1.
Reggie Workman
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Reginald Reggie Workman is an American avant-garde jazz and hard bop double bassist, recognized for his work with both John Coltrane and Art Blakey. Workman was a member of groups led by Gigi Gryce, Roy Haynes, Wayne Shorter. In 1961, Workman joined the John Coltrane Quartet, replacing Steve Davis and he was present for the saxophonists Live at the Village Vanguard sessions, and also recorded with a second bassist on the 1961 album, Olé Coltrane. After a European tour, Workman left Coltranes group at the end of the year, Workman also played with James Moody, Art Blakeys Jazz Messengers, Yusef Lateef, Pharoah Sanders, Herbie Mann and Thelonious Monk. He has recorded with Archie Shepp, Lee Morgan and David Murray, Workman, with pianist Tommy Flanagan and drummer Joe Chambers, formed The Super Jazz Trio in 1978. He is currently a professor at The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music in New York City, the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music
2.
Pharoah Sanders
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Pharoah Sanders is an American jazz saxophonist. Saxophonist Ornette Coleman once described him as probably the best tenor player in the world, emerging from John Coltranes groups of the mid-1960s, Sanders is known for his overblowing, harmonic, and multiphonic techniques on the saxophone, as well as his use of sheets of sound. Sanders is an important figure in the development of jazz, Albert Ayler famously said, Trane was the Father, Pharoah was the Son. Pharoah Sanders was born Farrell Sanders on October 13,1940 in Little Rock and his mother worked as a cook in a school cafeteria, and his father worked for the City of Little Rock. An only child, Sanders began his career accompanying church hymns on clarinet. His initial artistic accomplishments were in art, but when he was at Scipio Jones High School in North Little Rock, the band director, Jimmy Cannon, was also a saxophone player and introduced Sanders to jazz. When Cannon left Scipio Jones High School, Sanders took over as the director until a permanent director could be found. During the late 1950s, Sanders would often sneak into African-American clubs in downtown Little Rock to play with acts that were passing through. At the time, Little Rock was part of the route through Memphis, Tennessee. Sanders found himself limited by the segregation and the R&B. After finishing high school in 1959, Sanders moved to Oakland, California and he briefly attended Oakland Junior College and studied art and music. Once outside the Jim Crow South, Sanders could play in black and white clubs. His Arkansas connection stuck with him in the Bay Area with the nickname of “Little Rock. ”It was also during this time that he met, Pharoah Sanders began his professional career playing tenor saxophone in Oakland, California. He moved to New York City in 1961 after playing with rhythm and he received his nickname Pharoah from bandleader Sun Ra, with whom he was performing. After moving to New York, Sanders had been destitute, He was often living on the streets, under stairs, where ever he could find to stay, his clothes in tatters. Sun Ra gave him a place to stay, bought him a new pair of pants with yellow stripes, encouraged him to use the name Pharoah. Sanders came to prominence playing with John Coltranes band, starting in 1965, as Coltrane began adopting the avant-garde jazz of Albert Ayler, Sun Ra. Sanders first performed with Coltrane on Ascension, then on their dual-tenor recording Meditations, after this Sanders joined Coltranes final quintet, usually performing very lengthy, dissonant solos
3.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
4.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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Fort Lauderdale /ˌfɔərt ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ is a city in the U. S. state of Florida,28 miles north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average temperature of 75.5 °F and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, the district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012, greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants,63 golf courses,12 shopping malls,16 museums,132 nightclubs,278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts. Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War, the forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale, younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort, however, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the New River Settlement before the 20th century, in the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6,1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children. The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, the fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County, Fort Lauderdales first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob, a group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery
7.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
8.
