1.
Manx people
–
The Manx are an ethnic group originating from the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea in northern Europe. They are primarily a Celtic people, though with significant Norse, according to the 2011 interim census, the Isle of Man is home to 84,655 people, of whom 26,218 reside in the islands capital Douglas. Manx people living in the UK were commonly grouped by the 2001 census under White British, the Isle of Man has had major settlement by English people from the 20th century onwards and to a lesser degree, Irish, Scottish and Welsh people. The extremely high proportion of come-overs to natives has brought with it changes in terms of culture, identity, Manx people have also made a significant contribution elsewhere through migration. The Manx have a tradition of moving to Liverpool for work hence a lot of Liverpool people have Manx ancestry. A lot of Manx people emigrated to the United States notably to Cuyahoga County and Lake County, Manx people have traditionally had three vernaculars, Manx, a Gaelic language. English language Anglo-Manx, the distinctive indigenous English dialect of the Manx, British English, the usual form of English used in the Isle of Man, especially for formal purposes. Both English and Manx are official languages in Tynwald, the Isle of Man is one of the six Celtic nations, and has been under Norse, Scottish and English control for much of the past thousand years. The earliest traces of people in the Isle of Man date to around 8000 BC, during the Mesolithic Period, small, nomadic family groups lived in campsites, hunting wild game, fishing the rivers and coastal waters and gathering plant foods. The Neolithic period was marked by important economic and social changes, by 4000 BC, people once reliant upon the uncultivated natural resources of the land and sea had adopted cereal growing and stock rearing, using imported species of grain and animals. Large scale clearance of natural woodland provided fields for crops and animal fodder, during the Iron Age, Celtic influences began to arrive on the island. This language has developed in isolation since, though it closely related to Irish. At the end of the 8th century, Viking settlers began to arrive and establish settlements, the Norse Kingdom of Mann and the Isles was created by Godred Crovan in 1079. In 1266, as dictated in the Treaty of Perth, Norways King Magnus VI ceded the isles to Scotland, for more than a century the Isle of Man, during the Anglo-Scottish wars, passed between Scotland and England. During this troubled period the Island was captured by the Scottish army of Robert the Bruce in 1313, later in the 14th century, when England once more seized the Island, the Lordship – indeed kingship – was given to the Montacute family, Earls of Salisbury. In 1405, the Lordship was granted to Sir John Stanley, the lordship passed through a female line to the Dukes of Atholl in 1736, and was eventually purchased by the British Crown in 1765. After 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a measure of at least nominal home rule, the 20th century saw a revival of interest in Manx music, dance, and the Manx language, though the last native speaker of Manx died in the 1970s. The Manx government responded to this situation in the 1960s by changing the economy to make it an offshore financial centre
Manx people
–
Nations
2.
Deemster
–
A deemster is a judge in the Isle of Man. The High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man is presided over by a deemster or, in the case of the division of that court, a deemster. The deemsters also promulgate the Laws on Tynwald Day by reading them out to the people in English, previously the First and Second Deemsters had seats in the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. The Second Deemster was removed in 1965 and the First Deemster in 1975, there are currently three full-time Deemsters in the Isle of Man. These are the First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls, the Second Deemster, the offices of First Deemster, Second Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls are ancient offices. The offices of First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls were combined in 1918, additional Deemsters are appointed by the Lieutenant Governor on the recommendation of the First Deemster. By virtue of being ex officio Deputy Governor, the First Deemster acts in place of the Lieutenant Governor in the latters absence, unlike judges in the United Kingdom, Deemsters have no security of tenure and thus have no legal protection against dismissal by the government. The process whereby the appointment and removal of Manx judges occur on the advice of United Kingdom politicians is seen as an effective alternative. Tynwald Clerk of the Rolls Manx Judiciary Isle of Man Courts
Deemster
–
Isle of Man
3.
