1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Palestine grid
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The Palestine grid was the geographic coordinate system used in Mandatory Palestine. The system was chosen by the Survey Department of the Government of Palestine in 1922, the projection used was the Cassini-Soldner projection. The central meridian was chosen as that passing through a marker on the hill of Mar Elias Monastery south of Jerusalem, the false origin of the grid was placed 100 km to the south and west of the Ali el-Muntar hill that overlooks Gaza city. The unit length for the grid was the kilometre, the British units were not even considered, at the time the grid was established, there was no intention of mapping the lower reaches of the Negev Desert, but this did not remain true. The fact that those regions would have negative north-south coordinate then became a source of confusion. For some military purposes,1000 was added to the coordinates of all locations. During World War II, a Military Palestine Grid was used that was similar to the Palestine Grid, the difference between the two projections was only a few meters. It was replaced by the Israeli Transverse Mercator grid in 1994, the Palestine grid is still commonly used to specify locations in the historical and archaeological literature. The basic way of specifying a location on the Palestine grid is to write the east-west coordinate followed by the north-south coordinate using 3 digits each, for example, the Dome of the Rock is at 172132. This specifies the location within one kilometer, if more precision is required, extra digits can be added to each coordinate, for example,17241317 gives the Dome of the Rock to within 100 meters. Many authors separate the two coordinates with punctuation for readability purposes, for example 172-132 or 172/132
3.
Districts of Israel
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There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mehozot and Arabic as mintaqah and fifteen sub-districts known as nafot. Each sub-district is further divided into Cities, municipalities, and Regional councils it contains, the Judea and Samaria Area, however, is not included in the number of districts and sub-districts as Israel has not applied its civilian jurisdiction in that part of the West Bank. Population,1,358,600 District capital, Nazareth Safed – population,113,700 Kinneret – population,110,500 Yizreel – population,482,300 Akko – population,605,700 Golan – population,46,400. Population,966,700 District capital, Haifa Haifa – population,560,600 Hadera – population,406,000 Central District. Population,2,024,500 District capital, Ramla Sharon – population,446,500 Petah Tikva – population,685,000 Ramla – population,326,400 Rehovot – population,566,600 Tel Aviv District. Population,1,350,000 District capital, Tel Aviv Southern District, currently only the Coordination and Liaison Administration operates there. Jewish Population,407,118, Palestinian population, roughly 1.8 million, largest city, Modiin Illit The name Judea and Samaria for this geographical area is based on terminology from the Hebrew and other sources relating to ancient Israel and Judah/Judea. The territory has been under Israeli control since the 1967 Six-Day War but not annexed by Israel, in Jewish religious terms, it is part of the Land of Israel, which leads to politically contentious issues. However, it is not considered part of the State of Israel by the UN, urban Israel, Details and pictures about many cities in Israel
4.
Local council (Israel)
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There are 265 local councils in Israel. Local councils should not be confused with local committees, which are lower-level administrative entities, Local council status is determined by passing a minimum threshold, enough to justify operations as independent municipal units, although not large enough to be declared a city. In general this applies to all settlements of over 2,000 people, the Israeli Interior Minister has the authority of deciding whether a locality is fit to become a municipal council. Local councils also have an important role in town planning, the Union of Local Authorities in Israel is the umbrella organization of local councils in Israel. The union represents the local councils vis a vis the national government, ULAI was established in 1938, under the British Mandate, as the League of Local Councils. Regional council City council List of cities in Israel Local Government in Israel
5.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
6.
Hebrew language
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
7.
Arab citizens of Israel
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Arab citizens of Israel or Arab population of Israel are Israeli citizens, whose cultural and linguistic heritage or ethnic identity is Arab. The majority of the Arabs in Israel are Muslim but some are Christian or Druze, many identify as Palestinian and commonly self-designate themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel. The traditional vernacular of most Arab citizens, irrespective of religion, is the Palestinian dialect of Arabic, Most Arab citizens of Israel are functionally bilingual, their second language being Modern Hebrew. By religious affiliation, most are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam, There is a significant Arab Christian minority from various denominations as well as the Druze, among other religious communities. According to Israels Central Bureau of Statistics, the Arab population in 2013 was estimated at 1,658,000, the majority of these identify themselves as Arab or Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship. Many have family ties to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as to Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Syria, Negev Bedouins and the Druze tend to identify more as Israelis than other Arab citizens of Israel. They have the right to apply for citizenship, are entitled to municipal services, how to refer to the Arab citizenry of Israel is a highly politicized issue and there are a number of self-identification labels used by members of this community. According to The New York Times, most prefer now to identify themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel rather than as Israeli Arabs, the New York Times uses both Palestinian Israelis and Israeli Arabs to refer to the same population. Common practice in academic literature is to identify this community as Palestinian as it is how the majority self-identify. There are, however, individuals from among the Arab citizenry who reject the term Palestinian altogether, a minority of Israels Arab citizens include Israeli in some way in their self-identifying label, the majority identify as Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship. The Israeli establishment prefers Israeli Arabs or Arabs in Israel, and also uses the terms the minorities and these labels have been criticized for denying this population a political or national identification, obscuring their Palestinian identity and connection to Palestine. The term Israeli Arabs in particular is viewed as a construct of the Israeli authorities and it is nonetheless used by a significant minority of the Arab population, reflecting its dominance in Israeli social discourse. Other terms used to refer to this population include Palestinian Arabs in Israel, Israeli Palestinian Arabs, and the Arabs inside the Green Line. The latter appellation, among others listed above, are not applied to the East Jerusalem Arab population or the Druze in the Golan Heights, as these territories were occupied by Israel in 1967. In the aftermath of the 1948 war, British Mandate of Palestine was de facto divided into three parts, the State of Israel, the Jordanian-held West Bank, and the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip. Of the estimated 950,000 Arabs that lived in the territory that became Israel before the war, Benny Morris says, Most of Palestines 700,000 refugees fled their homes because of the flail of war. But it is true that there were several dozen sites, including Lydda and Ramla. The other 20%, some 156,000, remained, Arab citizens of Israel today are largely composed of the people who remained and their descendants
8.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
9.
Nazareth
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Nazareth is the capital and the largest city in the Northern District of Israel. Nazareth is known as the Arab capital of Israel, in 2015 its population was 75,726. The inhabitants are predominantly Arab citizens of Israel, of whom 69% are Muslim and 30. 9% Christian, Nazareth Illit is built alongside old Nazareth, and had a Jewish population of 40,312 in 2014. The Jewish sector was declared a city in June 1974. In the New Testament, the town is described as the home of Jesus. One view suggests this toponym might be an example of a name used by resettling groups on their return from exile. The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the name to prophecy. Another theory holds that the Greek form Nazara, used in Matthew and Luke, may derive from an earlier Aramaic form of the name, or from another Semitic language form. If there were a tsade in the original Semitic form, as in the later Hebrew forms and this has led some scholars to question whether Nazareth and its cognates in the New Testament actually refer to the settlement known traditionally as Nazareth in Lower Galilee. In the Quran, Christians are referred to as naṣārā, meaning followers of an-Nāṣirī, in Lukes Gospel, Nazareth is first described as a town of Galilee and home of Mary. Following the birth and early epiphanial events of chapter 2 of Lukes Gospel, Mary, Joseph and Jesus returned to Galilee, to their own city, Nazareth. In English translations of the New Testament, the phrase Jesus of Nazareth appears seventeen times whereas the Greek has the form Jesus the Nazarēnos or Jesus the Nazōraios. One plausible view is that Nazōraean is a normal Greek adaptation of a reconstructed, Nazaréth is named twelve times in surviving Greek manuscript versions of the New Testament,10 times as Nazaréth or Nazarét, and twice as Nazará. The former two may retain the feminine endings common in Galilean toponyms, the minor variants, Nazarat and Nazarath are also attested. Nazara might be the earliest form of the name in Greek and it is found in Matthew 4,13 and Luke 4,16. However, the Textus Receptus clearly translates all passages as Nazara leaving little room for debate there, the form Nazara is also found in the earliest non-scriptural reference to the town, a citation by Sextus Julius Africanus dated about 221 CE. The Church Father Origen knows the forms Nazará and Nazarét, later, Eusebius in his Onomasticon also refers to the settlement as Nazara. The nașirutha of the scriptures of the Mandeans refers to craft, not to Nazareth
10.
Maccabi Ahi Nazareth F.C.
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Maccabi Ahi Nazareth Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Nazareth. The club is currently in the Liga Leumit and plays at the Ilut Stadium in Ilut on the outskirts of the city, the club was formed in 1968, and played in Liga Gimel until 1975. In 1998 they were promoted to Liga Artzit, finishing eighth in the league, in 1999–2000 and 2000–01 they finished one place above the relegation zone. The 2002–03 season saw the claim the Liga Leumit title. They were promoted to the Israeli Premier League for the first time in their history, fellow Israeli Arab club Bnei Sakhnin were also promoted, marking the first time two Arab clubs had been in the top division. However, in their first season in the top division, the finished bottom and were relegated back to Liga Leumit. The following season they were relegated again, and dropped back into the third division, in 2005–06 they finished as Liga Artzit runners-up, to make an immediate return to Liga Leumit, where they have remained since. In 2008–09, the club was promoted to the Israeli Premier League, in the 2014–15 Israel State Cup, the club reached the Semi-finals for the first time in their history, after eliminating Maccabi Netanya, F. C. Ashdod and Hapoel Kfar Saba. However, in the Semi-finals, they were beaten 0–3 by the cup winners, Maccabi Tel Aviv in Teddy Stadium
11.
