Ijazah
Videos
An ijazah is a license authorizing its holder to transmit a certain text or subject, which is issued by someone already possessing such authority. It is particularly associated with transmission of Is
An ijazah certifying competency in calligraphy, 1206 AH/1791 AD.
Doctorate
Videos
A doctorate or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi.
Cover of the thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his Doctor of Medicine degree (1843)
Man and woman wearing Durham and Glasgow PhD gowns, respectively
American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown.
The ancient ceremony of bestowing Complutense's doctoral biretta