1.
Boise, Idaho
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Boise is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Idaho, as well as the county seat of Ada County. Located on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho, the population of Boise at the 2010 Census was 205,671 and its estimated population in 2013 was 214,237. The Boise-Nampa metropolitan area, also known as the Treasure Valley, includes five counties with a population of 664,422. It contains the three largest cities, Boise, Nampa, and Meridian. Boise is the third most populous area in the United States Pacific Northwest region, behind Seattle. Accounts differ about the origin of the name, Bonneville of the U. S. Army as its source. After trekking for weeks through dry and rough terrain, his party reached an overlook with a view of the Boise River Valley. The place where they stood is called Bonneville Point, located on the Oregon Trail east of the city, according to the story, a French-speaking guide, overwhelmed by the sight of the verdant river, yelled Les bois. Les bois. —and the name stuck, the name may instead derive from earlier mountain men, who named the river that flows through it. In the 1820s, French Canadian fur trappers set trap lines in the vicinity, set in a high-desert area, the tree-lined valley of the Boise River became a distinct landmark, an oasis dominated by cottonwood trees. They called this La rivière boisée, which means the wooded river, the area was called Boise long before the establishment of Fort Boise by the federal government. The original Fort Boise was 40 miles west, near Parma and this private sector defense was erected by the Hudsons Bay Company in the 1830s. It was abandoned in the 1850s, but massacres along the Oregon Trail prompted the U. S. Army to re-establish a fort in the area in 1863 during the U. S. Civil War. The new location was selected because it was near the intersection of the Oregon Trail with a road connecting the Boise Basin. During the mid-1860s, Idaho City was the largest city in the Northwest, the original territory was larger than Texas. Mullett, the U. S. Assay Office at 210 Main Street was built in 1871, natives and longtime residents use the pronunciation /ˈbɔɪsiː/, as given on the citys website. The pronunciation is used as a shibboleth, as outsiders tend to pronounce the citys name as /ˈbɔɪziː/. Boise is located in southwestern Idaho, about 41 miles east of the Oregon border, the downtown areas elevation is 2,704 feet above sea level
2.
Conservatism in the United States
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Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s. However they have stressed that a conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movements history, the history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism, they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage. Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed, the 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms. Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world, paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism. Nationwide most factions, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, the conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of godless communism. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress, the growth of government must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations and we believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side, President Ronald Reagan set the conservative standard in the 1980s, in the 2010s the Republican leaders typically claim fealty to it. For example, most of the Republican candidates in 2012 claimed to be standardbearers of Reagans ideological legacy, the 1980s and beyond became known as the Reagan Era. Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagans ideals and policies on most social, economic and they support a strong policy of law and order to control crime, including long jail terms for repeat offenders. Most conservatives support the death penalty for particularly egregious crimes, the law and order issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s. From 2001 to 2008, Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists and promote democracy in the Middle East. According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as conservative or very conservative, 34% as moderate, although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, for Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal. Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level, the trend is most pronounced among the least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states. Conservatives generally believe that government action is not the solution to problems as poverty and inequality
3.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
4.
Red
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Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing
5.
Republican Party of Florida
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The Republican Party of Florida is the official organization for Republicans in the state of Florida. Several of Floridas governors and U. S. senators were Republican after the Civil War during the Reconstruction era, in 1967, Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was the first Republican governor elected in the state since the 19th century reconstruction era. And after Nixons victory in 1968, the state only voted Democratic in presidential elections in 19761996,2008 and 2012. The presidential election in 2000 was decided by a margin of 537 votes out of approximately 6 million cast, the Florida Senate was still dominated by Democrats until 1992, when a majority of Republicans was elected. The Florida House of Representatives turned Republican after the November 1996 election, since then, the number of Democrats in both chambers have continued to drop. However, in the 2006 election the Democrats actually gained seats in the State House, the most Republican region of the state is the northern third, which contains the large cities of Pensacola and Jacksonville. The Tampa Bay region is relatively Democratic, although it has much more competitive in recent electoral cycles. While North Florida and the Panhandle have voted heavily Democratic at the local level, in the 2014 election, the Republican nominee for Governor was Governor of Florida Rick Scott. He defeated the Democratic nominee, who was the Former Governor of Florida Charlie Crist, the Republican National Committee is responsible for promoting Republican campaign activities. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising, senator Mel Martinez of Florida is the Republican Partys former General Chairman. Reince Priebus is the current Chairman of RNC, the chairman of the RNC is chosen by the President when the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the Partys state committees. The RNC, under the direction of the presidential candidate, supervises the Republican National Convention, raises funds. On the local level there are state committees in every state and most large cities, counties and legislative districts. The Republican House and Senate caucuses have separate fund raising and strategy committees, the National Republican Congressional Committee assists in House races, and the National Republican Senatorial Committee in Senate races. They each raise over $100 million per election cycle, and play important roles in recruiting strong state candidates, the Republican Governors Association is a discussion group that seldom funds state races. The membership of the Republican Party is primarily made up of conservatives, social conservatives, neoconservatives. The Republican Party is strong on defense and the socially conservative. The party generally supports lower taxes and limited government in economic areas
6.
