1.
State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
2.
Business school
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A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management. Such a school can also be known as school of management, school of administration, or, colloquially. There are several forms of schools, including a school of business, business administration. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, in North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate Bachelors degrees. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business, privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university. 1759 – The Aula do Comércio in Lisbon was the first institution to specialise in the teaching of accounting in the world and it provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844. Therefore the Aula do Comércio paved the way for schools to start. 1819 – The worlds first business school, ESCP Europe was in Paris and it is the oldest business school in the world and now has campuses in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Torino, and Warsaw. 1855 - The Institut Supérieur de Commerce dAnvers and the Institut Saint-Ignace - École Spéciale de Commerce et dIndustrie were founded in the year in the city of Antwerp. After getting university status in 1965 and after almost 150 years of business education,1857 – The worlds first public business school, Budapest Business School was founded in Budapest in Austria-Hungary as the first business school in Central Europe. 1868 – The Ca Foscari University was founded in Venice and it is the oldest business school in Italy and one of the oldest in the world. 1871 – The Rouen Business School which has merged with Reims Management School under the name of NEOMA Business School, Rouen Business School is the second oldest French business school. 1871 - The ESC Le Havre was created, created the same year than Rouen Business School it is also the second oldest French business school. 1881 – The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is the United States first business school,1898 – The University of St. Gallen established the first university in Switzerland teaching business and economics. 1900 - The first graduate school of business in the United States, the school conferred the first advanced degree in business, specifically, a Master of Science in Commercial Sciences, the predecessor to the MBA. 1902 - The Birmingham Business School of University of Birmingham is the United Kingdoms first business school, established as the School of Commerce in Birmingham, United Kingdom. 1906 - The McGill School of Commerce was founded as part of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada,1906 – The Warsaw School of Economics was established as the first university in Poland dedicated to teaching commerce and economics. 1908 - Harvard Business School was founded at Harvard University and it was the first program in the world to offer the Master of Business Administration degree
3.
Bangalore
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Bangalore /bæŋɡəˈlɔːr/, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of about 8.42 million and a population of about 8.52 million, making it the third most populous city. It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau and its elevation is over 900 m above sea level, the highest of Indias major cities. In 1638, the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the Mughals captured and it was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was capital of the Princely State of Mysore. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a grew up around it. Following Indias independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, the two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the name of the city in 2006. Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the Silicon Valley of India because of its role as the leading information technology exporter. Indian technological organisations ISRO, Infosys, Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city, a demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India. Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics, Hindustan Aeronautics, the city also houses the Kannada film industry. The name Bangalore represents a version of the Kannada language name. It is the name of a village near kodegehalli and was copied by Kempegowda to the city of Bangalore, Bangalore was built on a venue earlier called as Shivanasamudram in the 16th century. The earliest reference to the name Bengalūru was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu, in this inscription found in Begur, Bengalūrū is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as Bengaval-uru, an apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across an old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place benda-kaal-uru, which evolved into Bengalūru. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru, on 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change
4.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
5.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Indian Institute of Management
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The Indian Institutes of Management are a group of 20 public, autonomous institutes of management education and research in India. They primarily offer postgraduate, doctoral and executive education programmes, the establishment of IIMs was initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, based on the recommendation of the Planning Commission. IIMs are registered as societies under the Indian Societies Registration Act, each IIM is autonomous and exercises independent control over its day-to-day operations. However, the administration of all IIMs and the strategy of IIMs is overseen by the IIM council. Business schools are colleges or institutes, which are conducting courses on business administration and these are either autonomous or would have affiliated to a university. The prominence of a school is purely based on the quality of education, faculty. The top business schools in the such as IIMs and ISB are always making headlines with campus placement. This clearly shows that importance of excellence in education and faculty of business schools, the two-year Post Graduate Programme in Management, offering the Post Graduate Diploma in Management, is the flagship programme across all IIMs. These post graduate programmes are considered equivalent to regular MBA programmes. Some IIMs also offer a one-year Post Graduate diploma Programme for graduates with more work experience, some IIMs offer the Fellow Programme in Management, a doctoral programme. The Fellowship is considered to be equivalent to PhD globally, most IIMs also offer short-term executive education/EMBA courses and part-time programmes. Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was the first IIM to be set up and its main campus is located in Joka, in the outskirts of the city of Calcutta. In addition to the regular PGDM programme, it offers a second two-year full-time postgraduate programme called the Post Graduate Diploma in Computer aided Management, as a member of Global Alliance in Management Education, it offers the CEMS Masters in International Management degree to its PGDM and PGDCM students. It also offers a specialized one-year postgraduate programme for executives in the manufacturing sector, iIM-C is the only IIM which is triple accredited, its programmes are accredited by AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS. Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad was the second IIM to be set up, in addition to the regular PGDM programme, it offers a two-year postgraduate programme in Agri-Business Management. It also offers a postgraduate programme in General Management PGPX and also in Public Management. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, the third IIM to be established, was set up in 1973 and its main campus is located in Bilekahalli, Bangalore. Apart from its flagship full-time two-year PGP programme, it offers programmes in Enterprise Management, one year full-time EPGP, Indian Institute of Management Lucknow is the fourth IIM to be established, in 1984
8.
