1.
Ligonier, Pennsylvania
–
Ligonier is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,573 at the 2010 census, Ligonier was settled in the 1760s. The borough is known for nearby Idlewild Park, one of the oldest amusement parks in the country. Another tourist attraction is Fort Ligonier Days, a parade and craft market that takes place every fall over the course of three days, and the Ligonier Market in the summer months, Ligonier is part of the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area. Ligonier is the site of a reconstruction of Fort Ligonier, an example of a fort of the French. Ligonier is also known for its square, the Diamond. It was an army, a virtual moving city of 6,000 people. The fort was named Fort Ligonier after John Ligonier, a British noble of French origin who held the rank of Field Marshal in the British Army, eventually, the name of the settlement that grew up around the fort was shortened to Ligonier. In 1817, the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Turnpike was completed, a road that was the precursor to todays US Route 30. He initially called the town Ramseytown, later changed to Wellington, on April 10,1834, Ligonier was incorporated as a borough. However, in 1852 the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed, which avoided Ligonier and passed through Bolivar, traffic shifted from horse-drawn vehicles to the railroad, causing the communitys population to drop to 350 according to the 1860 census. A quarter-century of stagnation ensued as the town withered, Ligonier enjoyed a new impetus when the Ligonier Valley Railroad was completed in 1877, linking the community to Latrobe where connections to the Pennsylvania Railroad were possible. The Ligonier Valley Railroad enabled lumber, coal, and quarried stone to be transported out of the Ligonier Valley, also, the railroad made it easier for Pittsburgh residents to visit Ligonier, causing the town to develop as a summer resort. Some major physical changes to Ligonier occurred during this period, in 1894, the Diamond, which had been used as a corral for horses and wagons, was transformed into a park with a bandstand. A large hotel, the Hotel Breniser, was built in 1900 where the town currently sits. In 1909-1910, the Ligonier Valley Railroad built a station and headquarters building. In 1952, the Ligonier Valley Railroad ceased operation, due to a combination of overlogging, decline of the industry. The Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad also served Ligonier from 1899 to 1916, Ligonier and its surrounding countryside are strongly associated with the Mellon banking family, which still owns considerable tracts of land in the area
2.
Geographical coordinates
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Parques Reunidos
–
Parques Reunidos is an international entertainment operator based in Madrid, Spain. The group operates over 50 parks in almost a dozen countries, Parques Reunidos operates theme and amusement parks, zoos, water parks, family entertainment centers, and cable cars. These facilities are located in Spain, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Argentina, annual visitors to the Groups attractions exceed 22 million, with revenue exceeding $570 million. In January 2007, Parques Reunidos was acquired by the British private equity firm, in 2008 it had the fifth-highest attendance figures for worldwide chains with 24.9 million, ahead of Busch Entertainment Corporation and Cedar Fair. Madrid Benalmádena Parques Reunidos Kennywood Connection Oceanarium Lakes Aquarium Blackpool Zoo
5.
Amusement park
–
An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. Theme parks, a type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. Amusement parks evolved from European fairs and pleasure gardens, which were created for peoples recreation, Worlds fairs and expositions were another influence on the development of the amusement park industry. In common language, the theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions, the oldest being the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, the worlds oldest amusement park appeared in the Continent. Bakken at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 1583, a wave of innovation in the 1860s and 1870s created mechanical rides, such as the steam-powered carousel, and its derivatives. This inaugurated the era of the modern funfair ride, as the classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment. The second influence was the pleasure garden, one of the earliest gardens was the Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London. By the late 18th century, the site had a fee for its many attractions. It regularly drew crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations, tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts. Although the gardens were designed for the elites, they soon became places of great social diversity. Public firework displays were put on at Marylebone Gardens, and Cremorne Gardens offered music, dancing, prater in Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1766. The concept of a park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the worlds fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, the purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. American cities and business saw the worlds fair as a way of demonstrating economic. The Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, Illinois was an precursor to the modern amusement park
6.
Laurel Highlands
–
The Laurel Highlands is a region in southwestern Pennsylvania made up of Cambria County, Fayette County, Somerset County and Westmoreland County. It has a population of about 600,000 people, the region is approximately fifty-five miles southeast of Pittsburgh, the Laurel Highlands center on Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge of the Allegheny Mountains. The mountains making up the Laurel Highlands are the highest in Pennsylvania, because of the elevation, weather in the Laurel Highlands are generally cooler and wetter than in most other parts of the state. The Laurel Highlands are an area for hiking, mountain biking, hunting, trout fishing, wildlife viewing
7.
Pittsburgh
–
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
8.
U.S. Route 30
–
U. S. Route 30 is an east–west main route of the system of United States Numbered Highways, with the highway traveling across the northern tier of the country. It is the third longest U. S. route, after U. S. Route 20, the western end of the highway is at Astoria, Oregon, the eastern end is in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Despite long stretches of parallel and concurrent Interstate Highways, it has managed to avoid the decommissioning that has happened to other long haul routes such as U. S. Route 66. Much of the historic Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, became part of US30, it is still known by that name in many areas. The west end of US30 is at an intersection with U. S. Route 101 at the end of the Astoria–Megler Bridge in downtown Astoria, Oregon. It heads east to Portland, where it uses a section of freeway built for the canceled Interstate 505. From there it heads around the side of downtown on Interstate 405. Most of the rest of the route is concurrent with I-84, with only about 70 miles, under 1/5 of its length, off the freeway. Upon entering Idaho, US30 runs along its old route through Fruitland. It leaves at Bliss and soon crosses the Snake River, running south of it through Twin Falls and Burley before crossing it again, at the split with Interstate 86, US30 continues east with I-86 almost to its end at Pocatello. US30 cuts southeast through downtown Pocatello to Interstate 15, where it heads south to McCammon, there it exits and heads east and southeast, not parallel to an Interstate for the first time since Portland, into Wyoming. The Thousand Springs Scenic Byway is a section of old US30 in southern Idaho between the towns of Bliss and Buhl, dipping down into the Hagerman Valley and a canyon of the Snake River. These springs are outlets from the Snake River Aquifer, which flows through thousands of miles of porous volcanic rock and is one of the largest groundwater systems in the world. The aquifer is believed to be fed by the Lost River which disappears into lava flows near Arco, in Wyoming, US30 heads southeast through Kemmerer to Granger, where it joins Interstate 80 across southern Wyoming. It is also here that it joins the historic Lincoln Highway, from the state line to Grand Island, US30 closely parallels I-80. East of Grand Island, US30 diverges from I-80 and runs northeast towards Columbus on a parallel to the Platte River. At Columbus, it turns east towards Schuyler and Fremont and crosses the Missouri River into Iowa east of Blair, US30 crosses Iowa from west to east approximately 20 miles north of Interstate 80. Between Missouri Valley and Denison, the runs in a southwest-to-northeast direction
9.
