1.
Harrow, London
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Harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ is a large suburban town in the London Borough of Harrow, northwest London, England. It is centred 10.5 miles northwest of Charing Cross, harrow-on-the-Hill includes the conservation area with a high proportion of listed buildings with a residential and institutional array of Georgian architecture and a few 17th century examples. Harrow gives its initial letters to a postcode area. Harrow was a borough of Middlesex before its inclusion in Greater London in 1965. Harrow is home to a large Westminster polytechnic campus and its oldest secondary schools are Harrow School, harrows name comes from Old English hearg = temple, which was probably on the hill of Harrow, where St. Marys Church stands today. The name has been studied in detail by Keith Briggs, the first and only contemporary artist-led gallery in Harrow was set up in 2010 by the Usurp Art Collective. The space is called the Usurp Art Gallery & Studios and is based in West Harrow, Usurp Art provides professional support to artists and runs the only public artists studios in the borough. It is a project for Arts Council England. Much of Kenton and before 1716 all of Pinner were parts of Harrow, geographical facts which root the importance of Harrow as a meeting place, Harrow Weald, is the district north of Wealdstone, both of which were historically also part of Harrow. Harrow may also include the wards of Roxeth, Marlborough, Headstone North and Harrow on the Hill as well as the Greenhill, West Harrow, the combined population of these wards is 80,213. In the 2011 census, the Greenhill ward was 42% white, 26% Indian, the West Harrow ward was 44% white, 23% Indian, and 12% Other Asian. In addition, Headstone South ward was 43% white, 24% Indian, Harrow on the Hill ward was 47% white, 19% Indian and 12% Other Asian. Major employers include Kodak Alaris, the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital and Ladbrokes, on 7 August 1838 Thomas Port died from injuries received in a train accident near Harrow. With great fortitude, he bore a second amputation by the surgeons and died from loss of blood, August 7th 1838, on 26 November 1870 two trains collided at Harrow & Wealdstone station, killing 9 and injuring 44. On 8 October 1952 three trains collided at Harrow and Wealdstone station, killing 112 people, of the dead,64 were railway employees on their way to work. Harrow is the hometown of renown fashion designer, Vivenne Westood whom went on to one of the notable pioneers of Punk culture. Harrow is twinned with, Douai, France Notes References Harrow Times newspaper Harrow Council Homepage Harrow Local Community News and Information
2.
Middlesex
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Middlesex is a historic county in south-east England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, the largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest county by area in 1831. The City of London was a county in its own right from the 12th century and was able to exert control over Middlesex. Westminster Abbey dominated most of the financial, judicial and ecclesiastical aspects of the county. As London grew into Middlesex, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the city boundaries into the county, in the 18th and 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End of London. From 1855 the southeast was administered, with sections of Kent and Surrey, the City of London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its own sheriff, lost in 1199. In the interwar years suburban London expanded further, with improvement and expansion of public transport, after the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with high population growth continuing in the outer parts. Since 1965 various areas called Middlesex have been used for cricket, Middlesex was the former postal county of 25 post towns. The name means territory of the middle Saxons and refers to the origin of its inhabitants. The word is formed from the Anglo-Saxon, i. e. Old English, middel, in an 8th-century charter the region is recorded as Middleseaxon and in 704 it is recorded as Middleseaxan. The Saxons derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known, the seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word Saxon, there were settlements in the area of Middlesex that can be traced back thousands of years before the creation of a county. Middlesex was formerly part of the Kingdom of Essex It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being divided into the six hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Hounslow, Ossulstone and Spelthorne. The City of London has been self-governing since the century and became a county in its own right. Middlesex also included Westminster, which also had a degree of autonomy. Of the six hundreds, Ossulstone contained the districts closest to the City of London, during the 17th century it was divided into four divisions, which, along with the Liberty of Westminster, largely took over the administrative functions of the hundred. The divisions were named Finsbury, Holborn, Kensington and Tower, the county had parliamentary representation from the 13th century
3.
Upminster
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Upminster is a suburban town in east London, England, and part of the London Borough of Havering. It was historically, a village in Essex and formed an ancient parish. Although peripheral to London, the town has good transport links, the economic history of Upminster is characterised by a shift from farming to garden suburb. The placename Upminster is first recorded in 1062 as Upmynstre and is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Upmunstra and it is formed from Old English upp and mynster, meaning the large church on high ground. The high ground of the church being in relation to the valley of the River Ingrebourne. An alternative explanation suggests the upp could refer to the relationship to a church at Barking or Tilbury in Anglo-Saxon times. There was an ancient farmstead from the 1st century to the 3rd century in the Upminster area, the area was once wooded, but clearances in the 12th century gave more land over to arable farming, and by the 17th century there were a variety of crops and livestock. There was a growth in market gardening in the 19th century, there have been a number of windmills in Upminster and one of which, a smock mill built in 1803, remains. Local industry included a tannery, gravel extraction and a works that was connected to the railway station by a tramway in 1895. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway from Fenchurch Street was extended from Barking to Upminster in 1885, the underground Whitechapel and Bow Railway opened in 1902 and allowed through services of the District Railway to operate to Upminster. The District converted to electric trains in 1905 and services were cut back to East Ham, delayed by World War I, electrified tracks were extended by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway to Upminster and through services resumed in 1932. Upminster formed an ancient parish of 3,369 acres in the Chafford hundred of Essex, the parish vestry had meetings in the church until 1798, when they moved to the Bell Inn. The parish was divided into North and South wards by the Hornchurch to Cranham road, in 1836 the vestry lost control of poor relief, with Upminster becoming part of the Romford Poor Law Union and in 1875 the parish became part of Romford rural sanitary district. The parish council acquired the Clock House building on St Marys Lane for use as offices in 1924, the parish formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924 and the London Passenger Transport Area from 1933. In 1934 the parish council was abolished and Upminster was combined with other parishes to form part of Hornchurch Urban District, the parish had three early centres of activity, the village around the church and the settlements of Hacton and Corbets Tey. The estates of Gaynes, New Place and Upminster Hall were purchased during the 17th century by merchants in the City of London and this caused a significant number of buildings in the town to be constructed or improved. Although the opening of the station was key to the development of the suburb, electricity was introduced in Upminster in 1926. Gas main supply came from Romford in 1872 and from 1905 there was gas street lighting, the area was served by good spring water, with mains supply provided by the South Essex Waterworks Company from 1836
4.
Pub rock (United Kingdom)
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Pub rock is a rock music genre that was developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United Kingdom. A back-to-basics movement, pub rock was a reaction against progressive, although short-lived, pub rock was notable for rejecting stadium venues and for returning live rock to the small pubs and clubs of its early years. It was the catalyst for the British punk rock scene, Pub rock was deliberately nasty, dirty and post-glam. Dress style was based around denim and plaid shirts, tatty jeans, the figureheads of the movement, Dr. Feelgood, were noted for their frontman’s filthy white suit. Bands looked menacing and threatening, like villains on The Sweeney, according to David Hepworth, Dr Feelgood looked as if they had come together in some unsavoury section of the army. Pub rock groups disdained any form of flash, scene leaders like Dr. Lesser acts played funky soul or country rock. The scene was primarily a live phenomenon, during the peak years of 1972 to 1975, there was just one solitary Top 20 single, and all the bands combined sold less than an estimated 150,000 albums. Many acts suffered in the transition from pub to studio and were unable to recapture their sound, the genre’s primary characteristic is, as the name suggests, the pub. By championing smaller venues, the bands reinvigorated a local scene that had dwindled since the 1960s as bands priced themselves into big theatres. New aspiring bands could now find venues to play without needing to have a company behind them. Pub Rock was primarily restricted to Greater London with some overspill into Essex, although the belt in Scotland also produced local bands such as The Cheetahs. American country-rock band Eggs over Easy were the precursors of the movement when they broke the jazz-only policy of the Tally Ho pub in Kentish Town and they were impressive enough to inspire local musicians such as Nick Lowe. Most of the venues were in large Victorian pubs north of Regents Park where there were plenty of suitable pubs, one of the most notable venues was the Hope and Anchor pub on Islingtons Upper Street, still a venue. Out of London, venues included the Dagenham Roundhouse, the Grand in Leigh on Sea and this network of venues later formed a ready-made launch pad for the punk scene. In 1974, pub rock was the hottest scene in London, at that point it seemed that nearly every large pub in London was supplying live music, along with hot snacks and the occasional stripper. The figureheads were Essex-based R&B outfit Dr. Feelgood, by Autumn 1975, they were joined by acts such as The Stranglers, Roogalator, Eddie and the Hot Rods, Kilburn and the High Roads, and Joe Strummers 101ers. Pub rock was rapidly overtaken by the UK punk explosion after spawning what are now seen as several proto-punk bands, some artists were able to make the transition by jumping ship to new outfits, notably Joe Strummer, Ian Dury and Elvis Costello. A few stalwarts were later able to realise Top 40 chart success, many of the actual pubs themselves survived as punk venues, but a range of notable pubs such as the George Robey and the Pied Bull have since been closed or demolished
5.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
6.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
7.
