1.
Rose-Marie
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Rose-Marie is an operetta-style musical with music by Rudolf Friml and Herbert Stothart, and book and lyrics by Otto Harbach and Oscar Hammerstein II. The story takes place in the Canadian Rockies and concerns Rose-Marie La Flemme, when Jim falls under suspicion for murder, her brother Emile plans for Rose-Marie to marry Edward Hawley, a city man. The work premiered on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on September 2,1924 and it was the longest-running Broadway musical of the 1920s until it was surpassed by The Student Prince. It was then produced at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London in 1925 and it was filmed in 1928, in 1936 and again in 1954. The best-known song from the musical is Indian Love Call and it became Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddys signature song. Several other numbers have become standards, including the title song. Producer Arthur Hammerstein, attempting to create popular new Broadway shows in the tradition, sought exotic. The Fortune Teller is set in Hungary, The Merry Widow takes place in France and he sent his nephew, Oscar Hammerstein II, and Otto Harbach to Quebec, Canada, to witness a rumored magnificent ice sculpture festival. The men reported that there was not, nor had ever been. Arthur Hammerstein still liked the Canadian setting, and Oscar Hammerstein II, Rudolf Friml and Herbert Stothart collaborated on the score, and opera star Mary Ellis was cast in the title role. British actor and singer Dennis King was cast opposite her as Jim Kenyon, stage versions Rose-Marie premiered on September 2,1924 at the Imperial Theatre in New York City, running for 557 performances. Direction was by Paul Dickey and choreography was by Dave Bennett, the orchestrations were by Robert Russell Bennett. Costumes were designed by Charles LeMaire, and settings were by Gates and it had a brief revival on Broadway in 1927. It was then produced at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London in 1925, the original West End production had a chorus of eighty. It was Londons most successful Broadway show after World War I until it was surpassed by Oklahoma, in Paris, Rose-Marie ran for an unprecedented 1,250 performances. A touring company premiered the work in Canada on January 12,1925 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, and the piece toured Australia and played in Paris. In recent decades, it has produced by the Light Opera of Manhattan several times in the 1970s and 1980s, the Shaw Festival in Canada, Light Opera Works of Illinois. Film versions The show has filmed three times, including a silent film in 1928
2.
Operetta
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Operetta is a genre of light opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter. By this time, the part of the genre name had become misleading. With this new connotation, opéra comique had dominated the French operatic stage since the decline of tragédie lyrique, most researchers acknowledge that the credit for creating the operetta form should go to Hervé, a singer, composer, librettist, conductor, and scene painter. In 1842 he wrote the little opérette, LOurs et le pacha, based on the vaudeville show by Scribe. In 1848, Hervé made his first notable appearance on the Parisian stage, with Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança, hervés most famous works are the Gounod-parody Le Petit Faust and Mamzelle Nitouche. Jacques Offenbach further developed and popularized operetta, giving it its enormous vogue during the Second Empire, Offenbachs earliest one-act pieces included Les deux aveugles, Le violoneux and Ba-ta-clan, and his first full-length operetta success was Orphée aux enfers. Offenbachs tradition was carried on by Robert Planquette, André Messager. What characterizes Offenbachs operettas is both the way they portray life, and the extremely frivolous way this is done. The character was modeled after Offenbachs female star Hortense Schneider. Considering how Zolas Nana describes an Offenbach-style operetta performance in Paris, it is not surprising that the mostly male, upper-class audiences in other cities like Vienna and Berlin longed to see these shows in their home towns as well, which inspired worldwide performance of Offenbachs works. The highly erotic way Offenbachs operettas were originally played, with stars like Hortense Schneider created a reaction from certain parts of the general public. Operetta was considered an art form. Indeed, together with its grotesque qualities, frivolity is one of the elements of authentic operetta à la Offenbach. It was only later, when audiences widened and became more middle and lower class, the most significant composer of operetta in the German language was the Austrian Johann Strauss II. His first operetta was Indigo und die vierzig Räuber and his third operetta, Die Fledermaus, became the most performed operetta in the world, and remains his most popular stage work. Its libretto was based on a written by Offenbachs librettists. In all, Strauss wrote 16 operettas and one opera, most with great success when first premiered, many of his lesser operettas are now largely forgotten, since his later librettists were less talented and he often composed independently of the plot. Strausss operettas, waltzes, polkas, and marches often have a strongly Viennese style, the Theater an der Wien never failed to draw huge crowds when his stage works were first performed
3.
Rudolf Friml
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Charles Rudolf Friml was a Czech-born composer of operettas, musicals, songs and piano pieces, as well as a pianist. After musical training and a performing career in his native Prague, Friml moved to the United States. His best-known works are Rose-Marie and The Vagabond King, each of which enjoyed success on Broadway, born in Prague, Czech Republic Friml showed aptitude for music at an early age. He entered the Prague Conservatory in 1895, where he studied the piano, Friml was expelled from the conservatory in 1901 for performing without permission. In Prague and later in America he composed and published songs, piano pieces and other music, including the set of songs. The last of these, Za tichych noci, later became the basis for a film in Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia in 1941. After the conservatory, Friml took a position as accompanist to the violinist Jan Kubelík and he toured with Kubelik twice in the United States and moved there permanently in 1906, apparently with the support of the Czech singer Emmy Destinn. His first post in New York was as a repetiteur at the Metropolitan Opera and he had made his American piano debut at Carnegie Hall in 1904, and premiered his Piano Concerto in B major in 1906 with the New York Philharmonic under the baton of Walter Damrosch. He settled for a time in Los Angeles where he married Mathilde Baruch. They had two children, Charles Rudolf and Marie Lucille, the first three marriages ended in divorce. One of the most popular theatrical forms in the decades of the 20th century in America was the operetta. It was announced in 1912 that operetta diva Emma Trentini would be starring in a new operetta on Broadway by Herbert with lyricist Otto Harbach entitled The Firefly, shortly before the writing of the operetta, Trentini appeared in a special performance of Herberts Naughty Marietta conducted by Herbert himself. When Trentini refused to sing Italian Street Song for the encore, arthur Hammerstein, the operettas sponsor, frantically began to search for another composer. Not finding any other composer who could compose as well as Herbert. After a month of work, Friml produced the score for what would be his first theatrical success, after tryouts in Syracuse, New York, The Firefly opened at the Lyric Theatre on December 2,1912 to a warm reception by both the audience and the critics. The production moved to the Casino Theatre after Christmas, where it ran until March 15,1913, after The Firefly, Friml produced three more operettas that each had longer runs than The Firefly, although they are not as enduringly successful. These were High Jinks, Katinka and Youre in Love and he also contributed songs to a musical in 1915 entitled The Peasant Girl. Trentini was named as a co-respondent in Frimls divorce from his first wife in 1915, another show, Sometime, written with Rida Johnson Young and starring Ed Wynn and Mae West, ran well on Broadway in 1918–1919
4.