Bebop
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As bebop was not intended for dancing, it enabled the musicians to play at faster tempos. Bebop musicians explored advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, extended chords, chord substitutions, asymmetrical phrasing, Bebop groups used rhythm sections in a way that expanded their role. The term bebop is derived from nonsense syllables used in scat singing and it appears again in a 1936 recording of Ise a Muggin by Jack Teagarden. A variation, rebop, appears in several 1939 recordings, the first, known print appearance also occurred in 1939, but the term was little-used subsequently until applied to the music now associated with it in the mid-1940s. Some researchers speculate that it was a used by Charlie Christian because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing. Another theory is that it derives from the cry of Arriba, used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands. At times, the bebop and rebop were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of bebop/rebop as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, ability to play sustained, high energy, and creative solos was highly valued for this newer style and the basis of intense competition. Swing-era jam sessions and cutting contests in Kansas City became legendary, the Kansas City approach to swing was epitomized by the Count Basie Orchestra, which came to national prominence in 1937. One young admirer of the Basie orchestra in Kansas City was an alto saxophone player named Charlie Parker. Young was equally daring with his rhythm and phrasing as with his approach to harmonic structures in his solos and he would frequently repeat simple two or three note figures, with shifting rhythmic accents expressed by volume, articulation, or tone. His phrasing was far removed from the two or four bar phrases that players had used until then. They would often be extended to an odd number of measures and he would take a breath in the middle of a phrase, using the pause, or free space, as a creative device. The overall effect was that his solos were something floating above the rest of the music, Parker played along with the new Basie recordings on a Victrola until he could play Youngs solos note for note. That understatement of harmonically sophisticated chords would soon be used by young musicians exploring the new language of bebop. That solo showed a sophisticated harmonic exploration of the tune, with implied passing chords, Hawkins would eventually go on to lead the first formal recording of the bebop style in early 1944. As the 1930s turned to the 1940s, Parker went to New York as a player in the Jay McShann Orchestra. Guitarist Charlie Christian, who had arrived in New York with the Benny Goodman Orchestra in 1939 was, like Parker, christians major influence was in the realm of rhythmic phrasing
9.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
10.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
11.
Drummer
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The term percussionist applies to a musician who performs struck musical instruments of numerous diverse shapes, sizes and applications. Most contemporary western ensembles bands for rock, pop, jazz, most drummers of this particular designation work within the context of a larger contingent that may also include, keyboard or guitar, auxiliary percussion and bass. Said ensembles may also include melodic based mallet percussion including, vibraphone, the rhythm section, being the core metronomic foundation with which other melodic instruments, including voices, may present the harmonic/melodic portion of the material. In popular music, the function of the drummer is to keep time or provide a steady tempo. There are many tools that a drummer can use for either timekeeping or soloing and these include cymbals, snare, toms, auxiliary percussion and many others. Also there are single, double, and triple bass pedals for the bass drum, before motorized transport became widespread, drummers played a key role in military conflicts. Military drummers provided drum cadences that set a marching pace. In some armies drums also assisted in combat by keeping cadence for firing and loading drills with muzzle loading guns, military drummers were also employed on the parade field, when troops passed in review, and in various ceremonies including ominous drum rolls accompanying disciplinary punishments. Children also served as drummer boys well into the century, though less commonly than is popularly assumed, due to the nature of the job. In modern times, drummers are not employed in battle, typically buglers and drummers mass under a sergeant-drummer and during marches alternately perform with the regiment or battalion ensembles. Military-based musical percussion traditions were not limited exclusively to the western world, in the Ottoman Empire, the size of a military band reflected the rank of its commander in chief, the largest band was reserved for the Sultan. It included various percussion instruments, often adopted in European military music, the pitched bass drum is still known in some languages as the Turkish Drum. The drumline is a type of marching ensemble descended from drummers, and can be arranged as a performance of a drum. Their uniforms will often have a style and a fancy hat. In recent times, it is common to see drummers in parades wearing costumes with an African, Asian, Latin, Native American, or tribal look. Various indigenous cultures use the drum to create a sense of unity with others especially during recreational events, the drum also helps in prayers and meditations. List of drummers Drum beat Drum machine Drum tracks Pipe band This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
12.
Composer
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A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
13.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
14.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
15.
Ahmad Jamal
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Ahmad Jamal is an American jazz pianist, composer, bandleader, and educator. For five decades, he has one of the most successful small-group leaders in jazz. Jamal was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he began playing piano at the age of three, when his uncle Lawrence challenged him to duplicate what he was doing on the piano. Jamal began formal training at the age of seven with Mary Cardwell Dawson. Jamal also studied with pianist James Miller and began playing professionally at the age of fourteen. When asked about his practice habits by a The New York Times critic, Jamal commented that, I used to practice and practice with the open, hoping someone would come by. I was never the practitioner in the sense of twelve hours a day, I think about music all the time. Jamal began touring with George Hudsons Orchestra after graduating from George Westinghouse High School in 1948 and he joined another touring group known as The Four Strings, which soon disbanded when the violinist, Joe Kennedy. Born to Baptist parents in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Jamal did not discover Islam until his early 20s, while touring in Detroit, Jamal became interested in Islam and Islamic culture. He converted to Islam and changed his name to Ahmad Jamal in 1950, in an interview with The New York Times a few years later, Jamal said his decision to change his name stemmed from a desire to re-establish my original name. Shortly after his conversion to Islam, Jamal explained to The New York Times that he says Muslim prayers five times a day and he says them in Arabic in keeping with the Muslim tradition. Hammond, a producer who discovered the talents and enhanced the fame of musicians like Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday. Jamal subsequently recorded for Parrot and Epic using the piano-guitar-bass lineup, the trios sound changed significantly when Crawford was replaced with drummer Vernel Fournier in 1957, and the group worked as the House Trio at Chicagos Pershing Hotel. The trio released the album, Live at the Pershing, But Not For Me. Jamals well known song Poinciana was first released on this album, Jamal played the set with bassist Israel Crosby and drummer Vernel Fournier. The set list expressed a diverse collection of tunes, including The Surrey with the Fringe On Top from the musical Oklahoma, and Jamals arrangement of the jazz standard Poinciana. Jazz musicians and listeners alike found inspiration in the At the Pershing recording, evident were his unusually minimalist style and his extended vamps, according to reviewer John Morthland. In 1959, he took a tour of North Africa to explore investment options in Africa, Jamal, who was twenty-nine at the time, said he had a curiosity about the homeland of his ancestors, highly influenced by his conversion to the Muslim faith
16.