Galilee
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Al-Jalīl) is a region in northern Israel. The term Galilee traditionally refers to the part and divided into Upper Galilee. By this definition it overlaps with much of the administrative Northern District of the country, the regions Israelite name is from the Hebrew root galil, an ultimately unique word for district, and usually circle. The Hebrew form used in Isaiah 8,23 is in the state, glil hagoyim, meaning Galilee of the Nations. The region in turn gave rise to the English name for the Sea of Galilee referred to as such in many languages including ancient Arabic and these are the three names used in originally internal Jewish-authored literature rather than the Sea of Galilee. However, Jews did use the Galilee to refer to the whole region, most of Galilee consists of rocky terrain, at heights of between 500 and 700 m. Several high mountains are in the region, including Mount Tabor and Mount Meron, as a result of this climate, flora and wildlife thrive in the region, while many birds annually migrate from colder climates to Africa and back through the Hula–Jordan corridor. According to the Bible, Galilee was named by the Israelites and was the region of Naphthali and Dan. However, Dan was dispersed among the people rather than isolated to the lands of Dan, as the Tribe of Dan was the hereditary local law enforcement. Normally, Galilee is just referred to as Naphthali, hiram, to reciprocate previous gifts given to David, accepted the upland plain among the mountains of Naphtali and renamed it the land of Cabul for a time. After Judea became a Roman province in 6, C. E. Galilee briefly became a part of it, the Galilee region was presumably the home of Jesus during at least 30 years of his life. Much of the first three Gospels of the New Testament give an account of Jesus public ministry in this province, particularly in the towns of Nazareth, Galilee is also cited as the place where Jesus performed many public miracles, including curing a blind man. After the death of Jesus, some accounts suggest his disciples returned to Galilee, many are cited for their large number of students and followers throughout the Jewish people among the common people. According to the Talmud, one of the most important founders of the modern Jewish faith, simeon bar Yochai, one of the most famed of all the Tannaim, hid from the Romans in the Galilee, and dug tunnels there to hide. Many miracles are ascribed to him during his Galilean period after escaping Judea proper, in medieval Hebrew legend, he may have written the Zohar while there. Eastern Galilee retained a Jewish majority until the seventh century, after the Arab caliphate took control of the region in 638, it became part of Jund al-Urdunn. Its major towns were Tiberias, Baysan, Acre, Saffuriya, the Shia Fatimids conquered the region in the 10th century, a breakaway sect, venerating the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim, formed the Druze religion, centered in Mount Lebanon and partially Galilee. During the Crusades, Galilee was organized into the Principality of Galilee, the Jewish population of Galilee increased significantly following their expulsion from Spain and welcome from the Ottoman Empire
12.
Bar Kokhba revolt
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The Bar Kokhba revolt was a rebellion of the Jews of the Roman province of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire. Fought circa 132–136 CE, it was the last of three major Jewish–Roman wars, so it is known as The Third Jewish–Roman War or The Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians also refer to it as the Second Revolt of Judea, not counting the Kitos War, the revolt erupted as a result of ongoing religious and political tensions in Judea following on the failure of the First Revolt in 66−70 CE. The Church Fathers and rabbinic literature emphasize governor of Judaea Rufus role in provoking the revolt, in 132, a revolt led by Bar Kokhba quickly spread from Modiin across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Jerusalem. Roman Governor Rufus then unsuccessfully engaged the early phase of the uprising, Rufus is last recorded in 132, the first year of the rebellion, whether he died or was replaced is uncertain, but Gargilius Antiques is recorded as the Roman Prefect of Judea during the conflict. Initial rebel victories over the Romans established an independent state of Israel over parts of Judea for over two years, as Bar Kokhba took the title of Nasi. Simon bar Kokhba, the commander of the revolt, was regarded by many Jews as the Messiah, who would restore their national independence. This setback, however, caused Roman Emperor Hadrian to assemble a large scale Roman force from across the Empire, the Roman army was made of six full legions with auxiliaries and elements from up to six additional legions, which finally managed to crush the revolt. The Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in the depopulation of Judean communities. According to Cassius Dio,580,000 Jews perished in the war and many died of hunger. In addition, many Judean war captives were sold into slavery, the Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a genocide. Roman casualties were also considered heavy - XXII Deiotariana was disbanded after serious losses, in addition, some historians argue that Legio IX Hispanas disbandment in the mid-2nd century could also have been a result of this war. In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or Ancient Israel, Emperor Hadrian wiped the name off the map, the Bar Kokhba revolt greatly influenced the course of Jewish history and the philosophy of the Jewish religion. Despite easing the persecution of Jews following Hadrians death in 138 CE, Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as Ben-Kusiba and it was also among the key events to differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism. Although Jewish Christians regarded Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba, after the First Jewish–Roman War in 70 CE, the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province of Judea. Instead of a procurator, they installed a praetor as a governor and stationed an entire legion, tensions continued to build up in the wake of the Kitos War, the second large-scale Jewish insurrection in the Eastern Mediterranean, the final stages of which saw fighting in Judea. Historians have suggested reasons for the sparking of the Bar Kokhba revolt, long-term
13.
Arab localities in Israel
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Arab localities in Israel includes all population centers with a 50% or higher Arab population in Israel. East Jerusalem and Golan Heights are not internationally recognized parts of Israel proper but have included in this list. The city of Acre has an Arab minority of approximately 25%, while Arabs constitute 10% of Haifas total population, they make up 70% of Lower Haifas residents. The central cities of Lod and Ramla each have Arab populations of 20%,158,900 Arabs live in the Central District, which has a total population of 1,931,000. The majority of the Arab population lives along or near the Green Line which separates Israel from the West Bank in a known as the Triangle. The largest city is Tayibe with a population of approximately 40,000, estimated population figures for 2014 except for Kafr Bara, which is from 2009, are listed below. Jaljulia,9,200 Kafr Bara,2,800 Kafr Qasim,21,400 Qalansawe,21,000 Tayibe,40,200 Tira,24,400 Zemer,6,40018,500 Arabs live in the Tel Aviv District, which has a total population of 1,318,300. 16,000 of them live in Jaffa,310,700 Arabs live in the Jerusalem District, which has a total population of 987,400. The Arab populations of the Jerusalem District are primarily concentrated in East Jerusalem, abu Ghosh is the largest of them. Abu Ghosh Beit Jimal Ein Naqquba Ein Rafa East Jerusalem was annexed by Israel after its victory over Jordan during the Six-Day War in 1967, East Jerusalem was joined with West Jerusalem, along with several surrounding Palestinian towns and villages. Today, Arabs constitute 55% of the population of East Jerusalem, the following are Arab neighborhoods of Jerusalem. The Arab population lives primarily in the northwestern Negev and is composed of Bedouins. Several towns in the area are not formally recognized by the government, the largest Arab locality in the Negev is Rahat. 237,200 Arabs live in the Haifa District, which has a population of 939,000. Most Arabs of the Haifa District live in the Wadi Ara region that straddles the border of the West Bank. There is a substantial Druze population in the Carmel region and the Wadi Nisnas neighborhood of Haifa, umm al-Fahm is the largest Arab city in the district. 705,200 Arabs live in the Northern District, which has a population of 1,320,800. In 2008, Arabs made up 53% of the Northern Districts population, 44% of the Arab population lives in this district
14.
Claude Reignier Conder
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Claude Reignier Conder was an English soldier, explorer and antiquarian. He was a great-great-grandson of Louis-François Roubiliac, Conder was educated at University College London and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He became a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1870 and he retired with the rank of colonel in 1904. Conder joined the expedition to Egypt in 1882, under Sir Garnet Wolseley and he was appointed a deputy assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general on the staff of the intelligence department. In Egypt his perfect knowledge of Arabic and of Eastern people proved most useful and he was present at the action of Kassassin, the Battle of Tel el-Kebir, and the advance to Cairo, but then, seized with typhoid fever, he was invalided home. For his services he received the war medal with clasp for Tel el-Kebir, the Khedives bronze star, the work of surveying the country of Palestine commenced again only in late February 1877, without Conder. Conder was first proposed as a candidate for the Jack the Ripper murders by the author Tom Slemen. H, Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine, memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. London, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, vol 1 The full text, archive. org, Can download PDF. Conder, Claude Reignier and H. H. Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine, memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, London, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Vol 2 The full text, archive. org, Can download PDF, Conder, Claude Reignier and H. H. Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine, memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. London, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, vol 3 The full text, archive. org, Can download PDF. Measuring Jerusalem, the Palestine Exploration Fund and British interests in the Holy Land, la fortaleza de Herodes y el último bastión de los Zelotes
15.