Ligonier Valley Railroad
–
The Ligonier Valley Railroad connected the communities of Latrobe and Ligonier, Pennsylvania, approximately 10 miles apart, between 1877 and 1952. For much of its length, the railroad ran parallel to Loyalhanna Creek in a mountain gorge. The railroad was owned and operated by the Mellon family of banking fame, freight included coal, coke, lumber, and quarry stone. The history of the railroad can be traced back to 1853, grading and construction were very slow owing to financial problems, and in August 1877 Thomas Mellon, a Pittsburgh banking magnate, agreed to purchase the line. Service finally began on December 1,1877, the railroad was originally 3 ft narrow gauge, but was converted to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in standard gauge in 1882. Another segment of the railroad has its roots in a 1903 venture known as the Westmoreland Central Railroad and this company proposed to build a railroad connecting Ligonier to Bolivar, where it would connect with the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1904, the Ligonier Valley Railroad purchased the partly constructed line, in 1908, this was opened as the Ligonier-Wilpen-Fort Palmer branch and was 5.7 miles in length. The segment that would have linked Bolivar was never constructed, leaving the mining community of Fort Palmer as the northernmost extent of the Ligonier Valley Railroad. A new headquarters building including station facilities was built 1909-1910 in Ligonier and is still standing, passenger service was available between Latrobe and Ligonier up to the cessation of service in 1952. Stations in order from west to east were as follows, Darlington Milbank Bells Ligonier, Headquarters, with connection to Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad. The old depot and headquarters building now serves as offices for the Ligonier Valley School District, north Ligonier Hannah’s Run Wilpen Some sources show slightly different mileages. For example, a 1941 timetable shows Ligonier as 10.5 miles from Latrobe, passenger service was quite frequent, considering the small populations of the communities along the line. The railroad-owned Idlewild Park was a draw for passenger traffic. In 1941, there were five trains per day in each direction between Latrobe and Ligonier, four of the five stopped at all stations, while one train per day served only Latrobe, Kingston, Darlington, and Ligonier. In addition, three trains ran Sunday only, and yet another train ran daily except Saturday. The 1941 timetable shows no passenger service on the Wilpen branch, the worst disaster on the Ligonier Valley occurred at 3,40 PM on July 5,1912,2 miles from Ligonier, on the Wilpen branch near the Wilpen Fair Grounds. A locomotive pushing a single coach, northbound, collided head-on with a southbound freight train locomotive on a curve. The passenger coach, crowded with revelers returning from a holiday celebration, in total,26 people died and 29 were injured, including many children
10.
Pennsylvania
–
Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
11.
Lake Compounce
–
Lake Compounce is an amusement park located in Bristol and Southington, Connecticut, the lake itself lies completely in Southington. Opened in 1846, it is the oldest continuously-operating amusement park in the United States, the amusement park covers 332 acres of land, and also has a beach and a waterpark which can be used by guests for no extra charge. The park was acquired from Kennywood Entertainment Company by Palace Entertainment, in addition to the title for longest consecutively run amusement park in the United States, it also has 14th oldest wooden roller coaster in the world. Its other, newer wooden roller coaster, Boulder Dash, has won the Golden Ticket Award for the #1 Wooden Coaster in the World for 5 years, the lakes name is derived from Chief John Compound, a Mattatuck/Tunxis Native American. Legend has it that Chief Compound drowned while trying to cross the lake in a brass tea kettle. The parks roots trace back to 1846, when a descendant of John Norton, Gad Norton, though the experiment failed, Norton noted that thousands of people had shown up for the event and was inspired to open a park. He put a path around the lake, set up picnic tables, allowed public swimming and rowing on the lake, built a gazebo for lakeside band concerts, Lake Compounce had officially opened to the public as a picturesque picnic park. The park prospered as a park through the post-Civil War era. In 1851 Isaac Pierce, a successful California Gold Rush 49er, joined forces with Norton, in 1875 Norton and Pierce petitioned local legislators that their residences be set off from the town of Southington to the town of Bristol. A sheep roast was held in appreciation of those legislators and friends who helped secure the granting of that petition, in this quiet manner, the famed Crocodile Club was established and, in 2010, celebrated its 136th reunion. Later, a casino was built on the property, the casino, the first permanent building at the site, was built in 1895 with a restaurant downstairs and a ballroom upstairs. A full-course dinner cost fifty cents, public transportation also began that year as the Bristol and Plainville Tramway Company, later, the Southington and Compounce Line brought thousands of park-goers to Lake Compounce by trolley. Around that time, Timothy Murphy of Savin Rock, Connecticut, combining the works of four master carvers, Looff, Carmel, Stein and Goldstein, Lake Compounce purchased it for $10,000 and it opened to the public on Memorial Day,1911. The Lake Compounce Carousel is now included in the National Register of Historic Places, in 1914 the Green Dragon, Lake Compounces first electric-powered roller coaster, opened to the public. It was torn down in 1926, and in 1927 was replaced by the Wildcat, a wooden classic designed by Schmeck and built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company, which is still running to this day. The casino ballroom was expanded to include a dance floor without walls. Huge windowed walls and an arched ceiling were added in 1937. On Easter Sunday, Glenn Gray and the Casa Loma Band opened the Starlight Ballroom to a house of big-band enthusiasts
12.
Cedar Point
–
Cedar Point is a 364-acre amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio. Opened in 1870, it is the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce, Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain. Known as Americas Roller Coast, the features a world-record 71 rides. Its newest roller coaster, Valravn, opened in May 2016, Cedar Points normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September. The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends, the park has reached several milestones. Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013. As of 2015, the park is the most visited amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.51 million visitors in 2015. The park also has buildings that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the mid-19th century, the shore region of Lake Erie was a popular vacation destination for the emerging middle class in the United States. The lake islands, such as Kelleys Island and South Bass Island, were gaining a reputation for their freshwater bathing resorts, the Cedar Point peninsula, named for its abundance of cedar trees, was originally known for its fishing. Local fishermen leased land and built living quarters there, Sandusky, which featured an important shipping harbor and two railroads, transformed into a major economic center over the next three decades. Railroad and steamship travel supported an emerging industry, and rapid development of the area began. In the 1860s during the American Civil War, housing for a battery of four artillery pieces was constructed at the tip of the peninsula. It was used to defend a prison for Confederate soldiers on nearby Johnsons Island, Louis Zistel, a German immigrant, built two boats to transport the prisoners. In 1870, he began to ferry locals to the Cedar Point peninsula, Zistel opened a bathhouse on the north shore of the peninsula and the same year built a beer garden with a small dance floor. He charged 25 cents per person to ride from Sandusky to Cedar Point on his boat and this marked the beginning of Cedar Point as an amusement park. Benjamin F. Dwelle and Captain William Slackford leased land on the peninsula in 1882 and built eight new bathhouses, the steamboats R. B. Hayes and Lutts provided transport to Biemillers Cove and Cedar Point Lighthouse. Building on early success, Dwelle and Slackford continued to expand the park each year and added picnic tables, cleared acres of brush, and built a baseball diamond
13.
