1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Toshima
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Toshima is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the eight wards of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, including Chiyoda, Minato, Shibuya, Chuo, Shinjuku, Taito. Located in the area of Tokyo, Toshima is bordered by the wards of Nerima, Itabashi, and Kita wards, in the north. The ward was founded on March 15,1947 and reached a peak resident population of 370,000 in 1965. The population has continued to decline and as of May 1,2015, during the day the population swells with commuters, resulting in a daytime population of around 378,475. The total land area of Toshima is 13.01 km², approximately 47% of Toshimas land is residential, and 20% is commercial and public areas. Although Toshima is a ward, it is referred to as a city, the ward offices are located in Ikebukuro, which is also the commercial and entertainment center of Toshima. With a non-Japanese population of 19,868, or 7. 42% of the total, of the foreign population, 56% is of Chinese descent, 20% is of Korean descent, with the rest being of primarily Filipino and European descent. Toshima was formed in 1932 by the merger of four towns, Sugamochō, Nishi-sugamochō, Takadachō, the area evolved from a suburban agricultural district in the Edo period to the urban commercial center that it is today. The growth was fueled by the construction of rail lines built in the Meiji. The former Somei village, now part of Toshima, is the birthplace of the Somei Yoshino, the variety was developed at the end of the Edo period. Toshima is run by a city assembly of 36 elected members, the current mayor is Yukio Takano, an independent backed by all major parties except the Japanese Communist Party. In April 2011, Taiga Ishikawa was elected to the Toshima assembly, Sunshine City, The focal point of much of the entertainment in and around Ikebukuro, Sunshine City sports some of the best shopping and dining in Toshima. Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre, Near Ikebukuro Station, this facility built in 1990 is one of the spots in Toshima and has a concert hall with regular performances. There is a stage in the space out front and it is a popular place for amateur musicians during the warmer months. Sugamo Jizodori, The shopping district known as old ladies Harajuku, fukuro Matsuri, This festival started in 1968 and features a parade of mikoshi and a yassa dance. It is held on September 14 and 15 of each year outside the west exit of Ikebukuro Station and attracts as many as 200,000 people. Otsuka Awa Odori Dance, A large summer event gathering 150,000 people, Nagasaki Shishimai, The lion dance is performed every year on the second Sunday of May at Nagasaki Shrine
3.
Ikebukuro Station
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With 2.71 million passengers on an average daily in 2007, it is the second-busiest railway station in the world, and the busiest station in the Tobu, Seibu, and Tokyo Metro networks. It primarily serves commuters from Saitama Prefecture and other residential areas northwest of the city centre and it is the Tokyo terminal of the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and the Tobu Tojo Line. Seibu Ikebukuro Line Tobu Tojo Line Ikebukuro Station has two entrances, the East exit and the West exit. There are a number of other secondary entrances such as the JR North exit, the various Seibu exits, the JR lines run north/south through the center. The Tobu platforms are to the northwest and the Seibu platforms are to the southeast, both Tobu and Seibu operate department stores adjacent to their terminal stations. The Marunouchi Line and Yurakucho Line run east/west two stories underground, while the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line is four stories underground to the west of the station complex. The latter line runs south toward Shinjuku and Shibuya along Meiji-dori, Tokyo Metros Echika underground mall is also located inside the station. Chest-high platform edge doors were introduced on the Yamanote Line platforms on 2 March 2013, the Tobu station has three terminating tracks served by platforms 1 to 5, arranged as shown in the diagram on the right. Platforms 3 and 5 are normally used for disembarking passengers, although platform 5 is also used for boarding the evening TJ Liner services. There are three sets of ticket barriers giving access to the platforms, the South Gate at ground level, platforms 1,4, and 6 are normally used for disembarking passengers only. This station consists of three island platforms for the Marunouchi Line, Yurakucho Line, and Fukutoshin Line. The Tokyo Metro platforms are equipped with platform edge doors. The station was opened on April 1,1903 by the Japanese Government Railways, the Tōjō Railway Line station opened on 1 May 1914 with the opening of the 33.5 km line to Tanomosawa in Saitama Prefecture. As the Tokyo terminus of the line was planned to be at Shimo-Itabashi. Tobu opened a department store adjoining its station on 29 May 1962, around the same time, the Tobu station platforms were expanded with three tracks. In June 2008, the Tobu station ticket barriers were colour-coded into three zones, North, Central, and South, chest-height platform edge doors were installed on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line platforms in January 2011. The figures below are the number of passengers entering and exiting each day released by each train operator. Annual passenger figures for the station between fiscal 1903 and 1965 are as shown below, note that the figures only consider boarding passengers and a blank indicates that no data is available
4.
Sunshine 60
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Sunshine 60 is a 60-story, mixed-use skyscraper located in Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, adjoining the Sunshine City complex. At the time of its completion in 1978, the 239.7 m building was the tallest in Asia, Sunshine 60 was also the tallest building in Tokyo and Japan until the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building was completed in 1991. Sunshine 60s foundation is made of reinforced concrete, the lower segment of the building is also reinforced concrete with a steel skeleton. The upper tower is a skeleton with slitted shear walls. A rigid framing structural system creates the frame, mechanical equipment is located directly above the core of the structure on its rooftop. Sunshine 60 was erected over the site of the destroyed Sugamo Prison, on December 23,1948, seven high-ranking, convicted war criminals were hanged at the prison. It was also the site of the hanging of Soviet spy Richard Sorge during the war, in popular modern lore, the area is rumored to be haunted. As a mixed-use high-rise, Sunshine 60s space is used for a variety of things, floors 1 through 9 are used as commercial space and house a post office, banks, showrooms, cafeterias, a health care center and a day care center. Office space occupies floors 10 through 57, restaurants are located on the 58th and 59th floors. From the 60th floor, visitors can see as far as 100 km on a day from Sunshine 60s observation deck. To get visitors to the deck quickly, one of the towers 40 elevators takes passengers directly from the lobby at a speed of 600 meters per minute. This elevator is one of the fastest in the world, the office floors house the headquarters of Credit Saison, FamilyMart, NTT Plala and Sammy Corporation, among other office tenants. Sunshine City Ancient Orient Museum Official site 360° View from Sunshine 60 Observatory
5.
Toyota
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Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. As of 2016, Toyota is the worlds second-largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
6.