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
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His term as Commander-in-Chief of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent proconsul, the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British Agent and Consul-General, in 1914, at the start of the First World War, Kitchener became Secretary of State for War, a Cabinet Minister. Kitchener died on 5 June 1916 when HMS Hampshire sank west of the Orkney Islands and he was making his way to Russia in order to attend negotiations when the ship struck a German mine. He was one of more than 600 killed on board the ship, Kitchener was born in Ballylongford near Listowel, County Kerry, in Ireland, son of army officer Henry Horatio Kitchener and Frances Anne Chevallier. His father had recently bought land in Ireland under a scheme to encourage the purchase of land after selling his commission. They then moved to Switzerland where the young Kitchener was educated at Montreux, then at the Royal Military Academy, pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a French field ambulance unit in the Franco-Prussian War. His father took him back to England after he caught pneumonia after ascending in a balloon to see the French Army of the Loire in action. Commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 4 January 1871, his service in France had violated British neutrality, and he was reprimanded by the Duke of Cambridge, the commander-in-chief. He served in Palestine, Egypt, and Cyprus as a surveyor, learned Arabic, Sir Walter Kitchener, had also entered the army, and was Governor of Bermuda from 1908 to 1912. In 1874, at age 24, Kitchener was assigned by the Palestine Exploration Fund to a mapping-survey of the Holy Land, replacing Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake, who had died of malaria. Conder and Kitchener’s expedition became known as the Survey of Western Palestine because it was confined to the area west of the Jordan River. The survey collected data on the topography and toponymy of the area, as well as local flora, the results of the survey were published in an eight-volume series, with Kitchener’s contribution in the first three tomes. This survey has had an effect on the Middle East for several reasons, The ordnance survey serves as the basis for the grid system used in the modern maps of Israel. The collection of data compiled by Conder and Kitchener are still consulted by archaeologists, the survey itself effectively delineated and defined the political borders of the southern Levant. For instance, the border between Israel and Lebanon is established at the point in upper Galilee where Conder and Kitchener’s survey stopped. In 1878 having completed the survey of Western Palestine, Kitchener was sent to Cyprus to undertake a survey of newly acquired British protectorate. Then in 1879 he became vice-consul in Anatolia, in 1883 Kitchener became a Freemason. On 4 January 1883 Kitchener was promoted to captain, given the Turkish rank bimbashi, Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the Khedive and his nominal overlord the Sultan of Turkey
16.
Palestine Exploration Fund
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The Palestine Exploration Fund is a British society based in London. It was founded in 1865 and is the oldest known organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant region, today now known as Palestine. Consequently, it had a relationship with Corps of Royal Engineers. The beginnings of the Palestine Exploration Fund are rooted in a society founded by British Consul James Finn. Many photographs of Palestine have survived from this period, on 22 June 1865, a group of Biblical archaeologists and clergymen financed the fund, with initial funding of £300. The most notable of the founders were Arthur P. Stanley, the Dean of Westminster, and George Grove and its founders established the fund for the purpose of investigating the Archaeology, Geography, manners, customs and culture, Geology and Natural History of the Holy Land. It is interesting to note that the General Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund recognized a connection with the earlier Society. The preliminary meeting of the Society of the Palestine Exploration Fund took place in the Jerusalem Chamber of Westminster Abbey, William Thomson, the Archbishop of York, read out the original prospectus at the first organisational meeting, ur object is strictly an inductive inquiry. No country should be of so much interest to us as that in which the documents of our Faith were written, at the same time no country more urgently requires illustration. Even to a traveller in the Holy Land the Bible becomes, in its form, and therefore to some extent in its substance. Much would be gained by. bringing to light the remains of so many races and generations which must lie concealed under the accumulation of rubbish and ruins on which those villages stand. The PEF conducted many early excavations of biblical and post biblical sites around the Levant, as well as studies involving natural history, anthropology, history, in 1867, Charles Warren led PEFs biggest expedition. Warren and his team improved the topography of Jerusalem and discovered the ancient water systems that lay beneath the city of Jerusalem, the water system was later named Warrens Shaft, after Charles Warren, due to the discovery. Scattered over the world, a people without a country and it was one of the earliest usages by a prominent politician of a phrase which was to become widely used by advocates of Jewish settlement in Palestine. In 1878, the Treasurers statement listed over 130 local associations in the United Kingdom, there were also branches in Canada and Australia as well as Gaza City and Jerusalem. Expenditure in 1877 amounted to £2,959 14s 11d, regarding the latter, great emphasis was placed upon the nomenclature Holy Land, so the notion of religion could never have been far away. Also stress was laid upon the fact that The Society numbers among its supporters Christians, originally the survey was led by a Captain Stewart but he was forced home due to ill health. He was replaced by Major Wilson with Lieutenant Conder, following the death of Tyrwhitt Drake from malaria Lieutenant Kitchener joined the group
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Edward Henry Palmer
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Edward Henry Palmer — known as E. H. Palmer — was an English orientalist and explorer, Palmer was born in Green Street, Cambridge the son of a private schoolmaster. He was orphaned at an age and brought up by an aunt. He was educated at The Perse School, and as a schoolboy showed the characteristic bent of his mind by picking up the Romani language, from school he was sent to London as a clerk in the city. Palmer disliked this life, and varied it by learning French and Italian, in 1859 he returned to Cambridge, almost dying of tuberculosis. He matriculated at St Johns College in November 1863, and in 1867 was elected a fellow on account of his attainments as an orientalist, especially in Persian and Hindustani. During his residence at St Johns he catalogued the Persian, Arabic and Turkish manuscripts in the university library, in 1867 he published a treatise on Oriental mysticism, based on the Maksad-i-Aksa of Aziz ibn Mohammad Nafasi. They completed this journey on foot and without escort, making friends among the Bedouin, to whom Palmer was known as Abdallah Effendi. After a visit to the Lebanon and to Damascus, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Richard Burton, then consul there, he returned to England in 1870 by way of Constantinople, at Vienna he met Arminius Vambéry. In the close of the year 1871 he became Lord Almoners Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University, married and his salary was small, and his affairs were further complicated by the long illness of his wife, who died in 1878. In 1881, two years after his marriage, he left Cambridge, and joined the staff of the Standard to write on non-political subjects. He was called to the English bar in 1874, early in 1882 Palmer was asked by the government to go to the East and assist the Egyptian expedition by his influence over the Arabs of the El-Tih desert. He was instructed, apparently, to prevent the Arab sheikhs from joining the Egyptian rebels and he went to Gaza without an escort, made his way safely through the desert to Suez, an exploit of singular boldness, and was highly successful in his negotiations with the Bedouin. On this journey he and his companions were led into an ambush and their remains, recovered after the war by the efforts of Sir Charles Warren, now lie in St Pauls Cathedral. Palmers highest qualities appeared in his travels, especially in the adventures of his last journeys. His brilliant scholarship is displayed rather in the works he wrote in Persian and other Eastern languages than in his English books and his scholarship was wholly Eastern in character, and lacked the critical qualities of the modern school of Oriental learning in Europe. All his works show a great range and very versatile talent. He also did service in editing the Name Lists of the Palestine Exploration
19.
Gottlieb Schumacher
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Gottlieb Schumacher was an American civil engineer, architect and archaeologist who was an important figure in the early archaeological explorations of Palestine. Schumacher was born in Zanesville, Ohio, where his parents had immigrated from Tübingen and his father Jacob Schumacher was a member of the Temple Society, a German Protestant sect which in the 1860s established the German Colony in Haifa, Palestine. In 1869, Jacob Schumacher settled with his family in the Templer colony, gottlieb studied engineering in Germany, and then returned to Palestine in 1881. He quickly became a figure in the construction of roads. He was appointed Chief Engineer for the Province of Akko by the Ottoman government, among his many works were the Scottish hostels in Safed and Tiberias, the Russian hostel in Nazareth, the cellars of the Rothschild winery at Rishon LeZion, and the bridge over the Kishon River. As part of the development he also extended the mole of the port of Haifa. In the course of this survey he produced the first accurate maps of regions, along with detailed descriptions of the archaeological remains. From 1886 he published articles reporting his discoveries in the Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins and these articles were reprinted in translation by the Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. He published a series of books, also reprinted in English by the Fund, from 1903 to 1905 Schumacher carried out excavations at Tell el-Mutesellim, the mound containing the ruins of the ancient city of Megiddo. The first volume of his report on Megiddo, covering the stratigraphy, the second volume, a study of the small finds, was published in 1929 by Carl Watzinger. Among his discoveries was the ancient synagogue at Khirbet Dikke and his approach to excavation was, like most of his contemporaries, based on the careful clearance of architectural horizons, rather than the dissection of layers of earth. However, by the standards of the day the work was carefully recorded and his report is illustrated with a wealth of photographs of the excavated areas. It also includes simple but beautifully drawn sections, both a section across the site from north to south and smaller ones to illustrate detailed stratigraphic points. In the trench Schumacher identified eight strata, which he numbered from bottom to top, most of them may be dated, by the pottery found in them, to the Middle Bronze Age II-Iron Age II periods. His work was the basis for later excavations by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in 1925-1939, Schumacher uncovered a number of important buildings at Megiddo. Part of the Early Bronze Age palace later fully uncovered in Stratum XII of the Chicago excavations, an Iron Age IIA palace on the south side of the tell, from which he recovered a seal with a beautifully depicted lion and the words Shema servant of Jeroboam. Corbel vaulted tombs with no parallels in the southern Levant, in Stratum IV, with the outbreak of World War I, some members of the Templer community returned to Germany. Schumacher remained there until 1924, when he returned to his home on Mount Carmel near Haifa, where he died in 1925
20.