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta
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Indian Institute of Management Calcutta abbreviated as IIM Calcutta or IIM-C, is a public business school located in Joka, Kolkata, India. It was the first Indian Institute of Management to be established and it is consistently ranked as one of the leading business schools in India and the Asia Pacific region. Established in 1961, IIM Calcutta is an autonomous institution and offers several postgraduate and doctoral programmes in management. In addition to its academic programmes, IIM-C is also engaged in research, consultancy, seminars, academic conferences. It is also the only Indian business school that is a member of the Global Alliance in Management Education, IIM-C is especially renowned for its finance-related courses, and is widely considered to be one of the best business schools in the world for finance. After India became independent in 1947, the Planning Commission was entrusted to oversee, to solve this problem, the Planning Commission in 1959 invited Professor George Robbins of the University of California to help in setting up an all India level institute of management studies. Based on his recommendations, the Indian government decided to set up two elite management institutes, named Indian Institutes of Management and its first Director was K. T. Chandy, the former Chairman of Hindustan Unilever Limited. In its initial years, IIM Calcutta operated from Emerald Bower, Barrackpur Trunk Road, the foundation stone of the current IIM-C campus in Joka, Kolkata, was laid by Morarji Desai, who was then the Deputy Prime Minister of India on 15 Dec 1968. The institute moved to the new campus in 1975 and this programme usually starts in June and runs till April of the second year. The Post Graduate Diploma in Computer aided Management, started in 1994, is similar to the PGDM and it is aimed at creating business professionals who know how to apply Information and communication technology in business management. In the second year, students can take up term papers under faculty supervision in order to delve deeply into specific topics, the Post Graduate Certificate in General Management, launched in 2016, is similar to the PGPEX with a general management specialization. This is a one year program and is delivered in a learning mode with sessions conducted online. The program is targeted towards working professionals with two to five years of experience while PGPEX is for five plus years of experience. In 2012, IIM Calcutta became a member of the Global Alliance in Management Education, as a member of CEMS, IIM Calcutta offers the CEMS Masters in International Management degree. Selected students from the PGP programme who also satisfy the requirements for CEMS are given the option of the MIM as an additional degree, the Fellow Programme in Management of IIM Calcutta is a full-time Doctoral level programme in management. Students who complete this programme are awarded the title Fellow of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, students who complete the coursework phase with the required academic records have to pass the Comprehensive Qualifying Examination before moving on to the dissertation phase. The FPM programme provides the opportunity to pursue academic or corporate career with a focus on research and this programme is officially recognised as equivalent to a PhD by the Government of India and by the Association of Indian Universities. Introduced in December 2006, it is a residential, one-year intensive program designed to develop experienced
9.
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
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Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad is a public business school located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It was the second Indian Institute of Management to be established and it is the world’s toughest business school to get into, on the basis of its acceptance rate. It is consistently ranked as one of the business schools in India. Established in 1961, the institute offers Post Graduate Diploma Programmes in Management and Agri-Business Management, a Fellowship Programme, the institute is often referred to as WIMWI. The Institutes first Director was the Indian physicist Vikram Sarabhai, the Director as of 2016 is Ashish Nanda. IIM Ahmedabad was established on 11 December 1961 with the support of the Government of India, the Government of Gujarat, Harvard Business School. The physicist Vikram Sarabhai and businessman Kasturbhai Lalbhai, both natives of Ahmedabad, played roles in setting up the institute. The institutes Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre and a Kasturbhai Lalbhai Chair in Entrepreneurship are named in his honour, the management educator Ravi J. Matthai and several other Ahmedabad-based industrialists also played a major role in its creation. The 1960s was a period when a course of management was not fully understood or appreciated by Indian industry, initially, the institute faced difficulties in getting quality students in large numbers and convincing companies to hire these candidates. However, with time, as the leadership of major business houses changed, the rise of IIMA graduates to top positions in businesses also improved the perception of IIMA. Today, it is one of the most difficult educational institutes in the world to get entry into, the IIMA campus is situated across 106 acres in Vastrapur, Ahmedabad. The campus houses the academic blocks, faculty offices, student and faculty accommodation, the Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Library, the R. J. Architecture In 1962, the IIMA board came to an agreement with the National Institute of Design for the latter to undertake the task of designing the IIM Ahmedabad campus. The National Institute for Design appointed American architect Louis Kahn and B. V. Doshi as architects for the project, Kahn worked on the IIMA project from 1962 until his death in 1974. Kahns architecture is characterized by the use of exposed red bricks, a number of tourists and architecture students visit the campus every year. The quadrangle between the academic building and the classroom complex in the Heritage Campus is an open-air assembly named after Kahn. IIMA announced a competition for the extension of its campus in 1999. This new campus was built on a plot across the road from the Heritage Campus, the two campuses are connected by an underpass, which houses an exhibition on Louis Kahn’s work
10.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
11.
Doctoral
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
12.
Ravi J. Matthai
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Ravi John Matthai was a management education administrator, noted for establishing Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and Institute of Rural Management, Anand. He was the first full-time Director of the Indian Institute of Management and he was the son of John Matthai, the first Railway Minister and later Finance Minister of independent India. Ravi was educated at The Doon School, Dehradun and later graduated from Oxford University with a B. A. in Economics and he began his career at a Calcutta based firm but later moved to the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta in 1963 as Professor of Marketing. In 1965 Matthai was invited by noted Indian Institution builder and scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai to join IIMA as its first full-time Director and he was 38 years old at the time and did not have an advanced academic degree. Yet, over the six years, he set the foundations for an institution that was to grow into a top-ranking management school in India. A number of reasons are attributed to Matthais enduring influence on IIMA, First, IIMA’s concern, as Mathai put it, was “with the application of knowledge”. This meant that the Institute would be involved in teaching, research, the impact “would be greatest if it were the combined result of all activities”, so faculty must engage in all three activities. Matthai saw clearly that to focus merely on business would limit IIMA and it would also expose it to charges of being elitist in its orientation. IIMA’s ambit needed to be wider, it would be an institute of management and it would develop expertise in important sectors, including agriculture. Secondly, Matthai’s conviction that academic activities can only when faculty are given the fullest freedom. In an academic institution, excellence cannot be ordered and it springs forth when people are given the space to grow and to express themselves freely. Thirdly, the idea of an institute where decision-making rests primarily with the faculty. An example is the committee that is independent of the director. The mechanism has been crucial in insulating admissions from unhealthy influence, fourthly, what is, perhaps, Matthai’s greatest bequest to IIMA, the principle of a single term for the director. After six years as director, Matthai announced his decision to step down, in 1975, a few years after stepping down from IIMA’s directorship, Matthai decided to test whether corporate management disciplines could be related to gut issues of Indian poverty. He selected Jawaja block which included about 200 villages with a population of approximately 80,000 people in a drought prone district of Rajasthan, the area was then regarded by the government authorities as devoid of any scope for development. The Jawaja Experiment thus began with Prof. Ravi Matthai leading a group of volunteers to what seemed a barren patch of land with little resources. Forty years later, the Jawaja Leather Association and the Jawaja Weaver’s Association, linked as AAJ, continue their struggle for self-reliance and they have come a long way
13.