Amusement Today
–
Amusement Today is a monthly periodical that features articles, news, pictures and reviews about all things relating to the amusement park industry, including parks, rides, and ride manufacturers. The trade newspaper, which is based in Arlington, Texas, United States, was founded in January 1997 by Gary Slade, Virgil E. Moore III and Rick Tidrow. In 1997, Amusement Today won the Impact Award in the category for Best New Product from the International Association of Amusement Parks. A year later, in 1998, the founded the Golden Ticket Awards. On January 2,2001, Slade bought out his two partners, giving him ownership of the paper. The paper has two full-time and two staff members at its Arlington office, along with two full-time writers and several freelance writers in various parts of the world. S. West Coast bureau chief in 1997, currently social media editor, west Coast reporter, Tim Baldwin, general reporter and primary polling/content writer for the publication’s annual Golden Ticket Awards issue, B. Derek Shaw, U. S. Northeast/Mid-Atlantic reporter, and Pam Sherbourne, other regular contributors include Dan Feicht, Bubba Flint, Andrew Mellor, Richard Munch and Janice Witherow. John Robinson produces the publication’s daily Extra, Extra. industry news roundup, distributed directly to subscribers via email. Every year, Amusement Today gives out awards to the best of the best in the amusement park industry in a known as the Golden Ticket Awards. The awards are handed out based on given to experienced and well-traveled amusement park enthusiasts from around the world. The awards, which were first handed out in 1998, have featured on the Discovery Channel. The 2008 awards were announced at Give Kids the World Village in Orlando, Best Amusement Park – Cedar Point for 15 of 17 years. Best Water Park – Schlitterbahn for all 17 years, Best Landscaping – Busch Gardens Williamsburg for all 17 years. Best Childrens Park – Idlewild and Soak Zone for the past 5 years, cleanest Park – Holiday World for the last 15 years. Friendliest Park – Holiday World for 13 out of the last 17 years, Best Halloween Event – Universal Studios Orlando for 9 out of the 11 years the award has been given. Best Food – Knoebels for 16 out of last 17 years, Best Kids Area – Kings Island for the last 14 years. Best Steel Roller Coaster – Millennium Force for the past 5 years, Best Shows – Dollywood for the last 6 years
14.
Mellon family
–
The Mellon family is a wealthy and influential American family from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The family fortune originated with Mellon Bank, founded 1869. J, heinz, Newsweek, U. S. Steel, Credit Suisse First Boston and General Motors. Carnegie Mellon University, and its Mellon College of Science, is named in honor of the family, as well as for its founder, Andrew Carnegie, who was a close associate of the Mellons. The family can be divided into four branches, Thomas Mellon, Judge, as a boy he decided to abandon his parents farming lifestyle for law and banking in the city after reading Benjamin Franklins autobiography. James Ross Mellon, who married Rachel Larimer William Larimer Mellon, Sr. A. in International Relations, matthew Taylor Mellon II is the Chairman of the Republican Party Finance of New York, and is a Regent Director of Finance for the Republican National Committee. Mr. Mellon has founded or participated in multiple start ups such as Jimmy Choo, Harrys of London, Hanley Mellon, Marquis Jets, Arrival Aviation, mr. Mellon lives in New York with his wife Nicole Hanley Mellon and their son, Force. He also has a daughter, Araminta whom he raises jointly with his former wife Tamara Mellon, james Ross Mellon II successful hunter and author of books about Abraham Lincoln, Slavery in America and his family’s founding patriarch, Thomas Mellon. According to an interview with the Swiss weekly newspaper, SonntagsZeitung and he is married to Vivian Ruesch, daughter of Hans Ruesch. Ailsa Mellon Bruce who married David K. E. Andrew Lukas Jack Amelià Scaife Jack Bennett Scaife Jack Thomas Alexander Mellon m. Mary C, Caldwell, sister of Alexander CaldwellThomas Alexander Mellon Jr. m. Helen McLanahan Wightman Edward Ned Purcell Mellon II m, louise Grubbs Thomas Alexander Alec Mellon IV Helen S. Mellon m. Adolph W. SchmidtHelen Schmidt m. unk, claire Thomas Mellon Schmidt Edward Purcell Mellon m. Ethel Churchill Humphrey Jane Caldwell Mellon m1. Robinson Simonds Edward M. Leonard Craigh Leonard Jr. Stephanie Leonard
15.
Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
–
Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world. Based in Hatfield, Pennsylvania, it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey, the company manufactured carousels, wooden roller coasters, toboggans and later, roller coaster trains. Philadelphia Toboggan Company built and designed roller coasters from 1904 to 1979, notable designers included Joe McKee, John A. Miller, Herbert Schmeck, Frank Hoover, and John C. When Allen retired in 1976, the company stopped designing roller coasters, the company manufactured carousels in addition to roller coasters, which were known for their elaborate carvings and decorations. Lead carvers included Daniel Carl Muller, Leo Zoller, John Zalar, fine examples of the companys carousels exist throughout the United States. A few of the rides the Philadelphia Toboggan Company built include the Rollo Coaster at Idlewild Park in 1938, the company also manufactured Skee Ball machines for many years. In 1926, PTC was granted a trademark on a new name, developed by J. Norman Bartlett and John Miller, the Flying Turns coasters came to the attention of PTC. Recognizing the rides potential, PTC signed a agreement with Bartlett. With the arrival of the Great Depression, PTC built only one in 1931, the coaster was engineered by Herbert Schmeck, but experienced problems. The ride opened late in the summer and Schmeck was required to stay on site for some time before he was able to get the ride operating consistently, the ride was damaged beyond repair by a storm on September 21,1938. Schmeck actually engineered a second Flying Turns for Hershey Park in August 1941, due to the entry of the United States in World War II, and the resulting rationing of building materials, the roller coaster was never built. It would have been located in the next to what is now the Wave Swinger. Though Bartlett and Miller went on to several more Flying Turns-type coasters. On November 27,1991, Tom Rebbie and Bill Dauphinee purchased the Philadelphia Toboggan Company from its former owner, the 87-year-old company changed its name to Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters and Rebbie was appointed president. Rebbie bought out Dauphinee in 2007 to become the sole owner, the company continues to manufacture roller coaster trains, queue gates and fin brakes. This table only includes PTC coasters that are still operating, 1Originally built in 1930 as Roller Coaster for Lakewood Park in Waterbury, Connecticut. 2This was the last coaster designed and built by PTC. John Allen retired when this coaster was completed. 3Originally built in 1947 at Playland Park as The Rocket, the park closed in 1980 and the coaster was relocated to Knoebels in 1985. 4Originally built in 1960 at Roseland Park, Canandaigua, New York. The park closed in 1985 and the coaster was relocated to Lakemont Park in 1987. 5Originally built in 1949 at Crystal Beach Park, the park closed in 1989 and the coaster was dismantled in 1990
16.
Rollo Coaster
–
Rollo Coaster is a wooden roller coaster located at Idlewild and Soak Zone near Ligonier, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1938 by the roller coaster builder of that era. It was Idlewilds first and only roller coaster for decades until the larger Wild Mouse coaster was erected in 1993, built over a hillside at Idlewild Park, the Rollo Coaster is an out and back format. It uses skid brakes operated manually with a lever and this ride features two trains, but only operates with one. Each train consists of 3 cars that have 2 rows each car, each row is 1 longs seat, so it is possible to squeeze 3 small people into the seat. It is widely known to the coaster enthusiasts because of its lack of restraints and it is located next to the Carousel and Flying Aces. While the Rollo Coaster features only small hills, it uses topography to its advantage, built over steep terrain, the ride features many tight twists and turns which create a rough ride and a sense of much greater speed. This coaster was the inspiration for Boulder Dash, a similar, the Rollo Coaster is an ACE Coaster Classic. On August 11,2016, a three year old child fell from the ride to the ground and was rushed to the hospital, the ride has since been shut down pending an investigation
17.