Otto Harbach
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Otto Abels Harbach, born Otto Abels Hauerbach was an American lyricist and librettist of about 50 musical comedies. He was Oscar Hammerstein IIs mentor and believed that librettists should integrate songs into the plot and he is considered one of the first great lyricists, and helped raise the status of the lyricist in an age concerned more with music, costumes, and stars. Some of his more famous lyrics are for Smoke Gets in Your Eyes, Indian Love Call and Cuddle up a Little Closer, Harbach was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Danish immigrant parents Adolph Christiansen and his wife Sena Olsen. His parents changed their name when they immigrated to the United States, and took the name of the farm they worked on, and their new last name was Hauerbach. He attended the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, transferring to Knox College, in Galesburg, Illinois, where he was a friend of Carl Sandburg, joined Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, Knox has since named its 599-seat Harbach Theatre in his honor. He obtained his masters degree in English from Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington, in the early 1900s, complaining of eye difficulties making prolonged reading uncomfortable, he became a newspaper reporter. He also worked at advertising agencies. He also worked at a firm, as a copywriter in advertising. He would have to pull out of Columbia when he could not financially support himself, in 1902, he spotted an advertisement with a picture of Fay Templeton for a new Joe Weber and Lew Fields musical. He had not been interested in theatre but more in literary classics, in the same year, he met Karl Hoschna. They wrote an opera together, but no producer would pick it up. Isidore Witmark then contacted Hoschna, his employee, and told him he wanted to turn Mary Pachecos play Incog into a musical, Hoschna then contacted Harbach, and so began the partnership. The result, with Whitmark and Charles Dickson writing the libretto, was Three Twins and their next collaboration was Madame Sherry in 1910, adapting a 1902 German operetta with Jack Gardner in the lead role. The show featured a song that was not theirs, the Albert von Tilzer and Junie McCree song Put Your Arms Around Me and they would collaborate for four more shows until Hoschna died in 1911, at the age of thirty-four. After working with Hoschna, his works had given somewhat of a name for himself, arthur Hammerstein asked Harbach in 1912 to write the lyrics to an operetta with Rudolf Friml, called The Firefly. Hammerstein could not find anyone as talented as Herbert, but settled on the unknown Friml because of his classical training, the result was a huge success, and it would spell eleven more musicals, including High Jinks and Katinka. Most of the shows they wrote together ran for over 200 performances, in 1914, he contributed the libretto only to the Percy Wenrich musical The Crinoline Girl. In 1917, he shortened his name from Hauerbach to Harbach to avoid anti-German sentiment caused by World War I and he would also work with composer Louis Hirsch during this time, and would score his biggest success so far in 1917 with Going Up
5.
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was an American librettist, theatrical producer, and theatre director of musicals for almost forty years. Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Original Song, many of his songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz musicians. Hammerstein was the lyricist and playwright in his partnerships, his collaborators wrote the music, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was born in New York City and his grandfather was the German theatre impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. His father was from a Jewish family, and his mother was the daughter of Scottish and English parents, although Hammersteins father managed the Victoria Theatre for his father and was a producer of vaudeville shows, he was opposed to his sons desire to participate in the arts. Hammerstein attended Columbia University and studied at Columbia Law School until 1917, as a student, he maintained high grades and engaged in numerous extracurricular activities. These included playing first base on the team, performing in the Varsity Show and becoming an active member of Pi Lambda Phi. When he was 19, and still a student at Columbia, his father died of Brights disease, June 10,1914, symptoms of which doctors originally attributed to scarlet fever. On the train trip to the funeral with his brother, he read the headlines in the New York Herald, the New York Times wrote, Hammerstein, the Barnum of Vaudeville, Dead at Forty. Two hours later, taps was sounded over Broadway, writes biographer Hugh Fordin, after his fathers death, he participated in his first play with the Varsity Show, entitled On Your Way. Throughout the rest of his career, Hammerstein wrote and performed in several Varsity Shows. After quitting law school to pursue theatre, Hammerstein began his first professional collaboration, with Herbert Stothart, Otto Harbach and he began as an apprentice and went on to form a 20-year collaboration with Harbach. Out of this came his first musical, Always You, for which he wrote the book. It opened on Broadway in 1920, in 1927, Kern and Hammerstein had their biggest hit, Show Boat, which is often revived and is still considered one of the masterpieces of the American musical theatre. Here we come to a new genre — the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. The play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play, came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity. Many years later, Hammersteins wife Dorothy bristled when she heard a remark that Jerome Kern had written Ol Man River, Jerome Kern wrote dum, dum, dum-dum. My husband wrote Ol Man River, other Kern-Hammerstein musicals include Sweet Adeline, Music in the Air, Three Sisters, and Very Warm for May
6.
Mary Ellis
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After appearing with the Metropolitan Opera beginning in 1918, later appearing opposite Enrico Caruso, she acted on Broadway, creating the title role in Rose-Marie. In 1930, she emigrated to England, where she gained additional fame and she was also well known for her film roles, including The 3 Worlds of Gulliver in 1960. Ellis was born May Belle Elsas in New York City in 1897, to a German father Herman Elsas, later in the run, she also played Lauretta in the third opera of the triptych, Gianni Schicchi. She also appeared in the premiere of Loiseau bleu by Albert Wolff, singing Mytyl, while in the Metropolitan company she sang Giannetta in Lelisir damore to Enrico Carusos Nemorino and Fyodor in Boris Godunov to Feodor Chaliapins Boris. She gained additional notice by creating the role in Rudolf Frimls light musical operetta Rose-Marie in 1924 and played in The Taming of the Shrew. In 1929 she acted the role of Becky Sharp in the Players Club production of Vanity Fair. She also played Leah in The Neighborhood Playhouses 1925 adaptation of S. Anskys The Dybbuk, in 1930 Ellis settled in London, having emigrated to England with her third husband, Basil Sydney, whom she had married in 1929. She also appeared in a version of Glamorous Night in 1937. For most of the Second World War, Ellis abandoned the theatre, performing work in hospitals. Returning to the stage after the war, Ellis was successful in Noël Cowards 1947 melodrama, Point Valaine, playing a hotel keeper in a sordid, in 1948 she gave one of her most praised performances as the embittered Millie Crocker-Harris in Terence Rattigans The Browning Version. In 1952 she played Volumnia in Coriolanus with Anthony Quayle for the nine-month Stratford season, in 1954 Ellis was cast as Mrs. Erlynne in Cowards musical After the Ball, but her singing voice had deteriorated drastically, and much of her music had to be cut. Coward blamed her performance for the failure of the show. She appeared in the 1960 movie The 3 Worlds of Gulliver and made her last stage appearance in 1970 and she appeared in 1993 in the television series Sherlock Holmes and again in 1994, playing Mary Maberley. Ellis published her memoirs in 1982 under the title Those Dancing Years, a further autobiography Moments of Truth followed in 1986. She became a centenarian in 1998 and died in London on January 30,2003 and she had the distinction of being the last surviving star to perform in a Puccini opera and the last star to perform opposite Caruso
7.