East Japan Railway Company
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East Japan Railway Company is a major passenger railway company in Japan and one of the seven Japan Railways Group companies. The company name is abbreviated as JR-EAST or JR East in English. The companys headquarters are in Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo, JR East was incorporated on 1 April 1987 after being spun off from the government-run Japanese National Railways. Following the breakup, JR East ran the operations on former JNR lines in the Greater Tokyo Area, the Tohoku region and its railway lines primarily serve Kanto and Tohoku regions, along with adjacent areas in Koshinetsu region and Shizuoka prefectures. JR East operates all of the Shinkansen, high-speed rail lines and these lines have sections inside the Tokyo Suburban Area designated by JR East. This does not necessarily mean that the lines are fully inside the Greater Tokyo Area, JR East aims to reduce its carbon emissions by half, as measured over the period 1990-2030. This would be achieved by increasing the efficiency of trains and company-owned thermal power stations, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department has stated that JR Easts official union is a front for an organized crime syndicate called the Japan Revolutionary Communist League. An investigation of this is ongoing, the East Japan Railway Culture Foundation is a non-profit organization established by JR East for the purpose of developing a richer railway culture. The Railway Museum in Saitama is operated by the foundation, EJRC has bid for the London Midland franchise in the United Kingdom. Winners will be announced on June 2017 and will start operating on October 2017, East Japan Railway Company Web Site JR East official apology for Inaho No.14 accident on 25 December 2005 Company history books. Wiki collection of works on East Japan Railway Company
7.
Seibu Ikebukuro Line
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The Seibu Ikebukuro Line is a railway line of the Japanese private railway operator Seibu Railway. It originates at Ikebukuro Station, a railway junction in north-western Tokyo, extending to northwest suburbs as far as Tokorozawa, Saitama. The Seibu Chichibu Line from Agano to Seibu Chichibu Station is an extension, the operation is largely divided into two sections, from Ikebukuro to Hannō Station and from Hannō to Seibu Chichibu Station. The Ikebukuro Line has three branches with through operation, apart from the Seibu Chichibu Line, Toshima Line 1.0 km length, with Local trains through from Ikebukuro. Seibu Yūrakuchō Line The bypass to Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line, with Semi Expresses and Rapids from Hannō to Shin-Kiba Station, Seibu Sayama Line Through trains are operated daily during off-peak hours. Special Limited Express Dome services are operated for baseball games of the Saitama Seibu Lions. The longest operations are Ikebukuro to Hannō, through to Seibu Kyūjō-mae on Sayama Line, also through from Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line to Kotesashi. Longest from Ikebukuro to Hannō and Seibu Kyūjō-mae, through from Yūrakuchō Line to Hannō. Commuter Semi-Express Morning hours only, one direction up from Kotesashi to Ikebukuro, rapid Morning and evening hours to/from Ikebukuro, daytime through to Yūrakuchō Line. Longest to Hannō and Seibu Kyūjō-mae, commuter Express Morning hours only, one direction up from Hannō to Ikebukuro. Express All day operation, from Ikebukuro to Hannō, rapid Express Morning rush hour from Hannō to Ikebukuro, daytime to and from Hannō to Motomachi-Chūkagai via the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line, Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Lines. On holidays some services continue through to Chichibu Railway up to Mitsumineguchi, Limited Express Ikebukuro to Seibu Chichibu, trains named Chichibu, Musashi, with supplementary limited express charge. The line opened 15 April 1915 as the Musashino Line, by the then Musashino Railway, in 1922, electrification began in three stages from Ikebukuro, until reaching Hannō in 1925. In the late 1920s, a track was added from Ikebukuro to Hōya Station, and in 1929 the line was extended to Agano Station. On March 25,1952, the line was renamed to the Ikebukuro line, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s, in 2001, a second track of 350 m was built to complete the double-track section from Ikebukuro to Hannō. At the same time, the elevated 4-track section from Nerima-Takanodai to Nakamurabashi opened and this elevated 4-track section was extended to Nerima in 2003. Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, from 10 September 2012, 10-car 5050-4000 series sets entered revenue service on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and Seibu Yurakucho Line, with inter-running through to the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line. From 16 March 2013, through running via the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line commenced beyond Shibuya over the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line to Motomachi-Chukagai in Yokohama
8.
Seibu Department Stores
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The Seibu Department Stores, Ltd. is a Japanese department store. The first store to trade under the name opened its doors in 1949, Seibu is typical of Japanese department stores with a wide variety of stores doing business on several floors. The company is now a subsidiary of Seven & I Holdings Co. Ltd, the Seibu Department Stores flagship store is located in Ikebukuro. In Tokyo, there are stores in Shibuya and Yūrakuchō. There are 16 stores in the country, with about 5 billion dollars in annual sales. In addition to department stores, Seibu operates the specialty stores Loft, Shell garden, Parco, the Seiyu Group are companies of the Seibu Saison group. From 1960 until 1995, Seibu Department stores sold imported European and American cars, competing with Yanase, Seibu sold Citroen, Saab, Chevrolet, Fiat, Ferrari, Holden, and Peugeot. It was originally called Western European Cars starting in 1963 until Seibu assumed operations in 1971, Seibu opened their first non-Japanese location in Hong Kong at Langham Place in but sold their operations to Dickson Concepts in 1996, but the store operated until September 2013. The company was a cornerstone of Hong Kongs retailing, the first Seibu in Indonesia was opened in 1996 located near a busy bus terminal, Blok M, in Jakarta. It occupies over eight levels of shopping experience with an atrium at the centre. The department store is operated by ALatief Corporation, a company also managed a major local department store. The two department stores are adjacent and a bridge connects the buildings. However, due to its location, Seibu has failed to attract its targeted market and was closed several years after its opening. The previously building occupied by Seibu is now called the East Wing of Pasaraya Grande, Indonesias flagship store is making a comeback and open in May 2007 at Grand Indonesia Shopping Town. Occupying six levels of the west mall area, Seibu is segmented for the Indonesias upper class market, providing array of new brands, mitra Adiperkasa Tbk. which also managed Sogo department store in Indonesia. The department store has its own in-house tailors in addition to an exclusive lounge made available to its premium shoppers and it also house Planet Sports, Kidz Station, Marks and Spencer, Books Kinokuniya, Starbucks Coffee, and Genki Sushi. In 1962, Seibu opened a branch at the corner of Wilshire and it was the first Japanese department store in the mainland United States. Despite much publicity, the store attracted little more than curiosity, the building was later occupied by Ohrbachs and is currently home to the Petersen Automotive Museum
9.
Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
10.