Fred Rogers
–
WQED developed his own show in 1968 and it was distributed nationwide by Eastern Educational Television Network. Over the course of three decades on television, Fred Rogers became an icon of American childrens entertainment and education and he was also known for his advocacy of various public causes. Rogers received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, some forty honorary degrees, and he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame, was recognized by two Congressional resolutions, and was ranked No.35 among TV Guides Fifty Greatest TV Stars of All Time. Several buildings and artworks in Pennsylvania are dedicated to his memory, Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania,40 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, to James and Nancy Rogers, he had one sister, Elaine. Early in life, he spent much of his time with his maternal grandfather, Fred McFeely. He would often sing along as his mother would play the piano, Rogers graduated from Latrobe High School. He studied at Dartmouth College, then transferred to Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, Rogers was also a trained general aviation pilot. At Rollins, he met Sara Joanne Byrd, an Oakland, Florida native and they had two sons, James and John. Rogers was red–green color blind, swam every morning, and neither smoked nor drank and he was a vegetarian on ethical grounds, stating I dont want to eat anything that has a mother. Despite recurring rumors, he never served in the military and his office at WQED Pittsburgh famously did not have a desk, only a sofa and armchairs, because Rogers thought a desk was too much of a barrier. Fred Rogers had a moment when he first saw television in his parents home. He entered seminary after college, but, after his first experience as a viewer and he thus applied for a job at NBC in New York City in 1951 and then worked on musical programs including Your Hit Parade, The Kate Smith Hour, and The Voice of Firestone. He also worked on Gabby Hayes show for children, ultimately, Rogers decided that commercial televisions reliance on advertisement and merchandising undermined its ability to educate or enrich young audiences, so he quit NBC. In 1954, he began working at WQED, a Pittsburgh public television station, Rogers began wearing his famous sneakers when he found them to be quieter than his work shoes as he moved about behind the set. The show won a Sylvania Award for best childrens show and was briefly broadcast nationally on NBC, during his off hours, he would leave the WQED studios during his lunch breaks to study theology at the nearby Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. Rogers, however, was not interested in preaching, and, after his ordination and he had also done work at the University of Pittsburghs program in Child Development and Child Care. Many of his famous set pieces—Trolley, Eiffel Tower, the tree, Mr. Dressup also used some of the songs that would be featured on Rogers later program. The two of them co-starred on Butternut Square on CBC TV between October 19,1964, and February 10,1967
18.
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
–
Mister Rogers Neighborhood is an American half-hour childrens television series that was created and hosted by namesake Fred Rogers. The series is aimed primarily at preschool ages 2 to 5, despite this, a number of stations have chosen to continue airing the reruns independently of the PBS feed. Eleven years after Mister Rogers Neighborhood concluded, PBS debuted an animated spin-off and it was this program where many of the puppets, characters and music used in the later series were developed, such as King Friday XIII, and Curious X the Owl. It was also the time when Rogers began wearing his famous sneakers, the show won a Sylvania Award for best childrens show, and was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network. Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario in 1961 to work on a new series based on The Childrens Corner which was called Misterogers, most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets or characters. Fred Rainsberry, head of Childrens Programming at CBC, persuaded Rogers to appear on camera in the new show after seeing him interact with children. Ernie Coombs, one of the Americans whom Rogers brought with him to develop the CBC show, would remain with CBC. Coombs first appeared as Mr. Dressup in the CBC program Butternut Square, Coombs then helped to develop what became Mr. Dressup which continued for several decades. In 1966, Rogers acquired the rights to his program from the CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on The Childrens Corner. He renamed the show Misterogers Neighborhood, which initially aired regionally in the northeastern US through EEN, including stations in Boston, Washington, D. C. The 100 episodes of the show incorporated the Neighborhood of Make-Believe segments from the CBC episodes with additional reality-based opening and closing material produced in Pittsburgh. The series was cancelled in 1967 due to lack of funding, the first national broadcast of Misterogers Neighborhood appeared on most NET stations on February 19,1968. In 1970, when PBS replaced NET, it also inherited this program, around the same time the show had a slight title change, to the more-familiar Mister Rogers Neighborhood. The show was in production from February 19,1968 to February 20,1976, the studio in Pittsburgh where the series was taped was later renamed The Fred Rogers Studio, in honor of Rogers himself. Rogers also made a point to behave naturally on camera rather than acting out a character. I also believe that kids can spot a phony a mile away, the half-hour episodes were punctuated by a puppet segment chronicling occurrences in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe. From 1979 to 1981, a version of the opening sequence was used. Usually, the camera goes from the neighborhood to out on the porch of the Rogers television house and this is the same model electric trolley that later in the program will transport viewers into the Neighborhood of Make-Believe
19.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
20.
Charter
–
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. The word entered the English language from the Old French charte and it has come to be synonymous with the document that lays out the granting of rights or privileges. The term is used for a case to an institutional charter. A charter school, for example, is one that has different rules, regulations, charter is sometimes used as a synonym for tool or lease, as in the charter of a bus or boat or plane by an organization, intended for a similar group destination. A charter member of an organization is a member, that is. Anglo-Saxon Charters are documents from the medieval period in Britain which typically make a grant of land or record a privilege. They are usually written on parchment, in Latin but often with sections in the vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, the British Empire used three main types of colonies as it sought to expand its territory to distant parts of the earth. These three types were royal colonies, proprietary colonies, and corporate colonies, a charter colony by definition is a colony…chartered to an individual, trading company, etc. by the British crown. Although charter colonies were not the most prevalent of the three types of colonies in the British Empire, they were by no means insignificant, a congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission, authority and activities of a group. Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code, a municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. Charters for chivalric orders and other orders, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, in project management, a project charter or project definition is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It provides a preliminary delineation of roles and responsibilities, outlines the objectives, identifies the main stakeholders. It serves as a reference of authority for the future of the project, in medieval Europe, royal charters were used to create cities. The date that such a charter was granted is considered to be when a city was founded, at one time a royal charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally now used instead
21.
Latrobe, Pennsylvania
–
Latrobe /leɪˈtroʊb/ is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The city population was 8,338 as of the 2010 census and it is located near Pennsylvanias scenic Chestnut Ridge. Latrobe was incorporated as a borough in 1854, and as a city in 1999, the current Mayor is Rosemarie M. Wolford. Among its claims to fame, Latrobe is the home of Saint Vincent Archabbey and it was the childhood home of Fred Rogers, childrens television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, in June 2006, City Brewing Company from La Crosse, Wisconsin entered into negotiations to buy the brewery. In September 2006, City Brewing Company agreed to purchase the brewery, sam Adams production did not last long. The plant is currently brewing Iron City Beer under contract, in addition, Duquesne Bottling Company has brewed the revived Duquesne Beer, The Prince of Pilseners, at the Latrobe plant. In 1852, Oliver Barnes laid out the plans for the community that was incorporated in 1854 as the Borough of Latrobe, Barnes named the town for his best friend and college classmate, Benjamin Latrobe, who was a civil engineer for the B&O Railroad. Its location along the route of the Pennsylvania Railroad helped Latrobe develop into a significant industrial hub, Latrobe was also served by the Ligonier Valley Railroad from 1877 to 1952. In 1904, the split was invented in Latrobe by David Evans Strickler at Stricklers Drug Store. Two interurban lines served Latrobe, The Westmoreland County Railway Company connected Latrobe to Derry, also, Latrobe Street Railway Company began operations in 1900, connecting Latrobe to Kingston. That line was purchased by West Penn Railways, which linked it with its network running through Youngstown, Pleasant Unity. Latrobe has two sites on the National Register of Historic Places within its city boundaries, Pennsylvania Railroad Station at Latrobe, citizens National Bank of Latrobe, At six stories, this is the city’s tallest building, previously known as the Mellon Bank Building. This 1926 structure was designed by the Greensburg firm of Batholomew & Smith, from 1895 until 1909, Latrobe was the home of the Latrobe Athletic Association, one of the earliest professional football teams. The teams quarterback, John Brallier, became the first football player to playing for money. In 1895 he accepted $10 and expenses to play for Latrobe in a 12-0 victory over the Jeannette Athletic Club, Brallier was thought to be the very first professional football player, until the 1960s
22.