Canadian Rockies
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The Canadian Rockies comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains. They are the part of the Canadian Cordillera, which is a system of multiple ranges of mountains which runs from the Canadian Prairies to the Pacific Coast. The southern end borders Idaho and Montana of the USA, in geographic terms the boundary is at the Canada/US border, but in geological terms it might be considered to be at Marias Pass in northern Montana. The northern end is at the Liard River in northern British Columbia, the Canadian Rockies have numerous high peaks and ranges, such as Mount Robson and Mount Columbia. The Canadian Rockies are composed of shale and limestone, much of the range is protected by national and provincial parks, several of which collectively comprise a World Heritage Site. The Canadian Rockies are the easternmost part of the Canadian Cordillera and they form part of the American Cordillera, an essentially continuous sequence of mountain ranges that runs all the way from Alaska to the very tip of South America. The Cordillera in turn are the part of the Pacific Ring of Fire that runs all the way around the Pacific Ocean. The Canadian Rockies are bounded on the east by the Canadian Prairies, on the west by the Rocky Mountain Trench, contrary to popular misconception, the Rockies do not extend north into Yukon or Alaska, or west into central British Columbia. North of the Liard River, the Mackenzie Mountains, which are a mountain range. The mountain ranges to the west of the Rocky Mountain Trench in southern British Columbia are called the Columbia Mountains, and are not considered to be part of the Rockies by Canadian geologists. Mount Robson is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies, but not the highest in British Columbia, since there are higher mountains in the Coast Mountains. Its base is only 985 m above sea level, meaning it has a vertical relief of 2,969 m or nearly 10,000 feet. In addition, it rises the 3 km to its summit in a distance of only 4 km from its base at Kinney Lake, climbing Mount Robson is a challenge suitable for experienced and well-prepared mountaineers, and usually requires a week on the mountain. Mount Columbia is the second-highest peak in the Canadian Rockies, and is the highest mountain in Alberta, there is a non-technical route to the top involving only kicking steps in the snow, but the approach is across the Columbia Icefield and requires glacier travel and crevasse rescue knowledge. It is normally done in two days, with a night at camp, but some strong skiers have done it from the highway in a day. On the other hand, many others have been stuck in their tents for days waiting for the weather to clear. From the same camp as for Mount Columbia, it is possible to ascend a number of other high peaks in the area, including North Twin, South Twin, Kitchener, Stutfield. Snow Dome is not a peak by Rockies standards
8.
Indigenous peoples in Canada
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Aboriginal peoples in Canada, are the indigenous peoples within the boundaries of present-day Canada. They comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis, although Indian is a term still commonly used in legal documents, the descriptors Indian and Eskimo have somewhat fallen into disuse in Canada and are pejorative. Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are some of the earliest known sites of habitation in Canada. The Paleo-Indian Clovis, Plano and Pre-Dorset cultures pre-date current indigenous peoples of the Americas, projectile point tools, spears, pottery, bangles, chisels and scrapers mark archaeological sites, thus distinguishing cultural periods, traditions and lithic reduction styles. The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal culture included permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies, the Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit people married Europeans. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada, Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first peoples communities. National Aboriginal Day recognizes the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples to the history of Canada, First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Aboriginal community and help to shape the Canadian cultural identity. The terms First Peoples and First Nations are both used to refer to peoples of Canada. The terms First Peoples or Aboriginal peoples in Canada are normally broader terms than First Nations, as they include Inuit, Métis, First Nations has come into general use for the indigenous peoples of North America in Canada, and their descendants, who are neither Inuit nor Métis. On reserves, First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnical identity, in conversation this would be I am Haida, or we are Kwantlens, in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities. In this Act, Aboriginal peoples of Canada includes the Indian, Inuit, Indian remains in place as the legal term used in the Canadian Constitution. Its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive, Aboriginal peoples is more commonly used to describe all indigenous peoples of Canada. It also refers to self-identification of Aboriginal people who live within Canada claiming rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the term Eskimo has pejorative connotations in Canada and Greenland. Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit, the Yupik of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and ethnographers agree they are a distinct people. They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo, the Yupik languages are linguistically distinct from the Inuit languages. Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people across the area inhabited by the Inuit. Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are divided into legal categories based on their relationship with the Crown
9.
Legend
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Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of possibility, but may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep fresh and vital. Many legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never being believed by the participants. The Brothers Grimm defined legend as folktale historically grounded, a modern folklorists professional definition of legend was proposed by Timothy R. Legend is a loanword from Old French that entered English usage circa 1340. The Old French noun legende derives from the Medieval Latin legenda, in its early English-language usage, the word indicated a narrative of an event. The word legendary was originally a noun meaning a collection or corpus of legends and this word changed to legendry, and legendary became the adjectival form. By 1613, English-speaking Protestants began to use the word when they wished to imply that an event was fictitious, thus, legend gained its modern connotations of undocumented and spurious, which distinguish it from the meaning of chronicle. In 1866, Jacob Grimm described the tale as poetic. Questions of categorising legends, in hopes of compiling a series of categories on the line of the Aarne–Thompson folktale index. Compared to the highly structured folktale, legend is comparatively amorphous, in Einleitung in der Geschichtswissenschaft, Ernst Bernheim asserted that a legend is simply a longstanding rumour. Gordon Allport credited the staying-power of some rumours to the persistent cultural state-of-mind that they embody and capsulise, in the narrow Christian sense, legenda were hagiographical accounts, often collected in a legendary. Hippolyte Delehaye distinguished legend from myth, The legend, on the hand, has, of necessity. It refers imaginary events to some real personage, or it localizes romantic stories in some definite spot, stories that exceed the boundaries of realism are called fables. For example, the talking animal formula of Aesop identifies his brief stories as fables, the parable of the Prodigal Son would be a legend if it were told as having actually happened to a specific son of a historical father. If it included a donkey that gave sage advice to the Prodigal Son it would be a fable, Legend may be transmitted orally, passed on person-to-person, or, in the original sense, through written text. Jacob de Voragines Legenda Aurea or The Golden Legend comprises a series of vitae or instructive biographical narratives and they are presented as lives of the saints, but the profusion of miraculous happenings and above all their uncritical context are characteristics of hagiography. The Legenda was intended to inspire extemporized homilies and sermons appropriate to the saint of the day, the vanishing hitchhiker is the best-known urban legend in America, traceable as far back as 1870, but it is found around the world including in Korea and Russia. In the legend, a girl in a white dress picked up alongside of the road by a passerby
10.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
13.