Seibu Railway
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Seibu Railway Company, Ltd. is a conglomerate based in Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan, with principal business areas in railways, tourism, and real estate. Seibu Railways operations are concentrated in northwest Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture, however it and its holding company hold shares of numerous bus, hotel and tourism operations nationwide. Seibu Railway was originally the name of a service between Shinjuku and Ogikubo, which was transferred to the Tokyo metropolitan government in 1951 and eventually closed in 1962. The current Seibu Railway is a product of a 1945 merger between the former Seibu Railway and the Musashino Railway, which was founded in 1912 to operate what is now known as the Seibu Ikebukuro Line, the sewage service continued through the American occupation until 1951. As a result of this cooperation, Seibu Railway merged with Musashino Railway to form the current Seibu Railway. The former Seibu network based around Shinjuku and the former Musashino network based around Ikebukuro remain operationally separated today, in 1986, Seibu Railway moved its headquarters from the Ikebukuro area to Tokorozawa, Saitama, where the two main Seibu lines intersect. Tsutsumi became the shareholder in Seibu Railway following the merger through his holding company Kokudo Corporation. Seibu Railway had its public offering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1949. Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, following the death of Tsutsumi in 1964, his third son Yoshiaki Tsutsumi inherited control of Kokudo and continued the practice of falsifying shareholder records. He was arrested on fraud charges in March 2005. On December 21,2005, Seibu Railway was delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange, a reorganization of the group, completed in February 2006, created Seibu Holdings to act as a holding company for both the railway and Prince Hotels. Cerberus Capital Management, an American investment fund, became the largest shareholder in Seibu Holdings with a 29. 9% share of the new company. Cerberus then executed a tender offer to increase its stake to 35% as of June 2013, at the June 2013 shareholder meeting, several proposals by Cerberus were voted down, including the election of outside directors and the abolition of non-core lines. As of June 2013, Yoshiaki Tsutsumi remains an investor in Seibu Holdings through his 36% investment in NW Corporation. Tsutsumi refused to respond to the Cerberus tender offer at the urging of Seibu management and they fall into two separate groups. Tokorozawa Station is the point of Ikebukuro Line and Shinjuku Line. Seibu Railway is well known for its bright yellow colored trains, however, more recent trains have a blue colored line on unpainted stainless steel or aluminium bodies. The Ikebukuro Line group includes the Ikebukuro Line and its branches, the new trains are to be built by Hitachi, with the design and styling overseen by architect Kazuyo Sejima
11.
Musashi Province
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Musashi Province was a province of Japan, which today comprises Tokyo Metropolis, most of Saitama Prefecture and part of Kanagawa Prefecture. The province encompassed Kawasaki and Yokohama, Musashi bordered on Kai, Kōzuke, Sagami, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuke Provinces. Musashi was the largest province in the Kantō region, the name Musashi, recorded in early records as 牟射志 muzasi, has been conjectured to be of Ainu origin. Musashi had its ancient capital in modern Fuchū, Tokyo and its temple in what is now Kokubunji. By the Sengoku period, the city was Edo, which became the dominant city of eastern Japan. Edo Castle was the headquarters of Tokugawa Ieyasu before the Battle of Sekigahara and became the dominant city of Japan during the Edo period, hikawa jinja was designated as the chief Shinto shrine of the province, and there are many branch shrines. The former province gave its name to the battleship of the Second World War Musashi, july 18,707, Empress Genmei is enthroned at the age of 48. 707, Copper was reported to have found in Musashi province in the region which includes modern day Tokyo. The Japanese word for copper is dō, and since this was indigenous copper, may 5,708, A sample of the newly discovered Musashi copper was presented in Gemmeis Court where it was formally acknowledged as Japanese copper. The Wadō era is famous for the first Japanese coin, iwatsuki Domain and Oshi Domain founded in Musashi Province. Musashi Province had 21 districts, added one after, gukanshō, The Future and the Past. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0, OCLC251325323 Kōta Kodama and Kitajima Masamoto, OCLC673172166 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5, OCLC58053128 Titsingh, Isaac, paris, Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Murdochs map of provinces,1903 Reproduction of Chōroku-Period Map of Edo, with Later Additions from 1804
12.
Sugamo Prison
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Sugamo Prison was located in the district of Ikebukuro, which is now part of the Toshima ward of Tokyo, Japan Sugamo Prison was originally built in 1895, using the prisons of Europe as a model. By the 1930s it became known for housing political prisoners, including many communists, allied spies were also incarcerated there, including Richard Sorge who was hanged in the prison on November 7,1944. After the conclusion of the trials, Sugamo Prison was used to some of the convicted and was the site of the execution of seven inmates sentenced to death by hanging on December 23,1948. The original compound was only 2.43 hectares in size, the construction of exterior fencing expanded the facility to double the original size. The facility was operated by the Eighth U. S. Army, there were approximately 2500 military personnel assigned to duty at the prison, however no more than 500 at any given time. The prison was in operation by American military forces from December 1945 through May 1952, the structure housed some 2000 Japanese war criminals during its operation. The prisoners ate Japanese food prepared by Japanese personnel and served by the prisoners themselves, there were occasions when former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo served food to all the other class A prisoners. Some of the used in these meals were grown within the compound. After the end of the occupation of Japan, Sugamo Prison passed to Japanese civilian government control, most of the remaining war criminals were pardoned or paroled by the government. In 1962 its function as a prison ended, in 1971 the prison buildings were dismantled. In 1978 the Sunshine 60 Building, at its completion the tallest skyscraper in Japan, was built on the site of Sugamo Prison. All that is left to commemorate the prison is a stone on which is engraved, in Japanese, Pray for Eternal Peace. Landsberg Prison in Bavaria, Germany Spandau Prison in West Berlin Ginn, John L. Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, An Account of the Trial and Sentencing of Japanese War Criminals in 1948, by a U. S. Participant
13.
Otome Road
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Otome Road is a nickname for a street in Ikebukuro – a district of Tokyo – which is located to the west of the Sunshine 60 building near Ikebukuro Station. The name originated in the May 2004 issue of Puff magazine, the name is derived from a dense grouping of shops that specialize in Otome-kei merchandise, all on one side of a roughly 200 meter corridor. Frequenters have more bluntly called the area Fujoshi Street, as it is only a small area of a larger commercial district it does not have frequenters who walk around in cosplay, and it is difficult to distinguish from other streets. Since the latter half of the 1980s there have been Animate, anime goods sales skew towards women, and Ikebukuro is a comparatively better environment for attracting female customers than Akihabara or Nakano Broadway. However, because few products aimed at women had developed at that point, and the dōjinshi shop in Sunshine City stocked few womens dōjinshi. For these reasons, the area is compared to Akihabara, which refocused to meet the needs of its customers, cosplay restaurant Fujoshi Yaoi Town Guide Ikebukuro Otome Road Otome Road and Doujinshi - Ramblings of DarkMirage
14.
