1.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
2.
Brazilian Declaration of Independence
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It is celebrated on September 7, the anniversary of the September 7,1822 date regent Prince Dom Pedro declared Brazils independence from Portugal. Formal recognition came with a treaty signed by both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825, the land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered Indigenous nations divided into tribes, most of whom shared the same Tupi-Guaraní language Black Mountains family. Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was started in 1534. This arrangement proved problematic, however, and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony, the Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others slowly disappeared in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazils most important export due to the international demand for sugar. To profit from the situation, by 1700, over 963,000 African slaves had been brought across the Atlantic to work in Brazil, more Africans were brought to Brazil up until that date than to all the other places in the Americas combined. Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567 and they sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered English and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, from all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines. The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. During the invasion of Portugal, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil and this had the side effect of creating within Brazil many of the institutions required to exist as an independent state, most importantly, it freed Brazil to trade with other nations at will. In 1820 the Constitutionalist Revolution erupted in Portugal, the movement initiated by the liberal constitutionalists resulted in the meeting of the Cortes, that would have to create the kingdoms first constitution. The king left for Europe on April 26, while Dom Pedro remained in Brazil governing it with the aid of the ministers of the Kingdom and Foreign Affairs, of War, of Navy and of Finance. The Portuguese military officers headquartered in Brazil were completely sympathetic to the constitutionalist movement in Portugal, the main leader of the Portuguese officers, General Jorge Avilez, forced the prince to dismiss and banish from the country the ministers of Kingdom and Finance. Both were loyal allies of Pedro, who had become a pawn in the hands of the military, the humiliation suffered by the prince, who swore he would never yield to the pressure of the military again, would have a decisive influence on his abdication ten years later. Meanwhile, on September 30,1821, the Cortes approved a decree that subordinated the governments of the Brazilian provinces directly to Portugal, Prince Pedro became for all purposes only the governor of the Rio de Janeiro Province. Other decrees that came after ordered his return to Europe and also extinguished the judicial courts created by João VI in 1808, dissatisfaction over the Cortes measures among most residents in Brazil rose to a point that it soon became publicly known. Two groups that opposed the Cortes actions to undermine the Brazilian sovereignty appeared, Liberals led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo
3.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
4.
National Day
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A national day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a nation or non-sovereign country. This nationhood can be symbolized by the date of independence, of becoming a republic or a significant date for a saint or a ruler. Often the day is not called National Day but serves and can be considered as one, the national day will often be a national holiday. Many countries have more than one national day, most countries have a fixed-date national day, but some have movable dates. An example is Jamaica, which up to 1997 celebrated its day on the first Monday in August. This commemorated independence from the United Kingdom which was attained on Monday,6 August 1962, another example is Thailand which celebrates the birthday of the king on 28 July. This date will change on the accession of the heir to the throne, most national days can be categorized in two large blocks, Newer countries that celebrate their national day as the day of their independence. Older countries that use some other event of significance as their national day. Denmark and the United Kingdom are among the few countries that do not have designated national days, importance attached to the national day as well as the degree to which it is celebrated vary greatly from country to country. A military parade is held in Madrid celebrating the occasion, the national day in France is 14 July and known as the Fête nationale commemorating the Storming of the Bastille, which is considered the start of the French Revolution. It is widely celebrated and the French Tricolour is much in evidence, in the United States, the Independence Day celebrations on 4 July are widely celebrated with parades, fireworks, picnics and barbecues. In Ireland, Saint Patricks Day,17 March, is the equivalent of a day and has been a public holiday for many years. However, in the United Kingdom the constituent countries patron saints days are low-key affairs, a National Day for the United Kingdom has also been proposed in recent years. As with the Bastille Day military parade in France, many countries have a National Day Parade. Examples include the Singapore National Day Parade, and the parade for the National Day of the Peoples Republic of China, regions that are not broadly recognized sovereign states are shown in pink. For regions controlled by states, the name of the sovereign state is shown in parentheses
5.
Continental System
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The Continental System or Continental Blockade was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. It ended on 11 April 1814 after Napoleons first abdication, as Napoleon realized that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries. His forces were tied down in Spain — in which the Spanish War of Independence was occurring simultaneously — and suffered severely in, the Berlin Decree forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. All connections were to be cut, even the mail, British merchants smuggled in many goods and the Continental System was not a powerful weapon of economic war. There was some damage to British trade, especially in 1808 and 1811, the loss of Britain as a trading partner also hit the economies of France and its allies. Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System, which led to the weakening of Napoleons coalition, Great Britain was the central important force in encouraging and financing alliances against Napoleonic France. In addition, the British government enacted a naval blockade of the French and French-allied coasts, as France lacked the naval strength to invade Britain or to decisively defeat the Royal Navy at sea, Napoleon resorted instead to economic warfare. Britain was Europes manufacturing and business center as a result of the Industrial Revolution, Napoleon believed it would be easy to take advantage of an embargo on trade with the European nations under his control, causing inflation and great debt to undermine the British strength. The UK responded with the Orders in Council of 1807 issued 11 November 1807 and these forbade French trade with the UK, its allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade French and allied ports. Napoleon retaliated with the Milan Decree of 1807, which declared that all neutral shipping using British ports or paying British tariffs were to be regarded as British, Napoleons plan to defeat Britain was to destroy its ability to trade. As an island nation, trade was its most vital lifeline, Napoleon believed that if he could isolate Britain economically, he would be able to invade the nation after its economic collapse. Napoleon decreed that all commerce ships wishing to do business in Europe must first stop at a French port in order to ensure there could be no trade with Britain. He also ordered all European nations and French allies to stop trading with Britain and his orders backfired in the Iberian Peninsula, especially in Portugal, setting off the Peninsular War. He pushed Russia too hard, both in terms of the Continental System, and in his demands for control over part of Poland. His attempted punishment of Russia through a massive invasion 1812 was one of the military disasters in world history. The embargo encouraged British merchants to seek out new markets aggressively, the System had mixed effects on British trade, with British exports to the Continent falling between 25% to 55% compared to pre-1806 levels. However, trade increased with the rest of the world. Britain, by Orders in Council, prohibited its trade partners from trading with France, the British countered the Continental system by threatening to sink any ship that did not come to a British port or chose to comply with France
6.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
7.
Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
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The transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil refers to the escape of the Queen Maria I of Portugal, Braganza royal family and its court of nearly 15,000 people from Lisbon on November 29,1807. The Braganza royal family departed for the Portuguese colony of Brazil just days before Napoleonic forces invaded Lisbon on December 1, the Portuguese crown remained in Brazil from 1808 until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on April 26,1821. The prince regent of Portugal at the time, John VI, had governed the country on behalf of Maria I of Portugal since 1799. Anticipating the invasion of Napoleons army, John VI ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed. On December 5, almost halfway between Lisbon and Madeira, Sidney Smith, along with Britains envoy to Lisbon, Lord Strangford, returned to Europe with part of the British flotilla. Graham Moore, a British sailor and career officer in the Royal Navy, continued escorting the Portuguese royal family to Brazil with the ships Marlborough, London, Bedford, on January 22,1808, John and his court arrived in Salvador, Brazil. There, Prince John signed a law opening commerce between Brazil and friendly nations such as the United Kingdom and this new law, however, broke the colonial pact that had permitted Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations with Portugal only. Coutinhos secret negotiations paved the way for Prince Johns law to come to fruition in 1808, on March 7,1808, the court arrived in Rio de Janeiro. On December 16,1815, John created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, Brazilian representatives were elected to the Portuguese Constitutional Courts. In 1816, with the death of Queen Maria, Prince John became king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, after several delays, the ceremony of his acclamation took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1818. In Rio de Janeiro, he established a powder factory, a botanical garden, an art academy. All these measures advanced Brazils independence from Portugal, owing to the absence of the king and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe political crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal in 1821. The heir of John VI, Pedro I, remained in Brazil, the Portuguese Cortes demanded that Brazil return to its former status as a colony and the return of the heir to Portugal. Prince Pedro, influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Senate, Brazil declared its independence on 7 September 1822, forming the Empire of Brazil, ending 322 years of colonial dominance of Portugal over Brazil. Pedro was crowned the first emperor in Rio de Janeiro on 12 October 1822, the Portuguese court’s tenure in Rio de Janeiro created the conditions which led to Brazil’s independence. With the court’s arrival, Rio de Janeiro saw an increase in its population. This, coupled with increases in trade and subsequent immigration, transformed the city into an economic center in the New World. In 1815, this resulted in Brazil being declared a co-kingdom with Portugal and this was in part because its burgeoning independent identity had had an effect on Pedro, King John’s oldest son and first emperor of Brazil
8.