Stiff Records
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Stiff Records is a British independent record label formed in London, England, by Dave Robinson and Jake Riviera. Originally active from 1976 to 1986, the label was reactivated in 2007, Robinson and Riviera were well-known London music business characters. The label was started with a loan of £400 from Lee Brilleaux of Dr. Feelgood and its first release, on 14 August 1976, was a single by Nick Lowe, So It Goes, B-side Heart Of The City, with the striking catalogue number BUY1. That record sold 10,000 copies, but Stiffs next release, Between The Lines by Pink Fairies, november 1976 also saw the release of a single by Nottingham-based band Plummet Airlines Silver Shirt/This is the World. Plummet Airlines then went on to be featured on the John Peel show in May and August 1977, early in 1977, Stiff Records picked up speed, signing Wreckless Eric, Ian Dury, and Elvis Costello. Bigger sales followed, and a deal with Island Records. A similar deal with CBS Records was set up for Stiff releases in the United States, rivieras departure coincided with the end of the 5 Live Stiffs Tour, which showcased emerging star Ian Dury. Durys album New Boots & Panties had raced up the charts and its sales kept the label in business over the following months, in 1979, Robinson signed Madness, whose considerable commercial success, both in Britain and abroad, would keep Stiff afloat for several years. Stiff expanded rapidly and moved its premises twice and it also continued to release dozens of obscure and uncommercial releases. At the end of 1983, Island Records bought 50% of Stiff, Island was very short of money at the time and Robinson had to lend it £1,000,000 to fund the share purchase and pay the payroll. Nonetheless, Robinson led Island through their best year ever, with, among others releases by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Legend by Bob Marley, Stiff signed The Pogues, but then Madness left under a cloud. The Island deal failed and Dave Robinson regained control of the independent label in 1985. Warner Music Group holds the currently to Stiffs masters and most are reissued through Rhino Entertainment. In 2007, ZTT and its parent company SPZ Group reactivated the label, Stiff quickly broke one of the UKs hottest new indie acts, The Enemy. It then released a string of well-received albums of new work from legacy Stiff artists, including as Wreckless Eric, Henry Priestman, Any Trouble, brand new acts signed to the label included The Tranzmitors and Eskimo Disco. Swedish designer Tobbe Stuhre was appointed official Stiff Records designer, in 2008, Union Square Music released The Big Stiff Box Set. This detailed catalogue release contained 98 tracks across four CDs and the 100-page The Big Stiff Book by music journalist and Stiff expert, Robinson and Riviera had arranged package tours ‒ such as the 1975 Naughty Rhythms tour ‒ for acts they managed before forming Stiff. Having signed all the artists as individuals, bands had to be formed in order to tour
8.
Polydor Records
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Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
9.
The Blockheads
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The Blockheads are an English rock and roll band. Originally fronted by lead singer Ian Dury as Ian Dury and the Blockheads, current members include Derek Hussey, Chaz Jankel, Norman Watt-Roy, Mick Gallagher, John Turnbull and John Roberts. There is rolling line-up of saxophonists that includes Gilad Atzmon, Terry Edwards or Dave Lewis and from time to time, the original sax player, Davey Payne. The band are best known for their hit singles, recorded with Dury, What a Waste, Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick, Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3, and Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll. In 1976 The Loving Awareness Band released their album, Loving Awareness. The album has appeared on CD more than once, although these reissues have been sourced from a mint vinyl pressing rather than from the master tapes. The Loving Awareness Band broke up in 1977 and Watt-Roy and Charles joined a new band being formed by Ian Dury, who had begun writing songs with pianist and guitarist Chaz Jankel. With Jankel fashioning Durys lyrics into number of songs, the two began recording with Charles, Watt-Roy, Gallagher, Turnbull and former Kilburn and the High Roads saxophonist Davey Payne, an album was recorded, but was of no interest to major record labels. Next door to Durys managers office, however, was the newly formed Stiff Records, under the management of Andrew King and Peter Jenner Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live new wave music acts. Their first single, Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll, marked Durys Stiff debut and it was soon followed by the album New Boots and Panties. Which was eventually to achieve platinum status, the tune is based on part of Charlie Hadens bass solo on Ramblin on Ornette Colemans 1959 album Change of the Century. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim, the hit single Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick was notably not included, however, on the original release of the album. The single and its music video featured a Davey Payne sax solo with dual saxophones, in evident homage to jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk. Durys lyrics are a combination of lyrical poetry, word play, observation of British everyday life, acute character sketches. The song Billericay Dickie continues this sexual content, rhyming I had an affair with Nina, In the back of my Cortina with A seasoned-up hyena. The Blockheads sound drew from its members diverse musical influences, which included jazz, rock and roll, funk, and reggae, Jankel left the band temporarily and relocated to the U. S. Partly due to personality clashes with Dury, Jankel quit the group again in 1980, after the recording of the Do It Yourself LP, and he returned to the U. S. to concentrate on his solo career. The group worked solidly over the eighteen months between the release of Rhythm Stick and their single, Reasons to Be Cheerful, which returned them to the charts
10.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
11.
Southborough, Kent
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Southborough is a town and civil parish in the District of Tunbridge Wells, in Kent, England. It lies immediately to the north of Tunbridge Wells itself and includes the district of High Brooms, according to the 2001 census it had a population of 11,124. The town is within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, after the Norman Conquest, the area came within the domain of Tonbridge Castle, one of 4 boroughs to do so. Southborough separated from Tonbridge in 1871 when its own board of health was formed, in 1894, it was recreated to become an urban district, with its own elected council to manage its affairs. It retained that title until 1974, when local government reorganisation it became a civil parish. By historical accident, however, Southborough had a Town Council, Southborough Town Council consists of 18 members, from the three town wards, North, West, and East/High Brooms. The posts of mayor and deputy mayor are elected annually, as with many other Parish Councils, its responsibilities are less than those of the local Borough Council. At the same time, Southborough is part of Tunbridge Wells borough, the town has its own grant of heraldry, this includes reference to the cricket ball industry and contains two sprigs of broom, alluding to High Brooms. The Southborough Society’’ is the source for many of the facts in this part of the article The remains of an Iguanodon was discovered in High Brooms. Before the first millennium AD the land here was heavily forested, arrowheads and stone axe heads provide evidence of ‘’’prehistoric’’’ habitation of Southborough while burial sites from both the Bronze and Iron Ages have also been unearthed. The site of the Castle Hill Iron Age Fort, dating back to 315 BC, routes linking other forts are still part of the town’s road network. Little is then known about the district until the Norman Conquest as it was the most sparsely populated part of the Weald due to the almost impenetrable forest and he was also granted the right to build a castle at Tonbridge. The Manor of Southborough was one part of the Lowey, over the following seven hundred years it had a chequered history. After Richard de Clare, it was held by the Audley and Stafford families until 1521, when Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, was beheaded on Tower Hill, henry VIII gave the estate to George Boleyn, brother of Anne Boleyn, whose fate he also suffered. It was then passed to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, under Elizabeth I it had again reverted back to the Crown, she bestowed it on Sir Richard Sackville who sold it to Thomas Smythe of Westernhanger. He was commonly known as Customer Smythe, a “farmer” of the collection of customs, the whole area was part of the Royal forest of Southfrith until about the middle of the 16th century, reserved by royalty for hunting. The settlement consisted of a number of isolated hamlets including Nonsuch Green, Holden Corner, Modest Corner, High Brooms was a desolate tract inhabited by Romany Gypsies, very many of Kents population today will have Gypsy heritage - whether they choose to admit this is another matter. From 1639, lodging houses appeared in Southborough to accommodate visitors to the newly discovered chalybeate spring at The Pantiles, during the reign of King Charles I, the Cavalier faction tended to stay at Southborough, whilst nearby Rusthall tended to attract visitors from the Roundhead faction
12.
