. military as well as law enforcement
16.
IMI Desert Eagle
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The IMI Desert Eagle is a semi-automatic handgun notable for chambering the largest centerfire cartridge of any magazine fed, self-loading pistol. It has a design with a triangular barrel and large muzzle. Magnum Research Inc. designed and developed the Desert Eagle, the design was refined and the actual pistols were manufactured by Israel Military Industries until 1995, when MRI shifted the manufacturing contract to Saco Defense in Saco, Maine. In 1998, MRI moved manufacturing back to IMI, which later reorganized under the name Israel Weapon Industries, since 2009, the Desert Eagle Pistol has been produced in the United States at MRIs Pillager, MN facility. Kahr Arms acquired Magnum Research in the middle of 2010, the design for the Desert Eagle was initiated by Bernard C. White of Magnum Research and Arnolds Streinbergs of Riga Arms Institute and this established the basic layout of the Desert Eagle. A second patent application was filed in December 1985, after the design had been refined by IMI for production. The pistol is fired by a single action hammer, and has a safety switch on the slide. With the safety off, pulling the trigger releases the hammer to fall downward, hitting the firing pin, the Desert Eagle uses a gas-operated mechanism normally found in rifles, as opposed to the short recoil or blow-back designs most commonly seen in semi-automatic pistols. When a round is fired, gases are ported out through a hole in the barrel near the breech. These travel forward through a tube under the barrel, to a cylinder near the front of the barrel. The slide which acts as the carrier has a small piston on the front that fits into this cylinder. When the gases reach the cylinder they push the piston rearward, the advantage of the gas operation is that it allows the use of far more powerful cartridges than traditional semi-automatic pistol designs. Thus it allows the Desert Eagle to compete in an area that had previously dominated by magnum revolvers. Switching a Desert Eagle to another chambering requires only that the barrel, bolt assembly. Thus, a conversion to fire the other cartridges can be quickly accomplished, the most popular barrel length is 6 in, although a 10 in barrel is available. The Mark XIX barrels are machined with integral scope mounting bases, the Desert Eagle is fed with a detachable magazine. Magazine capacity is 9 rounds in.357 Magnum,8 rounds in.44 Magnum, the Desert Eagles barrel features polygonal rifling
17.
Charles Daly firearms
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Charles Daly is a brand of firearms licensed to Samco Global Arms, Inc. located in Miami, Florida. It used to be a manufacturer and importer, located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Charles Daly was born in New York City on October 12,1839, manufacturers for Daly at that time included Heym, Shiller, H. A. Lindner, Sauer, J&W Tolley of England, Newman and Lefever Arms. In 1887 Shoverling and Daly were joined by a partner named Joseph Gales. The original Charles Daly died suddenly in 1899, but the business continued with his son, Charles Howard Daly, taking his place until 1919, the Walzers established a branch of Sloans in New York City known as Charles Daly & Company. Manufacturers from all over the world produced Daly guns for the Walzers, including Beretta, Bernadelli, in 1976, Sloans sold the Charles Daly trademark to Outdoor Sports Headquarters Inc. a sporting goods wholesaler in Dayton, Ohio. In 1996, OSHI was itself sold to another wholesaler, Jerrys Sport Center in Forest City. In 1996 the brand was acquired by KBI, Inc, in a departure from the tradition of selling only imported firearms, Charles Daly Defense AR-15s were manufactured in the United States. A letter from Michael Kassnar posted on the Charles Daly Website on January 29,2010 indicated that Charles Daly and KBI were going out of business and closing their doors effective January 29,2010. At the SHOT Show held in Las Vegas in January 2012, Charles Daly and CD Defense announced their return to the US market with distribution by Trans World Arms LLC of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In September 2012, Samco Global Arms, Inc. located in Miami, Florida, the firearms they import and manufacture are of all varieties and styles from all over the world, Handguns,1911 steel-framed pistols, from 1998 until 2008 from Armscor in the Philippines. Beginning in 2009, the new G4 model is being produced by BUL Transmark in Israel, m-5 polymer-framed 1911 pistols from Bul Transmark since 1997. A clone of the Browning Hi-Power was produced in the US from 2002 to 2006 with components from FEG in Hungary,1873 style single action revolvers were manufactured by F. LLI Pietta of Italy in the mid-2000s. While not technically under the Charles Daly brand, KBI resumed importing the Jericho 941 Pistols from Israel Weapons Industries Ltd. in 2009, rifles, Bolt action Mauser and Mini-Mauser rifles were produced by Zastava Arms in Serbia from 2002 until 2005. 1892 lever action rifles are produced in Italy by Armi Sport de Chiappa, in 2008 they entered the AR-15 market with a US produced line of AR-15 type rifles and carbines under the Charles Daly Defense brand. Shotguns, Over and under, side by side, pump action, all of the pumps and semi-autos are made by Akkar in Istanbul, but Sarsilmaz and ATA also produced semi-autos for Daly during the mid-2000s. SGAI is importing over and under, pump action, and semi-automatics made by Akkar factory in Istanbul, between 1996 and 2005, side by sides came from Zabala Hermanos in Spain and over & unders came from Sabatti in Italy. From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, Miroku of Japan, the producer of Browning shotguns and rifles, additional information updated on September 16,2013 by Ghulam Jilani Dossul, President of SGAI, importer of Charles Daly Firearms
18.
