1.
North Sulawesi
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North Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, on the Minahasa Peninsula lies south of Philippines. The provinces capital and largest city is Manado, and its population was 4,135,526 according to the 2010 census, the Dinoyo Inscription which was found near the town Malang is the oldest written sources in East Java, that is in 760. In the era of Majapahit under King Hayam Wuruk, its territory up to Malacca, the earliest evidence of the entry of Islam to East Java is the tomb headstone in Gresik many 1102, as well as a number of Islam tombs at the tomb complex of Majapahit. In addition, also found the appearance of the Jedong temple in the Wagir Region, East Java, which is believed to be older than the Dinoyo inscription, which is about 6th century AD. Portugal is the nation who arrived in North Sulawesi, the Portuguese ship docked on the Manado Island during the reign of the Kingdom of Manado in 1521. Spanish ships docked in the island of Talaud and Siau and continues to Ternate, the Portuguese built a fort at Amurang. The Spanish built forts in, and the Minahassa Peninsula started being colonized by Spain, resistance against the Spanish colonization peaked in 1660-1664. Ships from the Netherlands landed in Manado in 1660 in helping the Minahasa Confederation to fight against Spain, after defeating the Spain, the Minahasa Confederation entered into an agreement with the Dutch East India Company. After the independence of Indonesia, Indonesia is divided into eight provinces, the first governor of Sulawesi is Dr. Sam Ratulangi, which is also known as a national hero. In,1948 the State of East Indonesia was formed in Sulawesi, the State of East Indonesia was dissolved and merged into the Republic of Indonesia. Based on Law Act No.13 of 1964, formed the North Sulawesi province, on August 14,1959 in the set as the anniversary of the province. Climate in the North Sulawesi region including tropical influenced by monsoon winds, in the months November to April blowing westerly winds bring rain on the north coast, while in the month of May to October there is a change of dry southerly winds. Rainfall is uneven with a rate ranging between 2, 000-3,000 mm, and the number of rainy days between 90–139 days. Areas that received the most rainfall is Minahasa, the average air temperature is 25 °C. The maximum air temperature recorded an average of 30 °C and minimum air temperature average of 22.1 °C, temperature is affected by the altitude of a location by calculating each increment of 100 meters can lower the temperature by about 0.8 °C. The province areas are immediately adjacent neighbor country the Philippines, mountains lies a chain to an altitude above 1,000 above sea level. Lowland and upland potentially have economic value for the region, the lakes in this area potentially has economic value to the development of the field of tourism, irrigation and energy
2.
State of East Indonesia
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The State of East Indonesia was a post-World War II federal state formed in eastern Netherlands East Indies by the Netherlands in 1948. It was established in 1946, became part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949 and it comprised all the islands to the east of Borneo and of Java. From the end of World War II, Indonesian republicans had been trying to secure Indonesian independence from Dutch colonial control, from 16–25 July 1946, the Dutch organised a conference in the town of Malino on Celebes as part of their attempt to arrange a federal solution for Indonesia. The Malino Conference resulted in plans for a state in Borneo and another for East Indonesia, later that year, the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia with the Linggadjati Agreement of 15 November. The Denpasar Conference of 18–24 December was held to work out the specifics of a state to be called the State of the Great East and that state was established on 24 December and, on 27 December, renamed the State of East Indonesia. With the realisation of the United States of Indonesia on 27 December 1949, in much of Indonesia, the federal USI was seen as an illegitimate regime foisted on the islands by the Dutch, and many of the federal states began to merge with the Republic of Indonesia. However many in East Indonesia, with its population and greater number of Christians. East Indonesia had already dealt with the Twelfth Province secessionist movement in Minahasa in 1948, the USI was dissolved on 17 August 1950 and the rebellion in the Moluccas was crushed in November of the same year. The state was to have a president who would appoint a cabinet. A number of powers were reserved for the future United States of Indonesia. Balinese nobleman Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati was elected president at the Denpasar Conference that established the state, the Provisional Representative Body for the State of East Indonesia, initially consisting of the 70 participants of the Denpasar Conference, opened its first session on 22 April 1947. The state had a cabinet appointed by the president but much real power remained with the Dutch East Indies authorities. E. Within the residencies were 13 autonomous regions, the residencies were to be eliminated after the construction of functioning administration in the 13 regions. Complicating this structure was the fact that More than 75% of the State of East Indonesia comprised autonomous regions, the Autonomous Region Regulation of 1938 gave the swaprajas wide de jure autonomy but most of the rajas were puppets of Dutch administrators. The remaining area of the state not part of the swaprajas comprised directly governed regions, directly governed areas included Minahasa, the South Moluccas, Gorontalo, the districts of Macassar and Bonthain, and Lombok. The following were the residencies and their autonomous regions, from the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since c,1200, Third Edition, Palgrave Publisher,2001 History and rulers of Indonesian states, 1946–1950 at WorldStatesmen. org William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, ed. Indonesia, A country study. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
3.
Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati
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Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati, was the only President of the State of East Indonesia from 1946 to its disestablishment in 1950. His title Tjokorda Gde indicates that Soekawati belonged to the highest ksatria and he had a Balinese wife Gusti Agung Niang Putu of which a son was born Tjokorda Ngurah Wim Sukawati. In 1933 Tjokorda Raka married a French woman named Gilberte Vincent with whom he had two sons, in his young years, Soekawati attended a school for Indonesian officials. In 1918 he was an official Indonesian candidate appointed by the Bandung auditors, at the end of the same year he was mantripolitie to Denpasar. In 1919, he had ambitions and was promoted to Punggawa of his birthplace Ubud. In 1924 he was elected member of the Peoples Council, which he held until 1927, then, in the same year, he was a member of the board of delegates of the Peoples Council. At the end of 1931 he went to study in Europe, in 1932 he continued his journey to the Netherlands to study agriculture and animal husbandry. Between December 18 to 241946, he attended the conference in Denpasar and was chosen as president of the State of East Indonesia. The conference also led to the formation of the Provisional Parliament of East Indonesia, on April 21,1950, he successfully negotiated East Indonesias integration into a unitary Republic of Indonesia, heeding majority support for a unitary state. Hoe de Baliër zich kleedt, p.12 Kraemer, Hendrik, de strijd over Bali en de zending
4.
Jan Engelbert Tatengkeng
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Jan Engelbert Tatengkeng was an Indonesian poet from the Pujangga Baru era. He was also the fourth Prime Minister of the State of East Indonesia, most of Tatengkengs works were influenced by Tachtigers and Christianity. His best known collection of poems is Rindu Dendam, which contains 32 poems and was first published in 1934 and he also published poems in magazines. His other works comprise works of prose and a play, prose Works Datuk yang Ketularan Kemeja Pancawarna Prawira Pers Tukang Nyanyi Saya Masuk Sekolah Belanda Sepuluh Hari Aku Tak Mandi Drama Lena
5.
United States of Indonesia
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This transfer ended the four-year conflict between Indonesian nationalists and the Netherlands that was fought over for control of Indonesia. It lasted less than a year, before being replaced by the unitary Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference took place in The Hague from August to November 1949. The Peoples Representative Council consisted of 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the states according to their populations. The Senate had two members from each constituent part of the RUSI regardless of population, making 32 members in total, the state was governed according to the Federal Constitution of 1949, which had been drawn up on the sidelines of the Round Table Conference. It had a cabinet of 16 members, led by Prime Minister Hatta, over the first half of 1950, the non-Republic states gradually dissolved themselves into the Republic. Kahin, George McTurnan, Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, indrayana, Denny, Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002, PT Gramedia, ISBN 978-979-709-394-5 Legge, J. D. Indonesia, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c
6.
Sukarno
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Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia, serving in office from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of his countrys struggle for Independence from the Netherlands and he was a prominent leader of Indonesias nationalist movement during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to support for the Japanese war effort from the population. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945 and he led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch acknowledgment of Indonesian independence in 1949. The early 1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by providing support and protection to the Indonesian Communist Party to the irritation of the military and he also embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China. The 30 September Movement led to the destruction of the PKI and his replacement in 1967 by one of his generals, Suharto, the spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling. Sukarno himself insisted on a u, not oe, but said that he had told in school to use the Dutch style. He said that it was too difficult to change his signature, official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport which serves near Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had one name. He is sometimes referred to in accounts as Achmad Sukarno. The first name was added by a British journalist, who felt his readers would be confused over someone with just a single name. He was originally named KusnoJavanese pronunciation, following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a primary school in 1912, he was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School in Mojokerto. Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto, in 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminotos daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study engineering at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng. During his study in Bandung, Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih, the wife of Sanoesi, Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit, Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati
7.
Wongsonegoro
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Mr. Kangjeng Raden Tumenggung Wongsonegoro served as Minister of the Interior, Minister of Justice, and Minister of Education and Culture of Indonesia. He was also Deputy Prime Minister during the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, Wongsonegoro was born in Surakarta, Central Java, Dutch East Indies on 20 April 1897. He was an member of the Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence in 1945. This was feared to come into conflict with culture and unnecessarily burden those from other religions. Wongsonegoros first ministerial job was as Minister of the Interior, replacing Soekiman Wirjosandjojo and he served from 4 August to 20 December 1949. The following year he replaced Abdoel Gaffar Pringgodigdo as Minister of Justice during the Natsir Cabinet, in early February 1951 he attempted to pass legislation requiring the election of a Constituent Assembly, however, the Natsir Cabinet collapsed before the bill could be passed. Wongsonegoro himself was asked to resign by his party before the collapse and he then became Minister of Education and Culture from 27 April 1951 to 3 April 1952. Afterwards, he served as the formateur of the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, Wongsonegoro received mixed reception as formateur, with nationalist and communist groups in favour and Muslim and socialist groups against him. Meanwhile, the Masyumi Party was staunchly against him, expressing concern for his attempt to keep the Socialist Party out of the cabinet. Wongsonegoro took the position of Deputy Prime Minister in this cabinet and he resigned from both positions on 23 October
8.