Lisbon
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Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and it is continental Europes westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean, the westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a city because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education. It is one of the economic centres on the continent, with a growing financial sector. Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually, as of 2015, and the motorway network, the city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan, with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009. The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $32,434 per capita, the city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world. Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world, julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, in 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbons status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, the typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 °C. Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC, another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbons name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela and it was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo or Olissipona. The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population and this indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects
9.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
10.
Colonial Brazil
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Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of the Brazilian export economy after a brief period of Indian slavery to cut brazilwood. The boom and bust economic cycles were linked to export products, gold and diamonds were discovered and mined in southern Brazil through the end of the colonial era. Brazilian cities were largely port cities and the administrative capital was moved several times in response to the rise. Unlike Spanish America that fragmented in many republics, Brazil remained as an administrative unit with a monarch. Like Spanish America with European Spanish, Brazil had linguistic integrity of Portuguese, both Spanish America and Brazil were Roman Catholic. The Portuguese identified brazilwood as a red dye and an exploitable product. Its maritime exploration then proceeded down the coast of West Africa and they sought the sources of gold, ivory, and African slaves that were high value goods of the African trade. The Portuguese set up fortified trading factories, whereby permanent, fairly small commercial settlements anchored trade in a region, the initial costs of setting up these commercial posts was borne by private investors, who in turn received hereditary titles and commercial advantages. From the Portuguese crowns point of view, its realm was expanded with relatively little cost to itself, the most decisive of these treaties was the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, that created the Tordesillas Meridian, dividing the world between those two kingdoms. All land discovered or to be discovered east of that meridian was to be the property of Portugal, the Tordesillas Meridian divided South America into two parts, leaving a large chunk of land to be exploited by the Spaniards. The Treaty of Tordesillas was arguably the most decisive event in all Brazilian history, the present extent of Brazils coastline is almost exactly that defined by the treaty of Madrid, which was approved in 1750. On April 22,1500, during the reign of King Manuel I, although it is debated whether previous Portuguese explorers had already been in Brazil, this date is widely and politically accepted as the day of the discovery of Brazil by Europeans. Álvares Cabral was leading a fleet of 13 ships and more than 1000 men following Vasco da Gamas way to India. The place where Álvares Cabral arrived is now known as Porto Seguro, after the voyage of Álvares Cabral, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts on the lucrative possessions in Africa and India and showed little interest in Brazil. Between 1500 and 1530, relatively few Portuguese expeditions came to the new land to chart the coast, in Europe, this wood was used to produce a valuable dye to give color to luxury textiles. Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to the land to extract brazilwood. Worried about foreign incursions and hoping to find riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land. In 1530, an expedition led by Martim Afonso de Sousa arrived in Brazil to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, at first, Brazil was set up as fifteen private, hereditary captaincies
11.
Prince Regent
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A prince regent, or prince-regent, is a prince who rules a monarchy as regent instead of a monarch, e. g. as a result of the Sovereigns incapacity or absence. Regents Park, Regent Street and Regents Canal in London were all named in honour of him. Nash, under the patronage of the HRH Prince Regent, planned a palatial summer residence for the Prince,50 detached villas in a parkland setting and elegant terraces around the exterior of the park. This was all part of a plan, to develop The Regents Park and lay out an elegant new street, Regents Street, to link it to St Jamess Park. This period is known as the British Regency, or just the Regency, the title was conferred by the Regency Act on February 5,1811. Subject to certain limitations for a period, the Prince Regent was able to exercise the powers of the King. The precedent of the Regency Crisis of 1788 was followed, the Prince of Wales continued as regent until his fathers death in 1820, when he became George IV. The years of Luitpolds regency were marked by artistic and cultural activity in Bavaria. Numerous streets in Bavarian cities and towns are called Prinzregentenstraße, many institutions are named in Luitpolds honour, e. g. the Prinzregententheater in Munich. Prinzregententorte is a cake with chocolate butter cream named in Luitpolds honour. At Luitpolds death in 1912, his son Prince Ludwig succeeded as Prince Regent, Ludwig held the title for less than a year, since the Bavarian Legislature decided to recognise him as king. Prince Charles of Belgium served as Prince Regent of Belgium from 1944 to 1950 during the German captivity and then exile to Switzerland of his elder brother, King Leopold III of Belgium. On 5 September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on the Kingdom of Bulgaria and on 8 September Soviet armies crossed the Romanian border, in the Kingdom of Swaziland, queen mothers have temporarily stepped in when the sovereign was either a minor or unable to reign for other reasons. More prince-regents are to be found in List of regents, crown Prince Frederick of Denmark served as regent from 1784 to 1808 for his father, King Christian VII of Denmark, who was insane. Prince William of Prussia served as regent from 1858 to 1861 for his older brother King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who had become mentally unfit to rule. Prince Dorgon of the early Qing dynasty served as regent for his nephew, Dorgon was instrumental in moving Manchu forces into Beijing in 1644, proclaiming the Qing dynasty to be the legitimate successor to the Ming dynasty. In Qing dynasty historical records, Dorgon was the first to be referred to as Shezhengwang, rameses The Great Prince Chun of the late Qing dynasty served as regent from 1908 to 1911 for his son Puyi, the Xuantong Emperor. Apart from Dorgon, Zaifeng was the person in Chinese history who was specifically referred to as Prince Regent
12.