Manx language
–
Manx, also known as Manx Gaelic, and also historically spelled Manks, is a Goidelic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, historically spoken by the Manx people. Although the last surviving speaker of the language, Ned Maddrell, died in 1974. Manx has been the subject of language revival efforts, and in recent years Manx has become visible on the island, with increased signage, radio broadcasts. The revival of Manx has been made easier because the language was recorded, for example, the Bible has been translated into Manx. In Manx, the language is called Gaelg or Gailck, a word which shares the same etymology as the word Gaelic, the sister languages of Irish and Scottish Gaelic use Gaeilge and Gàidhlig, respectively, for their languages. As with Irish and Scottish, the form with the article is frequently used in Manx. To distinguish it from the two forms of Gaelic, the phrases Gaelg/Gailck Vannin and Gaelg/Gailck Vanninnagh also are used. In addition, the nickname Çhengey ny Mayrey is occasionally used, the language is usually referred to in English as Manx. The term Manx Gaelic is often used, for example when discussing the relationship between the three Goidelic languages or to confusion with Anglo-Manx, the form of English spoken on the island. Scottish Gaelic is often referred to in English as simply Gaelic, a feature of Anglo-Manx deriving from Gaelic is the use of the definite article, e. g. the Manx, the Gaelic, in ways not generally seen in standard English. The word Manx is frequently spelled Manks in historical sources, particularly those written by natives of the island, the word means Mannish, the name of the island, Man, is frequently spelled Mann. It is sometimes accompanied by a footnote explaining that it is a word, with the stress on the first syllable. It is after the island that the Irish god Manannán mac Lir derives his name, Manx is a Goidelic language, closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic. On the whole it is not mutually intelligible with these, though the speakers of the three languages find it easy to gain passive competency in each others languages and even spoken competency and these writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish transitioned into Old Irish through the 5th century, Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the Latin script and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts, but there are no extant examples from the Isle of Man. By the 10th century Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish, like the coastal areas of Scotland and Ireland, the Isle of Man was colonised by the Norse, who left their legacy in certain loanwords, personal names, and place names such as Laxey and Ramsey. However, they made little impact on the language overall, due to the prevalence of Gaelic-Norse bilingualism among the settlers. During the later Middle Ages, the Isle of Man fell increasingly under the influence of England, beginning in 1405, Manx experienced even more English influence under the rule of Sir John Stanley
Manx language
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An
ogham inscription on a stone in the Manx Museum written in Primitive Irish and which reads DOVAIDONA MAQI DROATA, "Of Dovaido, son of Droata".
Manx language
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Manx
Manx language
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William Christian, better known as
Illiam Dhone (Brown-haired William)
Manx language
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Lag ny Keeilley (Hollow of the Church) on
Cronk ny Arrey Laa (Hill of the Day Watch); the Manx language has had a substantial influence on the island's
toponymy and nomenclature.
4.
Lord of Mann
–
For the head of state pre-1504, see King of Mann. The title Lord of Mann is used on the Isle of Man to refer to the islands Lord Proprietor, the current holder of the title is Queen Elizabeth II. The title is not correctly used on its own and this right of Lord Proprietor was revested into the Crown by the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765 and hence ceased to exist separately. King George III became the first British monarch to rule the Isle of Man as Lord of Mann in 1765, however, for reasons of culture and tradition, the title Lord of Mann continues to be used. For these reasons, the formal usage, as used on the Isle of Man for the Loyal Toast, is The Queen. The title is now Lord of Mann regardless of gender, however, during her reign, Queen Victoria was styled as Lady of Mann. The formal Latin style is Dominus Manniae, prior to 1504, the ruler of the Isle of Man was generally styled King of Mann. The lordship was conferred by letters-patent dated 7 July 1609 upon William Stanley, subsequent succession was under the terms of this grant. Following the resolution of the dispute, it was ruled that the daughters of Ferdinando Stanley were the rightful heirs. He took up the title of Lord of Mann following the passing of an Act of Parliament, by the passage of the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765 the title of Lord of Mann was revested into the British Crown. It has therefore since been used on the Isle of Man to refer to the reigning Monarch of the United Kingdom, all remaining rights and property of the Dukes of Atholl on the island were sold to the British government in 1828 for the sum of £417,144
Lord of Mann
–
Lord of Mann
Lord of Mann
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Coat of arms of the Isle of Man
5.