Lou Donaldson
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Lou Donaldson is a jazz alto saxophonist. He is best known for his soulful, bluesy approach to playing the saxophone, although in his formative years he was, as many were of the bebop era. Donaldson was born in Badin, North Carolina and he attended North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro in the early 1940s. He enlisted in the U. S. Navy during World War II and was trained at the Great Lakes bases in Chicago, where he was introduced to bop music in the lively club scene there. At the wars conclusion, he returned to Greensboro, where he worked club dates with the Rhythm Vets, the band recorded the soundtrack to a musical comedy featurette, Pitch a Boogie Woogie, in Greenville, North Carolina, in the summer of 1947. The movie had a run at black audience theatres in 1948 but its production company, Lord-Warner Pictures, folded. Pitch a Boogie Woogie was restored by the American Film Institute in 1985, Donaldson and the surviving members of the Vets performed a reunion concert after the films showing. In the documentary made on Pitch by UNC-TV, Boogie in Black and White, Donaldson, a short piece of concert footage from a gig in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is included in the documentary. In 1953, he recorded sessions with the trumpet virtuoso Clifford Brown. He was a member of Art Blakeys Quintet and appeared on some of their best regarded albums, Donaldson has recorded in the bop, hard bop, and soul jazz genres. For many years his pianist was Herman Foster and he was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame on October 11,2012. Also in 2012, he was named a NEA Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Official Website for Sweet Poppa Lou DONALDSON NEA Jazz Master Lou Donaldson All About Jazz, Lou Donaldson
17.
Tete Montoliu
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Tete Montoliu was a jazz pianist from Catalonia, Spain. Born blind, he learnt music in Braille at age seven and his real name was Vicenç Montoliu i Massana. His styles varied from hard bop, through afro-cuban, world fusion and he recorded with Lionel Hampton in 1956 and played with the touring Roland Kirk in 1963. He also worked with Kenny Dorham, Dexter Gordon, Ben Webster, Lucky Thompson, tete Montolius recorded two albums in the US, and recorded for Enja and Soul Note. Montoliu was born blind, in the Eixample district of Barcelona and he was the only son of Vicenç Montoliu and Àngela Massana, a jazz enthusiast, who encouraged her son to study piano. Montolius first experimenting with the piano took place under the tuition of Enric Mas at the school for blind children that he attended from 1939 to 1944. In 1944, Montolius mother arranged for Petri Palou to provide him formal piano lessons. From 1946 to 1953 Montoliu studied music at the Conservatori Superior de Música de Barcelona, during the early stages of his career, Montoliu was particularly influenced by the music of U. S. jazz pianist Art Tatum, although he soon developed a distinctive style. Montoliu began playing professionally at pubs in Barcelona, where he was noticed by Lionel Hampton on 13 March 1956, Montoliu toured with Hampton through Spain and France and recorded Jazz Flamenco, setting off a prolific international career. In the 1960s, Montoliu played in concerts at New York and established collaborations with drummer Elvin Jones. During the 1970s, Montoliu travelled extensively throughout Europe, consolidating his reputation as a referent in the hard bop movement. In 1996, shortly before his death, Spain paid public tribute to Montoliu for his career in jazz. A. 11986, The Music I Like to Play Vol.3, Lets Call This 1990, The Music I Like to Play Vol. JazzDiscography. com
18.