Nelson Eddy
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Nelson Ackerman Eddy was an American singer and actor who appeared in 19 musical films during the 1930s and 1940s, as well as in opera and on the concert stage, radio, television, and in nightclubs. A classically trained baritone, he is best remembered for the eight films in which he costarred with soprano Jeanette MacDonald. He was one of the first crossover stars, a superstar appealing both to shrieking bobby soxers and opera purists, and in his heyday, he was the highest paid singer in the world. S, president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941. He also introduced millions of young Americans to classical music and inspired many of them to pursue a musical career, Eddy was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the only child of Caroline Isabel and William Darius Eddy. His father was a machinist and toolmaker whose work required him to move from town to town, Nelson grew up in Providence and Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and in New Bedford, Massachusetts. As a boy, he was a redhead and quickly acquired the nickname Bricktop, as an adult, his red hair was streaked with silver, so his hair photographed as blond. He came from a musical family and his Atlanta-born mother was a church soloist, and his grandmother, Caroline Netta Ackerman Kendrick, was a distinguished oratorio singer. His father occasionally moonlighted as a stagehand at the Providence Opera House, sang in the choir, played the drums. His parents divorced when he was 14, living in near poverty, Eddy was forced to drop out of school and moved with his mother to Philadelphia, where her brother, Clark Kendrick, lived. His uncle helped Eddy secure a job at the Mott Iron Works. He later worked as a reporter with the Philadelphia Press, the Evening Public Ledger, and he also worked briefly as a copywriter at N. W. Ayer Advertising, but was dismissed for constantly singing on the job, Eddy never returned to school, but educated himself with correspondence courses. He was bitter that his father refused to provide support after the divorce. Eddy developed his talent as a boy soprano in church choirs, throughout his teens, Eddy studied voice and imitated the recordings of baritones such as Titta Ruffo, Antonio Scotti, Pasquale Amato, Giuseppe Campanari, and Reinald Werrenrath. He gave recitals for womens groups and appeared in society theatricals, having had a job in an iron works factory, he then spent ten years as a newspaper reporter, but was fired for paying more attention to music than to journalism. His first professional break came in 1922, when he was singled out by the press after an appearance in a society theatrical, The Marriage Tax, in 1924, Eddy won the top prize in a competition that included a chance to appear with the Philadelphia Opera Society. With Savoy, Eddy sang the role of Strephon in Iolanthe at the Broad Street Theatre in Philadelphia in 1922. The next year, he played the role of Major-General Stanley in Savoys production of The Pirates of Penzance and he reprised the role of Strephon with Savoy in 1927, when the theater group moved their performances to the famed Academy of Music
14.
Jeanette MacDonald
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Jeanette Anna MacDonald was an American singer and actress best remembered for her musical films of the 1930s with Maurice Chevalier and Nelson Eddy. During the 1930s and 1940s she starred in 29 feature films, four nominated for Best Picture Oscars and she later appeared in opera, concerts, radio, and television. MacDonald was one of the most influential sopranos of the 20th century, introducing opera to movie-going audiences, MacDonald was born June 18,1903, at her familys Philadelphia home at 5123 Arch Street. She was the youngest of the three daughters of Anna Mae and Daniel MacDonald and she had Scottish, English, and Dutch ancestry. Starting at an age, she took dancing lessons with Al White, imitated her mothers opera records. She performed at church and school functions and began touring in kiddie shows and she was the younger sister of character actress Blossom Rock who is most famous as Grandmama on the TV show Addams Family. In 1920 she appeared in two musicals, Jerome Kerns Night Boat as a replacement, and Irene on the road as the second female lead. Shipman once remarked that MacDonald did not have the legs for a chorus girl. In 1921 MacDonald played in Tangerine, as one of the Six Wives, in 1922 MacDonald was a featured singer in a Greenwich Village revue, Fantastic Fricassee. Good press notices brought her a role in The Magic Ring, MacDonald played the second female lead in this long-running musical which starred Mitzi Hajos. In 1925 MacDonald again had the female lead opposite Queenie Smith in Tip Toes. The following year found her still in a female lead in Bubblin Over. MacDonald finally landed the role in Yes, Yes, Yvette. Planned as a sequel to producer H. H. Frazees No, No, Nanette, MacDonald also played the lead in her next two plays, Sunny Days, her first show for producers Lee and J. J. Shubert, for which she received rave reviews, and Angela and her last play was Boom Boom, with her name above the title. While MacDonald was appearing in Angela, film star Richard Dix spotted her and had her screen-tested for his film Nothing, the Shuberts wouldn’t let her out of her contract to appear in the film, which starred Dix and Helen Kane, the Boop-boop-a-doop girl. In 1929, famed film director Ernst Lubitsch was looking through old screen tests of Broadway performers and he cast her as the leading lady in his first sound film, The Love Parade, which starred the Continental sensation Maurice Chevalier. In the first rush of sound films, 1929–30, MacDonald starred in six films and her first, The Love Parade, directed by Lubitsch and co-starring Chevalier, was a landmark of early sound films and received a Best Picture nomination
15.
Duet
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A duet is a musical composition for two performers in which the performers have equal importance to the piece. It is often used to describe a composition involving two singers and it differs from a harmony, as the performers take turns performing a solo section rather than performing simultaneously. In classical music, the term is most often used for a composition for two singers or pianists, a piece performed by two pianists performing together on the same piano is referred to as piano duet or piano four hands. A piece for two pianists performing together on separate pianos is referred to as a piano duo, duet is also used as a verb for the act of performing a musical duet, or colloquially as a noun to refer to the performers of a duet. The word is occasionally used in reference to non-musical activities performed together by two people. A musical ensemble with more than two solo instruments or voices is called trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, when Mozart was young, he and his sister Marianne played a duet of his composition at a London concert in 1765. The four-hand, described as a duet, was in many of his compositions included five sonatas. The first published sonata or duet was in 1777, in Renaissance music, a duet specifically intended as a teaching tool, to be performed by teacher and student, was called a bicinium. Duets have always been a part of the structure of operas, early 16th-century operas such as LOrfeo and Lincoronazione di Poppea involve duets throughout the performance. In 17th-century Italy duets were often used in comic scenes within serious operas, in Baroque France the duet was popular in tragedies, such as songs of vengeance and confrontation. The love duet was characterized by singing in close harmonies of 3rds and 6ths, some songs were written to be heard as conversations, such as Baby, Its Cold Outside. Others were performed around a theme, for example New York in Empire State of Mind, occasionally duets are an improvisation between artists, such as Under Pressure. David Bowie and Freddie Mercury reportedly composed the lyrics in a day by improvising together, the dictionary definition of duet at Wiktionary
16.