Rochdale
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Rochdale is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, population 211,699. Rochdale is the largest settlement and administrative centre, with a population of 107,926. Historically a part of Lancashire, Rochdales recorded history begins with an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 under Recedham Manor, the ancient parish of Rochdale was a division of the hundred of Salford and one of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England comprising several townships. By 1251, Rochdale had become important enough to have granted a Royal charter. Subsequently, Rochdale flourished into a centre of northern Englands woollen trade, Rochdale rose to prominence during the 19th century as a major mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns. The Rochdale Canal—one of the major navigable broad canals of the United Kingdom—was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton, wool and coal to and from the area. The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdales textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status, however, during the 20th century Rochdales spinning capacity declined towards an eventual halt. Rochdale is commonly cited as the birthplace of the modern Co-operative Movement, the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society was founded in 1844 by 28 local residents as a response to the high cost and frequent adulteration of basic foodstuffs by shopkeepers at the time. The Pioneers were notable for combining the notion of the patronage dividend alongside investing trading surplus for member benefit, the Rochdale Principles, the set of ideals which underpinned the society, are still used, in updated form, by the International Co-operative Alliance to this day. The Rochdale Pioneers shop was the precursor to The Co-operative Group, Rochdale today is a predominantly residential town. Rochdale Town Hall—a Grade I listed building—dates from 1871 and is one of the United Kingdoms finest examples of Victorian Gothic revival architecture, Rochdale seems to be named from its position on the River Roch but is recorded as Recedham in the Domesday Book. The name is derived from Old English reced meaning hall, and ham, over time, the name changed to Rachedale and eventually Rochdale. The rivers name is a back-formation from the Old English name, its name is /ˈroʊtʃ/, Rochdale however, is pronounced /ˈrɒtʃdeɪl/, with a short o. A Roman road, leading from Mamucium to Eboracum, crossed the moors at Blackstone Edge, during the time of the Danelaw, Rochdale was subjected to incursions by the Danes on the Saxons. Rochdale appears in the Domesday Book as Recedham, at the time of the Norman Conquest the manor was held by a Saxon thegn, Gamel. John Byron bought the manor in 1638 and it was sold by the poet, Lord Byron, in 1823, to the Deardens, who hold the title. Rochdale had no manor house but the Orchard built in 1702 and it was described as a red-brick building of no architectural distinction, on the north side of the river opposite the town hall and sometimes referred to as the Manor House
13.
Rolls-Royce Limited
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This article covers from 1904 to 1987 when this business by then owned by Rolls-Royce plc was again listed on the Stock Exchange. For the present day owners of the business enterprise, see Rolls-Royce Holdings for aero-engines etc. Rolls-Royce Limited owned a British luxury-car and aero engine manufacturing business founded in 1904 by Charles Stewart Rolls, Rolls-Royce Limited was incorporated on 15 March 1906 as a vehicle for their ownership of their Rolls-Royce business. Their business quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering quality, best car in the world, Rolls-Royce became a leading manufacturer of piston aero-engines after it was brought into building them by the First World War. In the late 1960s, Rolls-Royce Limited became hopelessly crippled by its mismanagement of development of its advanced RB211 jet engine and the consequent cost over-runs. In 1971 their financial collapse was dealt with by sale, at a price which took years to negotiate, of the entire business to a new government-owned company. Insolvent Rolls-Royce Limited was put into liquidation, everything that could be sold off was sold off but more than 45 years later there are still assets remaining to be sold. Rolls-Royce Limited continued to trade and realise the surplus assets bought from the former company, in 1977 Rolls-Royce Limited, given the necessary consent, was re-named Rolls-Royce Limited. It remained nationalised until 1987 when, re-named Rolls-Royce plc, the government sold its shares to the public, today it owns and operates Rolls-Royces principal business though it is no longer listed on the stock exchange. Instead it has been a subsidiary of a holding company currently Rolls-Royce Holdings plc since 2003. A marketing survey in 1987 showed there was one brand name more widely known than Rolls-Royce. In 1884 Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business and he made his first car, a two-cylinder Royce 10, in his Manchester factory in 1904. Henry Royce was introduced to Charles Rolls at the Midland Hotel, Rolls was proprietor of an early motor car dealership, C. S. Rolls & Co. in Fulham. In spite of his preference for three- or four-cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the Royce 10, the first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904. During 1906 Royce had been developing an improved model with more power than the Rolls-Royce 30 hp. Initially designated the 40/50 hp, this was Rolls-Royces first all-new model, the new 40/50 was responsible for Rolls-Royces early reputation with over 6,000 built. Its chassis was used as a basis for the first British armoured car used in world wars Aero-engine manufacture began in 1914 because the government requested it. After the First World War, Rolls-Royce successfully avoided attempts to encourage British car manufacturers to merge, faced with falling sales of the 40/50 Rolls-Royce introduced the smaller, cheaper Twenty in 1922, effectively ending the one-model policy followed since 1908
14.
Chauffeur
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A chauffeur is a person employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle, especially a luxury vehicle such as a large sedan or limousine. A woman employed to drive a motor vehicle is a chauffeuse. Early petrol/gasoline-powered motor cars, before the advent of electric ignition, were ignited by hot tubes in the head which had to be pre-heated before the engine would start. Hence the term chauffeur which, in context, means something like heater-upper. The chauffeur would prime the hot tubes at the start of a journey, only the very wealthy could afford the first automobiles, and they generally employed chauffeurs rather than driving themselves. A1906 article in The New York Times reported that. the chauffeur problem to-day is one of the most serious that the automobilist has to deal with and this is very similar to but more luxurious than taking a taxicab. A variety of benefits are cited for using chauffeurs, including convenience, productivity and time savings, insurance costs for luxury vehicles are often lower if the designated driver is a chauffeur. The legal requirements to be a chauffeur vary depending on the local jurisdiction, in addition to the minimum legal requirements, limousine companies often require their chauffeurs to undergo specific extra training. Most companies also have their own courses as to what they expect from their chauffeurs, chauffeurs may be taught proper etiquette for use when they are in presence of their clientele. They may also be trained for services to the client beyond the car itself, in many places, proper physical presence is presented by the chauffeur at all times. In some areas, such as Japan, white gloves are the norm, some companies have complete uniforms for their chauffeurs, and some require that hats be worn as part of the uniform. Some companies do not keep strictly to this standard, and there is wide variation throughout the transportation industry
15.
Cornwall
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Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn. -wall derives from the Old English exonym walh, the Ravenna Cosmography first mentions a city named Purocoronavis in the locality. This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum, in the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c.1198 as Cornwal. Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia, the present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and it continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age people. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time developed into several distinct tongues
16.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
17.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
18.