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
–
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby KG was an English nobleman, peer, politician, and supporter of the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Before inheriting the title in 1642 he was known as Lord Strange, in the Isle of Man, as Lord of Mann, he was known as Yn Stanlagh Mooar. James Stanley, the eldest son of William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby and Elizabeth de Vere, daughter of Edward, after travelling abroad he was chosen Member of Parliament for Liverpool in 1625. On 2 February 1626, James was created a Knight of the Bath on occasion of the coronation of Charles I of England and he was joined with his father the same year as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire, Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire and chamberlain of Chester. He assisted in the administration of the Isle of Man and was appointed in 1627 as Lord of Mann, subsequently he was appointed lord-lieutenant of North Wales and on 7 March 1628 he was called up to the House of Lords as Baron Strange. He took no part in the disputes between king and parliament and preferred country pursuits and the care of his estates to court or public life. Nevertheless, when the English Civil War broke out in 1642, with the death of his father on 29 September 1642 he succeeded to the earldom. His subsequent attempts to recover the county were unsuccessful and he was unable to get possession of Manchester, was defeated at Chowbent and Lowton Moor, and in 1643 after gaining Preston failed to take Bolton and Lancaster Castle. Finally, after beating off Sir William Breretons attack on Warrington, he was defeated at Whalley and withdrew to York. In June 1643 he left for the Isle of Man to attend to affairs there, in the summer of 1644 he took part in Prince Ruperts successful campaign in the north. The besieged Lathom House was relieved, and the town of Bolton was taken with much bloodshed and his administration of the island imitated that of Strafford in Ireland. It was strong rather than just, in July 1649 he scornfully refused terms offered to him by Henry Ireton. On 12 January 1650 he obtained the Garter and he joined Charles II at Worcester, after the battle on 3 September he accompanied him to Boscobel House, and while on his way north alone was captured near Nantwich. He was tried by court-martial at Chester on 29 September, found guilty of treason under the terms of the act of parliament passed in the preceding month, and he was condemned to death. His appeal to Parliament for pardon, though supported by Oliver Cromwell, was rejected, and he endeavoured to escape and he was taken to Bolton for his execution, because of his part in the Bolton Massacre. The execution took place on 15 October 1651 at the cross in Churchgate, Bolton, nearby the Man. The market cross bears a plaque commemorating the execution, in the inn is a chair inscribed 15th October 1651 In this chair James 7th Earl of Derby sat at the Man and Scythe Inn, Churchgate, Bolton immediately prior to his execution. He was buried in Ormskirk church and his political usefulness was handicapped in the later stages of the struggle by his dislike of the Scots, whom he regarded as guilty of Charles Is death and as unfit instruments of the Restoration
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
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James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
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James Stanley became
Earl of Derby on 29 September 1642 when his father died.
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
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James Stanley was a man of deep religious feeling and of great nobility of character.
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
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Painting of James Stanley, his wife
Charlotte, and one of their daughters by
Anthony van Dyck, circa 1631–1641
6.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
7.
Charles II of England
–
Charles II was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, Charles IIs father, Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim, after 1660, all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. Charless English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England, Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the treaty of Dover. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oatess revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charless brother, the crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church on his deathbed, Charless wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no live children, but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James, Charles II was born in St Jamess Palace on 29 May 1630. His parents were Charles I and Henrietta Maria, Charles was their second son and child. Their first son was born about a year before Charles but died within a day, England, Scotland and Ireland were respectively predominantly Anglican, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, at or around his eighth birthday, he was designated Prince of Wales, though he was never formally invested. During the 1640s, when Charles was still young, his father fought Parliamentary, by spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646, at The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married
Charles II of England
–
Charles II in the robes of the
Order of the Garter, by
John Michael Wright or studio, c. 1660–1665
Charles II of England
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Charles II as an infant in 1630, painting attributed to
Justus van Egmont
Charles II of England
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Portrait by
William Dobson, c. 1642 or 1643
Charles II of England
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"The Scots Holding Their Young King's Nose To the Grindstone", from a satirical English pamphlet
8.