Otaku
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Otaku is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, commonly the anime and manga fandom. Its contemporary usage originated with Akio Nakamoris 1983 essay in Manga Burikko, Otaku may be used as a pejorative, its negativity stems from the stereotypical view of otaku and the medias reporting on Tsutomu Miyazaki, The Otaku Murderer, in 1989. According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime and manga works, documentaries and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to become social outcasts. The subcultures birth coincided with the boom, after the release of works such as Mobile Suit Gundam before it branched into Comic Market. The definition of otaku subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of otaku emerged, in 2005, the Nomura Research Institute divided otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focus on an otaku interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, idol, the economic impact of otaku has been estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion. Otaku is derived from a Japanese term for another persons house or family and this word is often used metaphorically, as an honorific second-person pronoun. In this usage, its literal translation is you, for example, in the anime Macross, first aired in 1982, the character Lynn Minmay uses the term this way. His 1983 series An Investigation of Otaku, printed in the lolicon magazine Manga Burikko, animators Haruhiko Mikimoto and Shōji Kawamori had used the term between themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s. Supposedly, some used it past the point in their relationships where others would have moved on to a less formal style. Because this misuse indicated social awkwardness, Nakamori chose the word itself to label the fans, morikawa Kaichirō, an author and lecturer at Meiji University, identified this as the origin of its contemporary usage. However, a different claim points to a 1981 Variety magazine essay, in 1989, the case of Tsutomu Miyazaki, The Otaku Murderer, brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine Bessatsu Takarajima dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku and it was called Otaku no Hon and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term, in modern Japanese slang, the term otaku is mostly equivalent to geek or nerd, but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West. However, it can relate to any fan of any theme, topic. When these people are referred to as otaku, they are judged for their behaviors -, the word entered English as a loanword from the Japanese language
15.
Marui
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Marui Co. Ltd. is a Japanese retail company which operates a chain of department stores in Tokyo as well in other major Japanese cities. They are best known for their womens fashion and accessories, which are aimed at the 25–35 age range, in 2003–4 the company generated US$2.75 billion in revenues. The companys name is a combination of the name of its predecessors parent company Maru-ni, the name of the department store is customarily written in Japanese as マルイ, in katakana lettering. The department stores famously ambiguous present-day logo is a symbol resembling ○I○I, the Japanese symbol ○ is read maru, meaning circle or zero. The symbol I ostensibly represents the numeral 1, which can be read i in Japanese, despite being read as numerals, the symbol is written OIOI in Latin letters on the companys website, though the address of the website itself is www.0101. co. jp. The ○I in the logo is repeated, partly for aesthetics, in December 2007, Marui Co. Ltd. launched an international shopping and information website, maruione. jp. The site operates in Japanese, English, French, Simplified, the shopping site offers Japanese street fashion and traditional goods while their LiveJ information site provides information on fashion, culture and visual kei music. Marui Marui Co. Ltd. financial information MARUIONE. JP LiveJ
16.
Don Quijote (store)
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Don Quijote is a discount chain store that has over 160 locations throughout Japan as well as three stores in Hawaii. It carries a range of products, from basic groceries to electronics to clothing. The store is known in Japan and is often referred to by its shortened name Donki. Distinctly, Don Quijote tends to keep very late hours for Japanese retailing, Don Quijote opened its first store in Suginami, Tokyo in September 1980 under its original name, Just Co. Originally a retail store, Just Co. quickly switched to wholesale in 1982, the company opened its first Don Quijote named store in Fuchu, Tokyo in March 1989. With the name change, the store changed its primary business from wholesale to retail. It was not until 1995, six years later, that Just Co. followed suit and it changed its corporate to Don Quijote Co, in June 1998, the company was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. As one of the few discount stores in Japan, the end of the Japanese economic bubble did not have disastrous effects for Don Quijote. Instead, the economic uncertainty caused the Japanese public to become more thrifty. In 2005, idol group AKB48 opened its theater on the floor of the Don Quijote Akihabara Outlet in Tokyo. In 2013, Don Quijote purchased Marukai Corporation U. S. A. including stores in Hawaii, Don Quijote is known for the distinctive song that plays in its stores. The song is called Miracle Shopping sung by Maimi Tanaka, a Don Quijote store employee, Miracle Shopping was released as a maxi single in 1999. In December 2004, four stores in the Kantō area were damaged or destroyed by arson attacks, three store employees, Morio Oshima,39, Mai Koishi,20, and Maiko Sekiguchi,19, died in the first arson incident. In 2007, Noriko Watanabe,49, was guilty of setting the fires. Don Quijote received harsh criticism at the time for poor store layout that made it difficult to find exits, in 2005, Don Quijote began building a half-pipe roller coaster on the roof of its eight story Roppongi store. The project was completed in 2006 but due to increasing pressure from concerned groups in the area it has never been operated, as of 2016, the structure still exists. Don Quijote has not announced future plans they have for it. Don Quijote purchased the Marukai Japanese chain stores in USA in 2013, splitting it into Marukai
17.
Bic Camera
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Bic Camera Inc is a consumer electronics retailer chain in Japan. Currently, it has 41 stores in Japan and it has a 15% stake in Best Denki and a wholly owned subsidiary, Sofmap. It also has restaurants on the 6th and 7th floors
18.
Shinjuku
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Shinjuku is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. As of 2015, the ward has an population of 337,556. The total area is 18.23 km², Shinjuku is surrounded by Chiyoda to the east, Bunkyo and Toshima to the north, Nakano to the west, and Shibuya and Minato to the south. The current city of Shinjuku grew out of separate towns and villages. Golden Gai, An area of tiny shanty-style bars and clubs, musicians, artists, journalists, actors and directors gather here, and the ramshackle walls of the bars are literally plastered with film posters. Shinjuku Gyoen, A large park,58.3 hectares,3.5 km in circumference, blending Japanese traditional, English Landscape, Shinjuku Ni-chōme, Tokyos best-known gay district. Nishi-Shinjuku, The area west of Shinjuku Station, historically known as Yodobashi, is home to Tokyos largest concentration of skyscrapers, several of the tallest buildings in Tokyo are located in this area, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, KDDI Building and Park Tower. Ōkubo, The area surrounding Okubo Station, Shin-Okubo Station and Higashi-Shinjuku Station is best known as Tokyos historic ethnic Korean neighborhood, Totsuka, The northern portion of Shinjuku surrounding Takadanobaba Station and Waseda University. The Takadanobaba area is a residential and nightlife area for students. Ushigome, A largely residential area in the portion of the city. Ichigaya, A commercial area in eastern Shinjuku, site of the Ministry of Defense, kagurazaka, A hill descending to the Iidabashi Station area, once one of Tokyos last remaining hanamachi or geisha districts, and currently known for hosting a sizable French community. Yotsuya, An upscale residential and commercial district in the southeast corner of Shinjuku, the Arakichō area is well known for its many small restaurants, bars, and izakaya. Naturally, most of Shinjuku is occupied by the Yodobashi Plateau, the Kanda River runs through the Ochiai and Totsuka areas near sea level, but the Toshima Plateau also builds elevation in the northern extremities of Totsuka and Ochiai. The highest point in Shinjuku is Hakone-san in Toyama Park,44.6 m above sea level. In 1634, during the Edo period, as the moat of the Edo Castle was built. In 1698, Naitō-Shinjuku had developed as a new station on the Kōshū Kaidō, naitō was the family name of a daimyō whose mansion stood in the area, his land is now a public park, the Shinjuku Gyoen. In 1920, the town of Naitō-Shinjuku, which comprised large parts of present-day Shinjuku, parts of Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku began to develop into its current form after the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923, since the seismically stable area largely escaped the devastation. Consequently, West Shinjuku is one of the few areas in Tokyo with many skyscrapers, the Tokyo air raids from May to August 1945 destroyed almost 90% of the buildings in the area in and around Shinjuku Station
19.