Narrow-gauge railway
–
A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
23.
Pennsylvania Railroad
–
The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the Pennsy, the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U. S. for the first half of the 20th century. Over the years, it acquired, merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies and its only formidable rival was the New York Central, which carried around three-quarters of PRRs ton-miles. At one time, the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world, with a larger than that of the U. S. government. The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history, in 1968, PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company, which filed for bankruptcy within two years. The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail, which was broken up in 1999, with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway. Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg, with the opening of the Erie Canal and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic. The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and it soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads, inclined planes, and canals was proposed. Because freight and passengers had to change several times along the route and canals froze in winter, it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson, an engineer from the Georgia Railroad, to survey, the crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3, 612-foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown. The western end of the line was built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny. In 1857, the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania, the line was double track from its inception, and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added. Over the next 50 years, PRR expanded by gaining control of railroads by stock purchases. This line is still an important cross-state corridor, carrying Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and he served as PRRs first Chief Engineer and third President. Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRRs Connecting Railway, the PRRs Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2,1872, between Baltimore and Washington, D. C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the lines heading north from the city. On June 29,1873, the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed, the PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia, Pennsylvania
24.
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
–
Allegheny County is a county in the southwestern quarter of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of 2014 the population was 1,231,225, making it the second-most populous county in Pennsylvania, Allegheny County is included in the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is in the Pittsburgh Designated Market Area, Allegheny County was the first in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name, being named after the Allegheny River. The word Allegheny is of Lenape origin, with uncertain meaning and it is usually said to mean fine river, but sometimes said to refer to an ancient mythical tribe called Allegewi that lived along the river long ago before being destroyed by the Lenape. Not a great deal is known about the inhabitants of the region prior to European contact. During the colonial era various native groups claimed or settled in the area, resulting in a mix that included Iroquois, Lenape, Shawnee. European fur traders such as Peter Chartier established trading posts in the region in the eighteenth century. In 1749 Captain Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, claimed the Ohio Valley, the captain traveled along the Ohio and Allegheny rivers inserting lead plates in the ground to mark the land for France. Since most of the towns during that era were developed along waterways, therefore, the British sent Major George Washington to try to compel the French to leave their posts, with no success. Having failed in his mission, he returned and nearly drowned crossing the ice-filled Allegheny River, in 1754, the English tried again to enter the area. This time, they sent 41 Virginians to build Fort Prince George, the French got news of the plan and sent an army to take over the fort, which they then resumed building with increased fortification, renaming it Fort Duquesne. The loss of the fort cost the English dearly because Fort Duquesne became one of the points of the French. The first attempt to retake the fort, the Braddock Expedition and it was not until General John Forbes attacked in 1758, four years after they had lost the original fort, that they recaptured and destroyed it. They subsequently built a new fort on the site, including a moat, the site is now Pittsburghs Point State Park. Both Pennsylvania and Virginia claimed the region that is now Allegheny County, Pennsylvania administered most of the region as part of its Westmoreland County. Virginia considered everything south of the Ohio River and east of the Allegheny River to be part of its Yohogania County, in addition, parts of the county were located in the proposed British colony of Vandalia and the proposed U. S. state of Westsylvania. The overlapping boundaries, multiple governments, and confused deed claims soon proved unworkable, in 1780 Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward, and the region became part of Pennsylvania. From 1781 until 1788, much of what had been claimed as part of Yohogania County, Virginia, was administered as a part of the newly created Washington County, Allegheny County was officially created on September 24,1788, from parts of Washington and Westmoreland counties
25.
Mellon Financial
–
Mellon Financial Corporation was one of the worlds largest money management firms. On December 4,2006 it announced an agreement with Bank of New York. After regulatory and shareholder approval, the completed the merger on July 2,2007. Mellon was founded in 1869 by Thomas Mellon and his sons Andrew W. Mellon, in 1902, the institution became Mellon National Bank. Mellon Bank was an important force in the mass production revolution in the United States, the Mellon family using the bank as a proxy had direct involvement with founding the modern aluminium, oil, consumer electronics and financial industries. Alcoa, Gulf Oil, Westinghouse and Rockwell, all were founded and managed by the bank. U. S. Steel, Heinz, General Motors, Koppers and ExxonMobil were born, in 1920 Andrew left his leadership post of the bank to become the longest serving U. S. Treasury Secretary in history. In 1929, Richard founded Mellbank Corporation, in 1946, Mellon National, Mellbank, and the Union Trust Company merged to form Mellon National Bank and Trust Company. A reorganization in 1972 brought about a change to Mellon Bank, N. A. In 1983, Mellon bought Girard Bank of Philadelphia and Central Counties Bank of State College, the next year, Mellon National Corporation became Mellon Bank Corporation, and purchased Northwest Pennsylvania Corporation of Oil City, Pennsylvania. In 1986, Mellon bought Commonwealth National Financial of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and it is also reported that Mellon operates the 2nd largest financial computing system in the world. In 1991, Mellon bought United Penn Bank of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the next year, Mellon bought 54 branch offices of Philadelphia-based Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, whose parent company had become insolvent. Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, was the first savings bank in the United States, in 1993, Mellon bought The Boston Company from American Express and AFCO Credit Corporation from The Continental Corporation. The next year, Mellon merged with the Dreyfus Corporation, bringing its mutual funds under its umbrella,1998 saw Mellons purchase of United Bankshares, Inc. of Miami, 1st Business Bank of Los Angeles, and Founders Asset Management. In 1999, Martin G. McGuinn became chairman and chief officer of Mellon Bank Corporation. Mellon Bank Corporation then became Mellon Financial Corporation, two years later, it sold its retail banking operations to Citizens Financial Group. In 2004, Mellon announced it would purchase Safeco Trust Company from Seattle-based Safeco Corporation, the same year, it purchased outstanding shares in London-based Pareto Partners and offered them floor space in Mellon Financial Centre. In 2006, Mellon announced its plans to merge with Bank of New York, talks began when Tom Renyi approached Robert Kelly about a possible amalgamation between the Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation
26.
Train station
–
A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
27.
Independence Day (United States)
–
It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
28.