CZ 75
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The CZ75 is a pistol made by Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod in the Czech Republic that has both semi-automatic and selective fire variants. First introduced in 1975, it is one of the original wonder nines featuring a staggered-column magazine, all-steel construction, and it is widely distributed throughout the world. It is the most common handgun in the Czech Republic, the armament industry was an important part of the interwar Czechoslovak economy and made up a large part of the countrys exports. However following the 1948 communist coup détat, all heavy industry was nationalized and was cut off from its Western export market behind the Iron Curtain, while most other Warsaw Pact countries became dependent on armaments imports from the Soviet Union, most of the Czechoslovak weaponry remained domestic. Following the Second World War, brothers Josef and František Koucký became the most important engineers of the CZUB and they participated to some extent on designing all the companys post-war weapons. Kouckýs signed their designs together, using only the surname, making it impossible to determine one of them developed particular ideas. By 1969 František Koucký was freshly retired, however the company offered him a job on designing a new 9×19mm Parabellum pistol, unlike during his previous work, this time he had a complete freedom in designing the whole gun from scratch. The design he developed was in many new and innovative. Although the model was developed for export purposes, Kouckýs domestic patents regarding the design were classified as secret patents, effectively, nobody could learn about their existence, but also nobody could register the same design in Czechoslovakia. At the same time Koucký as well as the company were prohibited from filing for patent protection abroad, consequently, a large number of other manufacturers began offering pistols based on CZ75 design. The pistol was not sold in Czechoslovakia until 1985, when it became popular among sport shooters and it was adopted by the Czech armed forces only after the Velvet Revolution in 1989. The increasing popularity of the IPSC competitions in the Czech Republic led to inception of CZUBs factory team in 1992, initially, the sport shooters were using CZ 75s and CZ 85s. Stanislav Křižík designed a new version called CZ75 Champion already in 1992 and this version had a SA trigger, a muzzle brake and adjustable weights. 150 firearms were made in 9×19mm Parabellum.40 S&W. The design was modified, however its main shortcoming of the same capacity as the standard CZ75 magazines remained. The CZ75 ST and CZ75 M were introduced in 1998 and these had a different frame from standard versions allowing for more modifications. While the ST had become successful, M was not initially designed for use with collimator. The popular ST version was developed mostly with aim of prolonging its lifespan
19.
Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs
20.
Tanfoglio
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Fratelli Tanfoglio S. N. C. is an Italian gun manufacturing company. Their current weapons are used extensively in sport competitions and for personal defence, Tanfoglio is located in Gardone Val Trompia - Italy, and is known for its broad sport pistol catalogue. Tanfoglio Pistols are popular firearms across Europe, they also are imported into United States by European American Armory Corporation, the Tanfoglio Company was founded in the 1940s just after World War II. The production started with gun parts such as receivers and hammers, after 8 years the firm Fabbrica darmi Tanfoglio Giuseppe was founded. As time progressed the company activity expanded and started to produce guns and handguns of their own design like Tanfoglio GT27. In the 1980s Tanfoglio started to produce clones of CZ75 made for IPSC, nowadays the Tanfoglio factory produces approximately 90,000 pistols per year of which 85% are exported. Related brand names include FIE and EXCAM, the original Israel Military Industries Jericho 941 semi-automatic pistols were built using parts supplied by the Italian arms house Tanfoglio. Since 2009 Tanfoglio is the European importer for the Caracal pistol product line, List of firearms List of pistols Tanfoglio Combat and Standard Tanfoglio Force TZ75 Tanfoglio Forum Official website Official website
21.