Municipalities of Japan
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Japan has three levels of government, national, prefectural, and municipal. The nation is divided into 47 prefectures, each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,719 in total. There are four types of municipalities in Japan, cities, towns, villages, in Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson, where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. The status of a municipality, if it is a village, the least-populated city, Utashinai, Hokkaidō, has a population of merely four thousand, while a town in the same prefecture, Otofuke, Hokkaidō, has nearly forty thousand residents. Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the Special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities. Tokyo Prefecture now encompasses 23 special wards, each a city itself, as well as many other cities, towns and even villages on the Japanese mainland. Each of the 23 special wards of Tokyo is legally equivalent to a city, for information on the former city of Tokyo, see Tokyo City, for information about present-day Tokyo Prefecture, see Tokyo. See List of cities in Japan for a complete list of cities, see also, Core city The same kanji which designates a town is also sometimes used for addresses of sections of an urban area. In rare cases, a village might even contain a section with the same type of designation. Although the kanji is the same, neither of these sections are municipalities unto themselves. Subprefectures are branch offices of the prefectures and not municipalities by themselves, districts are not current municipalities but names of groups of towns and villages. Provinces are not current municipalities but names of geographical regions similar to prefectures
20.
Kanji
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Kanji, or kanji, are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana and katakana. The Japanese term kanji for the Chinese characters literally means Han characters and is using the same characters as the Chinese word hànzì. Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, the earliest known instance of such an import was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor Guangwu of Han to a Yamato emissary in 57 AD. Chinese coins from the first century AD have been found in Yayoi-period archaeological sites, however, the Japanese of that era probably had no comprehension of the script, and would remain illiterate until the fifth century AD. The earliest Japanese documents were written by bilingual Chinese or Korean officials employed at the Yamato court. For example, the correspondence from King Bu of Wa to Emperor Shun of Liu Song in 478 has been praised for its skillful use of allusion. Later, groups of people called fuhito were organized under the monarch to read, during the reign of Empress Suiko, the Yamato court began sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large increase in Chinese literacy at the Japanese court. The Japanese language had no form at the time Chinese characters were introduced. Chinese characters also came to be used to write Japanese words, around 650 CE, a writing system called manyōgana evolved that used a number of Chinese characters for their sound, rather than for their meaning. Manyōgana written in cursive style evolved into hiragana, or onna-de, that is, ladies hand, major works of Heian-era literature by women were written in hiragana. Katakana emerged via a path, monastery students simplified manyōgana to a single constituent element. Thus the two writing systems, hiragana and katakana, referred to collectively as kana, are descended from kanji. Katakana are mostly used for representing onomatopoeia, non-Japanese loanwords, the names of plants and animals, and for emphasis on certain words. In 1946, following World War II and under the Allied Occupation of Japan and this was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. The number of characters in circulation was reduced, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, some characters were given simplified glyphs, called shinjitai. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged and these are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, these are known as hyōgaiji. The kyōiku kanji are 1,006 characters that Japanese children learn in elementary school, originally the list only contained 881 characters. This was expanded to 996 characters in 1977 and it was not until 1982 the list was expanded to its current size
21.
Shibuya Station
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Shibuya Station is a railway station in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, operated jointly by East Japan Railway Company, Keio Corporation, Tokyu Corporation, and Tokyo Metro. Shibuya station is undergoing major renovations as a part of a long-term site redevelopment plan. While all rail and subway lines continue to operate, some station exits, the east side of the main station has since March 2013 been transformed due to the provision of through train services between the Tokyu Toyoko Line and the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line. The Shibuya Hikarie building, also owned by the Tokyu Group was opened in 2012 and features department store retail, restaurants, the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, originally built and operated by a Tokyu keiretsu company, continues to use platforms on the third floor of the station building. The JR lines are on the floor in a north–south orientation. There are six exits from the main JR/Tokyu/Tokyo Metro complex, the Hachikō Exit on the west side, named for the nearby statue of the dog Hachikō and adjacent to Shibuyas famous scramble crossing, is a particularly popular meeting spot. The Tamagawa Exit on the west side leads to the Keiō Inokashira Line station, the Yamanote Line is served by two side platforms with two tracks. The Saikyo Line and Shonan-Shinjuku Line is served by one platform with two tracks. The Saikyo Line platform is located to the south of the Yamanote Line platforms, there is one underground island platform on the third basement level, serving two tracks. Two underground island platforms on the basement level serve four tracks. Two side platforms serving two tracks, the Keio station consists of two bay platforms serving two tracks. Shibuya Station first opened on March 1,1885 as a stop on the Shinagawa Line, a predecessor of the present-day Yamanote Line. The station was expanded to accommodate the Tamagawa Railway, the Toyoko Line, the Teito Shibuya Line, the Tōkyō Rapid Railway, the Den-en-toshi Line, the Hanzōmon Line. Between 1925 and 1935, an Akita dog named Hachiko waited for his deceased owner, in 1946 the infamous Shibuya incident, a gang fight involving hundreds of people, occurred in front of the station. Between December 2008 and March 2009, piezoelectric mats were installed at Shibuya Station as a small scale test, from 22 February 2013, station numbering was introduced on Keio lines, with Shibuya Station becoming IN01. The former above-ground Tokyu Toyoko Line terminal station platforms were taken out of use after the last train service on 15 March 2013, from the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013, Toyoko Line services used the underground platforms 3-6 shared with Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line services. The station had four 8-car long bay platforms numbered 1 to 4, JR East is in the process of rebuilding the station, with reconstruction work starting in earnest in fiscal 2015. Tokyu also plans to open a 16-story commercial/residential complex at the station in 2018, in fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by 378,539 passengers daily, making it the fifth-busiest JR East station
22.