Loyalhanna Creek
–
Loyalhanna Creek is a 50-mile long tributary of the Kiskiminetas River in Westmoreland County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The stream is a destination for canoeing and recreational trout fishing. The village was settled shortly after the Delaware left the Susquehanna River area in 1727, layalhanning means the middle stream in the Delaware language— lawel or lawell, hanna, ing. Loyalhanna rises from Laurel Ridge in southern Westmoreland County, north of Donegal and flows NNE, approximately 5 mi northwest of Ligonier it turns northwest, cutting through Chestnut Ridge and passing through Latrobe. From Latrobe, it flows NNW, passing through Loyalhanna Lake reservoir, the creek lies about midway between the Juniata River to the east and the Ohio River to the west, and about halfway between the Conemaugh River to the north and the Youghiogheny River to the south. Decades before the 2000s, the end of the creek. Rocks in the area are still stained red from the effects, in subsequent years, with the growth of environmental sensitivity, a remediation pond was installed near St. Vincent College that removes 90 percent of the iron oxide from the water. Sam Sherry, of Wilpen, claimed to have encountered a Bigfoot while night fishing along Loyalhanna Creek on May 17,1987, Sherry gained notice from Bigfoot enthusiasts and spent much of his life investigating the phenomenon in the area. List of rivers of Pennsylvania List of tributaries of the Allegheny River U. S. Geological Survey, PA stream gaging stations Loyalhanna Dam pictures U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Loyalhanna Lake
29.
Carousel
–
A carousel, roundabout, or merry-go-round, is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating circular platform with seats for riders. This leads to one of the alternative American names, the galloper, other popular names are jumper, horseabout and flying horses. Sometimes, chairlike or bench seats are used and occasionally mounts can be shaped like aeroplanes or cars. The modern carousel emerged from early jousting traditions in Europe and the Middle East, knights would gallop in a circle while tossing balls from one to another, an activity that required great skill and horsemanship. This game was introduced to Europe at the time of the Crusades from earlier Byzantine, the word carousel originated from the Italian garosello and Spanish carosella. This early device was essentially a cavalry training mechanism, it prepared and strengthened the riders for actual combat as they wielded their swords at the mock enemies. By the 17th century, the balls had been dispensed with, cavalry spectacles that replaced medieval jousting, such as the ring-tilt, were popular in Italy and France. The game began to be played by commoners, and carousels soon sprung up at fairgrounds across Europe, at the Place du Carrousel in Paris, an early make believe carousel was set up with wooden horses for the children. By the early 18th century carousels were being built and operated at various fairs and gatherings in central Europe, makers included Heyn in Germany and Bayol in France. These early carousels had no platforms, the animals would hang from chains and they were often powered by animals walking in a circle or people pulling a rope or cranking. In the United Kingdom, merry-go-rounds usually turn clockwise, while in North America and Mainland Europe, by the mid-19th century the platform carousel was developed, the animals and chariots were fixed to a circular floor that would suspend from a centre pole and rotate around. These carousels were called dobbies and were operated manually by the operator or by ponies, in mid-19th century England, the carousel became a popular fixture at fairs. The first steam-powered mechanical roundabout, invented by Thomas Bradshaw, appeared at the Aylsham Fair in about 1861, the platform served as a position guide for the bottom of the pole and as a place for people to walk or other stationary animals or chariots to be placed. He called this ride the Platform Gallopers and he also developed the platform-slide which allowed the mounts to swing out concentrically as the carousel built up speed. Fairground organs were often present when these machines operated, eventually electric motors were installed and electric lights added, giving the carousel its classic look. These mechanical innovations came at a time, when increased prosperity meant that more people had time for leisure and spare money to spend on entertainment. It was in this context that the modern fairground ride was born. In his 1902 Catalogue for Roundabouts he claimed to have. patented and placed upon the all the principal novelties that have delighted the many thousands of pleasure seekers at home
30.
Rowing
–
Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water, displacing water, and propelling the boat forward. The difference between paddling and rowing is that rowing requires oars to have a connection with the boat. In some localities, rear-facing systems prevail, in other localities, forward-facing systems prevail, especially in crowded areas such as in Venice, Italy and in Asian and Indonesian rivers and harbors. This is not strictly an either-or, because in different situations its useful to be able to row a boat facing either way. The current emphasis on the aspects of rowing has resulted in some new mechanical systems being developed. Rearward-facing systems, This is probably the oldest system used in Europe, a seated rower pulls on one or two oars, which lever the boat through the water. The pivot point of the oars is the fulcrum, the motive force is applied through the rowers feet. In traditional rowing craft, the point of the oars is generally located on the boats gunwale. The actual fitting that holds the oar may be as simple as one or two pegs or a metal oarlock, in performance rowing craft, the rowlock is usually extended outboard on a rigger to allow the use of a longer oar for increased power. Sculling involves a seated rower who pulls on two oars or sculls, attached to the boat, thereby moving the boat in the direction opposite that which the rower faces, in some multiple-seat boats seated rowers each pull on a single sweep oar, usually with both hands. Boats in which the rowers are coordinated by a coxswain are referred to as a coxed pair/four/eight, sometimes sliding seats are used to enable the rower to use the leg muscles, substantially increasing the power available. An alternative to the seat, called a sliding rigger, uses a stationary seat. On a craft used in Italy, the catamaran moscone, the rower stands and this is a convenient method of manoeuvring in a narrow waterway or through a busy harbour. The Rantilla system of frontrowing oars uses inboard mounted oarlocks rather than a reversing transmission to achieve forward motion of the boat with a motion on the oars. In ancient times, rowing vessels, especially galleys, were used in naval warfare and trade. Galleys had advantages over sailing ships, they were easier to maneuver, capable of bursts of speed. Galleys continued in use in the Mediterranean until the advent of steam propulsion and their use in northern Atlantic waters was less successful, finishing with their poor performance with the Spanish Armada. The Classical trireme used 170 rowers, later galleys included even larger crews, trireme oarsmen used leather cushions to slide over the seats, which allowed them to use their leg strength as a modern oarsman does with a sliding seat
31.
Andrew Mellon
–
Andrew William Mellon was an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, and politician. From the wealthy Mellon family of Pennsylvania, he established a vast business empire before transitioning into politics. He served as United States Secretary of the Treasury from March 9,1921 to February 12,1932, presiding over the years of the 1920s. Leaving office after the onset of the Great Depression, he served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. A conservative Republican, Mellon lowered taxes and government spending in the aftermath of World War I, Mellon was born in Pennsylvania on March 24,1855. His name is listed on the 1860 Census as William A. Mellon and his father was Thomas Mellon, a banker and judge who was a Scots-Irish immigrant from County Tyrone, Ireland, his mother was Sarah Jane Negley Mellon. He had three brothers, Thomas A. James R. and Samuel, and he also had a younger brother named Richard B. He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania and left before graduating, in 1872 his father set him up in a lumber and coal business, which he soon turned into a profitable enterprise. He joined his fathers banking firm, T, Mellon & Sons, in 1880 and two years later had ownership of the bank transferred to him. In 1889, Mellon helped organize the Union Trust Company and Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh and he also branched into industrial activities, oil, steel, shipbuilding, and construction. Areas where Mellons backing created giant enterprises included aluminum, industrial abrasives, Mellon financed Charles Martin Hall, whose refinery grew into the Aluminum Company of America. He became the partner of Edward Goodrich Acheson in manufacturing silicon carbide and he created an entire industry through his help to Heinrich Koppers, inventor of coke ovens which transformed industrial waste into usable products such as coal-gas, coal-tar, and sulfur. He also became an investor in the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. Mellon was one of the wealthiest people in the United States, while he served as Secretary of the U. S. Treasury Department his wealth peaked at around $300–$400 million in 1929–1930. Mellon was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, along with his closest friends Henry Clay Frick and Philander Knox, Mellon served as a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. Mellon also was one-third owner with Frick and one Charles W. Mauck in the Old Overholt whiskey distillery in West Overton, at the time, Old Overholt was one of the largest and most respected whiskey producers in the country. In 1907, as prohibition became more popular across the country, Frick and Mellon removed their names from the distilling license and it is believed that Mellons connections in the Treasury Department are what allowed the company to secure a medicinal permit during Prohibition. This permit allowed Overholt to sell existing whiskey stocks to druggists for medicinal use, when Frick died in December 1919, he left his share to Mellon
32.