Western European Union
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The WEU was established by seven European nations allied with the United States during the Cold War. The states party to the Modified Treaty of Brussels consequently decided to terminate that treaty on 31 March 2010, on 30 June 2011, the WEU was officially declared defunct. The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and it was a mutual intergovernmental self-defence treaty which also promoted economic, cultural and social collaboration. As a result of the failure of the European Defence Community on 23 October 1954 the WEU was established by the Paris Agreements with the incorporation of Italy, on this occasion it was renamed the Western European Union. The defence efforts resulting from the Brussels Treaty took form as the Western Union Defence Organisation, the Brussels Pact had cultural and social clauses, concepts for the setting up of a Consultative Council. The basis for this was that a cooperation between Western nations would help stop the spread of Communism, notably, the role given to the WEU in the Amsterdam Treaty, was removed by the Nice Treaty. The Treaty of Lisbon has provisions for cooperation between the EU and both NATO and the WEU, however the defence commitment, of Article 4 of the Brussels Treaty, has not been subsumed. Article 42 of the Treaty of the European Union, as amended by the Treaty of Lisbon and his being head of both organisations permits him to oversee the ongoing transfer of functions from the WEU to the EU. With the transfer of responsibilities, the WEUs Parliamentary assembly was urged to dissolve itself, as it had a mandate to supervise WEU politics, not the EUs CSDP politics. But the Assembly saw itself as playing an important role, particularly with greater right of scrutiny, membership, experience, therefore, it renamed itself the Interim European Security and Defence Assembly and urged the European Convention to include it as a second chamber within the EUs institutional framework. Hence it argued it could effectively scrutinise the CSDP, help improve EU-NATO relations and be more suited, being composed of national parliamentarians, in 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon took over the WEUs mutual defence clause. There was much discussion about what to do with the WEU following the introduction of Lisbon, on 30 March 2010 in a Written Ministerial Statement UKs Foreign Office Minister Chris Bryant gave notice that the UK intended to withdraw from the Western European Union within a year. On 31 March 2010 the German Foreign Affairs Ministry announced Germanys intention to withdraw from the Modified Brussels Treaty, on 30 June 2011 the WEU officially ceased to exist. The WEU was headquartered in Brussels, with a staff of 65 and it was composed of the Council of the WEU and the Assembly of the WEU. The WEU was led by a Council of Ministers, assisted by a Permanent Representatives Council on the ambassadorial level, social and cultural aspects of the Brussels Treaty were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication of responsibilities within Europe. SD help A Parliamentary Assembly supervised the work of the Council, the Assembly of WEU was a consultative institution. The Independent European Program Group was established as a forum for cooperation in 1976 with the aim of creating a European Armaments Agency. Since 1993 the WEU armaments cooperation forum has been known as Western European Armaments Group, the body closed on 23 May 2005
19.
Cranham
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Cranham is a residential suburb in northeast London, England, and part of the London Borough of Havering. It is located 17.5 miles east-northeast of Charing Cross and comprises an extensive area to the north. It was historically a village in the county of Essex. It is peripheral to London, forming the edge of the urban sprawl. The economic history of Cranham is characterised by a shift from agriculture to housing development, the 2011 Census population of Cranham was included in Upminster. Cranham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Craohv and it means spur of land frequented by crows and is formed from the Old English crāwe and hōh. It contained two Anglo-Saxon manors of Ockendon and Cranham, during the Middle Ages, and until around the 15th century, it was also known as Bishops Ockendon because a large part of its area was owned by the Bishop of London. The parish is recorded in 1086 as being heavily wooded, supporting an agrarian way of life, forest clearance was well advanced by the 15th century, with an increase in population and arable land, and there was a windmill in Cranham. Cranham lay on earth and this gave rise to the Cranham Brick. Drury has suggested that trade was with the nearby settlements of Romford and Hornchurch. Cranham formed an ancient parish of 1,879 acres in the Chafford hundred of Essex, the vestry met in the church until 1829 and then at the parish workhouse. In 1836 the parish was grouped for poor relief into the Romford Poor Law Union, the sanitary district became Romford Rural District from 1894 and a parish council was formed to replace the vestry. The parish formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924, to reflect the significantly increased population in the area, Romford Rural District was abolished in 1934 and Cranham was amalgamated with neighbouring parishes into Hornchurch Urban District. The parish council was abolished and Hornchurch Urban District Council became the local authority, in the 17th and 18th centuries manorial homes, including Cranham Hall, became attractive properties for merchants from the City of London. Initial attempts to expand the suburban estates from Upminster in the early 20th century ran into problems because of the lack of water supply, in 1922 sewage works for Upminster and Cranham were opened in Great Warley. In the 1930s land was used to develop some council housing and following the sale of the Benyon estate the pace of new building quickened. Cranhams location on the edge of Londons urban sprawl is explained by the halting effect on suburban house building of the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt. Thereafter building took place within the bounded by the Southend Arterial Road in the north and St Marys Lane in the south
20.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
21.
Southend-on-Sea
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It is bordered to the north by Rochford and to the west by Castle Point. It is home to the longest leisure pier in the world, London Southend Airport is located 1.5 NM north of the town centre. Originally the south end of the village of Prittlewell, Southend was home to a few poor fisherman huts, due to the bad transportation links between Southend and London, there was not rapid development during the Georgian Era like Brighton. It was the coming of the railways in the 19th Century, during the 19th century Southends pier was first constructed and the Clifftown development built, attracting many tourists in the summer months to its seven miles of beaches and bathing in the sea. Good rail connections and proximity to London mean that much of the economy has been based on tourism, Southend Pier is the worlds longest pleasure pier at 1.34 mi. It has suffered fires and ship collisions, most recently in October 2005, as a holiday destination, Southend declined from the 1960s onwards, as holidaying abroad became more affordable. However, about 6.4 million tourists still visit Southend per year, revenue & Customs, are major employers in the town, and the central offices for the collection of VAT are located at Alexander House on Victoria Avenue. An annual seafront airshow, started in 1986 when it featured a flypast by Concorde whilst on a charter flight, used to take place each May. The aircraft flew parallel to the seafront, offset over the sea, the RAF Falcons parachute display team and RAF Red Arrows aerobatics team were regular visitors to the show. The show has not been held since 2012 due to a lack of sponsorship, an attempt to revive the show for September 2015, as the Southend Airshow and Military Festival, failed. Sopot, Poland, has been Southend-on-Seas twin town since October 1999, Southend-on-Sea was formed as a municipal borough in 1892 with the functions of local government shared with Essex County Council. In 1913 the borough was enlarged by the area of Leigh on Sea Urban District. In 1914 the enlarged Southend gained the status of county borough, exempt from county council control, the county borough was enlarged in 1933 by the former area of Shoeburyness Urban District and part of Rochford Rural District. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, Southend became a district of Essex with borough status, however, in 1998 it again became the single tier of local government when it became a unitary authority. Seventeen wards each return three councillors, a total of 51, councillors serve four years and one third of the council is elected each year, followed by one year without election. Following the 2016 election results, the composition of the council is and they maintained a minority administration after the 2012 local elections, however the council has been run by a coalition of Lib Dems, Labour and Independents since June 2014. Most day-to-day decisions are by an executive headed by the council leader. The town has been twinned with the resort of Sopot in Poland since 1999 and has been developing three-way associations with Lake Worth, areas of criticism were the use of consultants and the spending of £3.5 million on taxis during the 2006–07 financial year
22.
History of poliomyelitis
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The history of poliomyelitis infections extends into prehistory. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century, the disease has caused paralysis, over millennia, polio survived quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1900s when major epidemics began to occur in Europe, soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States. By 1910, frequent epidemics became regular events throughout the developed world, at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s, polio would paralyze or kill over half a million people worldwide every year. Ancient Egyptian paintings and carvings depict otherwise healthy people with withered limbs and it is theorized that the Roman Emperor Claudius was stricken as a child, and this caused him to walk with a limp for the rest of his life. Perhaps the earliest recorded case of poliomyelitis is that of Sir Walter Scott, in 1773 Scott was said to have developed a severe teething fever which deprived him of the power of his right leg. At the time, polio was not known to medicine, a retrospective diagnosis of polio is considered to be strong due to the detailed account Scott later made, and the resultant lameness of his left leg had an important effect on his life and writing. The symptoms of poliomyelitis have been described by many names, in 1789 the first clinical description of poliomyelitis was provided by the British physician Michael Underwood—he refers to polio as a debility of the lower extremities. The first medical report on poliomyelitis was by Jakob Heine, in 1840, karl Oskar Medin was the first to empirically study a poliomyelitis epidemic in 1890. This work, and the classification by Heine, led to the disease being known as Heine-Medin disease. Major polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century, localized paralytic polio epidemics began to appear in Europe, the first report of multiple polio cases was published in 1843 and described an 1841 outbreak in Louisiana. A fifty-year gap occurs before the next U. S. report—a cluster of 26 cases in Boston in 1893, the first recognized U. S. polio epidemic occurred the following year in Vermont with 132 total cases, including several cases in adults. Numerous epidemics of varying magnitude began to appear throughout the country, on Saturday, June 17,1916, an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in Brooklyn, New York. That year, there were over 27,000 cases and more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the United States, with over 2,000 deaths in New York City alone. The names and addresses of individuals with confirmed cases were published daily in the press, their houses were identified with placards. Dr. Hiram M. Hiller, Jr. was one of the physicians in several cities who realized what they were dealing with, but the nature of the disease remained largely a mystery. From 1916 onward, a polio epidemic appeared each summer in at least one part of the country, with the most serious occurring in the 1940s and 1950s. In the epidemic of 1949,2,720 deaths from the disease occurred in the United States and 42,173 cases were reported and Canada and the United Kingdom were also affected. Prior to the 20th century polio infections were rarely seen in infants before 6 months of age, young children who contract polio generally suffer only mild symptoms, but as a result they become permanently immune to the disease
23.