City council (Israel)
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City councils - plural, (Hebrew, עִירִיּוֹת Iriyot / singular, (Hebrew, עִירִיָּה Iriya - are the official designations of the cities within Israels system of local government. City mayors and members of the city councils are elected every five years, list of cities in Israel Local council Regional council Local Government in Israel. 2009 Local Authorities on Israel Government portal City Council Ordinance
21.
Acre, Israel
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Acre is a city in the northern coastal plain region of the Northern District, Israel at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. The city occupies an important location, as it sits on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, traditionally linking the waterways and this location helped it become one of the oldest cities in the world, continuously inhabited since the Middle Bronze Age some 4000 years ago. Acre is the holiest city of the Baháí Faith, and as such receives many Bahai pilgrims, in 2015 the population was 47,675. Acre is a city, that includes Jews, Muslims, Christians. The mayor is Shimon Lankri, who was reelected in 2011, Acres etymology is a matter of controversy, though most likely deriving from the early Canaanite language. According to Biblical tradition, the name is derived from Canaanite Adco, meaning a border, the city was known as Ptolemais during the Hellenistic and Roman-Byzantine periods. During the Crusades it was known as St. John dAcre after the Knights Hospitaller, Acre is therefore counted among the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the region. Egyptian sources seem to be mentioning Acre, starting possibly with execration texts from ca.1800 BCE, the name Aak, which appears on the tribute lists of Thutmose III, may be a reference to Acre. The Amarna letters also mention a place named Akka, as well as the Execration texts, First settlement at the site of Ancient Acre appears to have been in the Early Bronze Age, or about 3000 BC. In the Hebrew Bible, Akko is one of the places from which the Israelites did not drive out the Canaanites and it is later described in the territory of the tribe of Asher and according to Josephus, was ruled by one of Solomons provincial governors. Throughout Israelite rule, it was politically and culturally affiliated with Phoenicia, around 725 BC, Akko joined Sidon and Tyre in a revolt against Shalmaneser V. Greek historians refer to the city as Ake, meaning cure, according to the Greek myth, Heracles found curative herbs here to heal his wounds. Strabo refers to the city as once a rendezvous for the Persians in their expeditions against Egypt, about 165 BC Judas Maccabeus defeated the Seleucids in several battles in Galilee, and drove them into Ptolemais. About 153 BC Alexander Balas, son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, contesting the Seleucid crown with Demetrius, seized the city, which opened its gates to him. Demetrius offered many bribes to the Maccabees to obtain Jewish support against his rival, including the revenues of Ptolemais for the benefit of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jonathan Apphus threw in his lot with Alexander and in 150 BC he was received by him with great honour in Ptolemais. Some years later, however, Tryphon, an officer of the Seleucid Empire, the city was captured by Alexander Jannaeus, Cleopatra and Tigranes the Great. Here Herod the Great built a gymnasium, the Christian Acts of the Apostles reports that Luke the Evangelist, Paul the Apostle and their companions spent a day in Ptolemais with the Christian brethren there. A Roman colonia was established at the city, Colonia Claudii Cæsaris, the Romans enlarged the port and the city, that flourished for six centuries even as a Christian center
22.
Afula
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Afula is a city in the Northern District of Israel, often known as the Capital of the Valley due to its strategic location in the Jezreel Valley. In 2015 the city had a population of 44,930, Afula is mentioned first around 19th century BC as Ofel in the Execration texts. During the Ottoman era, in the 18th century, there was a small Arab village el-Afuleh or Affule, the modern name may be derived from the name of this village, possibly originating in the Canaanite-Hebrew root ofel, or the Arab word for ruptured. Afula is possibly the place Ophlah, mentioned in the lists of Thothmes III, conder suggested that Afula was identical with Kirjath Ophlathah, a place inhabited by Samaritans in the 7th century. Within the town of Afula, on the ancient mound or tell known as Tel Afula, remains of a fortress from the Crusader, a fortified Crusader tower,19 meters square, stands in the centre of Afulah. The lower four courses are made of boulders, while the top remaining layer is made of reused Roman sarcophagi. The wall is a total of 5,5 meters tall, pottery remains indicate that it was occupied in the twelfth and thirteenth century. For older finds from Tel Afula see the Archaeology paragraph, in 1321, Afula was mentioned under the name of Afel by Marino Sanuto. A map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleons invasion of 1799 showed this place, in 1816, James Silk Buckingham passed by and described Affouli as being built on rising ground, and containing only a few dwellings. He noted several other settlements in sight, all populated by Muslims. In 1838, Edward Robinson described both Afuleh and the adjacent El Fuleh as deserted, thomson blamed their desertion on the bedouin. In 1875 Victor Guérin described Afula as a village on a hill overlooking a little plain. The houses were built of adobe and various other materials, around the well, which Guérin thought was probably ancient, he noticed several tubs of broken sarcophagi serving as troughs. In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described El Afuleh as a adobe village in the plain. Gottlieb Schumacher, as part of surveying for the construction of the Jezreel Valley railway, north of the village was a grain stop, belonging to the Sursocks. In 1909 or 1910, Yehoshua Hankin completed his first major purchase in the Jezreel Valley and he bought some 10,000 dunams of land in Al-Fuleh, which became the home of two moshav settlements, Merhavia and Tel Adashim. According to the British Mandates 1922 census of Palestine, Affuleh had 563 inhabitants,471 Muslims,62 Christians,28 Jews and 2 Bahai,61 of the Christians were Orthodox, while one was Melkite. In 1925 the American Zionist Commonwealth completed a purchase of the Afula valley from the Sursuk family of Beirut, a quarter of the one hundred Arab families who had lived in the area accepted compensation for their land and left voluntarily, the remainder were evicted
23.
Beit She'an
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It has also played an important role in modern times, acting as the regional center of the villages in the Beit Shean Valley. The ancient city ruins are now protected within a national park, a large cemetery on the northern Mound was in use from the Bronze Age to Byzantine times. Canaanite graves dating from 2000 to 1600 BCE were discovered there in 1926, after the Egyptian conquest of Beit Shean by pharaoh Thutmose III in the 15th century BCE, the small town on the summit of the Mound became the center of the Egyptian administration of the region. The Egyptian newcomers changed the organization of the town and left a great deal of material culture behind, artifacts of potential cultic significance were found around the temple. Based on a found in the temple, inscribed with Egyptian hieroglyphs. University Museums most important finds near the temple is the Lion and Dog stela, the Hebrew University excavations determined that this temple was built on the site of an earlier one. During the three hundred years of Egyptian rule, the population of Beit She’an appears to have been primarily Egyptian administrative officials, the town was completely rebuilt, following a new layout, during the 19th dynasty. The University Museum excavations uncovered two important stelae from the period of Seti I and a monument of Rameses II, Pottery was produced locally, but some was made to mimic Egyptian forms. Other Canaanite goods existed alongside Egyptian imports, or locally made Egyptian-style objects, the 20th dynasty saw the construction of large administrative buildings in Beit Shean, including Building 1500, a small palace for the Egyptian governor. During the 20th dynasty, invasions of the Sea Peoples upset Egypts control over the Eastern Mediterranean, though the exact circumstances are unclear, the entire site of Beit Shean was destroyed by fire around 1150 BCE. The Egyptians did not attempt to rebuild their administrative center and finally lost control of the region, an Iron Age I Canaanite city was constructed on the site of the Egyptian center shortly after its destruction. Around 1100 BC, Canaanite Beit Shean was conquered by the Philistines, during a subsequent battle against the Jewish King Saul at nearby Mount Gilboa in 1004 BC, the Philistines prevailed. 1 Samuel 31,10 states that the victorious Philistines hung the body of King Saul on the walls of Beit Shean, portions of these walls were excavated on the Mound recently. The Assyrian conquest of northern Israel under Tiglath-Pileser III brought about the destruction of Beit Shean by fire, minimal reoccupation occurred until the Hellenistic period. The Hellenistic period saw the reoccupation of the site of Beit Shean under the new name Scythopolis, little is known about the Hellenistic city, but during the 3rd century BCE a large temple was constructed on the Tell. It is unknown which deity was worshipped there, but the continued to be used during Roman times. Graves dating from the Hellenistic period are simple, singular rock-cut tombs, in 198 BCE the Seleucids finally conquered the region. The town played a role after the Hasmonean-Maccabeean Revolt, Josephus records that the Jewish High Priest Jonathan was killed there by Demetrius II Nicator, the city was destroyed by fire at the end of the 2nd century BCE
24.