Polygonal rifling
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Polygons with a larger number of edges provide a better gas seal in relatively large diameter polygonally rifled bores. While polygonal rifling has been around since the earliest days of rifled barrels, the principle of the polygonal barrel was proposed in 1853 by Sir Joseph Whitworth, a prominent British engineer and entrepreneur. Whitworth experimented with cannons using twisted hexagonal barrels instead of traditional rifled barrels. In 1856, this concept was demonstrated in a series of experiments using brass howitzers, the British military, however, rejected Whitworths polygonal rifled designs. Whitworth believed that polygonal rifling could be used to create a more accurate rifled musket to replace the Pattern 1853 Enfield, during the American Civil War, Whitworths polygonal rifled Whitworth rifle was successfully used by the Confederate States Army Whitworth Sharpshooters. The Whitworth rifle is called the sharpshooter because of its accuracy compared to other rifled muskets of its era. The last common rifles to use polygonal rifling were the Lee–Metford rifle, named after the Metford rifling, during World War 2, polygonal rifling emerged again in the German MG42 machine gun. It was an outgrowth of a forging process developed by German engineers prior to World War 2. The process addressed the need to more durable machine gun barrels in less time than those produced with traditional methods. The MG42 successor, the Rheinmetall MG3 machine gun, can also have polygonal rifling, Heckler & Koch was the first manufacturer to begin using polygonal rifling in modern small arms like the G3A3 assault rifle and several semi automatic hunting rifles like the HK SL7. Companies that utilize this method today include Tanfoglio, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Magnum Research, Česká Zbrojovka, Kahr Arms, the term polygonal rifling is fairly general, and different manufacturers employ varying polygonal rifling profiles. H&K, CZ and Glock use a type of polygonal rifling similar to the bore shown above right. This type has a smaller area than the male type of polygonal rifling designed and used by Lothar Walther. A number of advantages are claimed by the supporters of polygonal rifling and these include, Not compromising the barrels thickness in the area of each groove as with traditional rifling. Less bullet deformation, resulting in reduced drag on the bullet traveling through the barrel which helps to increase muzzle velocity. Reduced buildup of copper or lead within the barrel results in easier maintenance characteristics. Less sensitive to stress concentration induced barrel failure, however, precision target pistols such as those used in Bullseye and IHMSA almost universally use traditional rifling, as do target rifles. The debate among target shooters is almost always one of cut vs. button rifled barrels, polygonal rifled barrels are used competitively in pistol action shooting, such as IDPA and IPSC competitions
22.
Tanfoglio T95
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The Tanfoglio Combat or Standard, also known as T95 or EAA Witness Steel, is a modified clone of the Czech CZ-75/CZ-85 pistol. It is made in Gardone Val Trompia near Brescia, Italy by Fratelli Tanfoglio S. N. C, the Tanfoglio Combat/Standard was introduced in 1997. The pistols are imported into the United States by European American Armory Inc. the Tanfoglio Combat/Standard models are evolved copies of the famous CZ-75 pistol design, with manufacturing improvements. Tanfoglio introduced the firing pin block before CZ, and its operation is different from what is employed in modern CZs, the firing pin block is kept in an upwards position, blocking the firing pin until the trigger is pulled. This causes the pin to fall, allowing the firing pin to move, as a result, the overall trigger operation is improved by the block. The Browning-style safety is improved to allow operation with hammer cocked or down, the frame is simplified by omitting the magazine brake, reducing complexity as well as simplifying machining. The Tanfoglio Combat/Standard is offered in several variants in full sized, the steel surface finish can be military blued, polished Wonder finish, blue Wonder finish or hard chromed finish. The Tanfoglio Combat/Standard is a recoil operated, locked breech semi-automatic pistol that uses a Browning Hi-Power style linkless system. All T95 Standard and Combat models have the capability of being fired single-, the manual safety allows the Combat models to be carried with the hammer back, ready for use just by switching the safety off, a configuration known as condition one. The T95 Standard models feature slide mounted hammer drop safety/decocker lever, unlike most other semi-automatic pistols, the Tanfoglio Combat/Standard slide rides inside the frame rails rather than outside, similar to the SIG P210. This provides a very tight fit, very good barrel lock-up. A new slide with a slide-mounted safety/decocker lever is available as a factory option, most variants have fixed iron sights with three dots for increased visibility that can be adjusted for windage. The Tanfoglio Combat/Standard models feature high capacity double stack magazines, the capacity of the detachable box magazines of the Tanfoglio Combat/Standard pistols varies from chambering to chambering and the exact Tanfoglio Combat/Standard pistol variant. Technically the length of the well in the handgrip dictates the shortest possible magazine length. The maximum capacity of handgun magazines can also be restricted by law in some jurisdictions. In newer pistols the magazines are positioned 2 millimetres higher in the gun to get the rounds nearer to the feeding ramp, the required replacement part to position the magazine higher in older pistols that exhibit feeding problems is offered by Tanfoglio Germany for their customers without charge. To convert between chamberings requires only the removal and installation of the appropriate barrel/slide/spring group and the insertion of the corresponding magazine, the top end kits are readily available, and cost less than half the price of the complete pistol. Another advantage of this capability is that each caliber change is independent of any custom trigger fitting, stocks, etc. done to the lower part of the pistol
23.