Truro
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Truro is a city and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Truro is Cornwalls county town and only city, its centre for administration, leisure and it is the most southern city in mainland Great Britain. People from Truro are known as Truronians, Truro grew as a centre of trade from its port and then as a stannary town for the tin mining industry. The citys cathedral was completed in 1910, places of interest include the Royal Cornwall Museum, the Hall for Cornwall and Cornwalls Courts of Justice. The origin of Truros name is debated and it is said to be derived from the Cornish tri-veru meaning three rivers, but references such as the Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names reject this theory. The tru part might mean three, though this is doubtful, an expert on Cornish place-names, Oliver Padel, in his book A Popular Dictionary of Cornish Place-names, wrote that the three rivers meaning is possible. Alternatively the name may derive from *tre-uro or similar, i. e. the settlement on the river *uro, the earliest records and archaeological findings of a permanent settlement in the Truro area originate from Norman times. The town grew in the shadow of the castle and was awarded borough status to further economic activity, the castle has long since gone. Richard de Lucy fought in Cornwall under Count Alan of Brittany after leaving Falaise late in 1138, the small adulterine castle at Truro, Cornwall, later known as “Castellum de Guelon” was probably built by him between 1139-1140. He styled himself Richard de Lucy, de Trivereu, the castle later passed to Reginald FitzRoy, an illegitimate son of Henry I, when he was invested by King Stephen as the first Earl of Cornwall. Reginald married Mabel FitzRichard, daughter of William FitzRichard, a landholder in Cornwall. The 75-foot diameter castle was in ruins by 1270 and the motte levelled in 1840 and it is today the site of the Crown Court. Reginald FitzRoy confirmed c1170 in a charter to the burgesses of Truro the privileges which had been granted by Richard de Lucy, Richard held ten Knights Fees in Cornwall prior to 1135 and at his death a third of his considerable total holding remained in Cornwall. The Black Death arrived, and with it a trade recession, resulting in an exodus of the population. Trade gradually returned and the town became prosperous during the Tudor period, self-governance was awarded in 1589 when a new charter was granted by Elizabeth I, which gave Truro an elected mayor and control over the port of Falmouth. During the Civil War in the 17th century, Truro raised a force to fight for the king. Defeat by the Parliamentary troops came in 1646 and the mint was moved to Exeter, later in the century Falmouth was awarded its own charter giving it rights to its harbour, starting a long rivalry between the two towns. The dispute was settled in 1709 with control of the River Fal divided between Truro and Falmouth, Truro prospered greatly during the 18th and 19th centuries
24.
Black Notley
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Black Notley is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. It is located approximately 3 km south of Braintree and is 15 km north-northeast from the county town of Chelmsford, the village is in the district and parliamentary constituency of Braintree. The parish is part of the Cressing, Black Notley, White Notley, the place-name Notley is first attested in a Saxon charter of 998 as Hnutlea, and appears as Nutlea in the Domesday Book of 1086. Black Notley is first attested in 1240, according to the 2011 census including Youngs End it had a population of 2,478. Cressing railway station, on the Braintree Branch Line, is less than 1 km from the village and it is close to the River Brain. In 2002 work was completed on the new estate, built in place of the old hospital giving 350 new houses to the area, arthur Halestrap - one of the last surviving soldiers of World War I. William Bedell - Anglican churchman. John Ray - Naturalist, known as the father of English natural history
25.
Braintree, Essex
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Braintree is a town in Essex, England. The principal settlement of Braintree District, it is located 10 miles northeast of Chelmsford and 15 miles west of Colchester. According to the 2011 Census, the town had a population of 41,634, while the urban area, Braintree has grown contiguous with several surrounding settlements. Braintree proper lies on the River Brain and to the south of Stane Street, the two are sometimes referred to together as Braintree and Bocking, and since 1934 they form the civil parish of that name. Braintree is bypassed by the modern-day A120 and A131 roads, while trains serve two stations in the town, at the end of the Braintree Branch Line. Braintree is twinned with Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France, and gives its name to the towns of Braintree, Massachusetts and Braintree, Vermont, the origin of the name Braintree is obscure. One theory is that Braintree was originally Branocs tree, Branoc apparently being an ancient name, another theory is that the name is derived from that of Rayne, which was actually the more important settlement in Norman times. Braintree, Essex was also called Brantry and Branchetreu in the Domesday Book, the River Brain is another possible origin. Tree comes from the Saxon suffix, more commonly spelled try, in many early American Colonial documents, it is referred to as Branktry. Here again, the reference to a river would indicate that Braintree literally means town by the river, another variation can be seen in various Medieval Latin legal records, where it appears as Branktre. Braintree dates back over 4,000 years when it was just a small village, people in the area during the Bronze and Iron Ages, built houses on the lower part of the town, near the River Brain, known as the Brain Valley. This area was inhabited by the Saxons, who occupied the town after the Romans had left. Notable road names in Braintree now coincide with names of people who fought for the town, other road names are of places that have since been built on, such as Coldnailhurst Avenue, Beckers Green Road, Marks Farm residential estate, and Fairfield Road. When the Romans invaded, they built two roads, a settlement developed at the junction of two roads but was later abandoned when the Romans left Britain. The town was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1085 when it was called Branchetreu and consisted of 30 acres in the possession of Richard, son of Count Gilbert. Pilgrims used the town as a stop-over, the size of the town increased, as early as the 14th Century, Braintree was processing and manufacturing woollen cloth, a trade which it had seen the use of up until the late 19th century. The town prospered from the 17th century when Flemish immigrants made the famous for its wool cloth trade. They took the current manufacturing methods to a finer detail
26.
Cobbling
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Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand, shoemakers, also known as cordwainers or snobs, may produce a range of footwear items, including shoes, boots, sandals, clogs and moccasins. Such items are made of leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other plant material. Trades that engage in shoemaking have included the cordwainers and cobblers trades, today shoes are often made on a factory basis rather than a craft basis. For most of history, shoemaking has been a handicraft, limited to time consuming manufacture by hand, traditional shoemakers used more than 15 different techniques of making shoes. Some of these were, pegged construction, English welted, goyser welted, Norwegian, stitchdown, turnout, German sewn, moccasin, bolognese stitched, and blake-stitched. The most basic foot protection, used since ancient times in the Mediterranean area, was the sandal, similar footwear worn in the Far East was made from plaited grass or palm fronds. In climates that required a full foot covering, a piece of untanned hide was laced with a thong, providing full protection for the foot. The production of shoes, was widespread in medieval Europe. They were made from a piece of wood roughly cut into shoe form. A variant of this form was the clog, which were wooden soles to which a leather upper was attached, the sole and heel were made from one piece of maple or ash two inches thick, and a little longer and broader than the desired size of shoe. With the use of a hollower, the inner soles contours were adapted to the shape of the foot, the leather uppers were then fitted closely to the groove around the sole. Clogs were of great advantage to workers in muddy and damp conditions, keeping the feet dry, by the 1600s, leather shoes came in two main types. Turn shoes consisted of one thin flexible sole, which was sewed to the upper while outside in and this type was used for making slippers and similar shoes. The second type united the upper with an insole, which was attached to an out-sole with a raised heel. This was the variety, and was used for most footwear, including standard shoes. The traditional shoemaker would measure the feet and cut out upper leathers according to the required size and these parts were fitted and stitched together. The insole was then attached to a last made of wood, some lasts were straight, while curved lasts came in pairs, one for left shoes, the other for right shoes
27.