Yokohama Chinatown
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Not to be confused with Tokyos smaller Chinatown in the Ikebukuro District Yokohama Chinatown is located in Yokohama, Japan, which is located just south of Tokyo. Its history is about 150 years long, today only a few Chinese people still live in Chinatown, but it has a population of about 3,000 to 4,000. Most of the residents are from Guangzhou but many come from other regions, Yokohama Chinatown is the largest Chinatown not only in Japan but also in Asia and it is one of the largest in the world. There are roughly 250 Chinese-owned/themed shops and restaurants scattered throughout the district, in 1859, when the sea port opened in Yokohama, many Chinese immigrants arrived in Japan and formed settlements. Later, ferry services from Yokohama to Shanghai and Hong Kong were started, many Chinese traders came to Japan and built a Chinese school, Chinese community center, and various other facilities in what represented the beginning of Chinatown. However, government regulations at the time meant that immigrants were not permitted to live outside of the foreign settlement area. In 1899, new laws gave Chinese increased freedom of movement while reinforcing strict rules on the types of work Chinese people were allowed to perform, in 1923, the Kanto Area was devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake. Around 100,000 people were killed and approximately 1.9 million people became homeless, Chinatown also suffered and many immigrants chose to return to China instead of rebuilding their lives in Yokohama. In 1937, full-scale war between China and Japan erupted, effectively stopping further growth of Chinatown, after the war ended, Chinatown once again began to grow. In 1955, a large goodwill gate was built and that is when the Chinatown was officially recognized and called Yokohama Chukagai. In 1972, Japan established diplomatic relations with the Peoples Republic of China, interest among Japanese people grew and led to an explosion in the number of visitors to Chinatown. It soon became a major sightseeing spot in Yokohama, on February 1,2004, the Minatomirai Line railway was opened, along with the Motomachi-Chūkagai Station, which serves Chinatown directly. Chinatown can be reached by train, bus, seabus and car, seabus Shuto Expressway K1 Yokohane Route, Yokohama Kōen Exit Shuto Expressway K3 Kariba Route
23.
Kyokuto-kai
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The Kyokuto-kai is a yakuza organization based in Tokyo, Japan. The Kyokuto-kai is a yakuza group with an estimated 1,200 active members. The Kyokuto-kai was registered as a yakuza group under the Organized Crime Countermeasures Law in July 1993. Based in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, the Kyokuto-kai maintains its offices in 14 other prefectures including Hokkaido, in the early 2000s, the Kyokuto-kai was involved in a feud with the rival Matsuba-kai, which led to a number of shootings
24.
Yakuza
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Yakuza, also known as gokudō, are members of transnational organized crime syndicates originating in Japan. The Japanese police, and media by request of the police, call them bōryokudan, the yakuza are notorious for their strict codes of conduct and organized fiefdom-nature. They have a presence in the Japanese media and operate internationally with an estimated 102,000 members. Tekiya were considered one of the lowest social groups in Edo, as they began to form organizations of their own, they took over some administrative duties relating to commerce, such as stall allocation and protection of their commercial activities. During Shinto festivals, these peddlers opened stalls and some members were hired to act as security, each peddler paid rent in exchange for a stall assignment and protection during the fair. The Edo government eventually formally recognized such tekiya organizations and granted the oyabun of tekiya a surname as well as permission to carry a sword—the wakizashi and this was a major step forward for the traders, as formerly only samurai and noblemen were allowed to carry swords. Bakuto had a lower social standing even than traders, as gambling was illegal. Many small gambling houses cropped up in abandoned temples or shrines at the edge of towns, most of these gambling houses ran loan sharking businesses for clients, and they usually maintained their own security personnel. The roots of the yakuza can still be today in initiation ceremonies. During the formation of the yakuza, they adopted the traditional Japanese hierarchical structure of oyabun-kobun where kobun owe their allegiance to the oyabun, in a much later period, the code of jingi was developed where loyalty and respect are a way of life. The oyabun-kobun relationship is formalized by ceremonial sharing of sake from a single cup and this ritual is not exclusive to the yakuza—it is also commonly performed in traditional Japanese Shinto weddings, and may have been a part of sworn brotherhood relationships. However, after the war, the yakuza adapted again, prospective yakuza come from all walks of life. The most romantic tales tell how yakuza accept sons who have been abandoned or exiled by their parents, many yakuza start out in junior high school or high school as common street thugs or members of bōsōzoku gangs. Perhaps because of its lower status, numerous yakuza members come from Burakumin. Yakuza groups are headed by an oyabun or kumichō who gives orders to his subordinates, in this respect, the organization is a variation of the traditional Japanese senpai-kōhai model. Members of yakuza gangs cut their ties and transfer their loyalty to the gang boss. They refer to other as family members - fathers and elder and younger brothers. The yakuza is populated almost entirely by men, and there are few women involved who are called ane-san
25.
Light novel
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A light novel is a style of Japanese novel primarily, but not exclusively, targeting high-school and middle-school students. Light novel is a wasei-eigo, or a Japanese term formed from words in the English language, Light novels are often called ranobe or LN in the West. The average size of a novel is about 50,000 words long, the equivalent size of an American novel. One of the most remarkable characteristics of a novel is that they are illustrated with anime and manga art style. They are mainly published in separate volumes, while some of them have their chapters serialized in anthology magazines before collection in book form. Light novels are an evolution of pulp magazines, the narrative evolved to please the new generations and became fully illustrated with the popular style. The popular serials are printed in novels, publishing companies are constantly searching for new talent with annual contests, many of which earn the winner a cash prize and publication of their novel. The Dengeki Novel Prize is the largest, with over 6,500 submissions annually and they are all clearly labeled as light novels and are published as low-priced paperbacks. For example, the price for The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya in Japan is ¥540, similar to the price for trade paperbacks — light novels. In 2007 it was estimated that the market for light novels was about ¥20 billion, Kadokawa Group Holdings, which owns major labels like Kadokawa Sneaker Books and Dengeki Books, has a 70% to 80% share of the market. In 2009, light novels made ¥30.1 billion in sales, there are currently many licensed English translations of Japanese light novels available. Other English-language publishers that license light novels are Tokyopop, Viz, DMP, Dark Horse, Yen Press, popular literature has a long tradition in Japan. Even though cheap, pulp novels resembling ranobe were present in Japan for years prior, science fiction and horror writers like Hideyuki Kikuchi or Baku Yumemakura started their careers through such imprints. In the 1980s, epic novels by Yoshiki Tanaka — The Heroic Legend of Arslan — took young male Japanese audiences by storm, also, RPG-inspired Record of Lodoss War novels achieved popularity. All of those were later animated, the 1990s saw the smash-hit Slayers series which merged fantasy-RPG elements with comedy. Some years later MediaWorks founded an imprint called Dengeki Bunko. The Boogiepop series was their first major hit which soon was animated, Dengeki Bunko writers continued to slowly gain attention until the small light novel world experienced a boom around 2006. After the huge success of the Haruhi Suzumiya series, suddenly the number of publishers and readers interested in light novels skyrocketed, Light novels became an important part of the Japanese 2D culture in the late 2000s
26.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
27.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
28.
Durarara!!