Rose Marie (1936 film)
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Rose Marie is a 1936 musical film starring Jeanette MacDonald, Nelson Eddy and Reginald Owen and directed by W. S. Van Dyke. It was the second of three movie adaptations from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer of the 1924 Broadway musical of the same name, a silent version was released in 1928 and a color film in 1954. All three versions are set in the Canadian wilderness, portions of Rudolf Friml and Herbert Stotharts original score for the Broadway musical are utilized in both the 1936 and 1954 films. Although the original plot was changed, and most of the songs were dropped and their duet of Indian Love Call was a major hit for the two singers and remained a signature song throughout their careers. Marie de Flor is a Canadian soprano performing in Roméo et Juliette in Montreal, making her excuses, she leaves for the Canadian wilderness with Boniface, hoping to help Jack. At the same time, Sergeant Bruce, of the Mounties reports to headquarters and receives his latest mission, he must find Jack Flower, Marie and Boniface reach an outpost near Lake Chibougam, where Boniface disappears with Maries money. Marie falls in with Sergeant Bruce, but Marie cannot tell him the truth for fear of compromising Jack, Marie tries singing at a local cafe to earn some money, but is unused to such boisterous singing and fails to attract any tips. Bruce insists that Marie reports Bonifaces theft, but she cannot admit her real identity, but Bruce has recognised her via her voice. They travel together to an Indian ceremony that night, Bruce, despite his strong sense of duty, proves to be a womaniser, and they sing together. Marie finds Boniface and they leave together, but Bruce has discovered that Rose Marie de Flor is really Jack Flowers sister and sets off after her, knowing that she will lead him to Jack. Boniface and Marie travel on horseback to Haymans Landing where Jack is hiding, Sergeant Bruce, following her, rescues her from drowning as they cross a deep river and Boniface runs off into the forest. Marie haughtily refuses the Sergeants help, but realises that she not reach Jack without that help. She and the Sergeant travel together for the three days, before she leaves him with a new guide. Marie finds Jack being nursed by Bonifaces Mother, and tries to him to reform. She gives him the necessary to escape and start over. But Bruce appears and arrests Jack, Marie begs him to let her brother go, but the Sergeant is unmoved by her plea. No more is heard of Jack, but Marie, although unwell and she has the title role in the opera Tosca. She keeps imagining that she hears Indian Love Call throughout the opera and she retires to a mountain lodge and refuses to sing for six months
17.
Romeo and Juliet
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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays, today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562, Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. The text of the first quarto version was of quality, however. Shakespeares use of his dramatic structure has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops, Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play. Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical, during the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garricks 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushmans, restored the original text and focused on greater realism. John Gielguds 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeares text and used Elizabethan costumes, the play, set in Verona, Italy, begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death, later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliets nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Pariss courtship, meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montagues son, about Romeos recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulets nieces, persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet, Juliets cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliets father, who does not wish to shed blood in his house. Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married, with the help of Friar Laurence, who hopes to reconcile the two families through their childrens union, they are secretly married the next day. Tybalt, meanwhile, still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball, Romeo, now considering Tybalt his kinsman, refuses to fight. Mercutio is offended by Tybalts insolence, as well as Romeos vile submission, Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight
18.
Giacomo Puccini
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Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini was an Italian opera composer who has been called the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi. Puccinis early work was rooted in traditional late-19th-century romantic Italian opera, later, he successfully developed his work in the realistic verismo style, of which he became one of the leading exponents. Puccinis most renowned works are La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, Puccini was born Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini in Lucca in Tuscany, in 1858. He was one of nine children of Michele Puccini and Albina Magi, the Puccini family was established in Lucca as a local musical dynasty by Puccinis great-great grandfather – also named Giacomo. This first Giacomo Puccini was maestro di cappella of the Cattedrale di San Martino in Lucca and he was succeeded in this position by his son, Antonio Puccini, and then by Antonios son Domenico, and Domenicos son Michele. Each of these men studied music at Bologna, and some additional musical studies elsewhere. Domenico Puccini studied for a time under Giovanni Paisiello, each composed music for the church. In addition, Domenico composed several operas, and Michele composed one opera, Puccinis father Michele enjoyed a reputation throughout northern Italy, and his funeral was an occasion of public mourning, at which the then-famed composer Giovanni Pacini conducted a Requiem. However, when Michele Puccini died in 1864, his son Giacomo was only six years old, as a child, he nevertheless participated in the musical life of the Cattedrale di San Martino, as a member of the boys choir and later as a substitute organist. Puccini was given an education at the seminary of San Michele in Lucca. One of Puccinis uncles, Fortunato Magi, supervised his musical education, Puccini got a diploma from the Pacini School of Music in Lucca in 1880, having studied there with his uncle Fortunato, and later with Carlo Angeloni, who had also instructed Alfredo Catalani. Puccini studied at the conservatory for three years, sharing a room with Pietro Mascagni, in 1880, at the age of 21, Puccini composed his Mass, which marks the culmination of his familys long association with church music in his native Lucca. Puccini wrote a piece called the Capriccio sinfonica as a thesis composition for the Milan Conservatory. Puccinis teachers Ponchielli and Bazzini were impressed by the work, and it was performed at a student concert at the conservatory on 14 July 1883, conducted by Franco Faccio. Puccinis work was reviewed in the Milanese publication Perseveranza. After the premiere of the Capriccio sinfonica, Ponchielli and Puccini discussed the possibility that Puccinis next work might be an opera, Ponchielli invited Puccini to stay at his villa, where Puccini was introduced to another young man named Fernando Fontana. Puccini and Fontana agreed to collaborate on an opera, for which Fontana would provide the libretto, the work, Le Villi, was entered into a competition sponsored by the Sozogno music publishing company in 1883. Although it did not win, Le Villi was later staged at the Teatro Dal Verme, G. Ricordi & Co. music publishers assisted with the premier by printing the libretto without charge
19.
Tosca
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Tosca is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900 and it contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccinis best-known lyrical arias. Puccini saw Sardous play when it was touring Italy in 1889 and, after some vacillation, turning the wordy French play into a succinct Italian opera took four years, during which the composer repeatedly argued with his librettists and publisher. Tosca premiered at a time of unrest in Rome, and its first performance was delayed for a day for fear of disturbances, despite indifferent reviews from the critics, the opera was an immediate success with the public. Musically, Tosca is structured as a work, with arias, recitative, choruses. Puccini used Wagnerian leitmotifs to identify characters, objects and ideas, the dramatic force of Tosca and its characters continues to fascinate both performers and audiences, and the work remains one of the most frequently performed operas. Many recordings of the work have been issued, both of studio and live performances, the French playwright Victorien Sardou wrote more than 70 plays, almost all of them successful, and none of them performed today. In the early 1880s Sardou began a collaboration with actress Sarah Bernhardt, Puccini had seen La Tosca at least twice, in Milan and Turin. Ricordi sent his agent in Paris, Emanuele Muzio, to negotiate with Sardou and he complained about the reception La Tosca had received in Italy, particularly in Milan, and warned that other composers were interested in the piece. Nonetheless, Ricordi reached terms with Sardou and assigned the librettist Luigi Illica to write a scenario for an adaptation, in 1891, Illica advised Puccini against the project, most likely because he felt the play could not be successfully adapted to a musical form. When Sardou expressed his unease at entrusting his most successful work to a new composer whose music he did not like. He withdrew from the agreement, which Ricordi then assigned to Alberto Franchetti, Illica wrote a libretto for Franchetti, who was never at ease with the assignment. There are several versions of how Ricordi got Franchetti to surrender the rights so he could recommission Puccini, by some accounts, Ricordi convinced Franchetti that the work was too violent to be successfully staged. Franchetti family tradition holds that Franchetti gave the work back as a gesture, saying. American scholar Deborah Burton contends that Franchetti gave it up simply because he saw merit in it. Franchetti surrendered the rights in May 1895, and in August Puccini signed a contract to control of the project. According to the libretto, the action of Tosca occurs in Rome in June 1800, Sardou, in his play, dates it more precisely, La Tosca takes place in the afternoon, evening, and early morning of 17 and 18 June 1800. Italy had long divided into a number of small states
20.