Assaat
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Assaat Datuk Mudo, known as Mr. Assaat, was born in Banuhampu, Agam, West Sumatera, Dutch East Indies. He was the only President of Yogyakarta-based Republic of Indonesia before it became the part of the United States of Indonesia, reign from December 1949 until August 1950. He and a number of Indonesia founders, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Dutch and his early education, he studied in Islamic school and Dutch schools in Indonesia. He learned Islamic matter in Adabiah, Padang and also in MULO, and next to School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen in Batavia. He completed his education in the Netherlands school with the title Meester in de Rechten and his activities as a politician started in Jong Sumatranen Bond. Afterwards, he joined Perhimpunan Pemuda Indonesia, while in the Rechts Hoge School his professors disliked Assats political activities and Assaat failed his exams. He then entered Partai Indonesia with Adnan Kapau Gani, Adam Malik, after Indonesian independence, he was elected as head of Central Indonesian National Committee until Sukarno was captured by the Dutch. Assaat was named President of the Provisional Government of Indonesia until Soekarnos return, in December 1948, the Dutch launched their second Police Action and focused their attack on Yogyakarta. Assaat was captured by the Dutch army and sent to exile on Bangka Island along with other nationalist leaders, after his release, he moved to Jakarta where he became a member of the Provisional Peoples Representative Council. During Natsirs prime ministership, Assaat was appointed the Minister of Home Affairs, during his time as an influential figure in Indonesian politics Assaat became known for his extremist views against the ethnic Chinese minority of Indonesia. A movement called the Assaat Movement began calling for the expulsion of Chinese from Indonesia, on 19 March 1956, during an opening speech for the National Congress of Indonesian Importers Assaat stated The Chinese as an exclusive group refuse other group to enter, specially in economy. They were so exclusive that in their practice they become monopolistic. in 1959, a presidential decree came into effect. The decree stated that all Foreign citizens in areas were to be forcibly relocated to urban areas. The decree oversaw an exodus of a population of ethnic Chinese out of Indonesia. Once the rebels were defeated, Assaat was captured, labelled a traitor and jailed for his involvement
9.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
10.
Soenario
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Soenario, also spelled Sunario, was Indonesias minister of foreign affairs from 1953 to 1955. He returned to Java in the late 1920s and established a law practice in Bandung, while becoming active in Sukarnos Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia. In 1928, he was Bandungs delegate to the Second Indonesian Youth Congress in Batavia, on 30 July 1953, Soenario was appointed minister of foreign affairs in the cabinet of the prime minister Ali Sastroamidjojo. Soenario had a key role in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement and was a participant in the Asian-African Conference in 1955. On 23 April 1955, Soenario and Zhou Enlai, premier of the Peoples Republic of China, under the treaty, citizens of Chinese origin would have to choose within two years whether they have Chinese or Indonesian nationality. From 1956 to 1961, Soenario was Indonesias ambassador to the Court of St. Jamess, on 15 August 1985, he was awarded the Bintang Mahaputra Adipradana, Second Class, one of Indonesias highest civilian awards. Then-President Suharto spoke at Soenarios funeral in 1997, in 2002, the hundredth anniversary of his birth was commemorated at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Jakarta. His wife, Dina, preceded him in death in 1995, a daughter, Astrid Susanto, deputy chair of the Peoples Representative Councils Commission I, died in 2006. A granddaughter, Maya Sunario, is a member of the Indonesian-Irish Association based in Dublin, Sastrowardoyo, of the staff of the Consulate General of Indonesia in New York City. Two nephews, Rahadyan Sastrowardoyo and Hartriono B, the actress Dian Sastrowardoyo is a grandniece. Like many Javanese, Mr. Soenario had just one name, the family name was derived from sastra and wardaya, so literally meant writings of the heart. His father, Sutejo Sastrowardoyo, traced the familys ancestry back to 15th century Java, sunaryati Hartono, Hendarmin Djarab, and Lili Irahali, eds. Semangat Kebangsaan Dan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia, Peringatan 100 Tahun Prof, Mr. Sunario, Mantan Menteri Luar Negeri, Perintis Kemerdekaan,28 Agustus 1902-28 Agustus 2002. Jakarta, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia,1955, the Asian-African Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955. Bandung 1955, Non-alignment And Afro-Asian Solidarity