Battle of Worcester
–
The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester, England, and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwells Parliamentarian New Model Army,28,000 strong, defeated King Charles IIs 16,000 Royalists, the King was aided by Scottish allies and was attempting to regain the throne that had been lost when his father Charles I was executed. The commander of the Scots, David Leslie, supported the plan of fighting in Scotland, Charles, however, insisted on making war in England. He hoped to not merely the old faithful Royalists. The Royalist army was well in hand, no excesses were allowed. On 8 August the troops were given a well-earned rest between Penrith and Kendal, but the Royalists were mistaken in supposing that the enemy was unaware. Everything had been foreseen both by Cromwell and by the Council of State in Westminster, the latter had called out the greater part of the militia on 7 August. Lieutenant-General Charles Fleetwood began to draw together the midland contingents at Banbury, the London trained-bands turned out for field service no fewer than 14,000 strong. Every suspected Royalist was closely watched, and the magazines of arms in the country-houses of the gentry were for the most part removed into the strong places, on his part Cromwell had quietly made his preparations. Perth passed into his hands on 2 August and he brought back his army to Leith by 5 August, thence he dispatched Lieutenant-General John Lambert with a cavalry corps to harass the invaders. Major-General Thomas Harrison was already at Newcastle picking the best of the county mounted-troops to add to his own regulars, on 9 August, Charles was at Kendal, Lambert hovering in his rear, and Harrison marching swiftly to bar his way at the Mersey. Lambert too, slipping round the flank of the enemy, joined Harrison. It seemed probable that a battle would take place between Lichfield and Coventry on or just after 25 August and that Cromwell, Harrison, Lambert. But the scene and the date of the denouement were changed by the enemys movements, sir Edward Massey, formerly the Parliamentary governor of Gloucester, was now with Charles, and it was hoped that he would induce his fellow Presbyterians to take arms. Charles arrived at Worcester on 22 August and spent five days in resting the troops, preparing for further operations, Worcester itself had no particular claim to being loyal to the King. Throughout the First Civil War it had taken the position of declaring loyalty to whichever side had been in occupation. The epithet Faithful City arose out of a claim at the Restoration for compensation from the new king. Cromwell, the general, had during his march south thrown out successively two flying columns under Colonel Robert Lilburne to deal with the Lancashire Royalists under the Earl of Derby
Battle of Worcester
–
Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester
Battle of Worcester
–
Oliver Cromwell
Battle of Worcester
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Charles II of England, circa 1653.
Battle of Worcester
–
Painting,
oil on canvas,
The Proscribed Royalist, 1651 by
John Everett Millais from 1853, depicting a fleeing Royalist after the Battle of Worcester being hid within the trunk of a tree by a young Puritan woman.
9.
Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby
–
Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby, born Charlotte de La Trémoille, is famous for her robust defence of Lathom House during the English Civil War. Charlotte, born at the chateau of Thouars, Poitou, in France, was the daughter of the French nobleman Claude de La Trémoille, Duke of Thouars and her maternal grandparents were William the Silent and Charlotte de Bourbon. On 26 June 1626, Charlotte married the English nobleman James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, who was prisoner at Nantwich in 1651. Lady Derby was famous for her defence of Lathom House in the Siege of Lathom House by Parliamentary forces during the First English Civil War in 1644. During the absence of her spouse, she was left in charge of what turned out to be the last remaining Royalist stronghold in Lancashire. Immediately after the fall of Warrington, she was requested to acknowledge Parliaments authority and surrender her house and she offered to limit herself to defending her home, and this postponed further attacks on her position. In February 1644, Latham House was besieged by the forces of Sir Thomas Fairfax, on 27 May 1644, Prince Rupert arrived with royalist forces and the siege was broken. Lady Derby and her staff were evacuated to the Isle of Man and her husband was also Lord of Mann, and Lady Derbys attempt to barter the Isle of Man for her husbands freedom provoked an anti-English revolt on the island led by Illiam Dhone. Charlotte and Derby were parents of four daughters and five sons, only four of their children appear to have survived to a marriageable age, Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby. Married William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, married John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl. Married Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, from him the later Earls of Derby are descended. Draper, Peter, Charlotte de Tremouille, The House of Stanley, Including the Sieges of Lathom Hous, whith Notices of Relative, london and New York, Frederick Warne
Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby
–
Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby by
Anthony Van Dyck
10.