Fats Domino
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Antoine Fats Domino, Jr. is an American pianist and singer-songwriter of French Creole descent. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records and his musical style is based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums. Domino was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Domino family was of French Creole background. Louisiana Creole French was his first language, antoine was born at home with the assistance of his grandmother, a midwife. His name was given as Anthony on his birth certificate but was later corrected. His family were new arrivals in the Lower Ninth Ward from Vacherie and his father was a well-known violinist. Domino learned to play the piano from his brother-in-law, the jazz guitarist Harrison Verrett, even after his success, he continued to live in his old neighborhood. His large home was enough for his 13 children. In the summer of 1947, Billy Diamond, a New Orleans bandleader, Domino played well enough that Diamond asked him to join his band, the Solid Senders, at the Hideaway Club, in New Orleans. Diamond nicknamed him Fats, because Domino reminded him of the renowned pianists Fats Waller, the Fat Man sold one million copies by 1953, it is widely considered the first rock-and-roll record to achieve this feat. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Dominos band were the saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, Domino crossed into the pop mainstream with Aint That a Shame, which reached the Top Ten. Pat Boones milder cover version reached number 1, having received wider radio airplay in a racially segregated era, Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles. The reissue reached number 17 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart and his 1956 recording of Blueberry Hill, a 1940 song by Vincent Rose, Al Lewis and Larry Stock, reached number 2 in the Top 40 and was number 1 on the R&B chart for 11 weeks. Blueberry Hill sold more than 5 million copies worldwide in 1956 and 1957. Domino had further hit singles between 1956 and 1959, including When My Dreamboat Comes Home, Im Walkin, Valley of Tears, Its You I Love, Whole Lotta Loving, I Want to Walk You Home, and Be My Guest. Domino appeared in two films released in 1956, Shake, Rattle & Rock. and The Girl Cant Help It, on December 18,1957, his hit recording of The Big Beat was featured on Dick Clarks television program, American Bandstand. On November 2,1956, a riot broke out at Dominos show in Fayetteville, the police resorted to using tear gas to break up the unruly crowd. Domino jumped out a window to avoid the melee, he, Domino had a steady series of hits for Imperial through early 1962, including Walking to New Orleans, co-written by Bobby Charles, and My Girl Josephine in the same year
19.
Blueberry Hill (song)
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Blueberry Hill is a popular song published in 1940 best remembered for its 1950s rock n roll version by Fats Domino. The music was written by Vincent Rose, the lyrics by Larry Stock and it was recorded six times in 1940. Victor Records released the recording by the Sammy Kaye Orchestra with vocals by Tommy Ryan on May 31,1940. Gene Krupas version was issued on OKeh Records on June 3 and singer Mary Small did a version on the same label with Nat Brandwynnes orchestra. Other 1940 recordings were by, The Glenn Miller Orchestra on Bluebird Records, Kay Kyser, Russ Morgan, Gene Autry, Connee Boswell, the largest 1940 hit was by The Glenn Miller Orchestra, where it reached #1. Louis Armstrongs 1949 recording charted in the Billboard Top 40, reaching #29 and it was an international hit in 1956 for Fats Domino and has become a rock and roll standard. It reached #2 for three weeks on the Billboard Top 40 charts, becoming his biggest pop hit, and spent eight weeks at #1 on the R&B Best Sellers chart. The version by Fats Domino was also ranked #82 in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the song was Dominos greatest hit and remains the song most associated with him. In reference to pretty girls he dated or wanted to date and it is one of the songs that the time traveling James Cole enjoys in the film,12 Monkeys, and the song is later sung by the scientists upon his return to the future. This song is used in a scene near the beginning of the film The Man Who Fell to Earth. Joe Edwards restaurant Blueberry Hill, on the Delmar Loop in St. Louis, Missouri, the Far Side, a comic written by Gary Larson, features a comic parodying the lyrics of this song. A man is talking in a booth on top of a hill named Blueberry Hill. He says into the phone Norm and you were right—I found my drill. The parody is of the line found my thrill on Blueberry Hill, videos of his performance quickly went viral worldwide. An episode of Family Guy shows Peter Griffin at Blueberry Hill being dismayed at finding only a bunch of blueberries only to see two dogs humping thus finding his thrill. SongFacts, Blueberry Hill Blueberry Hill - Lead sheet at wikifonia. org Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
20.
