1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Toshima
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Toshima is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the eight wards of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, including Chiyoda, Minato, Shibuya, Chuo, Shinjuku, Taito. Located in the area of Tokyo, Toshima is bordered by the wards of Nerima, Itabashi, and Kita wards, in the north. The ward was founded on March 15,1947 and reached a peak resident population of 370,000 in 1965. The population has continued to decline and as of May 1,2015, during the day the population swells with commuters, resulting in a daytime population of around 378,475. The total land area of Toshima is 13.01 km², approximately 47% of Toshimas land is residential, and 20% is commercial and public areas. Although Toshima is a ward, it is referred to as a city, the ward offices are located in Ikebukuro, which is also the commercial and entertainment center of Toshima. With a non-Japanese population of 19,868, or 7. 42% of the total, of the foreign population, 56% is of Chinese descent, 20% is of Korean descent, with the rest being of primarily Filipino and European descent. Toshima was formed in 1932 by the merger of four towns, Sugamochō, Nishi-sugamochō, Takadachō, the area evolved from a suburban agricultural district in the Edo period to the urban commercial center that it is today. The growth was fueled by the construction of rail lines built in the Meiji. The former Somei village, now part of Toshima, is the birthplace of the Somei Yoshino, the variety was developed at the end of the Edo period. Toshima is run by a city assembly of 36 elected members, the current mayor is Yukio Takano, an independent backed by all major parties except the Japanese Communist Party. In April 2011, Taiga Ishikawa was elected to the Toshima assembly, Sunshine City, The focal point of much of the entertainment in and around Ikebukuro, Sunshine City sports some of the best shopping and dining in Toshima. Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre, Near Ikebukuro Station, this facility built in 1990 is one of the spots in Toshima and has a concert hall with regular performances. There is a stage in the space out front and it is a popular place for amateur musicians during the warmer months. Sugamo Jizodori, The shopping district known as old ladies Harajuku, fukuro Matsuri, This festival started in 1968 and features a parade of mikoshi and a yassa dance. It is held on September 14 and 15 of each year outside the west exit of Ikebukuro Station and attracts as many as 200,000 people. Otsuka Awa Odori Dance, A large summer event gathering 150,000 people, Nagasaki Shishimai, The lion dance is performed every year on the second Sunday of May at Nagasaki Shrine
3.
Ikebukuro Station
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With 2.71 million passengers on an average daily in 2007, it is the second-busiest railway station in the world, and the busiest station in the Tobu, Seibu, and Tokyo Metro networks. It primarily serves commuters from Saitama Prefecture and other residential areas northwest of the city centre and it is the Tokyo terminal of the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and the Tobu Tojo Line. Seibu Ikebukuro Line Tobu Tojo Line Ikebukuro Station has two entrances, the East exit and the West exit. There are a number of other secondary entrances such as the JR North exit, the various Seibu exits, the JR lines run north/south through the center. The Tobu platforms are to the northwest and the Seibu platforms are to the southeast, both Tobu and Seibu operate department stores adjacent to their terminal stations. The Marunouchi Line and Yurakucho Line run east/west two stories underground, while the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line is four stories underground to the west of the station complex. The latter line runs south toward Shinjuku and Shibuya along Meiji-dori, Tokyo Metros Echika underground mall is also located inside the station. Chest-high platform edge doors were introduced on the Yamanote Line platforms on 2 March 2013, the Tobu station has three terminating tracks served by platforms 1 to 5, arranged as shown in the diagram on the right. Platforms 3 and 5 are normally used for disembarking passengers, although platform 5 is also used for boarding the evening TJ Liner services. There are three sets of ticket barriers giving access to the platforms, the South Gate at ground level, platforms 1,4, and 6 are normally used for disembarking passengers only. This station consists of three island platforms for the Marunouchi Line, Yurakucho Line, and Fukutoshin Line. The Tokyo Metro platforms are equipped with platform edge doors. The station was opened on April 1,1903 by the Japanese Government Railways, the Tōjō Railway Line station opened on 1 May 1914 with the opening of the 33.5 km line to Tanomosawa in Saitama Prefecture. As the Tokyo terminus of the line was planned to be at Shimo-Itabashi. Tobu opened a department store adjoining its station on 29 May 1962, around the same time, the Tobu station platforms were expanded with three tracks. In June 2008, the Tobu station ticket barriers were colour-coded into three zones, North, Central, and South, chest-height platform edge doors were installed on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line platforms in January 2011. The figures below are the number of passengers entering and exiting each day released by each train operator. Annual passenger figures for the station between fiscal 1903 and 1965 are as shown below, note that the figures only consider boarding passengers and a blank indicates that no data is available
4.