John VI of Portugal
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John VI, nicknamed the Clement, was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves from 1816 to 1822. Although the United Kingdom over which he ruled ceased to exist de facto beginning in 1822, after the recognition of Brazilian independence under the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro of 1825, he continued as King of Portugal and the Algarves until his death in 1826. Under the same treaty, he became titular Emperor of Brazil for life, while his son. Born in Lisbon in 1767, the son of Maria I and Peter III of Portugal and he only became heir to the throne when his older brother José, Prince of Brazil, died of smallpox in 1788 at the age of 27. Before his accession to the Portuguese throne, John VI bore the titles Duke of Braganza and Duke of Beja, from 1799, he served as prince regent of Portugal, due to the mental illness of his mother, Queen Maria I. In 1816, he succeeded his mother as monarch of the Portuguese Empire, with no change in his authority. One of the last representatives of absolute monarchy in Europe, he lived during a turbulent period, throughout his period of rule, major powers, such as Spain, France and Great Britain, continually intervened in Portuguese affairs. His marriage was no less conflictual, as his wife, Carlota Joaquina of Spain and he lost Brazil when his son Pedro declared independence, and his other son Miguel led a rebellion that sought to depose him. According to recent scholarly research, his death may well have been caused by arsenic poisoning, João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael was born 13 May 1767, during the reign of his grandfather, Joseph I of Portugal. He was the son of the future Queen Maria I, Josephs daughter, and her husband. At the time of Johns birth they were, respectively, Princess of Brazil and he was ten years old when his grandfather died and his mother ascended to the throne. His childhood and youth were lived quietly, as he was a mere infante in the shadow of his elder brother José, Prince of Brazil and 14th Duke of Braganza, the heir-apparent to the throne. Folklore has John as a rather uncultured youth, but according to Jorge Pedreira e Costa, still, a French ambassador of the time painted him in unfavorable colors, seeing him as hesitant and dim. The record of this period of his life is too vague for historians to form any definitive picture, little is known of the substance of his education. He surely received instruction in religion, law, French, and etiquette, and would presumably have learned history through reading the works of Duarte Nunes de Leão and João de Barros. In 1785, Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louriçal, arranged a marriage between John and the Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain, daughter of King Charles IV of Spain, like her betrothed, Carlota was a junior member of a royal family. Fearing a new Iberian Union, some in the Portuguese court viewed the marriage to a Spanish infanta unfavorably and she endured four days of testing by the Portuguese ambassadors before the marriage pact was confirmed. Because John and Carlota were related, and because of the brides youth, after being confirmed, the marriage capitulation was signed in the throne room of the Spanish court with great pomp and with the participation of both kingdoms
13.
Pedro I of Brazil
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Dom Pedro I, nicknamed the Liberator, was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom João VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When their country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugals largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro Is father to return to Portugal in April 1821 and he had to deal with threats from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese governments threat to revoke the autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazils independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822, on 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of the Equator, in March 1826, Pedro I briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona Maria II. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south resulted in Brazils loss of Cisplatina, during the same year in Lisbon, Maria IIs throne was usurped by Prince Dom Miguel, Pedro Is younger brother. The Emperors concurrent and scandalous affair with a female courtier tarnished his reputation. Other difficulties arose in the Brazilian parliament, where a struggle over whether the government would be chosen by the monarch or by the legislature dominated political debates from 1826 to 1831. Unable to deal with problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, on 7 April 1831 Pedro I abdicated in favor of his son Dom Pedro II, Pedro I invaded Portugal at the head of an army in July 1832. Pedro I died of tuberculosis on 24 September 1834, just a few months after he, Pedro was born at 08,00 on 12 October 1798 in the Queluz Royal Palace near Lisbon, Portugal. He was named after St. Peter of Alcantara, and his name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim. He was referred to using the honorific Dom from birth and his mother, Doña Carlota Joaquina, was the daughter of King Don Carlos IV of Spain. Pedros parents had an unhappy marriage, Carlota Joaquina was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spains interests, even to the detriment of Portugals. Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow in league with dissatisfied Portuguese nobles, as the second eldest son, Pedro became his fathers heir apparent and Prince of Beira upon the death of his elder brother Francisco António in 1801. Prince Dom João had been acting as regent on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I, by 1802, Pedros parents were estranged, João lived in the Mafra National Palace and Carlota Joaquina in Ramalhão Palace. Pedro and his siblings resided in the Queluz Palace with their grandmother Maria I, far from their parents, in late November 1807, when Pedro was nine, the royal family escaped from Portugal as an invading French army sent by Napoleon approached Lisbon
14.
Independence of Brazil
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It is celebrated on September 7, the anniversary of the September 7,1822 date regent Prince Dom Pedro declared Brazils independence from Portugal. Formal recognition came with a treaty signed by both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825, the land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered Indigenous nations divided into tribes, most of whom shared the same Tupi-Guaraní language Black Mountains family. Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was started in 1534. This arrangement proved problematic, however, and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony, the Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others slowly disappeared in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazils most important export due to the international demand for sugar. To profit from the situation, by 1700, over 963,000 African slaves had been brought across the Atlantic to work in Brazil, more Africans were brought to Brazil up until that date than to all the other places in the Americas combined. Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567 and they sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered English and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, from all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines. The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. During the invasion of Portugal, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil and this had the side effect of creating within Brazil many of the institutions required to exist as an independent state, most importantly, it freed Brazil to trade with other nations at will. In 1820 the Constitutionalist Revolution erupted in Portugal, the movement initiated by the liberal constitutionalists resulted in the meeting of the Cortes, that would have to create the kingdoms first constitution. The king left for Europe on April 26, while Dom Pedro remained in Brazil governing it with the aid of the ministers of the Kingdom and Foreign Affairs, of War, of Navy and of Finance. The Portuguese military officers headquartered in Brazil were completely sympathetic to the constitutionalist movement in Portugal, the main leader of the Portuguese officers, General Jorge Avilez, forced the prince to dismiss and banish from the country the ministers of Kingdom and Finance. Both were loyal allies of Pedro, who had become a pawn in the hands of the military, the humiliation suffered by the prince, who swore he would never yield to the pressure of the military again, would have a decisive influence on his abdication ten years later. Meanwhile, on September 30,1821, the Cortes approved a decree that subordinated the governments of the Brazilian provinces directly to Portugal, Prince Pedro became for all purposes only the governor of the Rio de Janeiro Province. Other decrees that came after ordered his return to Europe and also extinguished the judicial courts created by João VI in 1808, dissatisfaction over the Cortes measures among most residents in Brazil rose to a point that it soon became publicly known. Two groups that opposed the Cortes actions to undermine the Brazilian sovereignty appeared, Liberals led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo
15.
Independence or Death (painting)
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The painting Independence or Death, also known as the Cry of Ipiranga, is the main artwork representing the proclamation of Brazilian independence. The artist Pedro Américo finished the painting in 1888 in Florence, the Brazilian imperial house commissioned the work, due to investments into the construction of the Museu do Ipiranga. The goal of the artwork was to emphasize the monarchy, there exists evidence that the painting is not an accurate description of the events on the shores of the Ipiranga Brook
16.
Oil painting
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Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
17.
Liberal Revolution of 1820
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The Liberal Revolution of 1820 was a Portuguese political revolution that erupted in 1820. It began with an insurrection in the city of Porto, in northern Portugal. The movements liberal ideas had an important influence on Portuguese society, from 1807 to 1811 Napoleonic French forces invaded Portugal three times. As a result, the Portuguese royal family was transferred to the Portuguese colony of Brazil, from Brazil, the Portuguese king João VI ruled his trans-Atlantic empire for thirteen years. Following the defeat of the French forces in 1814, Portugal experienced a period of political turmoil. Eventually this unrest put an end to the long stay in Brazil. Even though the Portuguese had participated in the defeat of the French, the officers of the Portuguese Army resented British control of the Portuguese armed forces. The city of Porto, with a strong, dynamic bourgeoisie, in its brief existence the movement attempted to introduce liberalism in Portugal, although it ultimately failed to do so. In October 1817, the Regency found the twelve of the accused guilty of treason against the nation, freire de Andrade was executed on the same day at the São Julião da Barra Fort. The executions sparked protests against Beresford and the Regency and intensified anti-British feeling in the country, in his absence, the Revolution of Porto broke out in 1820, and upon his arrival from Brazil, he was forbidden to disembark in Lisbon. The revolutionaries demanded the return of the royal court to continental Portugal in order to restore the metropolitan dignity. In fact, the revolution of 1820 not only forced the return of the king. The Brazilian kingdom had legally been an equal, constituent part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, the revolutionaries organized the election of a constitutional assembly which debated the nature of the future government. The elections resulted in deputies were primarily from the professions /and not from the merchants who had spearheaded the revolution, professionals now took the lead in the revolution. The constitution that was approved in 1822 was closely modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812, after John VI returned to Portugal in 1821, his heir-apparent, Pedro, became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. Following a series of events and disputes, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October 1822, Pedro was acclaimed as the first Emperor of Brazil and he was crowned on 1 December 1822. Portugal recognized Brazils sovereignty in 1825, in 1826 João VI died with no clear heir, further destabilizing the nation
18.