Sam Cooke
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Samuel Cook, known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Influential as both a singer and composer, he is known as the King of Soul for his distinctive vocals. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was the inventor of music, and possessed an incredible natural singing voice. Cooke had 30 U. S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like You Send Me, A Change Is Gonna Come, Cupid, Chain Gang, Wonderful World, Another Saturday Night, Cooke was also among the first modern black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took a part in the Civil Rights Movement. On December 11,1964, at the age of 33, Cooke was shot and killed by Bertha Franklin, after an inquest, the courts ruled Cookes death to be a justifiable homicide. Since that time, the circumstances of his death have been called into question by Cookes family, Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931. In 1957 he added an e at the end of his name and he was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ, and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his brothers, L. C. later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes. The family moved to Chicago in 1933, Cooke attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat King Cole had attended a few years earlier. Sam Cooke began his career with his siblings in a called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as singer with the Highway QCs when he was a teenager. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris. Their first recording under Cookes leadership was the song Jesus Gave Me Water in 1951 and they also recorded the gospel songs Peace in the Valley, How Far Am I from Canaan. Jesus Paid the Debt and One More River, among many others and his first pop/soul single was Lovable, a remake of the gospel song Wonderful
21.
Jerry Butler
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Jerry Butler, Jr. is an American soul singer and songwriter. He is also noted as being the lead singer of the famed R&B vocal group the Impressions, as well as a 1991 Rock. Butler is also an American politician and he serves as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, having first been elected in 1985. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chairs the Health and Hospitals Committee, Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi in 1939. The mid-1950s had a impact on Butlers life. He grew up poor, having lived in Chicagos Cabrini–Green housing complex, music and the church provided solace from the poverty of the slums he lived in, and difficulties of a predominantly segregated society. He performed in a choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers. Mayfield, a player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, Butlers younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerrys band, until his death in 2015. Butler co-wrote the song For Your Precious Love and wanted to record a disc, looking for recording studios, the Impressions, auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released For Your Precious Love in 1958 and it became The Impressions first hit and gold record. Butler was dubbed the Iceman by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods and he co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the song Ive Been Loving You Too Long in 1965. His 1969 Moody Woman release became a Northern Soul favourite and featured at number 369 in the Northern Soul Top 500, Butler released two successful albums, The Ice Man Cometh and Ice on Ice. The Ice Man Cometh garnered Butler three Grammy nominations and he collaborated on many of his successful recordings with the Philadelphia-based songwriting team, Gamble and Huff. With Motown, in 1976 and 1977, Butler produced and co-produced two albums, Suite for the Single Girl and It All Comes Out in My Song, subsequently, Butler and Wilson produced an album with Dee Dee Sharp-Gamble with Philadelphia International. In 1981 with Breaking and Entering / Easy Money, from Sharp-Gambles album Dee Dee, Butler continues to perform while serving as a Cook County Board Commissioner since the 1980s. As Cook County Commissioner, Butler voted to uphold a historic 2008 Cook County sales tax increase, as a result, the Chicago Tribune encouraged people to vote against him in the 2010 elections
22.
Curtis Mayfield
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Curtis Lee Mayfield was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer, and one of the most influential musicians behind soul and politically conscious African-American music. He first achieved success and recognition with the Impressions during the Civil Rights Movement of the late 1950s and 1960s, born in Chicago, Illinois, Mayfield started his musical career in a gospel choir. Moving to the North Side he met Jerry Butler in 1956 at the age of 14, as a songwriter, Mayfield became noted as one of the first musicians to bring more prevalent themes of social awareness into soul music. In 1965, he wrote People Get Ready for the Impressions, after leaving the Impressions in 1970 in the pursuit of a solo career, Mayfield released several albums, including the soundtrack for the blaxploitation film Super Fly in 1972. The soundtrack was noted for its socially conscious themes, mostly addressing problems surrounding inner city minorities such as crime, poverty, the album was ranked at no.72 on Rolling Stones list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Mayfield was paralyzed from the neck down after lighting equipment fell on him during a performance at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York. Despite this, he continued his career as a recording artist and he was also a two-time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. He died from complications of type 2 diabetes in 1999 at the age of 57, Curtis Mayfield was born on June 3,1942, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Marion Washington and Kenneth Mayfield and grew up one of five children in an impoverished family. Mayfields father left the family when Curtis was five, his mother moved the family into various Chicago projects before settling at Cabrini–Green when he reached his teenage years, Mayfield attended Wells Community Academy High School until dropping out his sophomore year. When he was 14 years old he formed the Alphatones when the Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers decided to try their luck in the heart of Chicago. Fellow group member Gooden was quote It would have nice to have him there with us. When he was 14 he joined his school friend Jerry Butlers group the Roosters in 1956, with Arthur and he wrote and composed for this group who would become the Impressions two years later. Mayfields career began in 1956 when he joined the Roosters with Arthur and Richard Brooks, two years later the Roosters, now including Sam Gooden, became the Impressions. The band had two hit singles with Butler, For Your Precious Love and Come Back My Love, then Butler left. Butler was replaced by Fred Cash, a returning original Roosters member, and Mayfield became lead singer, frequently composing for the band, starting with Gypsy Woman, a Top 20 Pop hit. Their hit Amen, a version of an old gospel tune, was included in the soundtrack of the 1963 United Artists film Lilies of the Field. Mayfields Were a Winner was their last major hit for ABC. Mayfield was a prolific songwriter in Chicago even outside his work for the Impressions, writing and producing scores of hits for many other artists. He also owned the Mayfield and Windy C labels which were distributed by Cameo-Parkway, among Mayfields greatest songwriting successes were three hits that he wrote for Jerry Butler on Vee Jay
23.