Sunshine 60
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Sunshine 60 is a 60-story, mixed-use skyscraper located in Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, adjoining the Sunshine City complex. At the time of its completion in 1978, the 239.7 m building was the tallest in Asia, Sunshine 60 was also the tallest building in Tokyo and Japan until the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building was completed in 1991. Sunshine 60s foundation is made of reinforced concrete, the lower segment of the building is also reinforced concrete with a steel skeleton. The upper tower is a skeleton with slitted shear walls. A rigid framing structural system creates the frame, mechanical equipment is located directly above the core of the structure on its rooftop. Sunshine 60 was erected over the site of the destroyed Sugamo Prison, on December 23,1948, seven high-ranking, convicted war criminals were hanged at the prison. It was also the site of the hanging of Soviet spy Richard Sorge during the war, in popular modern lore, the area is rumored to be haunted. As a mixed-use high-rise, Sunshine 60s space is used for a variety of things, floors 1 through 9 are used as commercial space and house a post office, banks, showrooms, cafeterias, a health care center and a day care center. Office space occupies floors 10 through 57, restaurants are located on the 58th and 59th floors. From the 60th floor, visitors can see as far as 100 km on a day from Sunshine 60s observation deck. To get visitors to the deck quickly, one of the towers 40 elevators takes passengers directly from the lobby at a speed of 600 meters per minute. This elevator is one of the fastest in the world, the office floors house the headquarters of Credit Saison, FamilyMart, NTT Plala and Sammy Corporation, among other office tenants. Sunshine City Ancient Orient Museum Official site 360° View from Sunshine 60 Observatory
5.
Toyota
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Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. As of 2016, Toyota is the worlds second-largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
6.
East Japan Railway Company
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East Japan Railway Company is a major passenger railway company in Japan and one of the seven Japan Railways Group companies. The company name is abbreviated as JR-EAST or JR East in English. The companys headquarters are in Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo, JR East was incorporated on 1 April 1987 after being spun off from the government-run Japanese National Railways. Following the breakup, JR East ran the operations on former JNR lines in the Greater Tokyo Area, the Tohoku region and its railway lines primarily serve Kanto and Tohoku regions, along with adjacent areas in Koshinetsu region and Shizuoka prefectures. JR East operates all of the Shinkansen, high-speed rail lines and these lines have sections inside the Tokyo Suburban Area designated by JR East. This does not necessarily mean that the lines are fully inside the Greater Tokyo Area, JR East aims to reduce its carbon emissions by half, as measured over the period 1990-2030. This would be achieved by increasing the efficiency of trains and company-owned thermal power stations, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department has stated that JR Easts official union is a front for an organized crime syndicate called the Japan Revolutionary Communist League. An investigation of this is ongoing, the East Japan Railway Culture Foundation is a non-profit organization established by JR East for the purpose of developing a richer railway culture. The Railway Museum in Saitama is operated by the foundation, EJRC has bid for the London Midland franchise in the United Kingdom. Winners will be announced on June 2017 and will start operating on October 2017, East Japan Railway Company Web Site JR East official apology for Inaho No.14 accident on 25 December 2005 Company history books. Wiki collection of works on East Japan Railway Company
7.