IIM Calcutta
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Indian Institute of Management Calcutta abbreviated as IIM Calcutta or IIM-C, is a public business school located in Joka, Kolkata, India. It was the first Indian Institute of Management to be established and it is consistently ranked as one of the leading business schools in India and the Asia Pacific region. Established in 1961, IIM Calcutta is an autonomous institution and offers several postgraduate and doctoral programmes in management. In addition to its academic programmes, IIM-C is also engaged in research, consultancy, seminars, academic conferences. It is also the only Indian business school that is a member of the Global Alliance in Management Education, IIM-C is especially renowned for its finance-related courses, and is widely considered to be one of the best business schools in the world for finance. After India became independent in 1947, the Planning Commission was entrusted to oversee, to solve this problem, the Planning Commission in 1959 invited Professor George Robbins of the University of California to help in setting up an all India level institute of management studies. Based on his recommendations, the Indian government decided to set up two elite management institutes, named Indian Institutes of Management and its first Director was K. T. Chandy, the former Chairman of Hindustan Unilever Limited. In its initial years, IIM Calcutta operated from Emerald Bower, Barrackpur Trunk Road, the foundation stone of the current IIM-C campus in Joka, Kolkata, was laid by Morarji Desai, who was then the Deputy Prime Minister of India on 15 Dec 1968. The institute moved to the new campus in 1975 and this programme usually starts in June and runs till April of the second year. The Post Graduate Diploma in Computer aided Management, started in 1994, is similar to the PGDM and it is aimed at creating business professionals who know how to apply Information and communication technology in business management. In the second year, students can take up term papers under faculty supervision in order to delve deeply into specific topics, the Post Graduate Certificate in General Management, launched in 2016, is similar to the PGPEX with a general management specialization. This is a one year program and is delivered in a learning mode with sessions conducted online. The program is targeted towards working professionals with two to five years of experience while PGPEX is for five plus years of experience. In 2012, IIM Calcutta became a member of the Global Alliance in Management Education, as a member of CEMS, IIM Calcutta offers the CEMS Masters in International Management degree. Selected students from the PGP programme who also satisfy the requirements for CEMS are given the option of the MIM as an additional degree, the Fellow Programme in Management of IIM Calcutta is a full-time Doctoral level programme in management. Students who complete this programme are awarded the title Fellow of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, students who complete the coursework phase with the required academic records have to pass the Comprehensive Qualifying Examination before moving on to the dissertation phase. The FPM programme provides the opportunity to pursue academic or corporate career with a focus on research and this programme is officially recognised as equivalent to a PhD by the Government of India and by the Association of Indian Universities. Introduced in December 2006, it is a residential, one-year intensive program designed to develop experienced
14.
IIM Ahmedabad
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Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad is a public business school located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It was the second Indian Institute of Management to be established and it is the world’s toughest business school to get into, on the basis of its acceptance rate. It is consistently ranked as one of the business schools in India. Established in 1961, the institute offers Post Graduate Diploma Programmes in Management and Agri-Business Management, a Fellowship Programme, the institute is often referred to as WIMWI. The Institutes first Director was the Indian physicist Vikram Sarabhai, the Director as of 2016 is Ashish Nanda. IIM Ahmedabad was established on 11 December 1961 with the support of the Government of India, the Government of Gujarat, Harvard Business School. The physicist Vikram Sarabhai and businessman Kasturbhai Lalbhai, both natives of Ahmedabad, played roles in setting up the institute. The institutes Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre and a Kasturbhai Lalbhai Chair in Entrepreneurship are named in his honour, the management educator Ravi J. Matthai and several other Ahmedabad-based industrialists also played a major role in its creation. The 1960s was a period when a course of management was not fully understood or appreciated by Indian industry, initially, the institute faced difficulties in getting quality students in large numbers and convincing companies to hire these candidates. However, with time, as the leadership of major business houses changed, the rise of IIMA graduates to top positions in businesses also improved the perception of IIMA. Today, it is one of the most difficult educational institutes in the world to get entry into, the IIMA campus is situated across 106 acres in Vastrapur, Ahmedabad. The campus houses the academic blocks, faculty offices, student and faculty accommodation, the Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Library, the R. J. Architecture In 1962, the IIMA board came to an agreement with the National Institute of Design for the latter to undertake the task of designing the IIM Ahmedabad campus. The National Institute for Design appointed American architect Louis Kahn and B. V. Doshi as architects for the project, Kahn worked on the IIMA project from 1962 until his death in 1974. Kahns architecture is characterized by the use of exposed red bricks, a number of tourists and architecture students visit the campus every year. The quadrangle between the academic building and the classroom complex in the Heritage Campus is an open-air assembly named after Kahn. IIMA announced a competition for the extension of its campus in 1999. This new campus was built on a plot across the road from the Heritage Campus, the two campuses are connected by an underpass, which houses an exhibition on Louis Kahn’s work
15.
Government of Karnataka
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The Government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister, Karnataka State has been divided into four revenue divisions,49 sub-divisions,30 districts,176 taluks and 747 hoblies/revenue circles and 5628 gram panchayats for administrative purposes. The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations, Bangalore is the fifth largest urban agglomeration out of 23 metropolis, urban agglomerations and cities in India. It is among the fastest growing cities in the world, Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the states of Mysore and Coorg were merged with the Kannada-speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad, and Madras. The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of office of the members is five years and the term of an elected to the council is six years. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years, the government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the head of the state. The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers, the council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the secretary, who is the head of the administrative services. As of 2012, the Government of Karnataka consists of 30 ministers, the present Chief Minister of Karnataka is Siddaramaiah. List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka |- Housing M. Krishnappa is a system in the state with elected bodies at the village, taluk. It ensures greater participation of people and more implementation of rural development programmes. There will be a Grama Panchayat for a village or group of villages, a taluk level, all the three institutions will have elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the government to any of these councils. S the first in the country to enact new Panchayat Raj Act incorporating all provisions of 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, in 2014 Karantaka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation committee constituted By govt. of Karnataka. Chairmen S G Nanjaiahna mutt and 6 members, joint secretory of the committee Dr. Revaiah Odeyar. This report implemented 2015 Gram Panchayath Elections, a district of an Indian state is an administrat, headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service, a Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district
16.