To Autumn
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To Autumn is a poem by English Romantic poet John Keats. The work was composed on 19 September 1819 and published in 1820 in a volume of Keatss poetry that included Lamia, to Autumn is the final work in a group of poems known as Keatss 1819 odes. Although personal problems left him time to devote to poetry in 1819. The work marks the end of his career, as he needed to earn money. A little over a following the publication of To Autumn. The poem has three eleven-line stanzas which describe a progression through the season, from the maturation of the crops to the harvest. The imagery is richly achieved through the personification of Autumn, and it has parallels in the work of English landscape artists, with Keats himself describing the fields of stubble that he saw on his walk as being like that in a painting. One of the most anthologised English lyric poems, To Autumn has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect poems in the English language. During the spring of 1819, Keats wrote many of his odes, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode on Indolence, Ode on Melancholy, Ode to a Nightingale. In his free time he read works as varied as Robert Burtons Anatomy of Melancholy, Thomas Chattertons poetry. Despite these distractions, on 19 September 1819 he found time to write To Autumn, the poem marks the final moment of his career as a poet. No longer able to afford to devote his time to the composition of poems, Keatss declining health and personal responsibilities also raised obstacles to his continuing poetic efforts. On 19 September 1819, Keats walked near Winchester along the River Itchen, not everything on Keatss mind at the time was bright, the poet knew in September that he would have to finally abandon Hyperion. Thus, in the letter that he wrote to Reynolds, Keats also included a note saying that he abandoned his long poem. Keats did not send To Autumn to Reynolds, but did include the poem within a letter to Richard Woodhouse, Keatss publisher and friend, and dated it on the same day. The poem was revised and included in Keatss 1820 collection of poetry titled Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store. Where are the songs of Spring, to Autumn describes, in its three stanzas, three different aspects of the season, its fruitfulness, its labour and its ultimate decline. Through the stanzas there is a progression from early autumn to mid autumn, parallel to this, the poem depicts the day turning from morning to afternoon and into dusk
28.
John Keats
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John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
29.
Royal College of Art
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The Royal College of Art or RCA is a public research university in London, in the United Kingdom. This was the third year that QS had awarded it the number 1 position for Art & Design. The RCA was founded in Somerset House in 1837 as the Government School of Design or Metropolitan School of Design, richard Burchett became head of the school in 1852. In 1853 it was expanded and moved to Marlborough House, and then, in 1853 or 1857 and it was renamed the Normal Training School of Art in 1857 and the National Art Training School in 1863. During the later 19th century it was primarily a training college, pupils during this period included George Clausen, Christopher Dresser, Luke Fildes, Kate Greenaway. In 1896 or 1897 the school received the name Royal College of Art, teaching of graphic design, industrial design and product design began in the mid-twentieth century. The school expanded further in the 1960s, and in 1967 it received a Royal Charter which gave it the status of an independent university with the power to grant its own degrees, the RCA has two campuses, in South Kensington and in Battersea. The Darwin Building in Kensington Gore dates from the 1960s and is a Grade II listed building and it was designed by a team of RCA staff members, H. T. Cadbury-Brown, Hugh Casson and Robert Goodden. In 1991 the sculpture department moved to a converted factory across the river Thames in Battersea, in the early 2000s the college conceived a substantial second campus being created on the site, with a minibus service linking it to Kensington. Thus, after a redevelopment of the premises by Wright & Wright. A masterplan was commissioned by Haworth Tompkins and phase 1 of their three phase design was completed with the opening of the Sackler Building on 19 November 2009 and its name commemorates a major gift by The Dr Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation. The Dyson Building, named in honour of James Dyson, whose educational charity donated £5m to the development, was opened on 24 September 2012 and it is the home for printmaking and photography, and contains an innovation wing where start-up designers can launch their businesses. The Woo Building was opened on 30 September 2015, completing the Battersea project and it is named in honour of Sir Po-Shing and Lady Helen Woo, who have funded scholarships at the RCA since the 1990s. It accommodates the Ceramics & Glass and Jewellery & Metal programmes, the buildings anodised aluminium gates were designed by alumnus Max Lamb. The RCA offers MA, MPhil and PhD degrees in twenty-four subject areas, divided into six schools, architecture, communication, design, fine art, humanities, and materials. In April 2011 the RCA was ranked first on a list of UK graduate art schools compiled by Modern Painters magazine from a survey of professionals in the art world. In August 2015 it was ranked first on a list of courses in fashion by Business of Fashion. In 2015 the RCA placed first in the art and design subject area in the QS World University Rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds, in 2016 and 2017 it held onto the position, increasing its overall score from 96. 0/100 to 98. 4/100
30.
Peter Blake (artist)
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Sir Peter Thomas Blake, CBE, RDI, RA is an English pop artist, best known for co-creating the sleeve design for the Beatles album Sgt. His other best known include the cover of the Band Aid single Do They Know Its Christmas. And the Live Aid concert poster, Blake also designed the 2012 Brit Award statuette. One of the best known British pop artists, Blake is considered to be a prominent figure in the pop art movement, central to his paintings are his interest in images from popular culture which have infused his collages. In 2002 he was knighted at Buckingham Palace for his services to art, born in Dartford,25 June 1932, Kent, he was educated at the Gravesend Technical College school of Art, and the Royal College of Art. During the late 1950s, Blake became one of the best known British pop artists and his paintings from this time included imagery from advertisements, music hall entertainment, and wrestlers, often including collaged elements. Blake was included in exhibitions at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and had his first solo exhibition in 1960. In the Young Contemporaries exhibition of 1961 in which he exhibited alongside David Hockney and R. B. Kitaj, Blake won the John Moores junior award for Self Portrait with Badges. From 1963 Blake was represented by Robert Fraser placing him at the centre of swinging London and his Captain Webb Matchbox piece is another of his works in the pop art movement. On the Balcony is a significant early work remains an iconic piece of British Pop Art. The work, which appears to be a collage but is painted, shows, among other things. It was inspired by a painting by Honoré Sharrer depicting workers holding famous paintings, Workers, Blake has referred to the work of other artists many times. Another example, The First Real Target a standard archery target with the title written across the top is a play on paintings of targets by Kenneth Noland and he designed the sleeve for Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band with his wife Jann Haworth, the American-born artist whom he married in 1963, peppers sleeve has become an iconic work of pop art, much imitated and Blakes best-known work. Producing the collage necessitated the construction of a set with photographs and objects, such as flowers. Blake has subsequently complained about the fee he received for the design. Blake made sleeves for the Band Aid single, Do They Know Its Christmas, Paul Wellers Stanley Road and the Ian Dury tribute album Brand New Boots and Panties. He designed the sleeves for Pentangles Sweet Child and The Whos Face Dances, in 1969, Blake left London to live near Bath
31.
Stass Paraskos
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Stass Paraskos was an artist from Cyprus, although much of his life was spent teaching and working in England. Paraskos was born in Anaphotia, a village near the city of Larnaca, Cyprus in 1933, the restaurant became a popular haunt of the local art students who encouraged Paraskos to enrol for classes at Leeds College of Art. There he became friends with artists such as Dennis Creffield, Terry Frost and Wilhelmina Barns-Graham, with Frost. In St Ives Paraskos shared a studio with Barns-Graham until he returned to Leeds in 1961, dury was later to become a close friend as they both began teaching at Canterbury College of Art in 1970. Paraskos became the last British artist to be prosecuted for obscenity under the Vagrancy Act 1838. An exhibition recreating the 1966 Leeds exhibition was staged at the Tetley Arts Centre in Leeds in 2016 to mark the anniversary of the original exhibition and prosecution. Paraskos started teaching part-time at Leeds College of Art in the early 1960s after returning from St Ives in Cornwall and he also taught at Leicester Polytechnic before becoming a Lecturer in Fine Art at Canterbury College of Art. Paraskoss style of painting is figurative but non-naturalistic, and he uses bright colours to describe scenes which often seem rooted in his childhood in Cyprus and he is also influenced by the Byzantine church art of Cyprus, and modern masters, such as Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. Works include Pagan Spring in the State Gallery of Contemporary Art in Nicosia, Lovers and Romances in the Tate Gallery in London, and Bathing, in the collection of the Arts Council of England. Despite primarily being a painter, in 1992 he began work on a sculpture wall, in the village of Lempa. The wall is twenty metres long and up to four metres high, in his book Aphrodite, The Mythology of Cyprus the late George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy, a frequent traveller to Cyprus commented. Greek mythology provides an eternal fascination. Stass Paraskos, one of Cyprus most distinguished artists provides in this book an exciting recital of the influence Greek mythology has brought to bear on Greek Cypriot development, in 2008 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Bolton for his services to art and art education. In 2017 he was the subject of an exhibition at Pafos Art Gallery in Cyprus as part of the citys celebrations as European Capital of Culture. Paraskos died on 4 March 2014 in Paphos, Cyprus of septicemia caused by diabetes-related gangrene in his legs, a street in the village of Lempa, the current location of the Cyprus College of Art, has been named after him in his memory
32.