American black bear
–
The American black bear is a medium-sized bear native to North America. It is the continents smallest and most widely distributed bear species, Black bears are omnivores, with their diets varying greatly depending on season and location. They typically live in forested areas, but do leave forests in search of food. Sometimes they become attracted to human communities because of the availability of food. The American black bear is the worlds most common bear species, along with the brown bear, it is one of only two of the eight modern bear species not considered globally threatened with extinction by the IUCN. American black bears often mark trees using their teeth and claws as a form of communication with other bears, a behavior common to many species of bears. Despite living in North America, American black bears are not closely related to bears and polar bears. American and Asian black bears are considered sister taxa, and are closely related to each other than to other species of bear. Reportedly, the sun bear is also a recent split from this lineage. A small primitive bear called Ursus abstrusus is the oldest known North American fossil member of the genus Ursus and this suggests that U. abstrusus may be the direct ancestor of the American black bear, which evolved in North America. Although Wolverton and Lyman still consider U. vitabilis an apparent precursor to modern black bears, the ancestors of American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged from sun bears 4.58 mya. The American black bear then split from the Asian black bear 4.08 mya, the earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asiatic species, though later specimens grew to sizes comparable to grizzlies. From the Holocene to present, American black bears seem to have shrunk in size, the American black bear lived during the same period as short-faced bears and the Florida spectacled bear. These Tremarctine bears evolved from bears that had emigrated from Asia to North America 7–8 ma, however, both Arctodus and Tremarctos had survived several other ice ages. American black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species, according to Jack Hannas Monkeys on the Interstate, a bear captured in Sanford, Florida, was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asian black bear and a male American black bear. In 1859, a bear and a Eurasian brown bear were bred together in the London Zoological Gardens. In the reports published since this date three species have produced young, a black bear shot in autumn 1986 in Michigan was thought by some to be a black bear/grizzly bear hybrid, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull. DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a black bear or grizzly
33.
Monkey
–
Monkeys are haplorhine primates, a group generally possessing tails and consisting of about 260 known living species. There are two lineages of monkeys, New World Monkeys and catarrhines. Apes emerged within the catarrhines with the Old World monkeys as a sister group, however, traditionally apes are not considered monkeys, rendering this grouping paraphyletic. The equivalent monophyletic clade are the simians, many monkey species are tree-dwelling, although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are active during the day. Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, particularly Old World monkeys, lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys, instead they are strepsirrhine primates. Like monkeys, tarsiers are haplorhine primates, however, they are not monkeys. There are two types of monkey, New World monkeys from South and Central America and Old World monkeys from Africa. Hominoid apes, which all lack tails, are also catarrhines but are not considered monkeys, Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 millions years ago, Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 millions years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus are also considered monkeys by primatologists, according to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word monkey may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape, colloquially, the terms monkey and ape are widely used interchangeably. Also, a few species have the word ape in their common name. Monkeys thus constituted a grade on the path to humans and were distinguished from apes, scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, thus the term monkey no longer refers to a recognized scientific taxon. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes, however this also contains the hominoids, so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids, in addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word monkey from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics. A group of monkeys may be referred to as a tribe or a troop
34.
The Whip (ride)
–
The Whip was a ride originally designed and built by W. F. Mangels Company of Coney Island, New York, United States, william F. Mangels patented the ride in 1914 and it soon became an extremely popular ride. The ride consists of two circular wheel-like turn-table platforms on opposing sides of a rectangular base, motors turn a cable that leads a number of 2–3 person seater cars that are attached, around a laminated wooden track. The ride follows the track while the cable turns, when the car reaches one of the turn-table platforms, the speed picks up forcing riders to one side as the car whips around the corner. Whips with 8,10, or 12 cars were available, at least two 16-car models exist, one operating at Kennywood and the other in storage at Knoebels. The Whip is commonly found at older, historic parks, a childrens version was also built that looked exactly like the full size version. A childrens roto-whip was also produced and is in a motion that whips the cars as it goes around. The childrens roto-whips are more common today than the full-scale versions, the Whips name could lead many to believe it is an aggressive thrill ride but most are actually very tame. The normal minimum height requirement is 46 inches tall unless with an adult at most parks. The version at Knoebels has non-lockable restraints, and riders can easily get out during the rides rotation, the Whip spread to other countries such as England. During the 1930s, the English poet John Betjeman described St Giles Fair in Oxford as follows, the whole of St Giles … is thick with freak shows, roundabouts, cake-walks, the whip, and the witching waves. Two of the oldest Whips operating today are at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania and Kennywood Park in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, the Whip at Playland in Rye, NY was made in 1928, and is one of the parks oldest rides. Another installation of a classic Whip is at Knoebels Grove in Elysburg and this whip, called the Whipper was originally installed at a park in Hunlock Creek, PA called Croops Glen moved to Knoebels in the 1940s after that park closed. These rides have become increasingly rare, there are a small handful located in the North-Eastern United States. There is still an original The Whip in Camden Park Huntington, West Virginia, **The Whip burned in 2013, due to an electrical fire. Throughout urban areas in America, Mobile Whip Rides were once prevalent on the streets of many cities and these are considered truck mounted portable amusement devices. Mobile Whip Rides such as still exist in the New York City area and are rented out for block parties, street fairs
35.
Rationing
–
Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration, which is ones allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a day or at a particular time. Rationing is often done to keep price below the price determined by the process of supply. Thus, rationing can be complementary to price controls, an example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the 1973 energy crisis. A reason for setting the lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage. High prices, especially in the case of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who cannot afford them, traditionalist economists argue, however, that high prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource while also providing incentive to produce more. Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing, for example, scarce products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at amusement parks, where one pays a price to get in, similarly, in the absence of road pricing, access to roads is rationed in a first come, first served queueing process, leading to congestion. Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the goods being sold illegally on the black market. Rationing has been instituted during wartime for civilians, for example, each person may be given ration coupons allowing him or her to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing. Rationing of food and water may become necessary during an emergency. In the U. S. the Federal Emergency Management Agency has established guidelines for civilians on rationing food, according to FEMA standards, every person should have a minimum of 1 US quart per day of water, and more for children, nursing mothers and the ill. Military sieges have often resulted in shortages of food and other essential consumables, in such circumstances, the rations allocated to an individual are often determined based on age, sex, race or social standing. During the Siege of Lucknow a woman received three quarters the food ration a man received and children received only half, during the Siege of Ladysmith in the early stages of the Boer War in 1900 white adults received the same food rations as soldiers while children received half that. Food rations for Indian people and black people were significantly smaller, the first modern rationing systems were brought in during the First World War. In Germany, suffering from the effects of the British blockade, although Britain did not suffer from food shortages, as the sea lanes were kept open for food imports, panic buying towards the end of the war prompted the rationing of first sugar and then meat. It is said to have in the most part benefited the health of the country, to assist with rationing, ration books were introduced on 15 July 1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat and sugar
36.