Idaho's 1st congressional district
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Idahos 1st congressional district is one of two congressional districts in the U. S. state of Idaho. It comprises the portion of the state. From statehood in 1890 to the 1910 election, Idaho was represented by a statewide at-large seat, following the 1910 census, Idaho gained a second House seat, it was first contested in 1912. However, through the 1916 election, both seats were statewide at-large seats, the first election in Idaho with two congressional districts was in 1918. The 2012 election cycle saw the district remain largely in the shape it has had since the 1950s, historically, it has been reckoned as the Boise district, as it usually included most of the state capital. The latest round of redistricting, however, saw the 1st pushed to the west, a significant increase in population directly west of Boise over the previous decade, in western Ada and Canyon counties, was responsible for the westward shift of the boundary. However, the 1st continues to include most of Boises suburbs, in Ada County itself, the district continues to include Meridian, Eagle, and some parts of Boise south of Interstate 84. It also includes the northern portion of the state, through the Panhandle. The 1st district is represented by Raúl Labrador, a Republican from Eagle. First elected in 2010, he defeated Democratic incumbent Walt Minnick by over nine points and was easily re-elected in 2012. As of November 2015, there are six members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Idahos 1st congressional district who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was James A. McClure on February 26,2011, the most recently serving representative to die was Helen Chenoweth-Hage on October 2,2006. Idahos congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
7.
Idaho's 2nd congressional district
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Idahos 2nd congressional district is one of two congressional districts in the U. S. state of Idaho, in the eastern portion of the state. Beginning with the 2012 election, the district expanded westward and now includes most of Boise, after statehood in 1890, Idaho had a single seat in Congress through the 1910 election, a statewide at-large seat. Following the 1910 census, Idaho gained its second seat in the House, it was first contested in 1912, through the 1916 election, both were statewide at-large seats. The first election in Idaho with two districts was in 1918. Following the 2010 census and redistricting, the 2nd district gained more territory in northeast Ada County, a significant increase in population directly west of Boise over the previous decade, in western Ada County and Canyon County, was responsible for the westward shift of the boundary. In Ada County, the 1st district continues to include Meridian, Eagle, other major cities in the 2nd district include Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Twin Falls, and Rexburg. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a presence in the district. The district is represented by Mike Simpson, a Republican of Idaho Falls. A former dentist in Blackfoot, he was first elected in 1998, as of November 2015, there are three former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Idahos 2nd congressional district who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was George V, Idahos congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Butch Otter
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Clement Leroy Butch Otter is the 32nd Governor of Idaho, in office since January 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party, having served for 10 years,96 days, Otter is currently the longest-serving incumbent Governor in the United States whose time in office has run consecutively. Otter is the third Catholic to serve as Governor of Idaho, for the United States presidential election in 2016 Otter endorsed fellow Republican John Kasich. Butch Otter was born on May 3,1942 in Caldwell, Idaho and he is the son of Regina Mary and Joseph Bernard Otter. His father was a journeyman, electrician, and the lived in many rural locations in the Midwest and Western United States during his youth. His nickname Butch was the result of a few schoolyard fights which resulted in minor bruises and he graduated from St. Teresas Academy in Boise in 1962. Otter was 20 when he graduated from high school– a childhood accident involving gasoline severely burned his younger brother, Otter worked throughout high school as a janitor, theater usher, and lawn boy. Otter briefly attended St. Martins University in Lacey, Washington, Otter returned to Idaho and attended Boise Junior College, then earned his B. A. in political science from the College of Idaho in 1967. He was the member of his family to graduate from college. He served in the Idaho Army National Guards 116th Armored Cavalry from 1968–73 and his business experience includes 30 years with Simplot International, an agribusiness corporation which was founded by Otters then father-in-law, J. R. Simplot. He started at a position and eventually rose to the companys presidency. His first bid for office was in 1972 when he was elected a member of the Idaho State House of Representatives from Canyon County. He was re-elected in 1974 and 1976, in January 1977, incumbent Democratic Governor Cecil Andrus was appointed U. S. Secretary of Interior under President Jimmy Carter. Lieutenant governor John Evans, a Democrat, succeeded Andrus and Otter announced in June his intention to run for Governor of Idaho in 1978, in the six-man Republican primary in August, Otter ranked a close third with 26. 0% of the vote. Allan Larsen, the House Speaker from Blackfoot, won the nomination with 28. 7% of the vote, followed by Vern Ravenscroft of Tuttle, the nominees of both parties were Mormon, marking the first time in state history one would be elected governor. Incumbent Evans was unopposed in the Democratic primary and won the election in November. After losing the primary, he was on the Idaho Republican Party Central Committee and was Chairman of the Canyon County Republican Party. In 1986, Otter returned to politics and was elected Lieutenant Governor of Idaho and he was reelected in 1990,1994, and 1998