R&B
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
24.
Istanbul Agop Cymbals
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Istanbul Agop Cymbals is a cymbal producer based in Turkey. It is one of two companies formed after the split of Istanbul Cymbals. The art of Turkish cymbal making dates back to the 16th century, the very first cymbals manufactured in Turkey were actually bells, created for the use in churches. Later on, as the story goes, cymbals were produced for the Ottoman military band, in the 20th century, it had become well known that Istanbul had evolved into the cymbal-making capital of the world. Generations of master cymbalsmiths developed, refined, and redefined art in their endless search for perfection. They formulated the most musical alloy and developed and tested hand-crafting methods which had used for centuries. As the 20th century drew to its close, the traditional Turkish method for hand crafting cymbals had all but been abandoned due to the efficiencies, shortly afterwards the company Istanbul was founded. During the following years, they developed many original designs. Many of these designs are in their production-line today. In 1996 Agop Tomurcuk died in an accident, and as a result the company began to be pulled in two separate directions and it was determined that the company must be split. Agops sons, Arman and Sarkis, continued their way by following in the footsteps of their father, both companies had the benefit of the well-respected Istanbul name, but differentiated by the addition of Agop and Mehmet, which can be seen on their respective logos. Alchemy Cymbals is a brand of hand-made cymbals belonging to Istanbul Agop, the main difference between Istanbul Agop and Alchemy Cymbals is the finishing process, which gives Alchemy Cymbals a brighter look and a distinct sound. Alchemy Cymbals also has low-cost cymbals in its line for beginners
25.
Islam
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion
26.
The Crystals
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The Crystals are an American vocal group based in New York, considered one of the defining acts of the girl group era in the first half of the 1960s. The latter three songs were originally ranked #267, #114, and #493, respectively, on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, however, two songs were dropped from the magazines 2010 update. In 1961, Barbara Alston, Mary Thomas, Dolores Dee Dee Kenniebrew, Myrna Giraud and Patricia Patsy Wright formed the Crystals with the help of Benny Wells, soon, the quintet signed with Phil Spectors label Philles Records. Their first hit, the gospel-influenced Theres No Other, debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1961, originally the B-side to Oh Yeah, Maybe Baby, the stirring pop ballad was co-written by Spector and Leroy Bates and featured Barbara Alston on vocals. The single reached number 20 in January 1962, marking a debut for Spectors Philles label. Brill Building songwriters Barry Mann and Cynthia Weils Uptown gave the girls their second radio hit, after the success of Uptown, a pregnant Giraud was replaced by Dolores LaLa Brooks. The controversial subject matter of the single, 1962s He Hit Me, resulted in limited airplay with the track only bubbling under the Billboard Hot 100. The Crystals were unavailable, but Love and the Blossoms were also based in L. A. so Spector recorded and released their version under the Crystals banner and it was not the first time Spector would promise the Blossoms a single and release it under the Crystals. Ironically, Liberty Records president Al Bennett had previously hired Spector as a staff producer, the song had originally been offered to The Shirelles, who turned it down because of the anti-establishment lyrics. It marked a shift in girl group thematic material, where the singer loves a bad boy, Hes a Rebel was the Crystals only US #1 hit. Their follow-up single, Hes Sure the Boy I Love, in actuality also featured Love and it reached #11 on the Billboard chart, and features a spoken intro by Darlene Love. After the success of Hes A Rebel, Spector wanted to sever his partnership with Lester Sill, Spector felt that—as he was a writer and producer—he shouldnt have to split royalties. The B-side, Part II, was more of the same, the Crystals sang the songs repetitive verses, though it is unclear if these singers were the original Crystals or the Blossoms. The recording was never released commercially as a single, and only a few copies are known to exist. The record was created to be a joke at Sills expense. Both parts of the song have since released on CD. Though it is unclear as to the level of their participation in Lets Dance The Screw, however, Thomas had departed to get married, only to join another mildly successful group, The Butterflys, along with another original Crystal, Myrna Giraud. This reduced the group to a quartet, Alston, known for her shyness and stage fright, was never comfortable with being out front, stepped down from the lead spot giving it to Dolores LaLa Brooks
27.