Indira Gandhi
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Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was an Indian politician and central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, Gandhi served as her fathers personal assistant and hostess during his tenure as prime minister between 1947 and 1964. She was elected Congress President in 1959, upon her fathers death in 1964, Gandhi refused to enter the Congress party leadership contest and instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government led by Lal Bahadur Shastri. As the Prime Minister of India, Gandhi was known for her political ruthlessness, Gandhi also presided over a controversial state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree. Akin to Mahatma Gandhis fate, she was assassinated by nationalists in 1984. The assassins, Beant Singh and Satwant Singh, were both killed, in 1999, Indira was named Woman of the Millennium in a poll organised by the BBC. Indira Gandhi was born as Indira Nehru in a Kashmiri Pandit family on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad and her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a leading figure in Indias political struggle for independence from British rule, and became the first Prime Minister of the Union of India. She was the child, and grew up with her mother, Kamala Nehru, at the Anand Bhavan. She had a lonely and unhappy childhood and her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bed-ridden with illness, and later suffered an early death from tuberculosis. She had limited contact with her father, mostly through letters, Indira was mostly taught at home by tutors, and intermittently attended school until matriculation in 1934. It was during her interview that Rabindranath Tagore named her Priyadarshini, a year later, however, she had to leave university to attend to her ailing mother in Europe. While there, it was decided that Indira would continue her education at the University of Oxford, after her mother died, she briefly attended the Badminton School before enrolling at Somerville College in 1937 to study history. Indira had to take the entrance examination twice, having failed at her first attempt with a performance in Latin. At Oxford, she did well in history, political science and economics and she did, however, have an active part within the student life of the university, such as the Oxford Majlis Asian Society. During her time in Europe, Indira was plagued with ill-health and was attended by doctors. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies and she was being treated there in 1940, when the Nazi armies rapidly conquered Europe. Gandhi tried to return to England through Portugal but was stranded for nearly two months
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St. Joseph's College of Commerce
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St. Josephs College of Commerce, SJCC, is a Bangalore University-affiliated college operated by the Jesuits. It is autonomous and has an independent examination and recognition system and it is situated in central Bangalore at Brigade Road. The college traces its history to 1882, when the Missions Etrangeres de Paris established St Josephs European High School and its operations were handed to the Jesuits in 1937 and the Department of Commerce created in 1949. In 1972 St. St Josephs College of Commerce and St Josephs College of Business Administration moved to 163, Brigade Road, in 1996 SJCBA started offering two-year, full-time postgraduate Diploma in Management with recognition from All India Council for Technical Education, Govt Of India. St Josephs College of Commerce is a landmark on Brigade Road house, in 2014 SJCBA signed a MoU to cooperate with the global body of professional accountants ACCA in offering a joint BCom program. SJCBA has also noted for its research. The college publishes the annual Blue Chip, SJCC official website SJCC official blog Official Youtube Channel
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Sanskrit
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Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, a philosophical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and a literary language and lingua franca of ancient and medieval South Asia. As a result of transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia and parts of Central Asia, as one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies. The body of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical, the compositions of Sanskrit were orally transmitted for much of its early history by methods of memorization of exceptional complexity, rigor, and fidelity. Thereafter, variants and derivatives of the Brahmi script came to be used, Sanskrit is today one of the 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which mandates the Indian government to develop the language. It continues to be used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the form of hymns. The Sanskrit verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- may be translated as refined, elaborated, as a term for refined or elaborated speech, the adjective appears only in Epic and Classical Sanskrit in the Manusmṛti and the Mahabharata. The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, with the language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved, Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini, around the fourth century BCE. Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form, the present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE. Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or Pāṇinian Sanskrit as separate dialects, although they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a collection of hymns, incantations and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, for nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana, the deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa, meaning of the ṛṣis, in some contexts, there are also more prakritisms than in Classical Sanskrit proper. There were four principal dialects of classical Sanskrit, paścimottarī, madhyadeśī, pūrvi, the predecessors of the first three dialects are attested in Vedic Brāhmaṇas, of which the first one was regarded as the purest. In the 2001 Census of India,14,035 Indians reported Sanskrit to be their first language, in India, Sanskrit is among the 14 original languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. The state of Uttarakhand in India has ruled Sanskrit as its official language. In October 2012 social activist Hemant Goswami filed a petition in the Punjab. More than 3,000 Sanskrit works have been composed since Indias independence in 1947, much of this work has been judged of high quality, in comparison to both classical Sanskrit literature and modern literature in other Indian languages
19.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
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Financial Times
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The Financial Times is an English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. The paper, published and owned by Nikkei Inc. in Tokyo, was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, and merged in 1945 with its closest rival, the Financial Times has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. FT. com has 4.5 million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper had an average daily circulation of 234,193 copies in January 2014. In February 2014 the combined sale of the editions of the Financial Times was 224,000 copies. In October 2013 the combined print and digital circulation of the Financial Times reached nearly 629,000 copies. In December 2016 print sales for the paper stood at 193,211, on 23 July 2015 Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m. On 30 November 2015 Nikkei completed the acquisition, the FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, the readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the slightly older and more daring Financial News. After 57 years of rivalry the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper, the Financial Times brought a higher circulation while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was introduced from Financial News. Pearson bought the paper in 1957, over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the economy towards globalisation. On 1 January 1979 the first FT was printed outside the UK, since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U. S. The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa and it is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the Euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the world with the launch of FT. com
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Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli
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The Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli is a public graduate business school located at Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 2011, it is one of the seven Indian Institutes of Management the Indian government had set up during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and was mentored by IIM Bangalore and it was the 11th IIM to be set up in India. Classes for the first batch began on 15 June 2011, former SEBI chairman Meleveetil Damodaran heads the board of governors while former IIM Calcutta Prafulla Agnihotri is the director of IIM Trichy. The institute temporarily operated at National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli campus, the Indian Institute of Management, Tiruchirappalli, had acquired 172.27 acres of land owned by the Bharathidasan University to construct its permanent campus at Chinna Suriyur. The Indian Institute of Management Trichy has set up a centre in Ekkattuthangal in Chennai. IIM Tiruchirappalli was ranked 14 in 2016 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework and 19 by Careers360s Top public b-schools in India 2017, dhruva is a cultural and management fest held in the second half of the month of October. E-Summit is a summit held in the month of November. HR Conclave is an event focused on Human Resources. Other events include Sanskriti - an annual war of sections, Sangram - an inter-IIM sports meet, and Kurukshetra - an inter-section sports tournament
22.