.44 Magnum
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The.44 Remington Magnum, or simply.44 Magnum, and frequently.44 Mag, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After its introduction, it was adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the.44 designation, guns chambered for the.44 Magnum round, and its parent, the.44 Magnum is based on a lengthened.44 Special case, loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity. The.44 Magnum cartridge was the end result of years of tuned handloading of the.44 Special, the.44 Special, and other large-bore handgun cartridges, were being loaded with heavy bullets, pushed at higher than normal velocities for better hunting performance. One of these handloaders was Elmer Keith, a writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century, Elmer Keith settled on the.44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger.45 Colt. At the time, the selection of.44 caliber projectiles for handloaders was more varied, also, the.44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the.45 Colt case. In revolvers of the cylinder size, this meant the.44 caliber revolvers had thicker. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a burst cylinder, Keith encouraged Smith & Wesson and Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, and revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wessons first.44 Magnum revolver, the Model 29, was built on December 15,1955, julian Hatcher, and Elmer Keith received two of the first production models. Hatchers review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the.44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March,1956 issue of the magazine, Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956. By the summer of 1956, Sturm, Ruger became aware of this project, Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November,1956. The film Dirty Harry, prominently featuring the S&W M29, contributed to that models popularity, Ruger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the Ruger Model 44 chambered for.44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with a lever action Model 1894 in.44 Magnum, the. 38-40 Winchester and. 32-20 Winchester were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms. In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the.44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, the.44 Magnum delivers a large, heavy bullet with high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the hands, especially for shooters of smaller build or with small hands. Although marketed as a.44 caliber, the.44 Magnum, the.44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of heeled bullets, used in the later 19th century. In those times, bullets were measured on the outside of the cartridge, not the inside of the cartridge
24.
.50 Action Express
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The.50 Action Express is a very large and powerful American caliber handgun cartridge. Developed in 1988 by American Evan Whildin of Action Arms, the.50 AE is one of the most powerful pistol cartridges in production, the Magnum Research Desert Eagle was the first handgun chambered for the.50 AE. The actual cartridge has a.547 inch diameter base, with a rebated rim, the rim diameter of the.50 AE is the same as the.44 Remington Magnum cartridge. A Mark XIX Desert Eagle in.50 AE can be converted to.44 with nothing more than a barrel and magazine change. The.357 and.44 Mark VII guns have a frame and can not be converted to.50 AE without the fitting of a Mark XIX slide assembly. The introduction of the. 50AE in the US was met with a rocky start, US laws state that non-sporting firearms may not be over 0.500 in bore diameter to meet Title I regulations. The original.50 Action Express bore diameter was, nominal bullet diameter was reduced to the current 0.500 inch rather than the original.510. Loaded.50 AE ammunition is available from CCI Ammunition, Speer, Hornady. Fired from a standard six-inch Desert Eagle barrel, Speers 300-grain load produces a velocity of over 1,500 ft/s. Fired from a 10-inch barrel, the same load produces a velocity of over 1,600 ft/s. Recoil of the.50 AE in the Desert Eagle pistol is substantial, although only marginally more severe than the.44 Magnum, as the auto mechanism, other firearms chambered for the.50 AE include the AMT AutoMag V, and the LAR Grizzly Win Mag. SAAMI specifies a maximum pressure of 36,000 psi for the.50 AE. Available factory loads can produce nearly 1,800 ft·lbf of muzzle energy, new, unprimed brass is available from Starline. Bullets are available from a few different manufacturers, many of the bullets designed for the.500 S&W Magnum are too long for use in.50 AE semi-automatic pistols. Like other handgun cartridges of such magnitude, the uses of the.50 AE are metallic silhouette shooting. Like the.44 Magnum.454 Casull.460 S&W Magnum, table of handgun and rifle cartridges The Reload Bench.50 Action Express
25.