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Often shortened to DRRR. is a Japanese light novel series written by Ryohgo Narita, with illustrations by Suzuhito Yasuda, that has also been adapted into a Japanese anime series. The series ran for thirteen volumes, published by ASCII Media Works under their Dengeki Bunko imprint, in April 2014, a sequel series titled Durarara. SH and set two years after the events of the series started. A manga adaptation by Akiyo Satorigi started serialization in the manga magazine Monthly GFantasy on April 18,2009. An anime adaptation airing in Japan in January 2010. Two games based on the series for the PlayStation Portable were released, after the two meet at the train station, they set out to explore the streets of Ikebukuro. The Black Riders real name is Celty Sturluson, she is an Irish dullahan who is in Ikebukuro looking for her stolen head. The narrative follows all of the characters equally, showing how their lives intersect, the story is told from the perspective of eleven, or so, of the main characters and changes every episode in the anime. However, the narrator is not always the episodes one-and-only character perspective given, light novels are written by Ryohgo Narita and illustrated by Suzuhito Yasuda. The first novel was released in April 2004 under ASCII Media Works under their Dengeki Bunko imprint, a Chinese-language release in Taiwan and Hong Kong is published by the Taiwan branch of Kadokawa Media under their Fantastic Novels imprint. Daewon C. I. licensed the Korean-language release of the series in South Korea, as of January 2015, it was announced that Yen Press would be releasing the Durarara. Novels in English under their Yen On Imprint, as of June 27,2011, four tankōbon have been released. The manga is licensed in North America by Yen Press and released the first volume in January 2012, saika Arc that are out in Japan and America by the same author of the original manga. A manga adaptation of the Durarara, 3way standoff -alley- video game began serializing in the September issue of ASCII Media Works Monthly Sylph magazine on July 22,2013. A crossover manga with Yozakura Quartet, titled YZQ ✕ DRRR. was released with the limited edition Blu-Ray of Yozakura Quartet ~Hana no Uta~, an anime adaption of the light novels was announced in the wraparound sleeve of the sixth volume of the light novel. The anime is produced by Brains Base and started airing on January 8,2010 on MBS, TBS, Crunchyroll simulcasted the anime at 480p and 720p within 24 hours of its Japanese premiere. Other users were able see the episode in standard definition for free one week later. Later producing an English dub for a January 2011 release, the English dub was produced at Bang Zoom
29.
Brian Eno
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Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, RDI is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer, writer, and visual artist. He is best known for his work in rock, ambient, pop. He has been described as one of musics most influential. Born in Suffolk, Eno studied painting and experimental music at art school in the late 1960s before joining glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesizer player in 1971. He took part in frequent collaborations with such as Robert Fripp, Cluster, David Bowie on his Berlin Trilogy. In subsequent decades, Eno continued to record albums, collaborate, and produce for other artists, including U2, Coldplay, Laurie Anderson, James, Grace Jones. He continues to release music, produce, and write, the unusual surname Eno, long established in Suffolk, derives from the French Huguenot surname Hennot. Maria had already had a daughter, and together William and Maria would have two children, Roger and Arlette. In school, Eno used a tape recorder as an instrument and experimented with his first, sometimes improvisational. From that collaboration, he involved in Cornelius Cardews Scratch Orchestra. The first released recording in which Eno played is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of Cardews The Great Learning, Another early recording was the Berlin Horse soundtrack, by Malcom Le Grice, a nine-minute,2 ×16 mm-double-projection, released in 1970 and presented in 1971. He then progressed to appearing on stage as a member of the group. He quit the band on completing the tour for the bands second album, For Your Pleasure, because of disagreements with lead singer Bryan Ferry. If Id walked ten yards further on the platform, or missed that train, or been in the next carriage, during his period with Roxy Music, and for his first three solo albums, he was credited on records only as Eno. Eno embarked on a career almost immediately. Between 1973 and 1977 he created four albums of electronically inflected art pop, Here Come the Warm Jets, Taking Tiger Mountain, Another Green World, and Before and After Science. Tiger Mountain contains the galloping Third Uncle, one of Enos best-known songs and these four albums were remastered and reissued in 2004 by Virgins Astralwerks label. Due to Enos decision not to add any extra tracks of the original material, in 1972, Eno and Robert Fripp developed the Frippertronics tape delay system, a year later, the pair released the proto-ambient album
30.
The Shutov Assembly
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The Shutov Assembly is the thirteenth solo studio album by British musician Brian Eno, released on 10 November 1992 on Warner. On the rear cover of the CD, the ten tracks of nine letters are arranged in a grid as seen in a word search puzzle and this appears to reflect Enos known affinity for word games, but there is a purely coincidental reason for why they are so titled. Triennale – Milan festival where Eno had an installation in 1985, alhondiga – Spanish installation in 1988. Markgraph – German exhibition music & light company that helps with installations, lanzarote – Canary Islands, host to a yearly music festival. Francisco – Installation at the Exploratorium in 1988, Riverside – Riverside Studios in London was the site of a 1986 installation. Stedelijk – Amsterdam museum with the installation of Mistaken Memories of Mediaeval Manhattan. Ikebukuro – Tokyo installation in 1989, I thought it would be an interesting way to use an orchestra, to force it to use its instruments in a different way. Though the music can certainly be classified amongst his other ambient works, in an interview, Eno said its the association with danger that I didnt use to like, and its exactly that, what I do like now. He described The Shutov Assembly as sort of the version of it
31.