Colonel
–
Colonel is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks. However, in small military forces, such as those of Iceland or the Vatican. It is also used in police forces and paramilitary organizations. Historically, in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army, the rank of colonel is typically above the rank of lieutenant colonel. The rank above colonel is typically called brigadier, brigade general or brigadier general, equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain. In the Commonwealth air force rank system, the equivalent rank is group captain, the word colonel derives from the same root as the word column and means of a column, and, by implication, commander of a column. The word colonel is therefore linked to the column in a similar way that brigadier is linked to brigade. By the end of the medieval period, a group of companies was referred to as a column of an army. Since the word is believed to derive from sixteenth-century Italian, it was presumably first used by Italian city states in that century. The first use of colonel as a rank in an army was in the French National Legions created by King Francis I by his decree of 1534. Building on the reforms of Louis XIIs decree of 1509. Each colonel commanded a legion with a strength of six thousand men. With the shift from primarily mercenary to primarily national armies in the course of the seventeenth century, the Spanish equivalent rank of coronel was used by the Spanish tercios in the 16th and 17th centuries. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, nicknamed the Great Captain, divided his armies in coronelías or colonelcies, however, the Spanish word probably derives from a different origin, in that it appears to designate an officer of the crown, rather than an officer of the column. This makes the Spanish word coronel probably cognate with the English word coroner and this regiment, or governance, was to some extent embodied in a contract and set of written rules, also referred to as the colonels regiment or standing regulation. By extension, the group of companies subject to a colonels regiment came to be referred to as his regiment as well, the position, however, was primarily contractual and it became progressively more of a functionless sinecure. By the late 19th century, colonel was a military rank though still held typically by an officer in command of a regiment or equivalent unit. As European military influence expanded throughout the world, the rank of colonel became adopted by every nation
Colonel
–
Philippines (Koronel) (1897)
Colonel
–
Belgium
Colonel
–
Taiwan (
Shang Xiao)
Colonel
–
Portugal (Coronel)
11.
Castletown, Isle of Man
–
Castletown is a town geographically within the Malew parish of the Isle of Man but administered separately. Lying at the south of the island, it was the Manx capital until 1869, the centre of town is dominated by Castle Rushen, a well-preserved medieval castle, originally built for a Viking king. Castletown is the capital of the Isle of Man and site of Tynwald. The town has narrow streets and small fishing cottages, Castle Rushen was originally built in 1265 for a Norse king, then fortified and added to by successive rulers between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Castle has been used as a fortress, a residence for the Kings and Lords of Mann, the town and castle were the site of a number of sieges and battles, especially during the years when control of the island passed between the Norse, Scots and English. Robert the Bruce laid siege to and captured the Castle three times, fishing boats still go out to fish from the harbour. Commercial traffic to the port ended in the 1970s, although there has been an expansion of financial and industrial businesses in the area. The first telephones appeared in Castletown in 1901, Castletown is, along with Douglas, Peel and Ramsey, one of four town local authorities. They were all designated as towns by the Town Act 1852, Castletown became a local authority in 1883. Until 2016 Castletown was also a House of Keys constituency, electing one Member of the House of Keys, the towns representative until 2011 was Tony Brown, who was the Chief Minister of the Isle of Man after the Manx general election,2006. He retired in 2011 