Maria Leopoldina of Austria
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Dona Maria Leopoldina of Austria was an archduchess of Austria, Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal. She was born in Vienna, Austria, as the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, among her many siblings were Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria and Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. She was also the great-niece, through her paternal Grandfather, of the ill-fated Queen Marie Antoinette of France, Leopoldina was born on 22 January 1797 in Schönbrunn Palace, in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria. She was given the name Caroline Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda, according to her biographer Carlos H and she was raised in accordance with the educational principles laid down by her grandfather, Emperor Leopold II. Among these was the habit of exercising her handwriting by writing the text, In addition, she and her sisters were taught to speak French. They were also educated in drawing, piano, riding and hunting and her mother died when she was ten years old and her father went on to remarry Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este. Her late mother was a soprano and Leopoldina had the chance of meeting Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1810 and 1812 and her passions included natural sciences, especially botany and mineralogy. She was formed according to the three Habsburg principles, discipline, piety and a sense of duty, on 24 September 1816 it was announced by Leopoldinas father that Pedro of Braganza wished to take a Habsburg princess as his wife. Klemens von Metternich suggested that it should be Leopoldina to go get married, during these weeks Leopoldina compiled and wrote a vade mecum, a unique document the like of which has never been produced by any other Habsburg princess. On 13 May 1817 Leopoldina was married to Dom Pedro per procuram in Vienna, at the ceremony the bridegroom was represented by Leopoldina’s uncle, Archduke Charles. From a distance Pedro initially appeared to Leopoldina to be a perfect, well-educated gentleman, Dom Pedro was a year younger than Leopoldina and sadly rarely measured up to the descriptions given by the matchmakers. His temperament was impulsive and choleric, and his education but modest, even spoken communication between the young married couple proved difficult, as Pedro spoke very little French and his Portuguese could only be described as vulgar. The young married couple took up residence in six small rooms in the Palace of São Cristóvão. The inner courtyard and path to the stables were unpaved and the tropical rainfall quickly turned everything to mud, there were insects everywhere, including in their clothing, for the uniforms and court regalia made of velvet and plush rotted and turned mouldy in the heat and humidity. Maria Leopoldina became Brazils first empress consort and she also played an important role in the process of issuing a Declaration of Independence. On 2 September 1822, a new decree with demands from Lisbon arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Leopoldina, advised by José Bonifácio, and using her power as Princess Regent, met on 2 September 1822 with the Council of Ministers. She decided to send her husband the news along with a letter advising him to declare Brazils independence and warned him, The fruit is ready, Prince Pedro declared the countrys independence upon receiving the letter on 7 September 1822. When his father, João VI, died on 10 March 1826, Pedro inherited the Portuguese throne as King Pedro IV, Maria Leopoldina thus became both Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal
19.
Ipiranga Brook
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Its name derives from the Tupi words, Y, which means water or river, and Piranga, which means red. It is also mentioned in the national anthem. On September 2,1822, a decree with Lisbons demands arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Princess Maria Leopoldina, acting as Princess Regent, met with the Council of Ministers and decided to send her husband a letter advising him to proclaim Brazils independence. The letter reached Prince Pedro on September 7,1822 and that same day, in a famous scene at the shore of the Ipiranga Brook, he declared the countrys independence, ending 322 years of colonial dominance of Portugal over Brazil. List of rivers of São Paulo Independence Day 1822 Independence or Death Brazilian Ministry of Transport
20.
Monumental Axis
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The Monumental Axis is a central avenue in Brasílias city design. The avenue begins on the National Congress of Brazil building and is considered part of the DF-002 road and its first section is known as Ministries Esplanade, as it is surrounded by ministries buildings. Many important government buildings, monuments and memorials are located on the Monumental Axis, a common urban legend persists that the Monumental Axis is the widest road in the world, where cars can drive side by side. This is untrue, as the road consists of two avenues with six lanes on either side, a total of twelve lanes, however, the street has been featured in the Guinness Book of Records as having the widest central reservation of a dual carriageway in the world. On April 21,2008, a year before they broke up. The show was to celebrate the 48th Anniversary of the founding of Brasilia and it was recorded and released as a DVD titled Live in Brasilia. The crowd in attendance was the largest for which the group had performed, brasília List of Oscar Niemeyer works
21.
President of Brazil
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The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup détat against Emperor Pedro II, since then, Brazil has had six constitutions, three dictatorships, and three democratic periods. During the democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory, the Constitution of Brazil, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president and term of office and the method of election. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, a provisional measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. The 60-day period can be extended once, up to 120 days, if Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the legislative branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60-day period, or sooner, the President of Brazil serves for a term of office of four years, and may be reelected for a single consecutive term. This two-term limit, however, is not for life—a former President who has served for two terms may, at a later time, run again for office, as long as at least one term has elapsed. The current term of four years was established by the 5th Amendment to the Constitution, in 1994, and the permission for reelection, by the 16th Amendment, in 1997. Before that, the President had been barred from reelection for all of Brazils republican history, with the exception of the latter half of the Vargas Era. The office was limited to men until the Brazilian Constitution of 1937, as of 2015, the president earns a monthly salary of R$30,934.70, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services while in office.1. The Palácio do Planalto in Brasília is the workplace of the President. The Residência Oficial do Torto, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, is a retreat of the president. In addition, the presidency of the republic also maintains the Jaburu Palace in Brasília for use by the Vice President of the Republic as his or her official residence. In the 2000s, the government decided to establish Regional Offices of the Presidency of the Republic in certain key Brazilian cities. The presidency of the republic also maintains offices in Porto Alegre. For ground travel, the president uses the state car. A1952 Rolls Royce Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits, a modified version of the Airbus A319, air force designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights
22.
Brazilian real
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The real is the present-day currency of Brazil. Its sign is R$ and its ISO code is BRL and it is divided into 100 centavos. At the time it was meant to have approximately fixed 1,1 exchange rate with the United States dollar. It suffered a sudden devaluation to a rate of about 2,1 in 1999, reached almost 4,1 in 2002, the exchange rate as of September 2015 was BRL4.05 to USD1.00. However Unicode considers the difference to be only a matter of font design, the new currency replaced the short-lived cruzeiro real. The reform included the demonetisation of the real and required a massive banknote replacement. At its introduction, the real was defined to be equal to 1 unidade real de valor a non-circulating currency unit. At the same time the URV was defined to be worth 2750 cruzeiros reais, as a consequence, the real was worth exactly one U. S. dollar as it was introduced. Combined with all previous currency changes in the history, this reform made the new real equal to 2.75 ×1018 of Brazils original réis. Soon after its introduction, the real unexpectedly gained value against the U. S. dollar, during that period it attained its maximum dollar value ever, about US$1.20. In January 1999 the deterioration of the markets, disrupted by the Russian default, forced the Central Bank, under its new president Arminio Fraga. This decision produced a major devaluation, to a rate of almost R$2, many Brazilians feared another default on government debts or a resumption of heterodox economic policies, and rushed to exchange their reais into tangible assets or foreign currencies. In October 2002 the exchange rate reached its low of almost R$4 per US$1. The value of the real in dollars continued to fluctuate but generally upwards, so that by 2005 the exchange was a little over R$2, US$1. Brazil, and sometimes used in bordering countries, especially Brazil/Uruguay and Brazil/Paraguay borders in every year millions of Brazilians go shopping at the duty-free stores etc. It is also accepted in Argentina, not only in shops and duty-free stores in border cities like Puerto Iguazú but also in shops and restaurants in the capital city. Along with the first series of currency, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,5,10 and 50 centavos and 1 real, all were struck in stainless steel. The original 1-real coins dated 1994-1997 have been withdrawn from circulation since 31 December 1997, in 1998, a second series of coins was introduced
23.
