1.
Carlton, Victoria
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Carlton is an inner-northern suburb of Melbourne, Australia,2 km from and immediately adjoining Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Melbourne, at the 2011 Census, Carlton had a population of 13,509. Its boundaries are The University of Melbourne to the west, Princes Street to the north, Victoria Parade to the south, and Nicholson Street to the east. Due to its proximity to The University of Melbourne and the city campus of RMIT University, Carlton is thought to have been named after Carlton House, London. Carlton was founded in 1851 at the beginning of the Victorian Gold Rush, in contrast to the outer suburbs, detached homes are quite rare in Carlton, making up just 3% of residences. Apartments are the most common form of housing, Carltons apartments are low incomes, including crisis and student accommodation, with Housing Commission of Victoria towers and modern student apartment buildings. The two main housing estates are between Lygon and Rathdowne Streets, and between Nicholson and Canning Streets. These are configured as a mixture of 4 and 5-storey walk-up flats, 75% of Carltons housing is rented, the vast majority of which is concentrated in these apartment towers. Some strata titled apartments are clustered fronting suburbs parks and gardens, semi-detached housing makes up the remaining. Much of this type of housing is the remaining stock of terrace houses which proliferated in the Victorian era. Today these homes are highly sought after, attract high prices and have been the primary of gentrification, many are contained within heritage overlays and have individual heritage listings. Some of the best examples of style can be found on Drummond Street. Though many terraces in Carlton no longer function as residences and have either converted for mixed use or facaded as part of larger developments. Carltons public spaces were planned in the Victorian era and notably are all garden squares and these are rectilinear green spaces surrounded by buildings, based on a model fashionable in Europe. There are five main garden squares within the suburb – Carlton Gardens, University Square, Lincoln Square, Argyle Place, the largest of these squares is the 26 hectare Carlton Gardens, planned for the World Exhibition. A giant sundial is the feature of the piazza. Little Italy, Melbourne, also referred to as the Italian Precinct or simply Lygon Street, is a Little Italy cultural precinct centred around Lygon Street in Carlton. Lygon Street is home to a concentration of Italian restaurants
2.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
3.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
4.
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne
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Presbyterian Ladies College, Melbourne, is an independent, private, Presbyterian, day and boarding school for girls, located in Burwood, an eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1875 at East Melbourne, PLC was one of the first independent schools for girls in Australia, the College has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,450 students from the Early Learning Centre to Year 12, including 122 boarders. P. L. C features a co-educational Early Learning Centre, the College has been an IB World School since September 1990, and is authorised to offer the IB Diploma Programme. In 2001 The Sun-Herald named PLC Melbourne the best girls school in Australia on the basis of the number of its alumni mentioned in Whos Who in Australia. The Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria set up an Education Committee in 1869, to look into establishing a ladies college. At this time the Church owned 2 acres in Albert Street, East Melbourne, opposite the current Fitzroy Gardens, a school building and a teachers home were already built on the site, and were rented to a teacher as a primary school. The committee resolved to build the college and provide advice and support, joseph Reed drew plans for a building that would house 30 boarders and 150 day students, at an estimated cost of £12,000. They decided to draw a line down the middle of the plans, the building was completed in time for the schools first year,1875, with Charles Henry Pearson as founding principal. Pearson served as principal until 1879, when Andrew Harper took over, the schools current motto, Lex Dei Vitae Lampas, was introduced during the Second World War, as the original German motto, Ohne Hast Ohne Rast, was deemed inappropriate. By 1938 the East Melbourne buildings were at capacity. In 1939 they purchased a property in the suburb of Burwood, the Junior School was moved in 1939, but the complete move was delayed by the outbreak of the Second World War. On 29 September 1956 Lady Brooks, the wife of General Sir Dallas Brooks, Governor of Victoria, laid the stone for the new school buildings at Burwood. Sadly, the original buildings at East Melbourne were demolished that same year to make way for a Masonic Centre. The PLC Boarding House provides accommodation for 122 girls, boarders have access to the Colleges recreational and sporting facilities as well as computers for study needs. The Junior School for girls from Prep to Grade 6, the Senior School, which incorporates Years 7 to 12. The Early Learning Centre caters for students from 6 months to five years of age, the academic program for three-, four- and five-year-old children is influenced by the Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education. Students at this stage are introduced to mathematics, language, reading, writing, science, social studies, drama, dance and movement, the program for children under three years of age is designed to develop basic skills such as independence, listening, communication and sharing. Indoor and outdoor activities are utilised in order to encourage development in cognitive, social, emotional, the Junior School curriculum is based on the Victorian Essential Learning Standards, and is designed to cater for the different needs of students
5.