and was replaced as MHK for Castletown by Richard Ronan, since 2016 Castletown has been part of the Arbory, Castletown & Malew constituency. In 1874, the House of Keys moved from Castletown to Douglas, the town lies on the northwest side of Castletown Bay. The opposite shore of the bay is the west coast of the distinctively-shaped Langness Peninsula, the older parts of the town are largely built of local grey limestone. At Scarlett, a distance to the south of the town, there are the remains of an ancient volcano and various other features such as fossils. To the north-east are Ronaldsway Airport and industrial zone, and the village of Ballasalla, to the north-west the villages of Ballabeg and Colby, and to the west Port St Mary and Port Erin. The A3 road connects Castletown with Ramsey via St Johns, while the A5 road connects the town with Douglas to the north-east, the A25 road was the historical route to Douglas and is now bypassed by the A5. There are free electric car charging stations available in a car park in the centre of the town. 00pm, some of these services do not run through the town but use the bypass road. These routes are the islands busiest, in part because they also serve Ronaldsway Airport just outside the town, a late evening service also operates on Friday and Saturday evenings, called the Hullaid Oie, which charges premium fare rates
Castletown, Isle of Man
–
Castle Rushen seen across Castletown Harbour at low tide
Castletown, Isle of Man
–
Captain John Quilliam RN
Castletown, Isle of Man
–
In memory of Colonel Cornelius Smelt
Castletown, Isle of Man
–
Aerial View (from the west)
12.
Peel Castle
–
Peel Castle is a castle in Peel on the Isle of Man, originally constructed by Vikings. The castle stands on St Patricks Isle which is connected to the town by a causeway and it is now owned by Manx National Heritage and is open to visitors during the summer. The castle was built in the 11th century by the Vikings, while there were older stone Celtic monastic buildings on the island, the first Viking fortifications were built of wood. The prominent round tower was part of the Celtic monastery. In the early 14th century, the majority of the walls and towers were built primarily from red sandstone. The castle remained fortified, and new positions were added as late as 1860. The buildings within the castle are now ruined, but the outer walls remain intact. Excavations in 1982-87 revealed an extensive graveyard as well as the remains of Magnus Barefoots original wooden fort, the most spectacular finds were the 10th century grave of The Pagan Lady which included a fine example of a Viking necklace and a cache of silver coins dating from about 1030. The Castles most famous resident is the so-called Moddey Dhoo or Black Dog ghost, Peel Castle features today on the reverse side of the £10 notes issued by the Isle of Man Government. Peel Castle may occasionally be confused with Piel Castle, located on Piel Island, around 30 miles to the east in the Irish Sea, Peel Castle has been proposed as a possible location of the Arthurian Avalon. The cathedral ruins located within the walls of Peel Castle are those of the former Cathedral of St German, like the structures throughout the castle grounds, the cathedrals roof is completely missing. Robert Anderson examined the ruins to determine what repairs were required to restore the cathedral, however, none of the suggested repairs were carried out. There is a pointed barrel-vaulted crypt below the chancel, measuring 34 feet by 16 feet by 9 feet high at the west end, in the middle of the transept is the tomb where Bishop Rutter was interred in 1661. There is a cemetery in what was once the cathedrals nave, in 1980 the parish of German, part of the Church of Englands Diocese of Sodor and Man, was officially transferred to the newer Cathedral Church of St German on Albany Road in Peel. Peel Castle - Manx National Heritage Peel Heritage site Cathedral of St. German floorplan c.1727 Isle of Man Guide to Peel Castle
Peel Castle
–
Peel Castle as seen from the
swing bridge at the entrance to Peel harbour
Peel Castle
–
The castle illuminated at night, from a similar viewpoint as above
Peel Castle
–
Original Peel cathedral, inside the castle
Peel Castle
–
Chancel of the Cathedral of St. German
13.
Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby
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Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, an English nobleman and politician. He was the son of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby. As Lord Strange, he took part in the English Civil War. In France at the time of his fathers condemnment in 1651, after succeeding to the Earldom, he lived quietly at Bidston Hall, Cheshire, emerging to support Booths unsuccessful rising in 1659. Attainted for so doing, he was restored the following year and he served as mayor of Liverpool, between 1666 and 1667. He married Dorothea Helena Kirkhoven, daughter of Jehan, Lord of Heenvliet and his wife, Katherine Stanhope, Dorothea reportedly had an extramarital tryst with King Charles II of England which resulted in a child. Their son George, born 1658, was raised by the wife of a Gunner at Windsor named Swan, the brother of Swans wife, Bartholomew Gibson, was the kings farrier in Edinburgh. George Swan was recognised by King Charles II as his son, when asked why he had not ennobled him, as he had his other illegitimate children, the king replied, I did not dare to make a deuck of him, but I made a nobler bird. George Swan became a burgess in Glasgow in later life, George Swan had, at least, two daughters, Hannah Swan and Elizabeth Swan. Elizabeth married William Mercer in 1746, both are buried at Kinnoull, Perth, Scotland. Images at the National Portrait Gallery
Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby
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Charles Stanley
14.
House of Keys
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The House of Keys is the directly elected lower branch of Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man, the other branch being the Legislative Council. The oldest known reference to the name is in a document of 1417, written by an English scholar in Latin, there is a dispute, however, over the origin of the name. The word keys is thought by some to be an English corruption of a form of the Norse verb kjósa meaning to choose. However, a likely explanation is that it is a mishearing of the Manx-language term for four and twenty, kiare as feed. The Manx-language name of the House of Keys remains Yn Kiare as Feed, see also, Old House of Keys Members are known as Members of the House of Keys. Citizens over the age of 16 may vote, while one must be at least 18 years old, there are 12 constituencies, mainly based on the sheadings and other local government units. Each sends 2 members to the House of Keys, the term of the House of Keys is normally fixed at five years, but provisions exist for dissolution before the expiration of the term. The Speaker of the House of Keys is an MHK chosen to be the presiding officer, the Speaker votes in the House of Keys, but, unlike other members, may abstain, however, where the vote is tied the Speaker must cast the deciding vote. The House of Keys elects most of the members of the Legislative Council, legislation does not usually originate in the Council. Thus, the Keys have much more power than the Council, the House of Keys meets about once each month together with the Legislative Council in a joint session called Tynwald Court. The President of Tynwald, elected by branches, presides over Tynwald Court and over the Legislative Council. Once each year, however, on Tynwald Day, the Isle of Mans national day, the House of Keys usually meets in their chamber in the Legislative Buildings in Douglas. On 14 March 2017 the Keys met in the Old House of Keys in Castletown, for the first time since 1874, from 1 April 2014, Members basic salary, £38,771.00 per annum General expenses allowance, £6,575. House of Keys Elections to the House Enfranchisement @16 years iomelections. com -2006 General Election Access to work & info of members of IoM Tynwald Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Key
House of Keys
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House of Keys Kiare as Feed
15.
George Borrow
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George Henry Borrow was an English author who wrote novels and travelogues based on his experiences traveling around Europe. Over the course of his wanderings, he developed an affinity with the Romani people of Europe. His best known books are The Bible in Spain, the autobiographical Lavengro, Borrow was born at East Dereham, Norfolk, the son of Army recruiting officer Thomas Borrow and farmers daughter Ann Perfrement. He was educated at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and Norwich Grammar School and he studied law, but languages and literature became his main interests. In 1825, Borrow began his first major European journey, walking in France, over the next few years he visited Russia, Portugal, Spain and Morocco, acquainting himself with the people and languages of the various countries he visited. After his marriage on 23 April 1840, he settled in Lowestoft, Suffolk, having a military father, Borrow had a childhood of growing up at different posts. In the autumn of 1815, he accompanied the regiment to Clonmel in Ireland, there he attended the Protestant Academy, where he learned to read Latin and Greek ‘from a nice old clergyman’. He was also introduced to the Irish language by a student named Murtagh. In keeping with the friction of the time, he learned to sing the glorious tune Croppies Lie Down at the military barracks. He was introduced to horsemanship and learned to ride without a saddle, the regiment moved to Templemore early