Naughty Marietta (operetta)
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Naughty Marietta is an operetta in two acts, with libretto by Rida Johnson Young and music by Victor Herbert. The score includes many songs, including Ah. Naughty Marietta had its first performance on October 24,1910, in Syracuse, New York and it enjoyed revivals in 1929 at Jolsons 59th Street Theatre and in 1931 at Erlangers Theatre. The operetta became Victor Herberts greatest success, a film version of Naughty Marietta was released by MGM in 1935 starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy. A television version of the operetta was broadcast live in the United States on January 15,1955, starring Patrice Munsel, in eighteenth century New Orleans, the townspeople go about their daily business in the Place dArmes. Étienne, unknown to all but his father and his slave mistress Adah, is really Bras Piqué. He gives his father a share of the profits from his crimes, a band of American woodsmen, farmers, and Indians, led by Captain Dick Warrington and his lieutenant, Sir Harry Blake, Tramp, Tramp, Tramp into town. They vow to capture Bras Piqué and seek the governors signature on a warrant for his arrest and they also hope to find wives among the casquette girls, who should arrive in New Orleans any day. These French girls have been granted dowries by the King of France, Lieutenant Governor Grandet, Étiennes father, refuses to sign the warrant. He knows Étienne has imprisoned the governor on a Caribbean island. Étienne seeks to establish Louisiana as a dictatorship under his own command, the Lieutenant Governor oversees the girls arrival, and the men excitedly introduce themselves. A plain-looking girl, Lizette, is ignored by all the men except the boastful Simon OHara, after everyone leaves the square, the fragmented song of the ghost comes from the fountain. It is not a ghost singing, but an Italian girl who introduces herself as Naughty Marietta and she was one of the casquette girls, but she ran away from the ship at Mozambique and came to New Orleans on her own. Captain Dick, who met her in Mozambique, sees her by the fountain and he agrees to help her hide, but explains that It Never, Never Can Be Love between them. He and the Italian puppeteer, Rudolfo, agree that she can disguise herself as Rudolfos son, Marietta tells Dick that it has been foretold that she will love the man who can complete the melody she sang at the fountain, which came to her in a dream. She asks him to try to complete it and he refuses, but finds himself whistling it soon afterwards. Though Lizette ignores Simon, he tries to impress her, Adah feels that Étienne does not love her anymore and tries to see her future in cards. Marietta, disguised as Rudolfos son, performs an Italian Street Song for the townsfolk, the Contessa always sings a fragment of a certain tune, and the townspeople recognize it as the ghosts song
21.
Naughty Marietta (film)
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Naughty Marietta is a 1935 film based on the operetta Naughty Marietta by Victor Herbert. Jeanette MacDonald stars as a princess who flees an arranged marriage and she sails for New Orleans and is rescued from pirates by Captain Richard Warrington. Five of Victor Herberts most famous come from the score of Naughty Marietta, with words by lyricist Rida Johnson Young. Sweet Mystery of Life Italian Street Song Neath the Southern Moon Im Falling in Love With Someone Tramp, additional lyrics for several of Herberts songs were penned for the film by Gus Kahn. The film was written by Frances Goodrich, Albert Hackett, John Lee Mahin, en route, the women discuss what type of man they want to marry. Marietta shocks the girls by stating that she does not intend to get married to anyone. Shortly after, the ship is boarded by pirates, who kill the entire crew, after the pirates divide the loot, they turn their attention to the girls. The pirates extinguish their torches and fire to try to avoid detection, mercenaries rout the pirates and rescue the women. The mercenaries leader, Captain Richard Warrington, sings Neath a Southern Moon to Marietta, despite his attraction to her, however, Warrington declares that he does not intend to get married. Warrington and his men take the girls to New Orleans. The women are housed in the convent while they get to know their potential husbands, when some men approach Marietta, she declares that she does not want to marry any of them. The Governor feels that he has seen Marietta before in Paris, when she pretends to have a disreputable past, the Governor orders a pair of soldiers to escort her away in disgrace. Warrington relieves them of their duty and finds her a place to stay, though Marietta tries to rid herself of Warrington, he is undaunted. Just then, a group of gypsies stroll by, advertising their Marionette Theater, the gypsy leader, Rodolpho, has his daughter sing, and Warrington joins in. Stung by Warringtons remark that she not be able to sing as well as the gypsy. While he is distracted getting rid of three suitors, she slips away. The following day, Warrington discovers that Marietta is working at the Marionette Theater, when he visits her after the performance, Marietta tells him that his presence is most unwelcome. The captain asks her if he would be somewhere else
22.
That's Entertainment!
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Is a 1974 compilation film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to celebrate its 50th anniversary. It was followed by two sequels and a film called Thats Dancing. The film, compiled by its writer-producer-director, Jack Haley, Jr, most of the hosts were filmed on MGMs famous backlot, which appears ramshackle and rundown in this film, because MGM had sold the property to developers and the sets were about to be demolished. Was the last major project to be filmed on the backlot, the title of the film derives from the anthemic song Thats Entertainment. By Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz, which was introduced in the 1953 MGM musical, the title is usually expressed with an exclamation mark, but it is also correct to refer to it without. Is one of the few documentaries to spawn official sequels—either two or three, depending upon ones criteria, in 1976, Thats Entertainment, Part II was released. The film is highlighted by Astaire and Kelly dancing together on film for the last time, in 1985, Thats Dancing. was released, a retrospective that looked back at the history of dancing in film. This film is considered part of the Thats Entertainment. Series, especially since its starting credits contain a card with the Thats Entertainment, III title, but even though it shared studio and producers, it is considered a separate production. III was released, which featured more retrospectives with a focus on previously unreleased material cut from the MGM films, gene Kelly is the only individual to host in all four films. Films were released to DVD in 2004, Thats Dancing. received a separate DVD release in 2007. The original trilogy also received a Blu-ray release in the late 2000s, list of American films of 1974 Thats Entertainment. At the Internet Movie Database Thats Entertainment, at the TCM Movie Database Thats Entertainment
23.