Institute of Contemporary Arts
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The Institute of Contemporary Arts is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. It is located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and it contains galleries, a theatre, two cinemas, a bookshop and a bar. The current director is Stefan Kalmár, the ICA was founded by Roland Penrose, Peter Watson, Herbert Read, Peter Gregory, Geoffrey Grigson and E. L. T. Mesens in 1947. The ICAs founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers, the Academy Cinema building included the Pavilion, a restaurant, and the Marquee ballroom in the basement, the building was managed by George Hoellering, the film, jazz and big band promoter. With the acquisition of 17 Dover Street, Piccadilly, in May 1950, ewan Phillips served as the first director. It was the residence of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson. The gallery, clubroom and offices were refurbished by modernist architect Jane Drew assisted by Neil Morris, Paolozzi decorated the bar area and designed a metal and concrete table with student Terence Conran. Ewan Phillips left in 1951, and Dorothy Morland was asked to take over temporarily, the critic Reyner Banham acted as assistant Director during the early 1950s, followed by Lawrence Alloway during the mid to later 1950s. In its early years, the Institute organised exhibitions of art including Picasso. A Georges Braque exhibition was held at the ICA in 1954 and it also launched Pop art, Op art, and British Brutalist art and architecture. The Independent Group met at the ICA in 1952–1962/63 and organised several exhibitions, with the support of the Arts Council, the ICA moved to its current site at Nash House in 1968. For a period during the 1970s the Institute was known for its often anarchic programme, rosenthal claims the group which assaulted him included the actor Keith Allen. Bill McAllister was ICA Director from 1977 to 1990, when the Institute developed a system of separate departments specializing in art, cinema. A fourth department was devoted to talks and lectures, iwona Blazwick was Director of Exhibitions from 1986 to 1993. Other notable curatorial and programming staff have included Lisa Appignanesi, James Lingwood, Michael Morris, Lois Keidan, Catherine Ugwu, MBE, Tim Highsted, mik Flood took over as director of the ICA in 1990 after McAllisters resignation. Flood announced that the Institute would have to leave its Mall location and move to a larger site and he was replaced as Director in 1997 by Philip Dodd. In 2002, the then ICA Chairman Ivan Massow criticised what he described as concept art, the ICA appointed Ekow Eshun Artistic Director in 2005 following the departure of Philip Dodd. A large financial deficit led to redundancies and resignations of key staff, Art critic JJ Charlesworth saw Eshun’s directorship as a direct cause of the ICA’s ills
33.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
34.
Leamington Spa
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Royal Leamington Spa, commonly known as Leamington Spa, Leamington, or simply Leam to locals /ˈlɛmɪŋtən/ is a spa town in Warwickshire, England. Following the popularisation of the qualities of its water in the eighteenth century. It is named after the River Leam which flows through the town, the town contains especially fine ensembles of Regency architecture, particularly in parts of the Parade, Clarendon Square and Lansdowne Circus. The town comprises six electoral wards, Brunswick, Milverton, Manor, Crown, Clarendon, the total population for those wards in 2011 was 49,491. Formerly known as Leamington Priors, Leamington began to develop as a town at the start of the 19th century and it was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Lamintone. For 400 years, the settlement was under the control of Kenilworth Priory and its name came from Anglo-Saxon Leman-tūn or Lemen-tūn = farm on the River Leam. The spa waters had been known in Roman times and the rediscovery in 1784 by William Abbotts and Benjamin Satchwell, six of the seven wells were drilled for, only the original spring at the site of the Aylesford Well, adjacent to the Parish Church occurred naturally. Early development of the old centre was on the southern bank of the River Leam. Later builders began concentrating the towns expansion on the north of the river. In 1767 Parliament passed an Act, proposed by Edward Willes, following a survey of the area by John Tomlinson in 1768, the land was estimated to be 990 acres and was subsequently divided, and new public roads were laid out. After the division on the south of the river most of the land east of the village was owned by the Willes family, to the north of the river most of the land was owned by the Willes family, the Earl of Warwick, and Bertie Greatheed. The main landholders of the village and adjacent land were the Earl of Aylesford, in the following decades some of the land was sold. By 1901, the population of Leamington had grown from a few hundred to nearly 27,000, in 1814, the Royal Pump Rooms and Baths were opened close to the River Leam. This grand structure attracted many visitors, expecting cures by bathing in pools of salty spa water and it also included the worlds first gravity fed piped hot water system in modern times, which was designed and installed by the engineer William Murdoch. Leamington became a spa resort attracting the wealthy and famous, and construction began of numerous Georgian townhouses to accommodate visitors. With the spread of the popularity, and the granting of a Royal prefix in 1838 by Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria had visited the town as a Princess in 1830, a statue of Queen Victoria was almost destroyed by a German bomb during the Second World War, and was moved one inch on its plinth by the blast. The statue was not returned to its position, and the incident is recorded on a plaque on its plinth
35.
Hounslow
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Hounslow is the principal town in the London Borough of Hounslow in Greater London and is part of the historic county of Middlesex. It is a suburban district 10.6 miles west south-west of Charing Cross, a minority of its workers are employed in Central London, to which the town is connected by rail and tube. Hounslow is part of the TW3 postcode area, though areas to the west are in TW4 instead. The population of the town, comprising the Hounslow Central, Hounslow Heath, the name Hounslow is spelt in old records as Hundeslow and similar, pointing to Anglo-Saxon Hundes hlāw, meaning the dogs mound or the mound of a man named or nicknamed Hound. Positioned on the Bath Road, Hounslow was centred around Holy Trinity Priory founded in 1211, the priory developed what had been a small village into a town with regular markets and other facilities for travellers heading to and from London. Although the priory was dissolved in 1539 the town remained an important staging post on the Bath Road, the adjacent Hounslow Heath that had been used as a military encampment by both Oliver Cromwell and James II developed a reputation as the haunt of highwaymen and footpads. Nearby important landowners included those of Osterley House, Syon House, Hanworth Park House, in 1756 Sir Thomas Morris, a distant relative of Bernard Matthews, established the base of his chicken farming empire. As a rich philanthropist who started from humble beginnings, he used his wealth to establish a school for the privileged children of the town. The building of the Great Western Railway line from London to Bristol from 1838 reduced long-distance travel along the Bath Road, by 1842 the local paper was reporting that the formerly flourishing village, which used to stable 2,000 horses, was suffering a general depreciation of property. The Hounslow Loop Line was constructed in 1850, prompting new development, the construction of the Great West Road in the 1920s attracted the building of the factories and headquarters of large companies. The factories were a local source of employment until a decline in the 1970s, attracting workers from a wide area. The settlement is also employed in the Commuter Belt with access between 45 and 60 minutes from most of Central London. DHL Air UK has its office in the Orbital Park in Hounslow. The M4 motorway is 2& mi north, its nearest junction, J3, the A315 is the historic WSW road out of London on which Hounslows High Street is placed. To the east, it bisects Isleworth, Brentford and Chiswick, to the west it bisects North Feltham and Bedfont before joining the A30. The north-south A312, The Parkway, to the west of Hounslow leads south to Hampton or north to Harrow passing Waggoners Roundabout, Hayes, Yeading, three minor roads converge on Heston from the A315 in parts of Hounslow, the A3063, A3005 and B363. For longer journeys north, the M4, A4 or A30 then M25 provides the best routes, for longer journeys south, Hanworth Road leads to the A316 that becomes the M3 motorway. Hounslow railway station, operated by South West Trains is on the line to London Waterloo station, or westwards to Reading
36.