TV Brasil
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TV Brasil is a Brazilian non-profit public broadcasting television network launched on December 2,2007 at noon. Although TV Cultura was the first public broadcasting channel in the country, TV Brasil originated from a decree which created Empresa Brasil de Comunicação, the networks maintainer, published on October 25,2007 in the Diário Oficial da União, Brazils official gazette. The lack of equipment restricted TV Brasils launching to only three cities and its programming, however, is also available through its official website and cable and satellite television. TV Brasil affiliated stations broadcast four hours a day of regional programing and it also broadcast Brazilian films and programs made by other public television channels. The programming of is divided into five daily streams, children, animation, audio-visual, citizenship, franklin Martins, Secretary of Social Communication, has commented that TV Brasils programming is not yet fully prepared and may suffer from late changes. Martins also said he wished to use public opinion polls to determine the programming, among self-owned and affiliated stations, TV Brasil reaches over 30 municipalities throughout all regions of Brazil. On the rest of the country, TV Brasils availability is limited to satellite and its live programming can also be watched on the networks official website. TV Brasil official website TV Brasil on Twitter TV Brasil on Facebook TV Brasil at LyngSat Address
24.
Brazilian Day
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Brazilian Day is an annual festival which takes place in New York City and other cities around the world. It is held near the beginning of September to celebrate Brazils independence day, Brazilian Day is always on Sunday of the Labor Day weekend. Brazilian Day is part of the calendar of New York City. The event first ran in 1984 on 46th Street between 5th Avenue and Avenue of the Americas, which is known as The Brazilian Street. From 2009 on, Brazilian Day also has taken place in the United States, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom and Angola. Over time, Brazilian Day in New York has grown larger and has moved to 6th Avenue, currently, the event takes up over 25 blocks. At the festival, a big crowd attends to see the spectacles and visit the stands in which are sold Brazilian food, baterias de Samba play in the street and the people dance. Rede Globo television has been broadcasting the NYC Brazilian Day in the last few years, Brazilian Day NYC was created in 1984, by the founder of the Brazilian American Cultural Center, João De Matos. The first event was more of a party centered on West 46th street between 5th Ave and Avenue of the Americas. Today, this area is known as Little Brazil, Manhattan because Mayor Rudy Giuliani had this area so proclaimed. In 1984 the festival only showcased arts and crafts from Brazil, as well as Brazilian cuisine, Brazilian Day has become a mega event, with over one million people from across the US, Brazil and other countries across the globe celebrating. Keeping with tradition, there are various stands with arts and crafts from Brazil, Brazilian Day has also brought new successful artists of Brazilian music, such as Luan Santana, Gusttavo Lima, and Jorge & Mateus. Official Website The Last Samba of Summer http, //braziliandayphiladelphia. com/
25.
Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
26.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
27.
Daniela Mercury
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Daniela Mercury is a portuguese Brazilian singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, actress and television host. In her solo career, Mercury has sold over 20 million records worldwide and had 24 Top 10 singles in the country, with 14 of them reached #1. In 1991, Mercury released her album, which was followed by O Canto da Cidade a year later, boosting her career as a national artist. She recorded a commemorative DVD of Cirque du Soleils 25th anniversary, in addition, Mercury was invited to participate in the Alejandro Sanzs DVD, and sing with Paul McCartney in Oslo, Norway, during the delivery of the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2009 she released her album called Canibália, along with the album, the album spawned three singles, Preta with Seu Jorge, Oyá Por Nós with Margareth Menezes and Sol do Sul. In 2011 the American TV channel CBS, elected Daniela Mercury as the Carmen Miranda of the new times, Daniela Mercury de Almeida was born on July 28,1965, in the Portuguese Hospital in Salvador, Bahia. Her mother is Liliana Mercuri, a worker of Italian ancestry, and her father is António Fernando de Abreu Ferreira de Almeida. Mercury grew up in a middle class household in the Brotas neighborhood of Salvador with her four siblings, Tom, Cristiana, Vânia, a troublemaker as a child, Mercury was nicknamed drip-fire. She attended both the Ana Néri School and the Colégio Baiano, at eight years old, Mercury began taking dance lessons, particularly classical ballet, jazz, and African dances. At age 13, influenced by the work of Elis Regina and her repertoire consisted of bossa nova as well as the music of Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, and Chico Buarque. To her parents unease she started singing in bars in 1980. She made her trio elétrico debut soon afterward, during the 1981 carnival, Mercurys zeal for dance eventually led her to the Federal University of Bahia, where she enrolled in the Dance School in 1984. A year later she married electronic engineer Zalther Póvoas and gave birth to Gabriel Almeida Póvoas, the next year she gave birth to daughter Giovana Almeida Póvoas. From 1986 to 1988, Mercury was the singer for the band Cheiro de Amor. Mercury continued to pursue a career in music and, by 1988, was a singer for Gilberto Gil. In 1989, recorded her first two albums as the singer of pop band Companhia Clic. Their songs Pega que Oh. and Ilha das Bananas became minor hits in Bahia radio stations, as the 1990s began, Mercury decided to pursue a solo career. Mercurys self-titled debut album was released in 1991 through independent record company Eldorado, the lead single of the album, Swing da Cor, which features Olodum, became a number-one hit in Brazil, and the album was soon known as Swing da Cor
28.
Ivete Sangalo
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Ivete Maria Dias de Sangalo Cady, Juazeiro, May 27,1972 is a Brazilian singer, songwriter, and occasional actress and television show host. She is one of the most popular and best-selling Brazilian female singers of the present, with six albums released with Banda Eva, Sangalo is most often recognized by her powerful voice, charisma and live performances. Her music is very popular in Portugal. As a child, Sangalo started to sing and play guitar at events, festivals, Ivete Sangalos debut show happened in Ondina Neighborhood, Salvador, in August 1992. With that show she won the Dorival Caymmi trophy, considered the Grammy of Bahia music, Ivete Sangalo was born in Juazeiro, Bahia, where she spent her whole childhood. She is of paternal Spanish descent, her grandfather was born there and she started her singing career in events at school and then started singing at bars. Soon, she started to receive attention and signed with Sony Music. In 1993, Sony decided to reform the Axé group Banda Eva and her live album with the band, Banda Eva Ao Vivo, was their best-selling album, selling over a million copies. In 1997 she decided to start a career and in 1999 she released her first self-titled album. With lots of upbeat Bahian rhythms and axé, the album received gold, the following year she released another album, Beat Beleza, which also achieved platinum status. In 2000 she released the album Festa, whose track was another major success. The single was very popular, and the album got platinum certification, Festa was her biggest hit single up to that point and the video also received huge airplay. Festa ended up being the most popular song of 2001 in Brazil and its music video featured over 20 cameo appearances by Brazilian celebrities. In 2002, she released the album Se Eu Não te Amasse Tanto Assim, the album, which features a duet with American singer Brian McKnight, didnt sell as much as her previous albums, but was still a hit. Following Se Eu Não te Amasse Tanto Assim, she released Clube Carnavalesco Innocentes Em Progresso in 2003 and it was the lowest-selling solo album of her career but it still managed to receive gold certification. MTV Ao Vivo Ivete Sangalo MTV Live, Ivete Sangalo, was an album and included her biggest hits, few released on a live album before. The album earned huge sales, most of them because of the single Sorte Grande, the song received heavy airplay in Brazil. The album received diamond certification and was the second best-selling album of 2004, the DVD, which included the concert held at the Fonte Nova stadium, was certified 3x Diamond, sold over 600,000 copies, and is the best-selling musical DVD in Brazil of all time
29.