State Highway 87 (Karnataka)
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Bannerghatta Road is an Indian State Highway in Karnataka that connects Bangalore with towns of Bannerghatta, Jigani and Anekal. It has a length of 49 kilometres. It starts as a branch from Hosur Road near the Adugodi Christian cemetery, in 2011, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike announced that the road would be widened in several places and underpasses and flyovers would be built at major junctions. The Government of Karnataka has also cleared the second phase of Namma Metro which proposes a third line from Gottigere to Nagavara via the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. The project has designed to significantly reduce the traffic load on Bannerghatta Road and is considered particularly important. However, further clearances from the Central Government are required before the renovations can commence, under upgrade plans, the road will be widened to 45 metres from its present width of 20-25 metres at an estimated cost of ₹137 crore. The NICE BMIC peripheral ring road cuts this road a little beyond Gottigere, the Diary Circle and the Jayadeva grade separators are on this road. Bannerghatta Road also has intersections with major roads, such as Hosur Road, Outer Ring Road. Major hospitals are located on this road, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology Apollo Hospitals near Arekere junction Fortis Healthcare near Arekere Junction A lot of malls can be found on Banneghatta Road. Gopalan Mall near Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology Vega Mall B. V. Sampath Mall near Bilekahalli Royal Meenakshi Mall, near Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwara Temple
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B. V. Doshi
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He is known for his contributions to the architecture of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. B. V. Doshi was born in Pune, India, after having worked for four years between 1951-54 with Le Corbusier in Paris, B. V. Doshi returned to Ahmedabad to supervise Le Corbusiers projects. His studio, Vastu-Shilpa, was established in 1955, Doshi worked closely with Louis Kahn and Anant Raje, when Kahn designed the campus of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. In 1958 he was a fellow at the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts and he then started the School of Architecture in 1962. He is also a Fellow of the Indian Institute of Architects, apart from his international fame as an architect, Dr. Doshi is equally known as an educator and institution builder. Dr. Doshi has been instrumental in establishing the nationally and internationally known research institute Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies, the institute has done pioneering work in low cost housing and city planning. As an academician, Dr. Doshi has been visiting the USA and he did a cameo role in Mani Ratnams O Kadhal Kanmani, and Shaad alis Ok Jaanu, playing himself. In recognition of his contribution as a professional and as an academician, Dr. Doshi has received several international and national awards. Padma Shri, Government of India,1976 Honorary doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania, frances highest honour for arts the Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters,2011. He appeared as himself for a scene in the 2015 Tamil movie O Kadhal Kanmani Geoffrey Bawa Muzharul Islam Charles Correa Bashirul Haq Sheila Sri Prakash Curtis, Indian architecture between tradition and modernity, Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna 2012, ISBN8838761264 Bruno Melotto ed. Balkrishna Doshi. V. Doshi on Architexturez South Asia
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National University of Singapore
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The National University of Singapore is an autonomous university in Singapore. Founded in 1905, it is the oldest institute of learning in Singapore, as well as the largest university in the country in terms of student enrolment. NUS is a research-intensive, comprehensive university with an entrepreneurial dimension, NUS is ranked as Asias top university in both the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in 2016. According to the latest 2016 QS World University Rankings, NUS is placed 12th in the world, NUS also fared well in the 2016–17 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, coming in 24th in the world and 1st in Asia. NUSs main campus is located in South-West Singapore adjacent to Kent Ridge, the Bukit Timah campus houses the Faculty of Law, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and research institutes, while the Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore is located at the Outram campus. Tan, who was the first president of the Straits Chinese British Association, managed to raise 87,077 Straits dollars, on 3 July 1905, the medical school was founded, and was known as the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School. In 1912, the school received an endowment of $120,000 from the King Edward VII Memorial Fund. Subsequently, on 18 November 1913, the name of the school was changed to the King Edward VII Medical School, in 1921, it was again changed to the King Edward VII College of Medicine to reflect its academic status. In 1928, Raffles College was established to promote arts and social sciences at tertiary level for Malayan students, two decades later, Raffles College was merged with the King Edward VII College of Medicine to form the University of Malaya on 8 October 1949. The two institutions were merged to provide for the education needs of the Federation of Malaya. In 1960, the governments of then Federation of Malaya and Singapore indicated their desire to change the status of the divisions into that of a national university. Legislation was passed in 1961 establishing the former Kuala Lumpur division as the University of Malaya while the Singapore division was renamed the University of Singapore on 1 January 1962, the National University of Singapore was formed with the merger of the University of Singapore and Nanyang University in 1980. This was done in part due to the desire to pool the two institutions resources into a single, stronger entity, and promote English as Singapores main language of education. The original crest of Nanyang University with three intertwined rings was incorporated into the new coat-of-arms of NUS, NUS began its entrepreneurial education endeavours in the 1980s, with the setting up of the Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship in 1988. In 2001, this was renamed the NUS Entrepreneurship Centre, NUS has a semester-based modular system for conducting courses. It adopts features of the British system, such as small group teaching, students may transfer between courses within their first two semesters, enrol in cross-faculty modules or take up electives from different faculties. NUS has 16 faculties and schools, including a Music Conservatory, NUS has been ranked among the best in the Asia by two international ranking systems, the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The QS World University Rankings 2016–17 ranked NUS 12th in the world and 1st in Asia, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016–17 placed NUS at 24th in the world and 1st in Asia, while its 2015–16 reputation rankings placed it at 24th globally
25.
University of Cologne
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The charter was signed by Pope Urban VI. The university began teaching on January 6,1389, in 1919, the Prussian government endorsed a decision by the Cologne City Council to re-establish the university. On May 19,1919, the Cologne Mayor Konrad Adenauer signed the charter of the modern university, at that point, the new university was located in Neustadt-Süd, but relocated to its current campus in Lindenthal on 2 November 1934. The old premises are now being used for the Cologne University of Applied Sciences, initially, the university was composed of the Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences and the Faculty of Medicine. In 1920, the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Arts were added, from which latter the School of Mathematics, in 1980, the two Cologne departments of the Rhineland School of Education were attached to the university as the Faculties of Education and of Special Education. In 1988, the university became a member of the Community of European Management Schools and International Companies. The University is a leader in the area of economics and is placed in top positions for law and business. The University of Cologne is a corporation, operated by the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. The university is divided into six faculties, which together offer 200 fields of study, the faculties are those of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, Law, Medicine, Arts, Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Human Sciences. On November 24,2004, Axel Freimuth was elected as the Rector of the University and his four-year term began on April 1,2005. He succeeded Tassilo Küpper and is the 49th Rector since 1919 and he was previously Dean of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. In 2005, the University enrolled 47,203 students, including 3,718 graduate students, in 2003, the number of post-doctoral students was 670. The number of students was 6,157 in the Summer Semester of 2005. This amounts to approximately 13% of the total students and those from developing countries made up about 60%, representing a total of 123 nations. The largest contingents came from Bulgaria, Russia, Poland, China, there are 508 professors at the university, including 70 women. In addition, the university employs 1,549 research assistants, with an additional 765 at the clinic, the University of Cologne maintains twenty official partnerships with universities from ten countries. Of these, the partnerships with Clermont-Ferrand I and Pennsylvania State are the oldest partnerships, in addition, Cologne has further cooperations with more than 260 other universities. Over the centuries, scholars from Cologne have been among the most prominent in their fields, beginning with Albertus Magnus and his pupil Thomas Aquinas
26.