Karmiel
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Karmiel is a city in northern Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee, the city is located south of the Acre-Safed road,32 kilometres from Safed and 20 km from Maalot-Tarshiha and 20 km from Acre. In 2015 Karmiel had a population of 44,858, in 1956, about 1,275 acres of land in the Israeli Arab villages of Deir al-Asad, Biina and Nahf were declared closed areas by Israeli authorities. This area, near the road between Acre and Safed, had been an important marble quarrying site. In 1961, the Israeli authorities expropriated the land to build Karmiel, according to the Haredi newspaper Shearim, about 10 square kilometres were confiscated by a court order on 4 March 1963, at the request of the Israel Development Authority. However, the land was rocky, uninhabited and unfit for agriculture, in February 1965,400 protesters marched from Tel Aviv to protest against discrimination of a group of our citizens. Representatives went to a police station, informing the police that they were staying in the area without permission. Eventually the perceived leaders were arrested and tried before a military tribunal, Karmiel was one of the first cities in Israel to be established according to an urban master plan. It was built as part of the Central Galilee Development Project, work began in 1963, and the official inauguration ceremony took place in October 1964. The first 16 families moved in at that time, a tender for the construction of Karmiels main roads was issued in 1963, and Mekorot built a water pipe network connecting Karmiel, Rameh, Shaab and other nearby villages. In 1981, Karmiel was awarded the Beautiful Israel prize and the Kaplan Prize for Management, Karmiel achieved city status on November 20,1986. The first mayor was Baruch Venger, followed by Adi Eldar, some 18,000 new immigrants settled in Karmiel between 1990 and 2002. During the Second Lebanon War in 2006, Hezbollah fired 180 Katyusha rockets into Karmiel and the villages, leading to casualties and damage to buildings, roads. Karmiel is located on the Acre–Safed road, on the edge of the Lower Galilee. It lies in Emek Beit HaKerem and its elevation is 330 m, the Hilazon Stream passes slightly to the south of Karmiel. Its tributaries, the Shezor and Shagor Streams pass through Karmiel on the east and north, Karmiel sits on the Shagor mountain range, which stretches from Mount Hazon in the east to Mount Gilon in the west. Western Karmiel was built on the Karmi and Makosh mountains, work on a new railway line linking Haifa and Karmiel began in 2011. As of 2007, the city encompasses an area of about 24,000 dunams with a population of about 50,000 residents approximately 40% of whom are immigrants from 75 countries, the city also receives significant internal migration of Haredi families
25.
Kiryat Shmona
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Kiryat Shmona is a city located in the Northern District of Israel on the western slopes of the Hula Valley near the Lebanese border. The city was named after the eight people, including Joseph Trumpeldor, in 2015 it had a population of 23,076, the majority of whom are Jews, particularly of Moroccan extraction. Located near the Israel-Lebanon border, Kiryat Shmona is Israels northernmost city, initially the empty houses of Khalisa were used as a transit camp for Jewish immigrants and refugees who worked mainly in farming. It was called Kiryat Yosef after Yosef Trumpeldor, the first residents were fourteen Yemenites who arrived on July 18,1949 and were followed by more Yemenites a month later. The name was changed to Kiryat Shmona in June 1950, recalling eight members of nearby Tel Hai who were killed in 1920 during the Arab revolt against the French, by July 1951, the population had grown to nearly 4,000. Relationships with nearby kibbutzim were often strained, in 1953, Kiryat Shmona become a development town. Kiryat Shmonas location close to the Lebanon makes it a target for rocket fire cross-border attacks. On April 11,1974, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command and they killed eighteen residents of an apartment building, including many children, before being killed in an exchange of fire at the complex, which became known as the Kiryat Shmona massacre. The citizens of the town had suffered almost daily attack from the mid-1970s until 2000, during the 2006 Lebanon War, the city was again the target of Hezbollah Katyusha rocket attacks. Most of the residents left the area during the war. During the war, a total of 1,012 Katyusha rockets hit Kiryat Shmona, Kiryat Shmona is located in the Finger of the Galilee next to the Hula Valley, about 5 kilometres south and 2 km east of the Israel–Lebanon border. Its elevation is about 150 metres above sea level, the city is located above the Dead Sea Transform fault, and as a result, is one of the cities in Israel most at risk to earthquakes. According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 97. 9% Jewish and other non-Arabs, in 2001 there were 121 immigrant settlers. The Jewish population of the town is largely of Sephardi and Mizrahi heritage, according to CBS, in 2001 there were 10,800 males and 10,700 females. The population growth rate in 2001 was 1. 8%, according to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 8,303 salaried workers and 467 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a worker in the city is 4,306 shekels. Salaried males have a monthly wage of 5,443 shekels versus 3,065 shekels for females. The mean income for the self-employed is 6,769, there are 564 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,655 people who receive an income guarantee
26.
Ma'alot-Tarshiha
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Maalot-Tarshiha is a mixed city in the North District in Israel, some 20 kilometres east of Nahariya, about 600 metres above sea level. The city was established in 1963 through a merger of the Arab town of Tarshiha. In 2015 the city has a population of 21,227, excavations of a 4th-century burial cave in the village unearthed a cross and a piece of glass engraved with a menorah. Crusader sources from the 12th and 13th century refer to Tarshiha as Terschia, Torsia, the King had initiated the settlement of Crusader people in nearby Miilya, and from there settlement spread out to Tarshiha. In 1160, Torsia and several surrounding villages were transferred to a Crusader named Iohanni de Caypha, by 1217, the village was probably inhabited by Crusader people. In 1220 Joscelin III´s daughter Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Otto von Botenlauben, Count of Henneberg, sold their land, including Tersyha, in 1266, Tarshiha was raided by Crusader troops. e. Shiha Jamaluddin rushed to the battlefield to fight the Crusaders, incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of Palestine, the village of Tarshiha was raided by the Lebanese feudal chief, Mansur ibn Furaykh in 1573. The daftar of 1596 show the village to be under the administration of the nahiya of Akka, with a population of 107 households and 3 bachelors, the inhabitants paid taxes on occasional revenues, bees and goats. The village was taxed for a press, used either of olives or for grapes. Mariti visited the village in 1761, and wrote that it abounds with water, which adds greatly to the fertility of its plants, its fruit-trees. Victor Guérin, who visited in 1875, found that Tarshiha consists of four quarters, there are 2,000 Moslems, who have their mosques. The Christians occupy their own quarters, with the exception of a few families they are all United Greeks, in 1945 the population of Tarshiha was 3,840,3140 Muslims and 690 Christians. The total population of Tarshiha combined with Al-Kabri was 5,360 Arabs, with 47,428 dunams of land. Of this, a total of 743 dunums of land in the two places was used for citrus and bananas,5,301 were plantation and irrigable land,14,123 for cereals, while 252 dunams were built-up land. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Tarshiha served as the headquarters of Fawzi al-Qawuqji, Tarshiha was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the village was captured by the Israel Defense Forces in Operation Hiram, the village was bombed by three Israeli planes on the evening of 28 October. This was followed by an artillery barrage and a further air raid in the morning with the village defenders. The village was captured by the Israel Defense Forces on October 29, a UN observer reported that on 1 November 1948 the Palestinian villages around Tarshiha were deserted and extensively looted by Israeli forces
27.
Migdal HaEmek
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Migdal HaEmek is a city in the Northern District of Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 24,959, there is a tower to the north-east, above the town. Prior to 1953, the area nearest to where Migdal HaEmek was founded was an Arab village named al-Mujaydil and it had existed there since as early as 1596 during the Ottoman era. Migdal HaEmek was started in 1953 as a maabara for Jews from Arab countries, the original site of the maabara was west of the current site, at Shimron hill. The chief rabbi of the city is Rabbi Yitzchak Dovid Grossman, every year volunteers from Habonim Dror come to Migdal HaEmek to volunteer in the community. Typically these roles include members of Kvutsat Yovel, and involve teaching in primary and secondary schools, according to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was all Jewish and other non-Arabs. There were 11,900 males and 12,200 females, more recently the Jewish Agency estimated Migdal HaEmeks population at 28,000, almost half foreign-born, from Russia, the Caucasus, Ethiopia, Morocco, Iraq and South America. According to CBS, there were 22 schools and 5,777 students in the city in 2001,13 elementary schools,47. 8% of 12th grade students qualified for a matriculation certificate in 2001. Many Israeli and global high tech companies are located in three industrial parks, among the companies, Tower Semiconductor, RSL Electronics, KLA-Tencor, CI Systems, Nilit, Vishay Intertechnology and Enzymotec
28.