Seibu Ikebukuro Line
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The Seibu Ikebukuro Line is a railway line of the Japanese private railway operator Seibu Railway. It originates at Ikebukuro Station, a railway junction in north-western Tokyo, extending to northwest suburbs as far as Tokorozawa, Saitama. The Seibu Chichibu Line from Agano to Seibu Chichibu Station is an extension, the operation is largely divided into two sections, from Ikebukuro to Hannō Station and from Hannō to Seibu Chichibu Station. The Ikebukuro Line has three branches with through operation, apart from the Seibu Chichibu Line, Toshima Line 1.0 km length, with Local trains through from Ikebukuro. Seibu Yūrakuchō Line The bypass to Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line, with Semi Expresses and Rapids from Hannō to Shin-Kiba Station, Seibu Sayama Line Through trains are operated daily during off-peak hours. Special Limited Express Dome services are operated for baseball games of the Saitama Seibu Lions. The longest operations are Ikebukuro to Hannō, through to Seibu Kyūjō-mae on Sayama Line, also through from Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line to Kotesashi. Longest from Ikebukuro to Hannō and Seibu Kyūjō-mae, through from Yūrakuchō Line to Hannō. Commuter Semi-Express Morning hours only, one direction up from Kotesashi to Ikebukuro, rapid Morning and evening hours to/from Ikebukuro, daytime through to Yūrakuchō Line. Longest to Hannō and Seibu Kyūjō-mae, commuter Express Morning hours only, one direction up from Hannō to Ikebukuro. Express All day operation, from Ikebukuro to Hannō, rapid Express Morning rush hour from Hannō to Ikebukuro, daytime to and from Hannō to Motomachi-Chūkagai via the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line, Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Lines. On holidays some services continue through to Chichibu Railway up to Mitsumineguchi, Limited Express Ikebukuro to Seibu Chichibu, trains named Chichibu, Musashi, with supplementary limited express charge. The line opened 15 April 1915 as the Musashino Line, by the then Musashino Railway, in 1922, electrification began in three stages from Ikebukuro, until reaching Hannō in 1925. In the late 1920s, a track was added from Ikebukuro to Hōya Station, and in 1929 the line was extended to Agano Station. On March 25,1952, the line was renamed to the Ikebukuro line, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s, in 2001, a second track of 350 m was built to complete the double-track section from Ikebukuro to Hannō. At the same time, the elevated 4-track section from Nerima-Takanodai to Nakamurabashi opened and this elevated 4-track section was extended to Nerima in 2003. Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, from 10 September 2012, 10-car 5050-4000 series sets entered revenue service on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and Seibu Yurakucho Line, with inter-running through to the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line. From 16 March 2013, through running via the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line commenced beyond Shibuya over the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line to Motomachi-Chukagai in Yokohama
8.
Seibu Department Stores
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The Seibu Department Stores, Ltd. is a Japanese department store. The first store to trade under the name opened its doors in 1949, Seibu is typical of Japanese department stores with a wide variety of stores doing business on several floors. The company is now a subsidiary of Seven & I Holdings Co. Ltd, the Seibu Department Stores flagship store is located in Ikebukuro. In Tokyo, there are stores in Shibuya and Yūrakuchō. There are 16 stores in the country, with about 5 billion dollars in annual sales. In addition to department stores, Seibu operates the specialty stores Loft, Shell garden, Parco, the Seiyu Group are companies of the Seibu Saison group. From 1960 until 1995, Seibu Department stores sold imported European and American cars, competing with Yanase, Seibu sold Citroen, Saab, Chevrolet, Fiat, Ferrari, Holden, and Peugeot. It was originally called Western European Cars starting in 1963 until Seibu assumed operations in 1971, Seibu opened their first non-Japanese location in Hong Kong at Langham Place in but sold their operations to Dickson Concepts in 1996, but the store operated until September 2013. The company was a cornerstone of Hong Kongs retailing, the first Seibu in Indonesia was opened in 1996 located near a busy bus terminal, Blok M, in Jakarta. It occupies over eight levels of shopping experience with an atrium at the centre. The department store is operated by ALatief Corporation, a company also managed a major local department store. The two department stores are adjacent and a bridge connects the buildings. However, due to its location, Seibu has failed to attract its targeted market and was closed several years after its opening. The previously building occupied by Seibu is now called the East Wing of Pasaraya Grande, Indonesias flagship store is making a comeback and open in May 2007 at Grand Indonesia Shopping Town. Occupying six levels of the west mall area, Seibu is segmented for the Indonesias upper class market, providing array of new brands, mitra Adiperkasa Tbk. which also managed Sogo department store in Indonesia. The department store has its own in-house tailors in addition to an exclusive lounge made available to its premium shoppers and it also house Planet Sports, Kidz Station, Marks and Spencer, Books Kinokuniya, Starbucks Coffee, and Genki Sushi. In 1962, Seibu opened a branch at the corner of Wilshire and it was the first Japanese department store in the mainland United States. Despite much publicity, the store attracted little more than curiosity, the building was later occupied by Ohrbachs and is currently home to the Petersen Automotive Museum
9.
Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
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