Prestige Records
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Prestige Records was a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City. The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the jazz musicians of the day. In 1971, the company was sold to Fantasy, which was absorbed by Concord. Weinstock opened a store for collectors in 1948 while still a teenager. The store was adjacent to the Metropole Jazz Club in New York City, Jazz musicians hung out and rehearsed at the club, and then moved upstairs adjacent to Weinstocks store. Weinstock got the idea to record these jazz stars by offering them cash payments, Prestige office was located at 446 West 50th Street, New York City. The labels name was initially New Jazz, but changed to Prestige Records the following year and its catalogue included Gene Ammons, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Stan Getz, Wardell Gray, Thelonious Monk, and Sonny Rollins. Weinstock stated a desire for an authentic, spontaneous sound, unlike Blue Note, Prestige would not pay musicians for rehearsals and discouraged repeated takes. Another Weinstock practice, of rewinding the tapes after bad takes, has resulted in very few alternate takes surfacing from the classic Prestige years, audio engineer Rudy Van Gelder was in charge of recording many albums in the 1950s. Prestige created new labels in 1960, Swingsville, Moodsville, and Bluesville, musicians recording for the label at this time included Jaki Byard and Booker Ervin, while Prestige remained commercially viable by recording a number of soul jazz artists like Charles Earland. In the mid-sixties the companys headquarters were located at 203 South Washington Avenue in Bergenfield, Bob Weinstock has been criticized over the years for allegedly exploitive business practices. Jackie McLean in A. B. Spellmans Four Lives in the Bebop Business is particularly outspoken and he resented Weinstocks economic exploitation, but appreciated the chance Weinstock gave him when his career was at its low point. The company was sold to Fantasy Records in 1971, and original releases on the label formed a significant proportion of their Original Jazz Classics line, Fantasy was purchased by Concord Records in 2005. Prestige – official site Prestige discography at Discogs Prestige discography at JazzDisco
28.
Fantasy Records
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Fantasy Records is an American record company and label founded by brothers Max and Sol Weiss in 1949. In 1949, Jack Sheedy, the owner of a San Francisco-based record label called Coronet, was talked into making the first recording of an octet, sheedys Coronet Records had recorded area Dixieland bands. But he was unable to pay his bills, and in 1949 he turned his masters over to a company, the Circle Record Company. The Weiss brothers changed the name of their business to Fantasy Records, soon the company was shipping 40,000 to 50,000 copies of Brubeck records per quarter. When Brubeck signed with Fantasy, he thought he had 50 percent interest in the company and he worked as an unofficial artists and repertoire assistant, encouraging the Weiss brothers to sign jazz performers such as Gerry Mulligan, Chet Baker, and Red Norvo. When he discovered that all he owned was 50 percent in his own recordings, in 1955, Saul Zaentz joined the company. Jazz musician Charles Mingus gave Debut Records to Zaentz as a gift, at the time, Zaentz was marrying Minguss ex-wife, Celia. He and a group of investors bought Fantasy from the Weiss brothers and he then acquired Prestige Records, Riverside, and Milestone. Ralph Kaffel, who was president of Fantasy since 1971. He continued the policy of acquisitions, Stax Records, Good Time Jazz, Contemporary, Pablo, Specialty, Kicking Mule, fantasys first subsidiary was Galaxy Records in 1951. Years later, it started the short-lived subsidiary, Scorpio, that tried to capitalize on the British Invasion, still later, it had a subsidiary named Reality Records that concentrated on hip hop and released the first two albums by Doug E. Fresh. Saul Zaentzs acquisitions had been funded in part by the success of the rock group Creedence Clearwater Revival, a group that he had managed. Creedence had been signed to Fantasy Records in 1964 as the Blue Velvets, after a series of failed releases under that name on the Fantasy and Scorpio labels, the group changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival. In 1968, it released its first hit record, a version of the song Susie Q. In 1971 Fantasy built its headquarters at the corner of Tenth and Parker in Berkeley, the building was nicknamed The House That Creedence Built. In 2004, Fantasy was sold to a consortium led by American television writer, producer, although some operations are still located in Berkeley, the label is now headquartered at the Concord location in Beverly Hills, California. Tedeschi Trucks Band Shawn Colvin The Temperance Movement Richard Thompson Alejandro Escovedo The Blackbyrds Official Fantasy Records site History of Fantasy Records and Fantasy Studios
29.