Nahariya
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Nahariya is the northernmost coastal city in Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 54,305, Nahariya takes its name from the stream of Gaaton, which bisects it. The ruins of a 3, 400-year-old Bronze Age citadel were found in the city of Nahariya near the beach on Balfour Street. The citadel was a center serving the mariners who sailed along the Mediterranean coast. There are evidence of commercial and cultural relations with Cyprus and the rest of the Mediterranean region, the fortress was destroyed four times by conflagration and rebuilt each time. A church from the Byzantine period, dedicated to St. Lazarus, was excavated in the 1970s and it was destroyed by fire, probably at the time of the Persian invasion in 614. The company acquired an area of land by purchase from the Arab landowner family Toueini, after ameliorisation and parcelling the plots have been offered to new German Jewish immigrants who had escaped from Nazi persecution. The first two families settled in Nahariya on February 10,1935, which is now considered the official founding date of Nahariya. During the British Mandate of Palestine, many British officers coming from Khartoum stopped in Nahariya, Nahariya became a development town in the 1950s after the nearby maabara was integrated. The town hence become a home to many Jewish refugees from North Africa, during the 1990s, the city absorbed a significant number of immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nahariya experienced a construction boom, due to its geographic location,9. The most notable of those were the 1974 attack and the 1979 Nahariya attack, during the 2006 Lebanon War in July–August 2006, Nahariya sustained a barrage of several hundreds of Katyusha rockets launched by Hezbollah from southern Lebanon. As a result, the city suffered multiple civilian casualties and 5 fatalities, significant damage was also inflicted on property and physical infrastructure. Nahariyas economy suffered a blow, as two-thirds of the citys population had to evacuate. Nahariya is home to some of Israels leading entrepreneurs, the Strauss, Soglowek, according to the CBS, as of 2000 there were 17,916 salaried workers in the city and 1,283 were self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a worker in the city was ILS5,736. Salaried men have a monthly wage of ILS7,353 versus ILS3,950 for women. The mean income for the self-employed was 9,078, Highway 4, the coastal highway, is the main north–south road in the city
29.
Nazareth Illit
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Nazareth Illit is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Founded in 1957, it was planned as a Jewish town overlooking the Arab city of Nazareth, in 2015 it had a population of 40,198. The establishment of Nazareth Illit was conceived in the early 1950s when development towns such as Karmiel and Beit Shean were founded. A parcel of 1,200 dunams of land, about half within the boundaries of Nazareth, was expropriated in 1954. Protests at this action reached the Supreme Court of Israel, which in 1955 accepted the word that the sole purpose of the land was to erect government facilities. However, it had already decided that only 109 dunams would be used for that purpose. The first dwellings were completed in September 1956 and the first residents moved in later that year. According to historian Geremy Forman, the director of the IDF Planning Department, Yuval Neeman, stated that the town would safeguard the Jewish character of the Galilee as a whole, demonstrate state sovereignty to the Arab population more than any other settlement operation. Forman wrote that Upper Nazareth was meant to overpower Nazareth numerically, economically, initially the settlement was referred to as the Jewish neighborhood of Nazareth, then as Kiryat Natzeret. The name Nazareth Illit was adopted in 1958, in 1961, Nazareth Illit was recognized as a municipal local council. According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic and religious makeup of the city was 91. 0% Jewish, in the 1990s, Upper Nazareth was the fastest developing city in the country with a growth rate of nearly 70 percent. Newcomers included new immigrants from the former Soviet Union and South America, in 2012, Arabs accounted for 17 percent of the citys 40,000 residents. The Strauss-Elite chocolate factory in the industrial zone employs over 600 workers. In 2010, the city had 12 elementary schools and two high schools, a new high school for religious boys opened that year and the Yeshivat Hesder of Maalot, which combines army service with Torah study, planned to open a branch there. Nazareth Illit also has an engineering college. Nazareth Illits municipality cares for maintaining the citys green grounds and for the forestry of the city, located by the city, is the Churchill Forest. The forest, which lies on the downslope between Nazareth and Jezreel Valley, provides observation spots on the valley view, Hapoel Nazareth Illit is the citys major football club. Having been promoted to the top division for the first time in 2003, the club was relegated in 2006 to Liga Leumit, the second tier
30.
Safed
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Safed is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of 900 metres, Safed is the highest city in the Galilee, due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters. Due to its climate and scenic views, Safed is a popular holiday resort frequented by Israelis. In 2015 it had a population of 33,358, legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the Great Flood. According to the Book of Judges, the area where Safed is located was assigned to the Tribe of Naphtali and it has been suggested that Jesus assertion that a city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden may have referred to Safed. Safed has been identified with Sepph, a town in the Upper Galilee mentioned in the writings of the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus. It is mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud as one of five elevated spots where fires were lit to announce the New Moon, there is scarce information about the town of Safed prior to the Crusader conquest in 1099. The city appears in Jewish sources in the late Middle Ages, in the 12th century, Safed was a fortified city in the Crusaders Kingdom of Jerusalem, known by the Crusaders as Saphet. King Fulk built a castle there, which was kept by the Knights Templar from 1168. Benjamin of Tudela, who visited the town in 1170, does not mention any Jews as living there, Safed was captured by the Ayyubids led by Saladin in 1188 after one years siege, following the Battle of Hattin in 1187. Saladin ultimately allowed its residents to relocate to Tyre, samuel ben Samson, who visited the town in 1210, mentions the existence of a Jewish community of at least fifty there. In 1227, the Ayyubid emir of Damascus, al-Muazzam Isa, had the fortress of Safed demolished to prevent its potential capture, the Templars thereafter rebuilt the towns fortress. In 1266, during a Mamluk military campaign to subdue Crusader strongholds in Palestine, Baybars captured Safed in July, unlike the coastal Crusader fortresses, which were demolished upon their capture by the Mamluks, Baybars spared Safed from destruction. Instead, he appointed a governor to be in charge of the fortress, Baybars likely preserved Safed because he viewed its fortress to be of high strategic value due to its location on a high mountain and its isolation from other Crusader fortresses. Moreover, Baybars determined that in the event of a renewed Crusader invasion of the coastal region, in 1268, he had the fortress repaired, expanded and strengthened. Furthermore, he commissioned numerous building works in the town of Safed, including caravanserai, markets, baths, by the end of Baybars reign, Safed had become the site of a prospering town, in addition to its fortress. The city also became the center of Mamlakat Safad, a province in Mamluk Syria whose jurisdiction included the Galilee. According to al-Dimashqi, who died in Safed in 1327, writing around 1300, Baybarsbuilt a round tower, the tower is built in three stories
31.
Sakhnin
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Sakhnin is an Arab city in Israels Northern District. It is located in the Lower Galilee, about 23 kilometres east of Acre, Sakhnin was declared a city in 1995. In 2015 its population was 29,316, mostly Muslim with a sizable Christian minority, Sakhnin is home to the largest population of Sufi Muslims within Israel, with approximately 80 members. Sakhnin is built over three hills and is located in a surrounded by mountains, the highest one being 602 meters high. Its rural landscape is almost entirely covered by olive and fig groves as well as oregano, settlement at Sakhnin dates back 3,500 years to its first mention in 1479 BCE by Thutmose II, whose ancient Egyptian records mention it as a centre for production of indigo dye. Sargon II also makes mention of it as Suginin, Sakhnin is situated on an ancient site, where remains from columns and cisterns have been found. It was mentioned as Sogane, a town fortified in 66, a cistern, excavated near the mosque in the old city centre, revealed pottery fragments dating from the 1st to the 5th century CE. In the Crusader era, it was known as Zecanin, in 1174 it was one of the casales given to Phillipe le Rous. In 1236 descendants of Phillipe le Rous confirmed the sale of the fief of Saknin, in 1596, Sakhnin appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Akka of the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 66 households and 8 bachelors, all Muslim and it paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, cotton, and a water mill. In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Sakhnin as follows, A large village of stone and mud, amid fine olive-groves, the water supply is from a large pool about half a mile to the south-east. The inhabitants are Moslems and Christians, in a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Kabul had a population of 1,575,1,367 Muslims and 208 Christians,87 Orthodox and 121 Greek Catholic. The population increased in the 1931 census to a total of 1,891,1688 Muslims,202 Christians, by 1945, Sakhnin had 2,600 inhabitants,2310 Muslims and 290 Christians. The total jurisdiction of the village was 70,192 dunams of land,3,622 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land,29,366 dunams for cereals, while 169 dunams were built-up land. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Sakhnin surrendered to Israeli forces on July 18,1948, during Operation Dekel and it finally fell without battle during Operation Hiram, 29–31 October 1948. Many of the inhabitants fled north but some stayed and were not expelled by the Israeli soldiers, the town remained under Martial Law until 1966. And in 1976 three more civilians were killed during clashes with the police, and in Jerusalem and the Aqsa Intifada in 2000 two men were killed. In 2003, the football club, Bnei Sakhnin, became one of the first Arab teams to play in the Israeli Premier League
32.