in 1816, and George took to ranging around the country on foot and later on horseback. After less than a year in Ireland, the regiment returned to Norwich, with the threat of war having receded, the strength of the unit was greatly reduced. Because of his precocious linguistic skills, as a youth Borrow became the protégé of the Norwich-born scholar William Taylor, Borrow depicts Taylor, an advocate of German Romantic literature, in his semi-autobiographical novel Lavengro. For his lampooning of Norwich society, the young Borrow earned the humiliation of having Norwich public subscription library burn his first publication, George Borrow was a linguist adept at acquiring new languages. He informed the British and Foreign Bible Society that – I possess some acquaintance with the Russian and he left Norwich to travel to Saint Petersburg on 13 August 1833. As an agent of the Bible Society, Borrow was charged with supervising a translation of the Bible into Manchu, during his two-year sojourn in Russia, Borrow called upon writer Alexander Pushkin. The poet was out on a social visit and he left two copies of his translations of Pushkins literary works and later Pushkin expressed his regret at not meeting him. Borrow had an empathy with nomadic people such as Gypsies. He was fascinated by music, dance and customs
George Borrow
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1843 portrait by
Henry Wyndham Phillips at
NPG
16.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
Walter Scott
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Raeburn 's portrait of Sir Walter Scott in 1822.
Walter Scott
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Signature
Walter Scott
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Scott's childhood at Sandyknowes, in the shadow of
Smailholm Tower, introduced him to the tales and folklore of the
Scottish Borders.
Walter Scott
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The Scott's family home in
George Square, Edinburgh
17.
Douglas, Isle of Man
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Douglas is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man, with a population of 27,938. It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas, the River Douglas forms part of the towns harbour and main commercial port. Douglas was a settlement until it grew rapidly as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century. The town is the Islands main hub for business, finance, legal services, shipping, transport, shopping, the annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas. In the absence of any data, the origins of the town may be revealed by analysis of the original street. Scholars agree that the name of the town derives from Early Celtic Duboglassio meaning black river and these may be references to the site of the later Nunnery, a little upstream from the port. This suggests that the origins of the nucleus were as a non-urban port. Current speculation links the buildings with the Irish Sea Herring fishery. Other forms of trade grew, and following the Revestment Act 1765, Douglas began to reap the benefits of trans-Atlantic trade. Legitimate merchants who rose to prominence over the period included the Murreys, the Moores, the towns later prosperity was facilitated by the low cost of living, and the favourable legal status enjoyed by English debtors and half-pay officers. The initial growth and development of the town owed much to its natural harbour, over the 18th century, the towns population rose from about 800 in 1710 to nearly 2,500 in 1784. Throughout the 19th century, the towns demographics followed the trends as the United Kingdom. The number of visitors grew from the early 19th century, and from around 1870 onwards. But there were increasingly unsanitary conditions, and poor quality housing, the open sewage, middens, and smell from the harbour at low tide all contributed to the towns uncleanliness. Douglas in the first half of the 19th century often suffered from the destitution of its population and the many epidemics, in particular cholera. However, an Act passed later that decade, which did not include opt-out clauses, was accepted, and in 1860, Douglas elected its first town council, which was predominantly middle class in its makeup. The Town Commissioners could tackle the problems with greater efficiency. The Commissioners also designed to alter the anachronistic architecture of Douglas, built during the era of fishing and trading, the proportion of the Manx population living in Douglas was also expanding, with 35% living there by 1891
Douglas, Isle of Man
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A view of Douglas Bay from Douglas Head, showing the Ferry Terminal
Douglas, Isle of Man
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Photochrom of Loch Promenade during a storm, 1890s
Douglas, Isle of Man
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Douglas Promenade, which runs nearly the entire length of beachfront in Douglas
Douglas, Isle of Man
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Sea terminal in Douglas
18.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
Public domain
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Newton's own copy of his
Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
Public domain
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L.H.O.O.Q. (1919). Derivative work by the
Dadaist Marcel Duchamp based on the
Mona Lisa.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Christian, William". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