Skank (band)
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Skank is a Brazilian band from Belo Horizonte. Having begun in 1991, they sold approximately 5,200,000 copies of their albums as of 2004, initially intending to mix dancehall with traditional Brazilian styles, later the band changed its sonority to music closer to Britpop and local movement Clube da Esquina. In 1983, Samuel Rosa and Henrique Portugal started to play in a band called Pouso Alto, along with Dinho Mourão. In 1991, Pouso Alto arranged for a performance in São Paulo, the band premiered on June 5,1991, and due to the performance competing with the Campeonato Paulista final match, the audience was 37 people. After the show, the changed its name to Skank, inspired by Bob Marleys song Easy skanking. In 45 days,1,200 were sold, and Sony Music signed the band as the first Brazilian act in its Chaos label, Skank was re-released in April 1993. The singles O Homem Que Sabia Demais, Tanto and InNação took the group on a 120 concerts tour around Brazil, Calango was the first record produced by Dudu Marote. É Proibido Fumar, Te Ver, Pacato Cidadão, Esmola and Jackie Tequila were hits, O Samba Poconé was released in 1996. Manu Chao featured in Sem Terra, Los Pretos e Zé Trindade, O Samba Poconé sold 1,800,000 cópias -800,000 of those in two months. Siderado, produced by John Shaw and Paul Ralphes, begins the movement towards a more rock. The Clube da Esquina-influenced Resposta, Mandrake e Os Cubanos and Saideira were hits, released in 1998, Siderado sold 750 thousand copies. Daúde and Uakti participated as guest artists, in 1999 Skank recorded a Spanish language version for Wrapped Around Your Finger in a tribute album for The Police entitled Outlandos dAmerica. Maquinarama, produced by Chico Neves and Tom Capone and released in July 2000, some of the hit singles were Três Lados, Balada do Amor Inabalável and Canção Noturna. The original cover shows a Cadillac with graffiti by Californian artist Kenny Scharf, the international version has a different cover. In 2001, Skank recorded the first live album in Ouro Preto as part of the MTV Brasils series MTV Ao Vivo, MTV Ao Vivo sold 600 thousand copies. Besides a list of hits chosen by fans through Skanks website, the album had the new song Acima do Sol, in 2002 Samuel Rosa played acoustic guitar in É Proibido Fumar, from the Acústico MTV by Roberto Carlos. Cosmotron, produced by Skank and Tom Capone, was released in July 2003, nevertheless the album had many radio and ringtone hits. Supernova, Dois Rios, Vou Deixar and Amores Imperfeitos were the main tracks, cosmotron won the Latin Grammy - best Brazilian rock album award in 2004
30.
Banda Calypso
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Banda Calypso was a Brazilian brega pop band, with influences of regional rhythms of the state of Pará. The band was formed in Belem, the capital, in 1999 by singer/dancer Joelma da Silva Mendes and guitarist/producer Cledivan Almeida Farias. Early exposure of their work was restricted to only the North, the band now enjoys success throughout Brazil and has begun to establish its career abroad with tours to the United States, Europe and Angola. The band plays a rhythm known as Brega pop and Calypso. Banda Calypso also plays a mixture of several Pará rhythms as well as Cumbia, Merengtheue and Carimbó. In 2011, development began on the feature film This is Calypso – The Movie, which recount how Joelma and Chimbinha met. The film is being directed by Caco Souza and will star Deborah Secco as Joelma, on 19 August 2015 the couple announced their separation. The announcement stated that the band would honor its current commitments until the end of its calendar in December 2015. Cledivan Almeida Farias, better known as Chimbinha and today as Ximbinha, was born in Pará and he began playing the flute at age 12. He reinvented the rhythm Brega pop, at just 18 he was already among the best known of Belém music producers. Joelma da Silva Mendes was born in Almeirim in Pará and she began singing at the age of 19 in local nightclubs. She became well-known after singing at the Art and Culture Fair of the city and she sang for six years in the band Fazendo Arte, until she decided to record her first solo CD. At a dinner at the home of Pará singer Kim Marques, known for his arrangements, he agreed to produce her solo album under the stage name Joelma Lins. The singer and the guitarist began dating and decided to come together to form the band, initially, they expected to sell ten thousand disks, which was then considered a success. Thirteen years after the release of their first album, Banda Calypso had surpassed 14 million albums sold, on 19 August 2015 the official social network of the band on Facebook declared the separation of the couple. According to the advisory they did not report the reason for the separation, only that the marriage of Joelma, the advisory also stated that the performance commitments of Banda Calypso will continue with its calendar throughout Brazil until December,2015. We rely on the kindness and understanding of all so that moment is privately maintained. The band was created in 1999 with the transformation of the solo album Joelma into Banda Calypso, therefore, Chimbinha put together a partnership that cut a limited edition of 1000 discs, which sold out within one week
31.
New York City Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
32.
Rede Globo
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Rede Globo, or simply Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Grupo Globo, being by far the largest of its holdings, Globo is headquartered in the Jardim Botânico neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, where its news division is based. The networks main studios are located at a complex dubbed Estúdios Globo. It is composed of 122 owned and affiliate stations throughout Brazil plus its own international networks, Globo TV International. In 2007, Globo moved its operations to high-definition television production for digital broadcasting. Rede Globo is one of the largest media companies in the world, through its network, the broadcaster covers 98. 6% of Brazils territory. Recognized for its quality, the company has already been presented with 14 international Emmys. In July 1957, Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek approved a request by Radio Globo to establish a television channel, on 30 December 1957, the National Council of Telecommunication published a decree which granted a channel in Rio de Janeiro to TV Globo Ltda. Globo then started preparing the beginning of its broadcasting operations. Globo began broadcasting on 26 April 1965 in Rio de Janeiro on channel four and that same day, at about 10,45 a. m. Rubens Amaral formally introduced Rede Globo to viewers in Rio de Janeiro, by May of that same year, the live telecast of the Holy Mass, which later became its longest running and oldest program, was seen for the first time. The following year, Globo purchased another television station, São Paulo-based TV Paulista, expanding its operations, in January 1966, Globo broadcast its first major news coverage on flooding in Rio. Jornal da Globo, another show for the network, was the successor to Ultranoticias. It featured a broadcast time of 15 minutes and was hosted by Hilton Gomez and, later, in 1967, Globo began to build its national network with the affiliation of Porto Alegre-based TV Gaúcha. TV Gaúcha would become Globos affiliate in Florianopolis in the late 1970s and it is one of Globo s oldest affiliates, active since 1962, three years before Globo was launched. Uberlândias TV Triângulo and Goiânias TV Anhanguera soon followed in 1967 and 1968, the now extinct TV Guajará, based in Belém, was launched in 1969, and was followed by TV Verdes Mares the following year. 1968 was also the year in which Globos branch station in Belo Horizonte, Rede Globo Minas, was launched, as well as the very first microwave broadcasts between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. On 1 September 1969, the country and national television broadcasting changed with the premiere of Jornal Nacional and its theme music, The Fuzz by Frank DeVol, became one of the shows trademarks, together with the program logo and the Boa Noite closing established by the hosts
33.