Shefa-'Amr
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Shefa-Amr, also Shfaram is an Arab city in the Northern District of Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 40,017, with a Sunni Muslim majority alongside large Christian, palmer writes that the name meant, The margin or edge of Amr. Locally and erroneously supposed to mean the healing of Amer, walls, installations and pottery sherds from the Early Bronze Age IB and the Middle Bronze Age IIB Iron, Hellenistic and Roman periods have been excavated at Shefa-Amr. Settlement has existed there without interruption since the Roman period, when it was one of the mentioned in the Talmud as containing the seat of the Jewish Sanhedrin. Decorated burial caves were documented by the Survey of Western Palestine in the nineteenth century. They found the caves to be Christian tombs from the Byzantine era, archeological excavations of a cave and quarries revealed that they were used in the Roman and Byzantine eras. Shefa-Amr contains Byzantine remains, including of a church and tombs, a salvage dig was conducted in the southern quarter of the old city exposing remains from five phases in the Late Byzantine and early Umayyad periods. Also discovered were glass and pottery vessels, under the Crusaders the place was known as Safran, Sapharanum, Castrum Zafetanum, Saphar castrum or Cafram. The Crusader built a fortress, used by the Knights Templar, at the foot of the castle was a fortified settlement with a church, inhabited either by local Christians or Crusaders. The village, then called Shafar Am, was used by Saladin between 1190–91 and 1193-94 as a base for attacks on Acre. By 1229, the place was back in Crusader hands, and it was confirmed as such by Sultan Baybars in the treaty of 1271. Italian monk Riccoldo da Monte di Croce visited the village in 1287-88 and it apparently was under Mamluk control by 1291, as it was mentioned in that year when sultan al-Ashraf Khalil allocated the towns income to a charitable organization in Cairo. In the early decades of that there had been a very small number of Jews mentioned. A firman dated to 1573 mentioned that Shefa-Amr was among a group of villages in the nahiya of Akka which had rebelled against the Ottoman administration, by 1577, the village had accumulated an arsenal of 200 muskets. In the 1596 daftar, Shefa-Amr was part of the nahiya of Akka with a population of 83 households, the taxable produce comprised occasional revenues and goats and beehives. Its inhabitants also paid for the use or ownership of an oil press. It was not until the 18th century that the rose to prominence. At the beginning of the century the village was under control of Shaykh Ali Zaydani and it is also known that there was a castle in the village at least as early as 1740
33.
Tiberias
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Tiberias is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Established around 20 CE, it was named in honour of the 2nd Emperor of the Roman Empire Tiberius, in 2015 it had a population of 42,610. In the 2nd–10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Israel. Its immediate neighbour to the south, Hammat Tiberias, which is now part of modern Tiberias, has known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments. Herod Antipas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee, the city was built in immediate proximity to a spa which had developed around 17 natural mineral hot springs, Hammat Tiberias. Tiberias was at first a pagan city, but later became populated mainly by Jews, with its growing spiritual. The Jewish oral tradition holds that Tiberias was built on the site of the ancient Israelite village of Rakkath or Rakkat, in Talmudic times, the Jews still referred to it by this name. Conversely, in The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus calls the village with hot springs Emmaus, todays Hammat Tiberias and this name also appears in The Wars of the Jews. Antipas settled many non-Jews there from rural Galilee and other parts of his domains in order to populate his new capital, and built a palace on the acropolis. The prestige of Tiberias was so great that the Sea of Galilee soon came to be named the Sea of Tiberias, however, the Jewish population continued to call it Yam Ha-Kineret, its traditional name. The city was governed by a city council of 600 with a committee of 10 until 44 CE when a Roman procurator was set over the city after the death of Herod Agrippa I. Tiberias is mentioned in John 6,23 as the location from which boats had sailed to the side of the Sea of Galilee. The crowd seeking Jesus after the feeding of the 5000 used these boats to travel back to Capernaum on the north-western part of the sea. Under the Roman Empire, the city was known by its Greek name Τιβεριάς, in 61 CE Herod Agrippa II annexed the city to his kingdom whose capital was Caesarea Philippi. It became a city after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE, with Judea subdued. It was to be its final meeting place before its disbanding in the early Byzantine period, when Johanan bar Nappaha settled in Tiberias, the city became the focus of Jewish religious scholarship in the land. The Jerusalem Talmud would follow being compiled by Rabbi Jochanan between 230–270 CE, Tiberias 13 synagogues served the spiritual needs of a growing Jewish population. In the 6th century Tiberias was still the seat of Jewish religious learning, in 628, the Byzantine army returned to Tiberias upon the surrender of Jewish rebels and the end of the Persian occupation after they were defeated in the battle of Nineveh
34.
Yokneam Illit
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Yokneam Illit, also Yoqneam Illit and Jokneam Illit, is a city in northern Israel. It is located in a region of the lower Galilee at the base of the Carmel Mountains. Yokneam is known as Israels Startup Village because its high-tech hub is surrounded by forest, Yokneam Illit was founded in 1950 and became a local authority in 1967, and a city in 2007. The city is located alongside the major highways – Highway 70. In 2015 it had a population of 21,383 and it now has over 100 high-tech companies and exports of approximately 5 billion US dollars annually. The policy of the municipality is to build low-density, spacious homes to preserve the landscape, although real estate prices are low relative to the Tel-Aviv area, its high rate of growth in recent years has pushed prices up faster than in similar sized cities. Yokneam appears in the list of 119 conquered cities by Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III after the victory in the battle of Megiddo, Yokneam or Jokneam is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a city of Levites within the territory of the Israelite tribe of Zebulun. The Crusaders called Yokneam Cain Mons, or Mountain of Cain in keeping with the tradition that Cain, Yokneam was populated throughout the Persian, Hellenistic, Roman/Byzantine, Arab, Crusaders, Mameluk, and Ottoman periods. Yokneam was the site of a Palestinian Arab village named Qira, the Yokneam Moshava was established in 1935. In July 1950, a tent camp was set up to absorb 250 new immigrant families, by the start of 1952, another 400 families were housed in the tent camp. Toward the end of 1951, the first 285 families moved from the tent camp to permanent housing on the hill above the Yokneam Moshava. In 1952, Yokneam was considered unusual in that it had a school for all regardless of whether they were religious or secular. In 1964, Yokneam of 4,300 residents, with 160 of the living in the moshava. In 1967, Yokneam was split into two local councils, in the 1980s there were two factories in Yokneam, employing 90% of its residents. One collapsed and unemployment soared creating a situation for residents. In the 1990s, Yokneam absorbed a large wave of immigrants from Ethiopia, during that time, Yokneams industrial parks became a magnet for high-tech firms. Yokneam Illit was formally declared a city in 2006, in 2009, Yokneam was linked to Highway 6 and also received recognition as Israels first Green City in the Cleantech competition. These two events significantly boosted Yokneams attraction as a center for companies involved in medical, cleantech, in 2011, some 16,000 workers entered the industrial parks every day
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Abu Snan
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Abu Snan is an Arab local council in the Galilee region of northern Israel, with an area of 4,750 dunams. It achieved recognition as an independent local council in 1964 and it is a religiously mixed town, with a Muslim majority and sizable Druze and Christian minorities. Abu Snan is an ancient village site, where old dressed stones have been reused in modern houses, graves, oil or vine -presses, and cisterns have been found cut in rock. In about 1250 Abu Snan is noted as a casale of the Teutonic Knights, no Crusader remains have yet been identified in the village. It had a population of 102 households and 3 bachelors, all Muslims, a map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleons invasion of 1799 showed the place, named as Abou Senan. When French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1875, he estimated the population of Abu Snan to be 400, of whom 260 were Druzes and 140 Greek Orthodox Christians. Guérin also wrote that Abu Senan has succeeded an ancient town, as is proved by cisterns cut in rock, fragments from an older building is used in a chapel for St. George. The population consisted of 150 Christians and 100 Muslims, in the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Abu Snan had a total population of 518. Of these,43 were Muslim,228 Druzes and 247 Christians, of Abu Snans 247 Christians,196 were Orthodox,44 Roman Catholics,4 Melkites and 3 Maronites. In the 1931 census it had increased to a population of 605, of these,20 were Muslim,274 Christians, and 311 Druzes. In 1945 the population of Abu Snan was 820,30 Muslims,380 Christians and 410 other Arabs,2,172 dunams were plantations and irrigable land,7,933 used for cereals, while 69 dunams were built-up land. Abu Snan had a population of 13,000,7,000 of whom are Muslim,4,000 Druze, according to Israels Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a low ranking on the countrys socioeconomic index. Only 63. 6% of students are entitled to a certificate after Grade 12. The average salary that year was NIS3,629 per month, Arab localities in Israel Druze in Israel Welcome To Abu Sinan Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3, IAA, Wikimedia commons
36.
Arraba, Israel
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Arraba, also known as Arrabat al-Battuf, is the fourth largest local council and largest Arab local council in Israel. It is located in the Lower Galilee in the Northern District, within the Beit Netofa Valley to the north of Nazareth and adjacent to Sakhnin, Arraba attained local council status in 1965. In 2015 its population was 24,072, the symbol of the local council is an onion, a watermelon and a cantaloupe which symbolize the crops for which Arraba is famous. Throughout history Arraba was mostly an agricultural village depending mainly on the al-Batuf Plain to grow crops, however, currently the dependence on agriculture is declining rapidly due to the rise in population, urbanization and a subsequently more modern lifestyle. Arraba is associated with the Jewish village called Arab, known in Greek as Garaba, mentioned in the Mishnah, in the works of Josephus, it is often mentioned by its Greek corruption, Gabara. The famous Jewish Rabbi and scholar, Yohanan ben Zakkai, is said to have lived there eighteen years, during the Jewish war with Rome, Vespasian sacked the city, killing those of its Jewish citizens who had not already fled. In the 5th or 6th century CE there were Christians living here, as witnessed by a church whose mosaic floor, in the Crusader era, it was known as Arabiam. In 1174 it was one of the given to Phillipe le Rous. In 1236 descendants of Phillipe le Rous confirmed the sale of the fief of Arraba, in 1250 it was one of the casales belonging to the Teutonic knights, a Crusader order. In the 13th century Arrabah is mentioned by Syria geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in his famous work Mujam al-Buldān, as a place in the province of Acca. The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine and it had a population of 125 Muslim households and 2 Muslim bachelors, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops or fruit trees, cotton, and goats or beehives. At some point in the century the Zayadina, an Arab Muslim tribe. Its sheikh later acquired control of the town and its district after wresting control of the area from the Druze sheikh of Sallama, Arraba became home to Zahir al-Umar, a later sheikh of the Zayadina tribe. According to local legend, he sought refuge there after killing a Turkish soldier. He won the support of the sheikh, Muhammad Nasser, by helping him settle a score with a neighboring village. A building said to be the home of Zahir is still standing, french explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in the 1870s, and found it to have 900 Muslim inhabitants and 100 Greek-Orthodox Christians. Water is obtained from a large birkeh and cisterns and this was the place where Dhaher el Amr´s family was founded, and was long occupied by them. At the time of the 1931 census, Arraba had 253 occupied houses, in 1945 the population was 1,800,1,740 Muslims and 60 Christians, with 30,852 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey
37.