Artie Shaw
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Artie Shaw was an American clarinetist, composer, bandleader, and actor. Also an author, Shaw wrote both fiction and non-fiction, widely regarded as one of jazzs finest clarinetists, Shaw led one of the United States most popular big bands in the late 1930s through the early 1940s. Though he had hit records, he was perhaps best known for his 1938 recording of Cole Porters Begin the Beguine. Prior to the release of Beguine, Shaw and his band had languished in relative obscurity for over two years and, after its release, he became a major pop artist within short order. The record eventually became one of the defining recordings. Musically restless, Shaw was also a proponent of what became known much later as Third Stream music. Shaw also recorded with jazz groups drawn from within the ranks of the various big bands he led. He served in the US Navy from 1942 to 1944, and, following his discharge in 1944, Shaw was born Arthur Jacob Arshawsky in New York City, the son of Sarah and Harry Arshawsky, who worked as a dressmaker and photographer. His family was Jewish, his father was from Russia, his mother from Austria, Shaw grew up in New Haven, Connecticut where, according to his autobiography, his natural introversion was deepened by local antisemitism. Shaw bought a saxophone by working in a store, and began learning the saxophone at 13, by 16, he switched to the clarinet. Returning to New York, he became a musician through the early 1930s. In 1929 and 1930, he played with Irving Aaronsons Commanders, where he was exposed to symphonic music, in 1935, Shaw first gained attention with his Interlude in B-flat at a swing concert at the Imperial Theater in New York. During the swing era, his big bands were popular hits like Begin the Beguine, Stardust, Back Bay Shuffle, Moonglow, Rosalie. The show was received, but forced to dissolve in 1937 because his bands sound was not commercial. His incorporation of stringed instruments could be attributed to the influence of classical composer Igor Stravinsky. S. However, after recording Any Old Time, she left the band due to hostility from audiences in the South as well as music company executives who wanted a more mainstream singer. His band became successful, and his playing was eventually recognized as equal to that of Benny Goodman. Longtime Duke Ellington clarinetist Barney Bigard cited Shaw as his favorite clarinet player, in response to Goodmans nickname, the King of Swing, Shaws fans dubbed him the King of the Clarinet
24.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
25.
Cole Porter
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Cole Albert Porter was an American composer and songwriter. Born to a family in Indiana, he defied the wishes of his domineering grandfather. Classically trained, he was drawn towards musical theatre, after a slow start, he began to achieve success in the 1920s, and by the 1930s he was one of the major songwriters for the Broadway musical stage. Unlike many successful Broadway composers, Porter wrote the lyrics, as well as the music, after a serious horseback riding accident in 1937, Porter was left disabled and in constant pain, but he continued to work. His shows of the early 1940s did not contain the hits of his best work of the 1920s and 30s. It won the first Tony Award for Best Musical, Porters other musicals include Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady, Anything Goes, Can-Can and Silk Stockings. His numerous hit songs include Night and Day, Begin the Beguine, I Get a Kick Out of You, Well, Ive Got You Under My Skin, My Heart Belongs to Daddy and Youre the Top. Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, the surviving child of a wealthy family. His father, Samuel Fenwick Porter, was a druggist by trade and his mother, Kate, was the indulged daughter of James Omar J. O. Cole, the richest man in Indiana, a coal and timber speculator who dominated the family. J. O. Cole built the couple a home on his Peru-area property, after high school, Porter returned to the property only for occasional visits. Porters strong-willed mother doted on him and began his training at an early age. He learned the violin at age six, the piano at eight and she falsified his recorded birth year, changing it from 1891 to 1893 to make him appear more precocious. His father, who was a shy and unassertive man, played a role in Porters upbringing, although as an amateur poet, he may have influenced his sons gifts for rhyme. Porters father also had talent as a vocalist and pianist. J. O. Cole wanted his grandson to become a lawyer, Porter brought an upright piano with him to school and found that music, and his ability to entertain, made it easy for him to make friends. Porter did well in school and rarely came home to visit and he became class valedictorian and was rewarded by his grandfather with a tour of France, Switzerland and Germany. Entering Yale University in 1909, Porter majored in English, minored in music and he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and contributed to campus humor magazine The Yale Record. Porter wrote 300 songs while at Yale, including student songs such as the fight songs Bulldog
26.
Begin the Beguine
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Not to be confused with the R. E. M. Song Begin the Begin or the television episode Begin the Begin, Begin the Beguine is a popular song written by Cole Porter. Porter composed the song between Kalabahi, Indonesia, and Fiji during a 1935 Pacific cruise aboard Cunards ocean liner Franconia, in October 1935, it was introduced by June Knight in the Broadway musical Jubilee, produced at the Imperial Theatre in New York City. This combination of French ballroom dance and Latin folk dance popular in Paris and spread further abroad in the 1940s. Based on the dance, the song is notable for its 108-measure length. The final C2 section is stretched beyond its 16 measures an additional twelve bars for a total of 28 measures, with the twelve additional measures providing a sense of finality to the long form. The slight differences in each of the A sections, along with the songs long phrases and final elongated C2 section at the end, give it unique character and complexity. The fact that the individual parts hold up melodically and harmonically over such a long form also attests to Porters talent. About the sixtieth measure I find myself muttering another title, End the Beguine, at first, the song gained little popularity, perhaps because of its length and unconventional form. Josephine Baker danced to it in her return to America in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1936, two years later, however, bandleader Artie Shaw recorded an arrangement of the song, an extended swing orchestra version, in collaboration with his arranger and orchestrator, Jerry Gray. The session was held at RCAs Studio 2 on East 24th Street in New York on July 24,1938, shaws persistence paid off, though, when Begin the Beguine became a best-selling record in 1938, peaking at No.3. Skyrocketing Shaw and his band to fame and popularity, the recording became one of the most famous and popular anthems of the entire Swing Era. Subsequent re-releases by RCA Victor and other releases on LPs, tapes, after Shaw introduced the song to dance halls, MGM brought out the musical film Broadway Melody of 1940, in which Fred Astaire and Eleanor Powell danced to Begin the Beguine. In short order, all the big bands recorded it, including Harry James, Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey and Glenn Miller, often as an instrumental. Begin the Beguine became such a classic during World War II that Max Beckmann adopted the title for a painting in 1946, xavier Cugat and his orchestra recorded one of the first versions in 1935, with a stronger Latin sound than later versions. The song was recorded as an instrumental, although a vocalist sings the title, tony Martin recorded Begin the Beguine at least twice, on March 14,1939 for Decca Records and for RCA Victor Records in the late 1940s. In July 1939 Chick Henderson recorded a version of the song with the Joe Loss orchestra in London, on the Regal Zonophone label, leslie Hutchinson recorded a version on April 3,1940. Eddie Heywood and his orchestra recorded a version in 1944
27.