Picatinny rail
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Whereas the earlier Weaver design is based on a low wide dovetail, the Picatinny variation has a more pronounced angular section. The Picatinny locking slot width is 0.206 in, the spacing of slot centers is 0.394 in and the slot depth is 0.118 in. This means that an accessory designed for a Weaver rail will fit onto a Picatinny rail whereas the opposite might not be possible The rail itself dates from work by the A. R. M. S. Company in the early 1980s and Otto Repa in standardizing the Weaver design, specifications for the M16A2E4 rifle and the M4E1 carbine received type classification generic in December 1994. These were the M16A2 and the M4 modified with new upper receivers where rails replaced hand guards, the rail is named after the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey, USA. The Picatinny Arsenals role with the rail was to test/evaluate it and this was Mil-STD-1913, dated February 3,1995. Because of their uses, Picatinny rails and accessories have replaced iron sights in the design of many firearms. Their usefulness has led to their being used in paintball and airsoft
26.
Gram
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The gram is a metric system unit of mass. Originally defined as the weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre. The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the International System of Units is g following the numeric value with a space, the SI does not support the use of abbreviations such as gr, gm or Gm. The word gramme was adopted by the French National Convention in its 1795 decree revising the system as replacing the gravet introduced in 1793. Its definition remained that of the weight of a centimetre of water. French gramme was taken from the Late Latin term gramma and this word, ultimately from Greek γράμμα letter had adopted a specialised meaning in Late Antiquity of one twenty-fourth part of an ounce, corresponding to about 1.14 grams. This use of the term is found in the carmen de ponderibus et mensuris composed around 400 AD, the gram was the fundamental unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units. The gram is today the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide. 1 gram =15.4323583529 grains 1 grain =0.06479891 grams 1 avoirdupois ounce =28.349523125 grams 1 troy ounce =31.1034768 grams 100 grams =3.527396195 ounces 1 gram =5 carats 1 gram =8. 1 gram is roughly equal to 1 small paper clip or pen cap, the Japanese 1 yen coin has a mass of one gram. Conversion of units Duella Gold gram Orders of magnitude Gram at Encyclopædia Britannica
27.
Pound (mass)
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The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. The international standard symbol for the pound is lb. The unit is descended from the Roman libra, the English word pound is cognate with, among others, German Pfund, Dutch pond, and Swedish pund. All ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression lībra pondō, usage of the unqualified term pound reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force, the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg. In the United Kingdom, the use of the pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963.9144 metre exactly. An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains, the conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to be divisible by 7, and an grain is thus equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams. The US has not adopted the system despite many efforts to do so. Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the libra is an ancient Roman unit of mass that was equivalent to approximately 328.9 grams. It was divided into 12 unciae, or ounces, the libra is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, lb. A number of different definitions of the pound have historically used in Britain. Amongst these were the avoirdupois pound and the tower, merchants. Historically, the sterling was a tower pound of silver. In 1528, the standard was changed to the Troy pound, the avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. It was initially equal to 6992 troy grains, the pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since then, the grain has often been a part of the avoirdupois system
Colombia[7]
Costa Rica[8]
Dominican Republic
Georgia
Greece[9]
Hungary: Used by police.
India: Used by Special Forces. [10]
Israel: Used by various police and security forces.[11]
Romania
Serbia[12]
South Korea: Used by Army and Marine Corps Military Police Special Duty Team[13]
Ukraine: since September 2009 produced in Ukraine under the name “Fort-21.03”.[14] Used by Ukrainian police and special forces[15]
Kenya: Used by The Kenya Police.