Caterpillar (ride)
–
The Caterpillar ride is a vintage flat ride engineered by the inventor Hyla F. It was once found at nearly every amusement park around the USA, though only two Caterpillars are known to be operating, there have been reports claiming there are additional Caterpillars in storage or standing at a few other parks. The ride features a complete circuit of motorized vehicles which are connected all the way around the ride. Also, the travel a circular, undulating track very similar to that of a Tumble Bug. When covered with the canopy, the ride tends to look like a caterpillar, a high powered fan located at one point under the carriage of the ride, was traditionally used to surprise riders with a blast of air as the cars go around the track. The Caterpillar most likely served as Moser Rides inspiration for the popular Music Express style ride, knoebels Amusement Resort, Elysburg, PA originally a Caterpillar ride at West View Park, Pittsburgh, PA
37.
Showboat
–
Showboats were a special type of riverboat designed to carry passengers rather than cargo, and they had to be pushed by a small towboat, also known as a pusher, which was attached to it. Showboats were rarely steam-powered because the engine had to be placed right in the auditorium for logistical reasons. During the American frontier era, populations of potential audiences were widely scattered about the area that is now the United States, actors traveled to America from England, and theatre venues as well as touring companies were developed. Noah Ludlow, a pioneer in travelling theater, purchased a keelboat in 1816 for $200. Ludlow and 11 associates, together known as the American Theatrical Commonwealth Company, climbed aboard and traveled down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and it is not clear whether they ever performed on the boat, or just used the boat as a means of travel. If they did, in fact, perform on the boat, british-born actor William Chapman, Sr. created the first deliberately-planned showboat, named the Floating Theater in Pittsburgh in 1831. He and his family of nine, along two other people, lived on this boat and performed plays with added music and dance at stops along the waterways. The price of admission was anywhere from a peck of fresh vegetables to 50 cents a person, after reaching New Orleans, they got rid of the boat and went back to Pittsburgh in a steamboat in order to tour down the river once again the following year. In 1836, the family was able to afford a new, in 1837, it was renamed Steamboat Theatre. Many other showboats followed the Floating Theater onto the rivers in the following years, one popular showboat during this period was the Floating Circus Palace of Gilbert R. Spaulding and Charles J. Rogers, built in 1851, that featured large-scale equestrian spectacles. By the middle of the century, showboats could seat up to 3,400 and regularly featured wax museums. Showboats disappeared entirely with the advent of the American Civil War, upon their revival, they tended to focus on melodrama and vaudeville. Major boats of this included the New Sensation, New Era, Water Queen. New inventions such as the tow and the steam calliope greatly increased both territory and audiences, and Stephen Foster’s songs added charm to their simple programs. With the improvement of roads, the rise of the automobile, motion pictures, and the maturation of the river culture, in order to combat this development, they grew in size and became more colorful and elaborately designed in the 1900s. The Golden Rod seated 1,400 persons, the Cotton Blossom, the Sunny South, with the burlesquing of these programs throughout the 1930s to attract sophisticated audiences, showboats ceased to perform their original function. The last showboat to travel the rivers in authentic pattern was the Golden Rod in 1943, the glory days of showboats are recalled by the Majestic, which is docked on the Ohio River in Downtown Cincinnati. Until 2013, she served as a venue for regular performances, in the process of writing her 1926 novel Show Boat, Edna Ferber stayed on board the James Adams Floating Theatre to gather research material on the showboat, a disappearing American pastime
38.
Lincoln Highway
–
The Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America. Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G, in 1915, the Colorado Loop was removed, and in 1928, a realignment relocated the Lincoln Highway through the northern tip of West Virginia. Thus, there are a total of 14 states,128 counties, the first officially recorded length of the entire Lincoln Highway in 1913 was 3,389 miles. Over the years, the road was improved and numerous realignments were made, counting the original route and all of the subsequent realignments, there have been a grand total of 5,872 miles. The Lincoln Highway was gradually replaced with numbered designations after the establishment of the U. S, today, Interstate 80 serves as the primary highway from the New York City area to San Francisco. Google Maps prominently labels the 1928–30 route, holland Tunnel from New York City westward under the Hudson River to Jersey City, New Jersey. U. S. Route 1/9 Truck from Jersey City westward to Newark, New Jersey Route 27 from Newark southwestward to Princeton, New Jersey. U. S. Route 206 from Princeton southwestward to Trenton, U. S. Route 1 from Trenton southwestward to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. U. S. Route 30 from Philadelphia westward across Pennsylvania, the tip of West Virginia. Illinois Route 31 from Aurora northwestward to Geneva, Illinois, Illinois Route 38 from Geneva westward to Dixon, Illinois. Illinois Route 2 from Dixon westward to Sterling, Illinois, U. S. Route 30 from Sterling westward across western Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming, to Granger, Wyoming. Interstate 80 from Granger westward across western Wyoming and Utah, to West Wendover, U. S. Route 93 Alternate and U. S. Route 93 from West Wendover southward to Ely, Nevada. U. S. Route 50 from Ely westward across Nevada, to 9 miles west of Fallon, Sierra Nevada Southern Route, U. S. Route 50 westward around Lake Tahoe and over Echo Summit and the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento. Old U. S. Route 40 from Sacramento southwestward across Californias Central Valley to the University Avenue exit in Berkeley, University Avenue from Interstate 80 westward to the Berkeley Pier. From the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco, take, Hyde Street southward 2 blocks to North Point Street, North Point Street westward 3 blocks to Van Ness Avenue. Van Ness Avenue southward 16 blocks to California Street, California Street westward 54 blocks to 32nd Avenue. The Western Terminus Marker and Interpretive Plaque are located to the left of the Palace, the Lincoln Highway was Americas first national memorial to President Abraham Lincoln, predating the 1922 dedication of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. by nine years. As the first automobile road across America, the Lincoln Highway brought great prosperity to the hundreds of cities, towns, the Lincoln Highway became affectionately known as The Main Street Across America
39.
Times Square
–
It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
40.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
41.
Lincoln Park (San Francisco)
–
Lincoln Park in San Francisco, California, was dedicated to President Abraham Lincoln in 1909 and includes about 100 acres of the northwestern corner of the San Francisco Peninsula. Lincoln Park is the terminus of the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States of America. The land on which Lincoln Park stands was a cemetery in use in the late 1860s, in 1902, golf enthusiasts laid out a three-hole course on part of the land. In 1909, the Board of Supervisors turned the land over to the Parks Commission, the golf course expanded to 14 holes by 1914, then to a full 18 holes in 1917. During this period of development some 50 acres of the tract were turned over to the federal government to be added to the neighboring Fort Miley Military Reservation. The Lincoln Highway, with its terminus at Lincoln Park, was conceived and mapped in 1913 as the first coast-to-coast road across America. The original western terminus marker of the highway was located at the end of the plaza. Today, a replica of the western terminus marker and a plaque are located at the southwest corner of the plaza. The replica marker was placed in 2002 during the revitalized Lincoln Highway Associations 10th Annual National Convention by the Associations California Chapter, in 1923, the park was chosen as the site of the California Palace of the Legion of Honor. The San Francisco Holocaust Memorial, designed by George Segal, was dedicated in the park in 1984
