Ijazah
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An ijazah is a license authorizing its holder to transmit a certain text or subject, which is issued by someone already possessing such authority. It is particularly associated with transmission of Is
An ijazah certifying competency in calligraphy, 1206 AH/1791 AD.
Sharia
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Sharia, also transliterated as Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah, is a body of religious law that form the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic te
Islamic miniature of Musa receiving the Tawrat from the angel Jibril.
Imam Shafi'i tomb in Cairo, died 820 CE/204 AH
Safaitic script with a figure of a camel on a red sandstone fragment, from es-Safa, currently housed in the British Museum
In the laws of Hammurabi, an eye for an eye was applied if a free man (avīlum) gouged out the eye/broke the bone of another free man of equal status; otherwise, a monetary penalty was paid.