Basmat Tab'un
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Basmat Tabun is a Bedouin town in the Northern District of Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 7,507, Basmat Tabun was declared a local council in 1965. In May 2011, the Israeli government approved a plan with a budget of NIS350 million for developing Bedouin communities in the North. The Ein Bustan Waldorf school in Hilf, Basmat Tabun, is noteworthy for its multi-lingual, multi-cultural, the Arab students are from the surrounding villages and the Jewish students are from nearby Kiryat Tivon. Ruan Zubidate is Israels top female Arab tennis player and she represents Israel at tennis matches around the world. Arab localities in Israel Bedouin In Israel Welcome To Tabun Survey of Western Palestine Map 5, IAA, Wikimedia commons
38.
Beit Jann
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Beit Jann is a Druze village on Mount Meron in northern Israel. At 940 meters above sea level, Beit Jann is one of the highest inhabited locations in the country, in 2015 it had a population of 11,426. Beit Jann is an ancient village site at the top of a hill, old stones have been reused in village homes, and cisterns and tombs carved into rock have also been found. In the Crusader era it was known as Beitegen, in 1249, John Aleman transferred land, including the Casales of Beit Jann, Sajur, Majd al-Krum and Nahf to the Teutonic Knights. According to local legend, Druze families in the area lived in scattered colonies in the hills near sources of water until the 13th or 14th century, two hunters looking for hyraxes stumbled upon a cave where they found an ancient cistern filled with water. Concluding that this was a place for permanent settlement, several families settled on the site of what would become Beit Jann. In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine and it had a population of 102 households and 5 bachelors, all Muslims. They paid taxes on silk spinning, occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives, in August 1754, the missionary Stephan Schulz visited the village. He noted that the inhabitants produced water-skins, and described the grapes of the region as particularly large, the American biblical scholar Edward Robinson described Beit Jann as a large well-built village in 1852, with houses made of limestone. There were 260 males, all Druze, in the village, in 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, which he called Beit Djenn. He estimated it had two hundred people, all Druze and he further noted that A few years ago it was much larger, as is indicated by the abandoned houses which are beginning to fall into ruins. I am told that their occupants have fled to the Hauran to escape conscription, the flanks of the hill on which the village stands are covered with vines which creep along the ground, their grapes of a prodigious size. In 1881 the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Beit Jenn as a village built of stone, with 300 Muslims and 100 Druze, with extensive gardens. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bait Jan had a population of 902,6 Muslims,1 Christian and 895 Druze, the only Christian was an Anglican. At the time of the 1931 census, Beit Jann had 229 occupied houses and a population of 1100 Druze and 1 Muslim. In 1945 the population of Beit Jann together with Ein al-Asad was 1,640, all classified as others,2,530 dunams were plantations and irrigable land,7,406 used for cereals, while 67 dunams were built-up land. In July 2006, during the Second Lebanon War, Beit Jann was hit by Katyusha rockets fired by Hezbollah, illegal logging in the vicinity Beit Jann has led to conflicts with park officials and rangers. Beit Jann has a climate, even in summer, and offers panoramic views that stretch as far as the Sea of Galilee
39.
Bu'eine Nujeidat
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Bueine Nujeidat is an Arab local council in the Northern District of Israel. Made up of two villages, Bueine and Nujeidat, they merged in 1987 and were recognized as one local council in 1996, in 2015 its population was 9,114, the majority of which is Muslim. Bueine is a located on an ancient site. A small jug from the Iron Age, and potsherds from the Roman, a possible Roman or Byzantine grave is also located here. Potsherds from the early Islamic and Mamluk period have also been found, in 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as al-Buayna, located in the Nahiya of Tabariyya of the Liwa of Safad. The population was 38 households and 6 bachelors, all Muslim and they paid a fixed tax- rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit trees and cotton, in addition to occasional revenues, and goats and beehives, a total of 2420 Akçe. A map from Napoleons invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed Bueine, in 1875, when Victor Guérin visited, the village had at most 150 inhabitants. Guérin further noted that below the village, on the north-east side, within it is covered with a thick cement, and vaulted over with cut stones. The water formerly flowed into it through a conduit now choked, the mosque of the village is an ancient church, a new door having been made in the north side. The slopes of the hill were covered with houses, built in terraces. Rude characters were found traced on the rocks about 600 paces to the east of the village, in 1881 the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described El Baineh as, a village built on the hillside, containing 200 Moslem inhabitants. It possesses a spring, and there are olive-groves in the plain to the north, in 1945 the population of Bueina was 540, all Arabs, while the total land area was 9,214 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this,782 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land,13,223 for cereals, Bueine was captured by the Israeli army during the second part of Operation Dekel, 15–18 July 1948. It remained under Martial Law until 1966, Arab localities in Israel Welcome To Bueina Welcome To Nujeidat Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6, IAA, Wikimedia commons
40.
Buq'ata
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Buqata is a Druze town in the northern section of the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights. Buqata covers an area of 7,000 dunams between two mountains in the Golan Heights, Mount Hermonit and Mount Varda, located 1,070 metres above sea level, it had a population of 6,329 in 2015. Since the adoption of the 1981 Golan Heights Law, Buqata is under Israeli civil law, for more about the status and position of the Golan Heights Druze community see here. Buqata is one of the four remaining Syrian-Druze communities on the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, the others being Majdal Shams, Ein Qiniyye and Masade. Buqata and Masade are on the Golan side of the boundary, characterised by volcanic rock, while Majdal Shams and Ein Qiniyye are on the Hermon side. Buqata was founded in the 1880s by families from the town of Majdal Shams. It was destroyed in 1888 during a series of feuds between rival villages in the area, and again in 1925, during the Great Syrian Revolt against the French mandatory rule and it became part of independent Syria in 1946. In the course of the Six-Day War in 1967, the town was captured by Israel, Buqata achieved Israeli local council status in 1982. According to data compiled by Israels Central Bureau of Statistics in 2001, in 2000,72. 5% of Grade 12 students graduated with a Bagrut matriculation certificate. The inhabitants of Buqata have permanent residency in Israel and receive welfare benefits from Israel. The local economy is agricultural, with apples and grapes being the main crops. In 2013, Buqata harvested 55,000 tons of apples and this arrangement still worked in 2013, but is under threat due to the civil war in Syria
41.
Daburiyya
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Daburiyya, also Deburieh or Dabburieh, is an Arab village ca.8 km. east of Nazareth in Israels Northern District. Daburriya gained local council status in 1961 and its jurisdiction extends over 7,200 dunams. In 2015 it had a population of 9,889, Daburiyya is located off of Highway 65 at the foot of Mount Tabor in the Lower Galilee, near the area where the prophetess Deborah judged. Daburiyya is identified with the city of Daberath, which in Joshua 21,28 and in the Book of Chronicles was allotted to the tribe of Issachar. Its Greek name was Dabráth or Dabiroth and its Latin name was Dabareth, Daburiyya has been identified with the locality of Helenopolis of the Roman-Byzantine period, but Helenopolis is more commonly identified with Kafr Kama or other town or region. Remains of a Crusader church can still be seen in Daburiyya and it paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, fruit trees, cotton, as well as on goats and/or beehives. A map from Napoleons invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as Dabouri. Victor Guérin visited in the 1875, and noted Among the houses may be remarked the remains of an ancient edifice, measuring twenty-two paces in length by ten in breadth and it was once constructed of cut stones and a certain number of courses are still standing. The interior is now occupied by a house and a stable. In all probability this was a Christian Church and it is situated on the slope of the hill. Water is obtained from cisterns in the village, in 1945 the population was 1,290,1,260 Muslims and 30 Christians, with 13,373 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this,723 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land,12,581 for cereals, in 2008 and 2009 Daburiyya High School received the National Education Award, achieving second and third place. It was the first time that a school in Israel has won the award twice in a row, the principal, Abed Elsalam Masalcha, attributed the positive developments in the school to the introduction of a Transcendental Meditation program which solved student discipline problems. In 2009 the Israeli Education Ministry said it would shut down the high school of sciences. The school, located in a building intended for a project, specialized in biology, physics, chemistry. It was a branch of the Ibillin-based Mar Elias School, according to the local parents association, the school was opened because the local high school had become chaotic and the police needed to frequently intervene between students