Globo International Network
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Rede Globo, or simply Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Grupo Globo, being by far the largest of its holdings, Globo is headquartered in the Jardim Botânico neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, where its news division is based. The networks main studios are located at a complex dubbed Estúdios Globo. It is composed of 122 owned and affiliate stations throughout Brazil plus its own international networks, Globo TV International. In 2007, Globo moved its operations to high-definition television production for digital broadcasting. Rede Globo is one of the largest media companies in the world, through its network, the broadcaster covers 98. 6% of Brazils territory. Recognized for its quality, the company has already been presented with 14 international Emmys. In July 1957, Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek approved a request by Radio Globo to establish a television channel, on 30 December 1957, the National Council of Telecommunication published a decree which granted a channel in Rio de Janeiro to TV Globo Ltda. Globo then started preparing the beginning of its broadcasting operations. Globo began broadcasting on 26 April 1965 in Rio de Janeiro on channel four and that same day, at about 10,45 a. m. Rubens Amaral formally introduced Rede Globo to viewers in Rio de Janeiro, by May of that same year, the live telecast of the Holy Mass, which later became its longest running and oldest program, was seen for the first time. The following year, Globo purchased another television station, São Paulo-based TV Paulista, expanding its operations, in January 1966, Globo broadcast its first major news coverage on flooding in Rio. Jornal da Globo, another show for the network, was the successor to Ultranoticias. It featured a broadcast time of 15 minutes and was hosted by Hilton Gomez and, later, in 1967, Globo began to build its national network with the affiliation of Porto Alegre-based TV Gaúcha. TV Gaúcha would become Globos affiliate in Florianopolis in the late 1970s and it is one of Globo s oldest affiliates, active since 1962, three years before Globo was launched. Uberlândias TV Triângulo and Goiânias TV Anhanguera soon followed in 1967 and 1968, the now extinct TV Guajará, based in Belém, was launched in 1969, and was followed by TV Verdes Mares the following year. 1968 was also the year in which Globos branch station in Belo Horizonte, Rede Globo Minas, was launched, as well as the very first microwave broadcasts between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. On 1 September 1969, the country and national television broadcasting changed with the premiere of Jornal Nacional and its theme music, The Fuzz by Frank DeVol, became one of the shows trademarks, together with the program logo and the Boa Noite closing established by the hosts
34.
Deerfield Beach, Florida
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Deerfield Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is located just south of the Palm Beach County line, the city is named for the numerous deer that once roamed the area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 75,018 and it is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. Deerfield Beachs history dates back to 1890 when a settlement named Hillsborough was developed along the Hillsboro River. As the population grew to 20 by 1898, the settlement was now served by its own post office, by the early twentieth century, as the towns population continued to grow, the Florida East Coast Railroad constructed tracks en route to Miami bisecting Deerfield. Deerfields early settlers were farmers who grew pineapples, tomatoes, green beans, squash. Through the 1940s, Deerfield remained an agricultural based community. As of 2010, there were 42,671 households, of which 21. 8% were vacant,40. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the family size was 2.72. In 2000, the city the population was out with 15. 6% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 4% from 25 to 44,20. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males, in 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $34,041, and the median income for a family was $44,853. Males had an income of $35,154 versus $27,451 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,296, about 9. 2% of families and 12. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 3% of those under age 18 and 10. 2% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 75. 36%, portuguese was spoken by 4. 89%, French Creole 3. 42%, French 2. 16%, Italian 1. 51%, and Yiddish comprised 1. 17% of the population. As of 2013, Deerfield Beach also had the highest percentage of Brazilian and Brazilian American population in the United States at 11. 06% and it also has the percentage of Haitian and Haitian American residents in the United States, at 12. 1%. Deerfield Beach is located at 26°18′19″N 80°07′11″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.3 square miles, of which 15.1 square miles is land and 1.2 square miles is water. Of Deerfield Beachs land mass.3 square miles is located on Deerfield Beach Island, during the summer months average temperatures tend to be in the 80s, while during the winter temperatures tend to be in the 60s
35.
Presidential Guard Battalion (Brazil)
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The Presidential Guard Battalion is a unit of the Brazilian Army and honor guard to the President of Brazil. Two other units, the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment and the Cayenne Battery, are part of the presidential honor guard unit. This battalion had its origins in the Emperor’s Battalion, organized in 1823 during the campaigns that followed the Declaration of Independence. After Portugals Crown Prince Pedro had proclaimed the independence of Brazil from Portugal, on September 7,1822, to guarantee national independence, these troops had to be defeated. To fight the troops in Bahia, Pedro established in 1823 the Emperor’s Battalion, in 1825, the Emperor’s Battalion was sent to Montevideo to fight at Cisplatine War. After Pedros abdication, the Emperor’s Battalion was disbanded, as all other troops directly subordinated to them, on April 7,1933, President Getúlio Vargas established the Guards Battalion to protect the governments palaces. On April 6,1960, with the transfer of the capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília. Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial Official website
36.
Leopard 1
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The Leopard is a main battle tank designed and produced in West Germany that first entered service in 1965. In total,6,485 Leopard tanks have been built, of which 4,744 were battle tanks and 1,741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants, not including 80 prototypes and pre-series vehicles. The Leopard quickly became a standard of European forces, and eventually served as the battle tank in over a dozen countries worldwide. Since 1990, the Leopard 1 has gradually been relegated to roles in most armies. In the German Army, the Leopard 1 MBTs were phased out in 2003, the Leopard 2 MBTs have taken over the MBT role. Leopard hulls have been re-used in a variety of roles. In addition, the armament had to consist of a 105 mm caliber weapon. Mobility had priority, while firepower came second, armour was seen as less essential, France was very interested in the design as its own AMX50 project had just failed. In June 1957, West Germany and the French Fourth Republic signed an agreement to develop a common tank, three German and one French design team would be included in a competition, with each team producing two prototypes. In September 1958, Italy joined the development program, several prototypes were entered for testing in 1960. Among the prototypes were Porsches Model 734 from team A, sporting a cast turret, Team C from Borgward, designing a very futuristic tank, failed to have a prototype ready in time. Even before these first prototypes were finished, it had decided that a second phase with improved designs would be started, Team A had to build 26 phase II Prototypes for testing. Only two tanks of the six would actually be constructed by team B. In 1963, France and Germany had both decided to build their own tanks, with Germany continuing to work on the Leopard while France designed and built the similar AMX-30. Production was set up at Krauss-Maffei of Munich from early 1964 onward, the Leopard was soon being purchased from Germany by a number of NATO members and other allies, including Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy, Denmark, Australia, Canada, Turkey and Greece. It is also key to note that Germany has a strict export-policy for their military equipment, Greece, Spain and Chile, while still under dictatorships, purchased the French AMX-30 instead. The 1A1 also added the now-famous skirts along the sides to protect the tracks. A less important change was to use rectangular rubber blocks fastened to the treads with a single pin instead of the earlier two-pin shaped versions, the rubber blocks could be easily replaced with metal X-shaped crampons for movement on ice and snow in the winter
37.