Nat Adderley
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Nathaniel Nat Adderley was an American jazz cornet and trumpet player who played in the hard bop and soul jazz genres. He was the brother of saxophonist Julian Cannonball Adderley, whom he remained close to in his career but under whose shadow he lived for most of his life. Nat Adderlys Work Song is a standard which also became a success on the pop charts after singer Oscar Brown. Nat Adderley was born in Tampa, Florida, but moved to Tallahassee, Florida and his father had played trumpet professionally in his younger years, and he initially passed down his trumpet to Cannonball. When Cannonball picked up the saxophone, he passed the trumpet on to Nat who began playing in 1946. He and Cannonball played with Ray Charles in the early 1940s in Tallahassee, Nat ended up attending Florida University, majoring in sociology with a minor in music. He officially switched to cornet in 1950, and he never turned back, from 1951-1953, he enlisted in the army. He played in the band under his brother during this time. Upon return, Nat attended Florida A&M with the hopes of becoming a teacher, shortly before Nat was expected to begin student teaching, Lionel Hampton played a concert at Florida A&M. Very confident in his abilities, Adderley played for Hampton, Hampton must have enjoyed what he heard because he invited Adderley to join his band. Putting school on hold, Adderley played under Hampton from 1954 to 1955, upon his return, he intended to go back to school to become a schoolteacher. The turning point in both Nat and Cannonballs careers occurred on a trip to New York in 1955, the brothers stopped by the Café Bohemia in Greenwich Village while bassist Oscar Pettiford was playing. Both of them showed up ready to play, should the chance occur, Cannonball was asked to sit as the regular saxophonist was out, and he blew away the musicians with his dexterity and musicianship. Then Nat was pulled on stage, and as he played everyone was impressed with him. This single appearance was enough to both of their careers. Recording and gig offers began pouring in, Nat recorded for the first time that year. Together, Nat and Cannonball moved to New York to pursue their music careers, founding the Cannonball Adderley Quintet. Due to lack of popular interest, the decided to disband the group in 1957
30.
Eric Alexander (jazz saxophonist)
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Eric Alexander is an American jazz saxophonist, known for his sophisticated hard bop and post-bop style. Alexander began as a musician, studying alto saxophone at Indiana University with Eugene Rousseau in 1986. Alexander first achieved fame by finishing second at the 1991 Thelonious Monk International Jazz Saxophone Competition and he was quickly signed and began recording albums. He has also recorded and toured extensively with the sextet One for All, on Fire Five Live The Groover Mike LeDonne/The Groover Quartet, Keep the Faith Mike LeDonne/The Groover Quartet, I Love Music Mike LeDonne/The Groover Quartet, Awwl Right. Mike LeDonne/The Groover Quartet, That Feelin With Charles Earland Unforgettable I Aint Jivin. Im Jammin Ready n Able Blowing the Blues Away Cookin with the Mighty Burner Stomp, lucky – A Tribute To Sammy Davis Jr. com review of Eric Alexanders “It’s All in the Game”
31.
George Benson
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George Benson is an American musician, guitarist and singer-songwriter. He began his career at 21 as a jazz guitarist. Benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of jazz players such as Django Reinhardt. A former child prodigy, Benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing jazz with Jack McDuff. He then launched a solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, R&B singing, and scat singing. His album Breezin was certified triple-platinum, hitting no.1 on the Billboard album chart in 1976 and his concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following. He has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Benson was born and raised in the Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At the age of seven, he first played the ukulele in a drug store. At the age of eight, he played guitar in a nightclub on Friday and Saturday nights. At the age of 10, he recorded his first single record, She Makes Me Mad, with RCA-Victor in New York, Benson attended and graduated from Schenley High School. As a youth he learned how to play straight-ahead instrumental jazz during a relationship performing for years with organist Jack McDuff. One of his early guitar heroes was country-jazz guitarist Hank Garland. At the age of 21, he recorded his first album as leader, The New Boss Guitar, Bensons next recording was Its Uptown with the George Benson Quartet, including Lonnie Smith on organ and Ronnie Cuber on baritone saxophone. Benson followed it up with The George Benson Cookbook, also with Lonnie Smith and Ronnie Cuber on baritone, Miles Davis employed Benson in the mid-1960s, featuring his guitar on Paraphernalia on his 1968 Columbia release, Miles in the Sky before going to Verve Records. Benson then signed with Creed Taylors jazz label CTI Records, where he recorded albums, with jazz heavyweights guesting, to some success. His 1974 release, Bad Benson, climbed to the top spot in the Billboard jazz chart, while the follow-ups, Good King Bad and Benson and Farrell, both reached the jazz top-three sellers. Benson played on sessions for other CTI artists during this time, including Freddie Hubbard and Stanley Turrentine. By the mid- to late-1970s, as he recorded for Warner Bros, Records, a whole new audience began to discover Benson
