Independent bookstore
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An independent bookstore is a retail bookstore which is independently owned. Usually, independent stores consist of only a single actual store. They may be structured as sole proprietorships, closely
An independent bookshop in Stoke Newington, London
City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco, 2010
Shakespeare and Company in Paris 2004
Black-owned business
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In the United States, black-owned businesses, also known as African American businesses, originated in the days of slavery before 1865. Emancipation and civil rights permitted businessmen to operate i
Independent bookstore
…not always, specialize in works by and about African Americans and their target customers are often African Americans. Although they are a variety of African-American business, African-American bookstores have often been closely tied to radical political movements including Marxism, Black Power, and pan-Africanism. The first…
Black-owned business in Chicago
Watercolor of James Forten (1766–1842), the wealthiest Black man of his time in Philadelphia, and believed to have been painted during his lifetime
A lithograph of noted abolitionist and autobiographer Lunsford Lane (1803–c. 1863) reproduced in William George Hawkins' biography of him
Portrait of businessman, autobiographer and politician Mifflin Wistar Gibbs in 1902