Dilma Rousseff
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Dilma Vana Rousseff is a Brazilian economist and politician who was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until her impeachment and removal from office on 31 August 2016. She is the first woman to have held the Brazilian presidency, the daughter of a Bulgarian immigrant, Rousseff was raised in an upper middle class household in Belo Horizonte. She became a socialist in her youth and after the 1964 coup détat joined left-wing, Rousseff was captured, tortured, and jailed from 1970 to 1972. After her release, Rousseff rebuilt her life in Porto Alegre with Carlos Araújo, both helped found the Democratic Labour Party in Rio Grande do Sul, and participated in several of the partys electoral campaigns. She became the secretary of Porto Alegre under Alceu Collares. In 2000, after a dispute in the Dutra cabinet, she left the PDT. In 2002, Rousseff joined the committee of energy policy advisors to presidential candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva who won the election, Chief of Staff José Dirceu resigned in 2005, in a political crisis triggered by the Mensalão corruption scandal. Rousseff became chief of staff and remained in that post until 31 March 2010 and she was elected in a run-off on 31 October 2010, beating Brazilian Social Democracy Party candidate José Serra. On 26 October 2014 she won a narrow victory over Aécio Neves. Impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially accepted by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 December 2015, vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during her suspension. On 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 in favor of impeachment, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws and removing her from office. Dilma Vana Rousseff was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, on 14 December 1947, to Bulgarian lawyer and entrepreneur Pedro Rousseff and schoolteacher Dilma Jane da Silva. Her father was born in Gabrovo, in the Principality of Bulgaria, as an active member of the Bulgarian Communist Party, banned in 1924, Petar Rusev fled Bulgaria in 1929 to escape political persecution, he settled in France. He arrived in Brazil in the 1930s, already widowed, but soon moved to Buenos Aires and he returned to Brazil several years later, settling in São Paulo, where he succeeded in business. Pétar Rúsev adapted his first name to Portuguese and the last to French, during a trip to Uberaba, he met Dilma Jane da Silva, a young schoolteacher born in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, and raised in Minas Gerais, where her parents were ranchers. The two married and settled in Belo Horizonte, where they had three children, Igor, Dilma Vana, and Zana Lúcia, Igor Rousseff, Dilmas elder brother, is a lawyer. Pedro Rousseff was a contractor for Mannesmann steel in addition to building and selling real estate, the family lived in a large house, had three servants, and maintained European habits. The children had an education, and both piano and French lessons
38.
Presidential State Car (Brazil)
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The Presidential State Car is the official state car of the President of Brazil. This is one of the two Rolls-Royce models purchased by former President Getúlio Vargas in 1953, when Getúlio Vargas became president in 1951, he had two Cadillacs as official state cars, dating from 1941 and 1947 respectively. Rolls-Royce was chosen to prepare four Silver Wraith models with special modifications for security, Vargas received the first hardtop model on 31 January 1953. The first foreign head of state to use it was General Manuel Odria, the government paid £5,831 for the hardtop model and £7,540 for the second Silver Wraith, a cabriolet. The cars were paid for by friends as a present to Vargas himself. With political problems, Vargas shot himself in the chest on 24 August 1954 and, with his suicide, the cars became part of the Presidents estate and were claimed by his family. The solution only came in 1957, although the cars had still used by President Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira in the interim. The family took the hardtop Rolls-Royce and gave the cabriolet to the presidency, the last official service of the hardtop model was for the personal transportation of Berta Craveiro Lopes, wife of General Craveiro Lopes. It had been claimed that the model was a gift from Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. The car can be seen in state ceremonies that take place on the first Sunday of each month at the Planalto Palace, sometimes, the car is also used for the rehearsal of state ceremonies and parades. Its speed limit is 80 km/h, but it is seen to travel faster than 20 km/h. The daily transportation of the President is made by modern vehicles, in 2001, the Rolls Royce was sent for restoration by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso after 48 years of service. Day-to-day transport for the president of Brazil is an armored 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid built on a Ford CD3 platform and this vehicle replaced the 2008 Ford Fusion used previously. The Ford Fusion is also used in the presidential motorcade, in February 2012 the Brazilian government bought 12 Canadian-built Ford Edge models,10 of which armored, for the use of President Dilma Rousseff and her security team. The federal governments most important officials use yellow-green brass plates adorned with the coat of arms of Brazil, official state car History of the Presidency of the Republics Rolls Royce A video of the Presidential Rolls Royce Idem
39.
Smoke Squadron
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The Aerial Demonstration Squadron, popularly known as Smoke Squadron is the Brazilian Air Forces air demonstration squadron. Its first display was on 14 May 1952 over Copacabana beach, the team used the T-6 from its formation until 1968, when it switched to the French Aérospatiale CM. 170-2 Super Magister jet, called T-24 in FAB service. However, this proved unsuitable to Brazilian conditions and, in 1972, the squadron reverted to the T-6. The EDA was disbanded in 1977, but reformed on 8 December 1983 using Neiva T-25 Universal piston-powered aircraft, at the time the EDAs aircraft were painted a bright red scheme, which has since been superseded by the current gloss blue. The aircraft used by the EDA have been, in order, North American T-6 Texan for 1225 displays. Official website Official website Video showing the Esquadrilha da Fumaça in action
40.
Brazilian Army
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The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has fought in several conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century, it fought on the Allied side at World War I, most of its commanders were mercenaries and Portuguese officers loyal to Dom Pedro. During the 1850s and early 1860s, the Army along with Navy, entered in action against Argentinian and Uruguayan forces, the Brazilian success with such Gun Diplomacy, eventually lead to a shock of interests with another country with similar aspirations, the Paraguay in December,1864. On May 1,1865, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina signed the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay, which was ruled by the dictator Francisco López. López troops, after invading Brazilian territory through the state of Mato Grosso, many slaves had been incorporated into the Brazilian forces to face the increasingly serious situation. As a result of their performance during the conflict, the Armed Forces developed a strong sense against slavery. After five years of a terrible warfare, the Alliance led by Brazil defeated Lopez, in November 1889, after a long attrition with the monarchical regime deepened by the abolition of slavery, the army imposes the republic through a coup détat. During World War I the Brazilian government sent three small groups to Europe soon after declaring war upon Central Powers in October 1917. The first two units were from the army, one consisted of staff and the other of a sergeants-officers corps. In this period, the Army defeated the Constitutionalist Revolt in 1932, the Army also helped to formalize the dictatorship in 1937. In August 1942, after German and Italian submarines sunk Brazilian merchant ships, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to war on Fascist Italy. In July 1944, after almost two years of pressure and negotiations with US authorities, an expeditionary force was sent to join the Allied forces in the Italian campaign. With the defeat of right wing totalitarian regimes in World War II, Vargas is removed by the head of the army, General Dutra, who in 1946 won the Election dispute against Air Marshall, Eduardo Gomes. After the Vargas suicide, due to a crisis, army sectors led by Marshal Lott, ensured the inauguration of Juscelino Kubitscheks Term. This coup was the first of a series of coups détat in South America that replaced democratically elected governments with military regimes and these dictatorships dominated South America until the 1980s. Internationally, in 1965 the Brazilian Army joined forces with US Marines intervening in the Dominican Republic, in the mid 1970s, despite the dissent annulled, the leftist guerrillas defeated and the legal opposition tamed, repression was not reduced. In the destructive earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12,2010, the Brazilian Army has now about 1.250 troops in Haiti and will send 900 more until March 2010, to help the reconstruction of that country
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