German Academic Exchange Service
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The German Academic Exchange Service or DAAD is the largest German support organisation in the field of international academic co-operation. DAAD is a private, federally funded and state-funded, self-governing national agency of the institutions of education in Germany. It also awards grants to German students, doctoral students, and scholars for studies, the organisation was founded on 1 January 1925 but closed down in 1945, only to be refounded again in 1950. The DAAD worldwide network also includes around 50 information centres and around 450 DAAD lecturer positions, the DAAD is mainly funded by the German government and the European Union. In 2012, the DAAD received 407.4 million Euro, the declared aim of the program was to create a select elite among Syrias future leadership for active participation in organizing post-war Syria. The former were then brought to Germany to join those participants who were already there, the scholarships were to various universities throughout Germany. The German Foreign Office funded the bulk of the scholarships with the balance being sponsored by Baden Wurttemberg, the scholarship curriculum included an introductory language course for those students who were not already fluent in, or otherwise had no prior knowledge of, German. In late 2015, plans were being drawn up for an expansion of the program during 2016. As of early 2016, the future of the program along with that of similar international initiatives is in question
27.
Eximius
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Eximius is the annual entrepreneurship summit of IIM Bangalore. The spirit of entrepreneurship is celebrated in this two-day summit held every year in the weekend of August at the Indian Institute of Management. The Nadathur S Raghavan Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning, an incubator of start-ups at IIM Bangalore, supports, Eximius provides a platform for budding entrepreneurs to innovate and analyze before taking the plunge. Eximius showcases the best entrepreneurial minds of the country by facilitating discussions on their cutting edge innovations with Venture Capitalists, the contests in this unique event range from innovating to pitching to VC’s to identifying flaws in business plans. Eximius was hosted for the first time by IIM Bangalore in 2008 and it is the oldest and the largest Entrepreneurship Summit hosted by a B-school in India and has also been rated as one among the top 5 business plan competitions in India. INGEN is the flagship B-plan contest of Eximius, the Entrepreneurship Summit at IIM Bangalore and it provides budding entrepreneurs a platform to showcase your ideas that could be the next big startup. Participants get their fifteen minutes of fame in front of an panel of judges that could catapult them to success. The event will invite B-plan submissions from all over India and the final shortlists will get to present their business idea to the VCs and an open audience during Eximius at IIM Bangalore. Reach is a social event that strives to find innovative solutions to real life problems faced by a social enterprise in a scalable and sustainable manner. Is a part of the Boot Camp at Eximius,10 companies out of 100+ applicants get a chance to pitch their disruptive products to the investors and the top 3 might land up with great funding opportunities. Startup Bootcamp is an event for start-ups, start-ups are invited to put up kiosks, connect with people and network with guest who deliver workshops at the Bootcamp. Bootcamp at Eximius 2013 saw participation from more than 100 start-ups, the first edition of Eximius was held on 22 &23 August 2008. Prize money worth Rs.3.5 lakhs was on offer, the second edition of Eximius - Eximius 2009, was held on 15 &16 August 2009. Dr. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw and Mr. Sudhir Sethi were the keynote speakers, professor Narayandas from Harvard Business School gave a special talk on Search Funds. Rashmi Bansal, the author of bestseller - Stay Hungry Stay Foolish, the event attracted participation from 150 colleges all over India. Siddhartha Mallya, Binny Bansal and Nadathur S Raghavan were the speakers at Eximius 2010 which was held on 14 &15 August 2010. The theme of Eximius 2010 was India is at the cusp of innovation, the fourth edition of Eximius, held on 13 &14 August 2011, featured the likes of Harish Hande, Valerie Rozycki, Mukesh Bansal and many more as guest speakers. The theme of Eximius 2011 was unconventional entrepreneurship, Eximius 2011 was featured on the Young Turks show on CNBC TV18 Channel Eximius 2012 was held on 11 and 12 August with the theme Failure fuels Success
28.
Shashi Tharoor
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Shashi Tharoor is an Indian politician and a former diplomat who is currently serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala since 2009. He also currently serves as Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs and he was previously Minister of State in the Government of India for External Affairs and Human Resource Development. He is a member of the Indian National Congress and served as a spokesperson for the party from January to October 2014. Until 2007, he was an official at the United Nations, rising to the rank of Under-Secretary General for Communications. After 29 years at the UN, Tharoor announced his departure after finishing second in the 2006 elections for the Secretary-General to Ban Ki-moon. He is also the author of hundreds of columns and articles in such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, TIME, Newsweek. He was an editor for Newsweek International for two years. He also wrote columns for The Indian Express, The Hindu. Tharoor is a recognised speaker on Indias economics and politics, as well as on freedom of the press, human rights, Indian culture. Tharoor was born in London to the Malayali Nair family of Lily and Chandran Tharoor of Palakkad and his father worked in various positions in London, Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi, including a 25-year career for The Statesman. His paternal uncle was T. Parameshwar, the founder of Readers Digest in India, after his parents returned to India, Tharoor boarded at Montfort School, Yercaud, in 1962, subsequently moving to Bombay and studying at the Campion School. He spent his school years at St Xaviers College in Calcutta. He graduated with a bachelor of degree in history from St Stephens College. At Fletcher he also helped found and was the first editor of the Fletcher Forum of International Affairs and he has also been awarded an honorary D. Litt by the University of Puget Sound and a doctorate honoris causa in history by the University of Bucharest. Tharoors career in the United Nations began in 1978 as a member of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Geneva. He also processed Polish and Acehnese refugee cases, after a further stint at the UNHCR headquarters in Geneva, during which he became the first chairman of the staff elected by UNHCR personnel worldwide, Tharoor left UNHCR. In 1989 he was appointed assistant to the Under-Secretary General for Special Political Affairs. Until 1996, he led the team responsible for peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia, in 1996 Tharoor was appointed director of communications and special projects and executive assistant to the then Secretary-General Kofi Annan
29.
Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
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Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is an Indian entrepreneur. She is the chairman and managing director of Biocon Limited, a company based in Bangalore, India. In 2014, she was awarded the Othmer Gold Medal, for outstanding contributions to the progress of science and she is on the Financial Times’ top 50 women in business list. Kiran Mazumdar was born to Gujarati parents in Bangalore, India and she went to school at Bangalores Bishop Cotton Girls High School, graduating in 1968. She then attended Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, a college offering pre-university courses as an affiliate of Bangalore University. She studied biology and zoology, graduating from Bangalore University with a degree in Zoology in 1973. Mazumdar hoped to go to school, but did not obtain a scholarship. Her father, Rasendra Mazumdar, was the head brewmaster at United Breweries and he suggested that she study fermentation science, and train to be a brewmaster, a very non-traditional field for a woman. Mazumdar went to Federation University in Australia to study Malting and Brewing, in 1974 she was the only woman enrolled in the brewing course, and the top of her class. She earned the degree of master brewer in 1975 and she worked as a trainee brewer in Carlton and United Breweries, Melbourne and as a trainee maltster at Barrett Brothers and Burston, Australia. She also worked for some time as a consultant at Jupiter Breweries Limited, Calcutta and as a technical manager at Standard Maltings Corporation. However, when she investigated the possibility of work in Bangalore or Delhi. She began to look abroad, and was offered a position in Scotland, before Mazumdar could move, she met Leslie Auchincloss, founder of Biocon Biochemicals Limited, of Cork, Ireland. Auchinclosss company produced enzymes for use in the brewing, food-packaging, Auchincloss was looking for an Indian entrepreneur to help establish an Indian subsidiary. Mazumdar agreed to undertake the job on the condition if she did not wish to continue after six months she would be guaranteed a brewmasters position comparable to the one she was giving up. After a brief period as a manager at Biocon Biochemicals Limited, of Cork, Ireland, to learn more about the business. She started Biocon India in 1978 in the garage of her house in Bengaluru with a seed capital of Rs.10,000. Although it was a joint venture, Indian laws restricted foreign ownership to 30% of the company, the remaining 70% belonged to Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
30.
Mallika Sarabhai
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Mallika Sarabhai is an activist and Indian classical dancer from Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Mallika Sarabhai was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India to Vikram Sarabhai and she completed her MBA from IIM Ahmedabad in 1974 and Doctorate in Organisational Behaviour from the Gujarat University in 1976. She is a choreographer and dancer and has also acted in a few Hindi, Malayalam, Gujarati. She started to learn dancing when she was young, and started her career in parallel cinema. Mallika played the role of Draupadi in the Peter Brooks play The Mahabharata, Mallika has won many accolades during her long career, the Golden Star Award being one of them, which she won for the Best Dance Soloist, Theatre De Champs Elysees, Paris 1977. As well as a dancer, Sarabhai is a social activist and she, along with her mother, manages the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts located at Ahmedabad, a center for the arts and for the use of arts as a language for behavior change. In 1989 she performed hard-hitting solo theatrical works, Shakti, The Power of Women and her performance Sita’s Daughters has toured the world and been performed over 500 times in three languages. After that, she directed and acted in numerous productions reflecting current issues, amongst them are An Idea Named Meera, In Search of the Goddess and SvaKranti, The Revolution Within. The play went around 120 schools and colleges, Arvind Gaur later directed it as a play, with the same name. Darpana Academy has launched the people awareness movement through its production Unsuni which travels all over India, in 2009 Mallika Sarabhai acted in an Indian adaptation Bertolt Brechts of The Good Person of Szechwan directed by Arvind Gaur in 34th Vikram Sarabhai International Art Festival. In 2014 she recreated, with Yadavan Chandran, Kadak Badshaahi, the performance ran for an unprecedented 33 full nights in Darpana’s venue, Natarani. Mallika has also used film and television for social change, especially for women’s empowerment, through Darpana Communications, she has been responsible for the production of three thousand hours of TV broadcast programming, all of which has been shown through Doordarshan, Gujarati. The programming uses the most popular genres of TV, Mallika first started writing when she produced and performed Shakti, The Power of Women. Since then she has scripted her own shows, TV serials for ISROs educational TV in Madhya Pradesh, film scripts and she has been a columnist for Times of India, Vanitha, The Week, DivyaBhaskar, Hans and DNA. She described her candidature as a Satyagraha against the politics of hatred and she eventually lost to L K Advani by a huge margin and forfeited her election deposit in the process. She protested against Gujarat Chief Minister, Narendra Modi during Sadbhavna Mission in September 2011 and she accused Narendra Modi of scuttling the petition filed in Supreme court by her on the 2002 Gujarat violence. She joined the Aam Aadmi Party on 8 January 2014, calling herself the partys foot soldier and she felt that her values matched with the Aam Aadmi Party. I have always done things without hiding them, says Mallika, remembering her days, which saw her wearing mini-skirts
31.
Kris Gopalakrishnan
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Senapathy Gopalakrishnan, popularly known as Kris Gopalakrishnan, is the executive vice chairman of Infosys, a global consulting and IT services company based in India. He is also one of its seven founders and he was elected as the President of Indias apex industry chamber Confederation of Indian Industry for the year 2013-14. Kris Gopalakrishnan was born in Thiruvanathapuram on April 5,1955 and he spent his school days in Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Thycaud, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala. Kris obtained an M. Sc. in 1977 and M. Tech. in 1979 and he started his career as a software engineer with Patni Computers, Mumbai in 1979. In 1981, Gopalakrishnan co-founded Infosys with six other entrepreneurs and his initial years at Infosys included management of design, development, implementation and support of information systems for clients in the U. S. consumer products industry. From 1987 to 1994, Gopalakrishnan headed the operations of KSA/Infosys. In 2007, Kris took over as CEO and Managing Director of Infosys Technologies Limited from Nandan Nilekani, during his 4-year tenure, Infosys topline doubled to $6 billion. Kris previously served as Chief Operating Officer, and as the President and Joint Managing Director and his responsibilities included Customer Services, Technology, Investments and Acquisitions. In August 2011, he handed over the responsibility of CEO and MD to his colleague and another co-founder of Infosys and he was later appointed Executive Vice-Chairman of Infosys Board. He served as Non-executive Vice Chairman of Infosys Board from June 14 till October 10,2014, in 2014 Gopalakrishnan co-founded Axilor Ventures, a venture capital platform for young entrepreneurs. On March 8,2016 Gopalakrishnan launched the 5th edition of the renowned maker competition in South India and he was also a keynote speaker at Consilience 2013, organised by National Law School of India University, Bengaluru on Legal Aspects of Cloud Computing. On 5 April 2013 he was elected as the president of the industry body Confederation of Indian Industry for the year 2013-14 and he is a Trustee of the Infosys Science Foundation. He is also a member of ACM, IEEE and IEEE Computer Society and he is the Chief Mentor of Startup Village. Civilian awards, In 2011, Government of India awarded him with Padma Bhushan which is Indias third highest civilian honor, Kris has contributed Rs.225 Crore to the Pure Sciences to develop a Centre for Brain Research at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. He is also one of the single-largest donor to the 105-year-old institute ever received from an individual
32.