Baxter Dury
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Baxter Dury is an English indie musician, originally signed to Rough Trade Records. He is the son of Ian Dury, and as a five-year-old he appeared on the front cover of Ians LP New Boots and he left school at the age of fourteen. He has had a Record of the Week in NME with Oscar Brown EP in 2002 and he has one son, Kosmo Korda Dury whose mother is the granddaughter of Zoltan Korda. In 2014, Dury signed a new recording contract with PIAS subsidiary Le Label, Baxter Dury is the son of Ian Dury. A biopic entitled Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll was released on 8 January 2010 and it stars Andy Serkis as Ian Dury. Baxters role is played by Bill Milner, the film was nominated for several awards. The title of the film is derived from Durys 19777 single Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll, Oscar Brown EP Love in the Garden Claire Pleasure Palm Trees Baxter Dury – official site Facebook Twitter Instagram
37.
Wingrave
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Wingrave is a village in Buckinghamshire, England, about four miles north east of Aylesbury and three miles south west of Wing. The civil parish is called Wingrave with Rowsham within Aylesbury Vale district, Wingrave is twinned with La Bouëxière in France. Its name occurs in the Domesday Book as Withungrave and in 1163 as Wiungraua and it comes from Old English Wiwinga grāf or Wēoinga grāf = the grove of the people referred to by Wing, Buckinghamshire or the grove of the people of the heathen temple. Around the recreation ground and in parts of the village are many houses and cottages of varying sizes, constructed in Tudor Revival style. These houses, which display her personal cypher H de R were homes for estate employees and they remained part of the Mentmore Estate until well into the 20th century and are very sought after today, commanding a very high price. The old village school was funded by Hannah De Rothschild and was opened by William Gladstone. It remained as the school until just before the Second World War. It was then used as the hall until 1976, when it was converted into two fantastic houses extremely sought after for its historic features and history. The Manor of Burbage lies within the Parish of Wingrave, Buckinghamshire, first referred to by name in or about 1465, by Sir Edmund Hampden and called Edmunds Manor. William Hampden was holding Burbage Manor at his death in 1525, the Manor is now, roughly in what is the major part of the Parish of Wingrave Buckinghamshire. The estate eventually sold off all the land and tangible assets leaving the Title and this is a Feudal Manorial Lordship, or Honour or Dignity, rather than a Peerage. The present holder of the Lordship is Anthony Mealing a Consultant Conservation Architect from High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, the Lord of the Manor can still call a Court Leet, these generally had a jury formed from the freehold tenants or freemen of the Manor. The jurys role was similar to that of the doomsmen of the Anglo-Saxon period and included electing the officers, to bring matters to the attention of the court and deciding on them. The Officers of Courts Leet could include some or all of the following, Steward, Manor Bailiff, summonsed the Jury and, if necessary, performed arrests, as well as generally supervising court matters. Constable, to law and order during court sessions. Ale taster, to ensure the quality of ale, and to check that true measures are used within the Manor, carniters or flesh tasters, to ensure the freshness of meat and poultry sold within the Manor. Bread Weighers, responsible for verifying the freshness and weight of bread sold in the Manor, affeerers, responsible for assessing amercements Searcher and Sealer of Leather, to ensure the quality of leather goods sold within the Manor. The Hayward, responsible for enclosures and fences on common land within the Manor, surveyor of the Highways or Overseer of Pavements, and Brook Looker, to ensure the proper condition of roads and waterways within the Manor Manor Mace Bearer Manor Town Crier
38.
Squatting
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Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential—that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. Author Robert Neuwirth suggested in 2004 that there were one billion squatters globally and he forecasts there will be two billion by 2030 and three billion by 2050. Yet, according to Kesia Reeve, squatting is largely absent from policy and academic debate and is rarely conceptualised, as a problem, as a symptom, Squatting can be related to political movements, such as anarchist, autonomist, or socialist. It can be a means to conserve buildings or to provide housing, while these settlements may, in time, grow to become both legalised and indistinguishable from normal residential neighbourhoods, they start off as squats with minimal basic infrastructure. Thus, there is no sewage system, drinking water must be bought from vendors or carried from a nearby tap, besides being residences, some squats are used as social centres or host give-away shops, pirate radio stations or cafés. In Spanish-speaking countries, squatters receive several names, such as okupas in Spain, Chile or Argentina, Squatting by necessity is in itself a political issue, therefore also a statement or rather a response to the political system causing it. During the period of recession and increased housing foreclosures in the 2000s, squatting became far more prevalent in Western. In some cases, need-based and politically motivated squatting go hand in hand, conservational – i. e. preserving monuments because the authorities have let them decay Political – e. g. Property law and the state have traditionally favored the property owner, however, in many cases where squatters had de facto ownership, laws have been changed to legitimize their status. Anarchist Colin Ward comments, Squatting is the oldest mode of tenure in the world and this is as true of the Queen with her 176,000 acres as it is of the 54 percent of householders in Britain who are owner-occupiers. They are all the recipients of stolen land, for to regard our planet as a commodity offends every conceivable principle of natural rights. U. K. police official Sue Williams, for example, has stated that Squatting is linked to Anti-Social Behaviour and can cause a great deal of nuisance, in some cases there may also be criminal activities involved. The public attitude toward squatting varies, depending on legal aspects, socioeconomic conditions, in particular, while squatting of municipal buildings may be treated leniently, squatting of private property often leads to strong negative reaction on the part of the public and authorities. Adverse possession is a method of acquiring title to property through possession for a period under certain conditions. Countries where this principle exists include England and the United States, however, some non-common law jurisdictions have laws similar to adverse possession. For example, Louisiana has a doctrine called acquisitive prescription. There are large communities in Kenya, such as Kibera in Nairobi. An estimated 1,000 people live in the Grande Hotel Beira in Mozambique, the Zabbaleen settlement and the City of the Dead are both well-known squatter communities in Cairo
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The Oval
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The Oval, currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London. The Oval has been the ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845. It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880, the final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there. In addition to cricket, The Oval has hosted a number of historically significant sporting events. In 1870, it staged Englands first international match, versus Scotland. It hosted the first FA Cup final in 1872, as well as those between 1874 and 1892, in 1876, it held both the England v Wales and England v Scotland rugby international matches, and in 1877, rugbys first Varsity match. The Oval is built on part of the former Kennington Common, Cricket matches were played on the common throughout the early 18th century. The earliest recorded match was the London v Dartford match on 18 June 1724. However, as the common was used regularly for public executions of those convicted at the Surrey Assizes. Kennington Common was eventually enclosed in the mid 19th century under a scheme sponsored by the Royal Family, in 1844, the site of the Kennington Oval was a market garden owned by the Duchy of Cornwall. Hence, Surrey County Cricket Club was established in 1845, the popularity of the ground was immediate and the strength of the SCCC grew. On 3 May 1875 the club acquired the remainder of the leasehold for a term of 31 years from the Otter Trustees for the sum of £2,800. In 1868,20,000 spectators gathered at The Oval for the first game of the 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England, the first tour of England by any foreign side. Thanks to C. W. Alcock, the Secretary of Surrey from 1872 to 1907, the Oval, thereby, became the second ground to stage a Test, after Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 1882, Australia won the Test by seven runs within two days, the Sporting Times printed a mocking obituary notice for English cricket, which led to the creation of the Ashes trophy, which is still contested whenever England plays Australia. The first Test double century was scored at The Oval in 1884 by Australias Billy Murdoch, surreys ground is noted as having the first artificial lighting at a sports arena, in the form of gas-lamps, dating to 1889. The current pavilion was completed in time for the 1898 season, in 1907, South Africa became the 2nd visiting Test team to play a Test match at the ground. In 1928, the West Indies played its first Test match at The Oval, in 1936, India became the fifth foreign visiting Test side to play at The Oval, followed by Pakistan in 1954 and Sri Lanka in 1998