Outhwaite Family, Auckland
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The Outhwaite family were early settlers in Auckland, New Zealand and were a prominent family in Auckland in the first 85 years of the citys existence. They made substantial contributions to the legal, administrative, musical, literary, artistic, social and they were also important in the establishment and growth of the Catholic Church in Auckland and through their social and philanthropic activities. Their influence still continues, especially in respect of their donation of two areas of land in the central Auckland suburb of Grafton which are now Outhwaite Park, the family also enabled the creation of a conservation reserve in the Hen and Chicken Islands. Thomas Outhwaite was born at Ormside Hall in Westmoreland in 1805, while on board, they worked on the drafting of the ordinances which would be necessary to establish the Supreme Court and its procedure. Outhwaite also conducted a practice as a Barrister and was the foremost Auckland lawyer, from 1844 Thomas Russell was his articled clerk for seven years. When Thomas Outhwaite retired in 1869, Sir George Arney, the second Chief Justice of New Zealand, paid tribute to Outhwaites extraordinary firmness, patience, discretion, Outhwaite was also an active Auckland property developer and investor. For example, in 1874, he purchased William Swainsons upper paddock next to St Stephens Chapel, Judges Bay, Outhwaite was a very well-qualified musician. He had a tenor voice and, while in Paris. He had also studied the flute and the theory of music in harmony and he played both the piano and the violin and was the founder and conductor of the Sacred Harmonic Society, a forerunner of the Auckland Choral Society. Thomas Outhwaite delivered a lecture on 23 May 1843 on the History of Music with the principles he expounded being illustrated by the Philharmonic Society and this lecture appears to have engendered an interest in music in Auckland. He conducted the Philharmonic Societys orchestra and the Choral Society until 1852 and he also acted as a conductor of church choirs. He was a supporter of the Auckland Mechanics Institute, of which he was Vice-President. Thomas Outwaite was also interested in sport and in January 1845 he played Cricket for the Benedicts team on Bosworth Field and it appears that Thomas Outhwaite and his family were living near the Auckland Domain by 1843. In 1844 he bought land and built a house on the corner of Carlton Gore Road. Thomas Outhwaites wife was Marie Henrietta Louise Outhwaite and she was French, from the city of Besançon. Thomas and Louise led an active life in early Auckland. For example, in the winter of 1842, the wife of the first Governor of New Zealand, the weather was bad, the roads seemingly impassable, but the guests managed, against considerable odds to be present. Through the mud, Thomas Outhwaite wheeled Marie Louise up to Government House in a wheelbarrow, in 1846 they attended a Twelfth Night party at St Johns College at which each guest was expected to contribute his ingenuity
6.
Illustrator
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An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicated concepts or objects that are difficult to describe textually, illustration is the art of making images that work with something and add to it without needing direct attention and without distracting from the thing they illustrate. The other thing is the focus of the attention, and the role is to add personality. A cartoon illustration can add humor to stories or essays, use reference images to create scenes and characters. This can be as simple as looking at an image to inspire artwork, or creating character sketches. Some traditional illustration techniques include watercolor, pen and ink, airbrush art, oil painting, pastels, wood engraving, and linoleum cuts. Traditional illustration seems to have come full circle, from falling out of favor to photography in the early 1990s to being superseded by CGI, universities and art schools offer specific courses in illustration so this has become a new avenue into the profession. Many illustrators are freelance, commissioned by publishers or advertising agencies, most scientific illustrations and technical illustrations are also known as information graphics. Among the information graphics specialists are medical illustrators who illustrate human anatomy, often requiring years of artistic. A particularly popular medium with illustrators of the 1950s and 1960s was casein, the immediacy and durability of these media suited illustrations demands well. The artwork in both types of paint withstood the rigors of travel to clients and printers without damage, digital illustration is the technique of using a computer to produce original artwork. Digital illustrators use a combination of software and image editing software to create computer art. Digital illustration is not merely the manipulation of images with software, computer illustration or digital illustration is the use of digital tools to produce images under the direct manipulation of the artist, usually through a pointing device such as a tablet or a mouse. Computers dramatically changed the industry and today many cartoonists and illustrators create digital illustrations using computers, graphics tablets, software such as Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop are now widely used by those professionals
7.
Children's literature
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Childrens literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern childrens literature is classified in two different ways, genre or the age of the reader. Childrens literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of an oral tradition. The development of childrens literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many childrens tales were originally created for adults. Since the 15th century, a quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early centuries became known as the Golden Age of Childrens Literature as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics. There is no single or widely used definition of childrens literature and it can be broadly defined as anything that children read or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people. The International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature notes that the boundaries of genre. are not fixed but blurred, sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Rowlings Harry Potter series was written and marketed for young adults, the series extreme popularity led The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for childrens books. Despite the widespread association of childrens literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing, seth Lerer, in the opening of Childrens Literature, A Readers History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, This book presents a history of what children have heard and read. The history I write of is a history of reception, early childrens literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems that were used to educate, instruct, and entertain children. It was only in the 18th century, with the development of the concept of childhood, that a genre of childrens literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations. French historian Philippe Ariès argues in his 1962 book Centuries of Childhood that the concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment. Pre-modern childrens literature, therefore, tended to be of a didactic and moralistic nature, with the purpose of conveying conduct-related, educational, during the 17th century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection, the English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of the tabula rasa in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and he also suggested that picture books be created for children
8.