Kiran Bedi
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Kiran Bedi is a retired Indian Police Service officer, social activist, former tennis player and politician who is the current Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry. She is the first woman to join the Indian Police Service in 1972 and she remained in service for 35 years before taking voluntary retirement in 2007 as Director General, Bureau of Police Research and Development. As a teenager, Bedi became the junior tennis champion in 1966. Between 1965 and 1978, she won titles at national. After joining IPS, Bedi served in Delhi, Goa, Chandigarh and she started her career as an Assistant Superintendent of Police in Chanakyapuri area of Delhi, and won the Presidents Police Medal in 1979. Next, she moved to West Delhi, where she brought a reduction in crimes against women, subsequently, as a traffic police officer, she oversaw traffic arrangements for the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi and the 1983 CHOGM meet in Goa. As DCP of North Delhi, she launched a campaign against drug abuse, in May 1993, she was posted to the Delhi Prisons as Inspector General. She introduced several reforms at Tihar Jail, which gained worldwide acclaim, in 2003, Bedi became the first Indian woman to be appointed as a Police Advisor to Secretary-General of the United Nations, in the Department of Peace Keeping Operations. She resigned in 2007, to focus on social activism and writing and she has written several books, and runs the India Vision Foundation. During 2008–11, she hosted a court show Aap Ki Kachehri. She was one of the key leaders of the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement and she unsuccessfully contested the 2015 Delhi Assembly election as the partys Chief Ministerial candidate. On 22 May 2016, Bedi was appointed as the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry, Bedi was born on 9 June 1949 in Amritsar, in a well-to-do Punjabi business family. She is the child of Prakash Lal Peshawaria and Prem Lata. She has three sisters, Shashi, Reeta and Anu and her great-great grandfather Lala Hargobind had migrated from Peshawar to Amritsar, where he set up a business. Bedis upbringing was not very religious, but she was brought up in both Hindu and Sikh traditions, Prakash Lal helped with the familys textile business, and also played tennis. Bedis grandfather Muni Lal controlled the business, and gave an allowance to her father. He cut this allowance when Bedis elder sister Shashi was enrolled in the Sacred Heart Convent School, although the school was 16 km away from their home, Shashis parents believed it offered better education than other schools. Muni Lal was opposed to his grandchild being educated in a Christian school, however, Prakash Lal declared financial independence, and went on to enroll all his daughters, including Kiran, in the same school
33.
Rashmi Bansal
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Rashmi Bansal is an Indian non-fiction writer, entrepreneur and a youth expert. As of 2016, she is the author of seven books on entrepreneurship. Her first book, Stay Hungry Stay Foolish, traced the progress of 25 MBA entrepreneurs and sold over 500,000 copies, Bansal grew up at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in South Mumbai where her father was an astrophysicist. After attending St Josephs High School in Colaba, she studied at Sophia College for Women before earning an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, on graduating from IIM, she first worked as a brand manager for the Times of India. After developing a youth page for The Independent, she went on to found JAM and she was inspired to write Stay Hungry Stay Foolish by Rakesh Basant, a professor at IIM Ahmedabad who suggested she should cover the experiences of 25 entrepreneurs from the school. It turned out to be so successful that 100,000 copies were sold in the first 10 months and her next book, Connect the Dots, traced the progress of entrepreneurs without the MBA qualification. It also proved to be a best seller, in a interview with Heather Timmons of the New York Times, Bansal explained she decided to use Hinglish as it provides a more direct representation of peoples voices and makes them more real. More recently, Bansal has written another four best-sellers on entrepreneurs, Poor Little Rich Slum, Follow Every Rainbow, Take Me Home, all are concerned with entrepreneurship with advice on how to succeed. She frequently illustrates her ideas with accounts of those who have risen to unexpected heights, Bansal, Rashmi, I Have a Dream
34.
Harish Hande
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Harish Hande is an Indian social entrepreneur, who co-founded SELCO India in 1995. He was awarded with the Ramon Magsaysay Award for 2011 for his efforts to put solar power technology in the hands of the poor. He was born in Handattu, Udupi Taluk, Udupi District, Karnataka and raised in Rourkela, Orissa, after completing his basic schooling in Orissa in Ispat English Medium School, he went to IIT Kharagpur for his undergraduate studies in Energy Engineering and graduated in 1990. He then went to the U. S. to do his Master’s, Hande co-founded SELCO INDIA, a social enterprise, to eradicate poverty by promoting sustainable technologies in rural India. SELCO India is an enterprise that provides sustainable energy services to the poor in India. SELCO INDIA under the leadership of Hande has won the Ashden Award for Sustainable Energy 2005, in 2007 SELCO INDIA again won the Ashden Award, this time for Outstanding Achievement in energy sector. The award was presented by Al Gore, former Vice President of the United States of America, Hande was named the Social Entrepreneur of the Year 2007 by the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship and the Nand & Jeet Khemka Foundation. In 2008, Hande was chosen by Business Today as one of the 21 young leaders for India’s 21st century, later, in June 2008, India Today named him one of the 50 pioneers of change in India. In 2011 he was awarded the Magsaysay Award, harish Hande was also awarded the Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti in 2011 by the Government of Karnataka. In 2013 the Trustees of University of Massachusetts awarded him the Doctorate of Humane Letters, in 2014 IIT Kharagpur conferred upon him the distinguished alumnus award