National Police Agency (Japan)
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Unlike comparable bodies, such as the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the NPA does not have any operational units of its own. Instead, its role is to determine general standards and policies, Police services of the Empire of Japan were placed under complete centralized control with the Police Affairs Bureau of the Home Ministry at their core. But after the surrender of Japan, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers regarded this centralized police system as undemocratic, during the Occupation, the principle of decentralization was introduced by the 1947 Police Law. Cities and large towns had their own police services. But most Japanese municipalities were too small to have a police force. In addition, excessive fragmentation of the organization reduced the efficiency of police activities. As a response to problems, complete restructuring created a more centralized system under the 1954 amended Police Law. The Commissioner-General of the National Police Agency is the highest ranking officer of Japan. For the Deputy Commissioner-General, the Senior Commissioner is supplemented, the Commissioner-Generals Secretariat are their staff. The civilian political leadership is provided by the National Public Safety Commission, the Community Safety Bureau is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. This bureau was derived from the Safety Division of the Criminal Affairs Bureau in 1994 and this bureau was derived from the Safety Bureau in 1962 because of the expression indicating a high number of deaths from traffic accidents. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs, the National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national and local forces. In other area, Police Communications Departments are established within each Regional Police Bureaus and it came under the aegis of the National Police Agency of Japan in 1957. Police services of the Empire of Japan Law enforcement in Japan Public order and internal security in Japan Official website Official website
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Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
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Akasaka, Tokyo
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Akasaka is a residential and commercial district of Minato, Tokyo, located west of the government center in Nagatachō and north of the Roppongi nightlife district. Akasaka was a ward of Tokyo City from 1878 to 1947, 5-3-6 AkasakaTokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. Akasaka High School was operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and it closed down in March 2009. It reopened the next month as the Aoyama campus of Ōta Sakuradai High School, the Akasaka Library has moved to a new building in 2007, near the Aoba Park and the Aoyama 1-Chome subway station. Media related to Akasaka, Tokyo at Wikimedia Commons Akasaka, Tokyo travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Akihabara
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Akihabara is a common name for the area around Akihabara Station in the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo, Japan. The area called Akihabara mainly belongs to Sotokanda district, Akihabara gained the nickname Akihabara Electric Town shortly after World War II for being a major shopping center for household electronic goods and the post-war black market. Nowadays, Akihabara is considered by many to be a cultural center and a shopping district for video games, anime, manga. Icons from popular anime and manga are displayed prominently on the shops in the area, the main area of Akihabara is located on a street just west of Akihabara Station, where most of the major shops are situated. Most of the shops are just west of the station, and the anime and manga shops. As mentioned above, the area called Akihabara now ranges over some districts in Chiyoda ward, Sotokanda, Kanda-Hanaokachō, the administrative district called Akihabara exists in Taitō ward and borders on Sotokanda at the middle of Akihabara and Okachimachi stations, but its half is occupied by JR tracks. The area that is now Akihabara was once near a city gate of Edo and this made the region a home to many craftsmen and tradesmen, as well as some low class samurai. The locals nicknamed the shrine Akiba after the deity that could fire. After Akihabara Station was built in 1888, the shrine was moved to the Taitō ward where it resides today. Since its opening in 1890, Akihabara Station became a freight transit point. Then, in the 1920s, the station saw a large volume of passengers after opening for public transport, and after World War II, the black market thrived in the absence of a strong government. This disconnection of Akihabara from government authority has allowed the district to grow as a market city and this new specialization brought in a new type of consumer, computer nerds or otaku. The market in Akihabara naturally latched onto their new customer base that was focused on anime, manga, on Sunday 8 June 2008 at 12,33 JST, a man drove into a crowd with a truck, then stabbed at least 17 people using a dagger. Seven died and ten were injured, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department arrested Tomohiro Katō,25, on suspicion of attempted murder, and arrested him again weeks later on suspicion of murder. Kato was eventually sentenced to death by the Tokyo District Court in 2011, the influence of otaku culture has shaped Akihabaras businesses and buildings to reflect the interests of otaku and gained the district worldwide fame for its distinctive imagery. Akihabara tries to create an atmosphere as close as possible to the game and anime worlds of customers interest, the streets of Akihabara are covered with anime and manga icons, and cosplayers line the sidewalks handing out advertisements, especially for maid cafés. The idol group AKB48, one of Japans highest selling contemporary musical acts, runs its own theater in Akihabara, the design of many of the buildings serves to create the sort of atmosphere that draws in otaku. Akihabaras role as a market has also allowed a large amount of amateur work to find a passionate audience in the otaku who frequent the area
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Aobadai
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Aobadai is a district located in the northern portion of Meguro, Tokyo, Japan, which consists of 1 to 4-chōme. As of January 1,2008, it has a population of 7,265. A hillside neighborhood in Aobadai 2-chōme is known as Saigōyama, literally meaning Saigō Mountain and it was named so because Saigō Tsugumichi, a Meiji-period politician and a younger brother of Saigō Takamori, owned a mansion there. The mansion has already moved to the Meiji Mura museum in Inuyama. The embassies housed in Aobadai includes Egypt and Senegal, Aobadai is home to an 1875-established elementary school, Sugekari Elementary School. The institution of education located in this district is Sanno University. Although its main campus is located in Isehara, Kanagawa, the university maintains the Daikanyama Campus in this district, note that although Aobadai is administratively one of the Meguro districts, it is in everyday sense considered to belong to the Daikanayama, Shibuya area. The Aoba - Japan International School is also located in Aobadai
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Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo
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Aoyama is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods of Tokyo, located in the northwest portion of Minato Ward. The area is known for its international fashion houses, cafes. During the Edo Period, Aoyama was home to temples, shrines. The name Aoyama derived from a samurai named Aoyama Tadanari who served the Tokugawa Shogunate, today, along with Shibuya and Harajuku, it is one of the most popular entertainment and shopping areas for young people in Tokyo. It is well known for its houses, restaurants. Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium is in the North part of Aoyama. also known as Nikken Avex Group Holdings, CSK Louis Vuitton Japan JCB Comme des Garçons RIAJ Hip Land Music Corp
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Ariake, Tokyo
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Ariake is a location in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan. It is best known as the adjacent to and directly east of Odaiba. Ariake is subdivided into four chome and comprises part of the Tokyo Bay Landfill No.10, as of April 2012 its population was 6,145. Ariake is most well known internationally as the site of the Tokyo Big Sight international exhibition centre, Ariake is a center for shipping in the pulp and paper industry. The failed Tokyo bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics proposed holding many of its events in Ariake and this article incorporates material found in the Japanese Wikipedia in the article 有明, retrieved on May 2,2009
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Asagaya
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Asagaya is a residential area of Tokyo located in Suginami ward west of Shinjuku. Main access to Asagaya is via the Chūō-Sōbu Line,12 minutes by train from Shinjuku station, at present the Asagaya area is divided latitudinally into North and South by the Chūō-Sōbu Line. Boundaries for this area are roughly the same as those for Asagaya Village, longitudinally, the Japanese Zelkova serrata tree-lined boulevard, Nakasugi-dōri, divides Asagaya, running from Ome-kaido in the south to Waseda-dōri in the north. From around the Taishō period people began moving from the Yamanote area into the suburbs including Asagaya, Asagaya is accessible by train, subway, and bus. The ward office is located directly above the Minami-Asagaya station, in 1921 a stop was created on the Sōbū streetcar line running on Ome-kaido from Shinjuku to Ogikubo, which later became the Tōden Suginami streetcar line, then the present subway Marunouchi line. Service on the Tōden Suginami streetcar ended in 1961, Asagaya Station was built and added to the Kōbu railway line (built 1884, Kōbu-tetsudo in 1924, which later became the Chūō Main Line. Because of this history Asagaya is also known as Literary Town Asagaya, Asagaya is home to three theater spaces, Hitsuji-za, Theater Shine, and Zamuza, located about the revival movie house Laputa, which specializes in 1950–1970s Japanese film. Along the bar streets that run to the west of the JR Asagaya Station on the north and south sides are a number of music venues, mostly jazz. Also a number of bars that offer jazz, blues, the covered shopping street Pearl Center, located on the south side of JR Asagaya station, is the largest in the area, though, smaller uncovered shōtengai also run to the north of the station. On the southwest side of the station on Kawabata Street, a number of bars and yakitori places abound, Asagaya has two large festivals each year. The Tanabata is held annually during the first week of August, the Tanabata festival is known for its assortment of hanging papier-mâché characters that adorn the Pearl Road. Asagaya is also known for its festival, Asagaya Jazz Streets. This jazz festival is one of the largest in the city with musicians playing an assortment of venues, Asagaya appears in the films Ring, Ring 2, Death Note, and Yellow Tears. It is also the setting for the manga series Dokudami Tenement by Takashi Fukutani
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