Fairy
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A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. According to Thomas Keightley, the word derives from the Latin fata. Other forms are the Italian fata, and the Provençal fada, in old French romance, fee was a woman skilled in magic, and who knew the power and virtue of words, of stones, and of herbs. Faierie became fairy, but with that now almost exclusively referring to one of the legendary people. The word fairy was used to represent an illusion, or enchantment, to the word faie was added the suffix -erie, used to express either a place where something is found or a trade or typical activity engaged in. In later usage it applied to any kind of quality or activity associated with a particular type of person. In the sense land where fairies dwell, the distinctive and archaic spellings Faery, the latinate fay is not to be confused with the unrelated fey, meaning fated to die. Various folkloristic traditions refer to them euphemistically, by such as wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair folk. Sometimes the term fairy is used to any magical creature, including goblins or gnomes, at other times. Fairies have their origin in the conflation of Celtic traditions in the Middle French medieval romances. Fairie was in origin used adjectivally, meaning enchanted, but was used as a name for enchanted creatures from as early as the Late Middle English period. In English literature of the Elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of Romance culture, the Victorian and Edwardian eras saw an increase in interest in fairies. The Celtic Revival viewed them as part of Irelands cultural heritage, carole Silvers and others suggest that the fascination of English antiquarians arose from a reaction to greater industrialization, and loss of folkways. Fairies are generally described as human in appearance and having magical powers, even with these small fairies, however, their small size may be magically assumed rather than constant. Some fairies though normally quite small were able to dilate their figures to imitate humans, on Orkney they were described as short in stature, dressed in dark grey, and sometimes seen in armour. Wings, while common in Victorian and later artwork of fairies, are rare in the folklore, even very small fairies flew with magic. Nowadays, fairies are depicted with ordinary insect wings or butterfly wings. In some folklore, fairies have green eyes, some depictions of fairies either have them wearing some sort of footwear and other depictions of fairies are always barefoot
9.
Presbyterian Church in Ireland
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The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Presbyterian denomination in Ireland, and the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland. Like most Christian churches in Ireland, it is organised on an all-island basis, the church has approximately 240,000 members. The Church has a membership of approximately 300,000 people in 540 congregations in 403 charges across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, about 96% of the membership is in Northern Ireland. It is the second largest church in Northern Ireland, the first being the Roman Catholic Church, in the Republic the church is the second largest Protestant denomination, after the Church of Ireland. All the congregations of the church are represented up to the General Assembly, presbyterianism in Ireland dates from the time of the Plantation of Ulster in 1610. During the reign of James I of England a large number of Scottish Presbyterians emigrated to Ireland and it succeeded in protecting the settlers, but failed abysmally to crush the rebellion. Under the more protection of Cromwell congregations multiplied and new presbyteries were formed. William III rewarded Presbyterian support against James II with an increase in the regium donum, from the 1690s, Presbyterian congregations, now organised in the Synod of Ulster, enjoyed practical freedom of religion, confirmed by the Toleration Act of 1719. Throughout the eighteenth century, many Presbyterians were involved in movements for reform, the eighteenth century saw significant tensions within the Synod of Ulster, which was divided between the Old Lights and the New Lights. The Old Lights were conservative Calvinists who believed that ministers and ordinands should subscribe to the Westminster Confession of Faith, the New Lights were more liberal and were unhappy with the Westminster Confession and did not require ministers to subscribe to it. In the nineteenth century, a belief that some of those who did not subscribe to the Westminster Confession were in fact Arian provoked a new phase of the conflict and this ended when seventeen ministers opposed to subscription seceded with their congregations to form the Remonstrant Synod. The united church was active in missionary activity both at home and abroad, particularly benefitting from the evangelical Ulster Revival of 1859, the headquarters of the church are at Assembly Buildings, Fisherwick Place, Belfast, which were extensively renovated as part of a multimillion-pound project in 2010–2012. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland, a member of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, has 540 congregations in 19 presbyteries across Ireland. The churchs two nineteenth century theological colleges, Magee College and Assemblys College, merged in 1978 to form Union Theological College in Belfast, Union offers post-graduate education to the denominations candidates for the full-time ministry. Until 2007 the church was connected to a union, Presbyterian Mutual. The Pulpit is the place from which sermons are preached and it generally occupies the central place in the church, reflecting the central place of the proclamation of the Word of God in the worship of the Church. The Bible Stand holds the bible in a prominent place in the church, the bible is the source of all authority in the life of the church. The Communion Table, often placed directly in front of the pulpit, the associated chairs are occupied by the minister and elders during the service of Holy Communion