Fred Lowery
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Fred Lowery was a blind professional whistler who recorded a No.9 Billboard chart hit version of The High and the Mighty with conductor and arranger LeRoy Holmes. Lowery whistled with Horace Heidt and Vincent Lopez in the 1930s and 40s and his Silent Night and William Tell Overture demonstrate the difference between everyday whistling and puccalo. Lowery was born in Palestine in Anderson County in east Texas, with an artificial right eye and limited vision in the left, Fred Lowery was legally blind - not totally blind. From the age of eight he was educated at the Texas School for the Blind, in 1929, when he was attending school, he met a bird imitator. He encouraged me, he recalled, and I began to discover there was more to whistling than bird calls. After a series of successes, including a radio show on WFAA in Dallas. Heidt gave Lowery his chance for national recognition as a part of his show. In 1945, Lowery struck out on his own and his 1939 version of the song Indian Love Call sold over 2 million copies. During his career, he performed at Carnegie Hall and at the White House
28.
Chet Atkins
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Chester Burton Chet Atkins known as Mr. He was primarily known as a guitarist and he also played the mandolin, fiddle, banjo, and ukulele. Atkins signature picking style was inspired by Merle Travis, other major guitar influences were Django Reinhardt, George Barnes, Les Paul, and, later, Jerry Reed. His distinctive picking style and musicianship brought him admirers inside and outside the country scene, among many honors, Atkins received 14 Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received nine Country Music Association awards for Instrumentalist of the Year and he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum. Atkins was born on June 20,1924, in Luttrell, Tennessee and his parents divorced when he was six, after which he was raised by his mother. He was the youngest of three boys and a girl and he started out on the ukulele, later moving on to the fiddle, but traded his brother Lowell an old pistol and some chores for a guitar when he was nine. He stated in his 1974 autobiography, We were so poor, forced to relocate to Fortson, Georgia, outside of Columbus, to live with his father because of a critical asthma condition, Atkins was a sensitive youth who made music his obsession. Because of his illness, he was forced to sleep in a chair to breathe comfortably. On those nights, he played his guitar until he fell asleep holding it, while living in Fortson, he attended the historic Mountain Hill School. He returned in the 1990s to play a series of charity concerts to save the school from demolition, Atkins became an accomplished guitarist while he was in high school. He used the restroom in the school to practice, because it gave better acoustics and his first guitar had a nail for a nut and was so bowed that only the first few frets could be used. He later purchased an electric guitar and amp, but he had to travel many miles to find an electrical outlet. Later in life, he gave himself the honorary degree CGP. In 2011, his daughter Merle Atkins Russell bestowed the CGP degree on his longtime sideman Paul Yandell and she then declared no more CGPs would be allowed by the Atkins estate. His half-brother Jim was a successful guitarist who worked with the Les Paul Trio in New York, Atkins did not have a strong style of his own until 1939, when he heard Merle Travis picking over WLW radio. This early influence dramatically shaped his unique playing style, whereas Traviss right hand used his index finger for the melody and thumb for bass notes, Atkins expanded his right-hand style to include picking with his first three fingers, with the thumb on bass. Chet Atkins was a ham radio general class licensee, formerly using the call sign WA4CZD, he obtained the vanity call sign W4CGP in 1998 to include the CGP designation
29.
Yodeling
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Yodeling is a form of singing which involves repeated and rapid changes of pitch between the low-pitch chest register and the high-pitch head register or falsetto. The English word yodel is derived from the German word jodeln and this vocal technique is used in many cultures worldwide. Alpine yodeling was a longtime rural tradition in Europe, and became popular in the 1830s as an entertainment in theaters, in Central Africa, yodeling was a form of communication announcing the yodelers location and identity. In the United States, traveling minstrels were yodeling in the 19th century, Music historians credit the first country recording to include yodeling to Riley Puckett in 1924. In 1928, blending Alpine yodeling with traditional work, blues, hobo, the popularity lasted through the 1940s, but by the 1950s it became rare to hear yodeling in Country or Western music. The Swiss Amish maintain the practice of yodeling to this day, most experts agree that yodeling was used in the Central Alps by herders calling their stock or to communicate between Alpine villages. The multi-pitched yelling later became part of the traditional lore. The earliest record of a yodel is in 1545, where it is described as the call of a cowherd from Appenzell. In Norwegian traditional music, the oral-song tradition Laling, also called huving, is a form of signal song, usually it is considered to transhumance tradition. The cry could be designed so that it was not just a cry for contact. The cry may have a form of text, but is just as well without words, characteristically big melody scope and exchange between breast and falsetto voice. Laling is related to yodeling in Switzerland and Austria, the overture Hjalarljod has a background in the phenomenon of yodeling. Laling is a mix of yelling and singing, and is related to lokk. In Persian classical music, singers frequently use tahrir, a technique that oscillates on neighbor tones. It is similar to the Swiss yodel, and is used as an ornament or trill in phrases which have long syllables, and usually falls at the end of a phrase. Tahrir is also prevalent in Azerbaijani, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Turkish, Armenian, Afghan, and Central Asian musical traditions, in Georgian traditional music, yodeling takes the form of krimanchuli technique, and is used as a top part in three/four part polyphony. In Central Africa Pygmy singers use yodels within their elaborate polyphonic singing, the Mbuti of the Congo incorporate distinctive whistles and yodels into their songs. Living from hunting and gathering, they sing hunting and harvest songs, in 1952, ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracey recorded their songs and they have been released on compact discs
30.
Slim Whitman
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He stated that he had sold in excess of 120 million records. In the 1950s Whitman toured with Elvis Presley as the opening act, in the 1990s a new generation was exposed to Whitman through his songs featured in the film Mars Attacks. His iconic Indian Love Call would kill the invading Martians every time the record was played, in the US his Indian Love Call and a reworking of the Doris Day hit Secret Love both reached No.2 on the Billboard country chart. Whitman had a string of top ten hits from the mid-1960s and into the 1970s, throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century, he continued to tour extensively around the world and release new material. His last album, Twilight on the Trail, was produced by his son Byron Whitman and was released in 2010, Whitman was born in Oak Park, Tampa, Florida, on January 20,1923. One of six siblings, to Ottis and Lucy Whitman, whilst aboard ship he would sing and entertain members aboard. This resulted in the captain blocking his transfer to another ship—hence saving his life, Whitmans early ambitions were to become either a boxer or a professional baseball player. Whitman was a self-taught left-handed guitarist, though he was right-handed and he had lost almost all of the second finger on his left hand in an accident while working at a meat packing plant. He worked odd jobs at a Tampa shipyard while developing a career, eventually performing with bands known as the Variety Rhythm Boys. He was briefly nicknamed The Smiling Starduster after a stint with a group called The Stardusters, Whitmans first big break came when talent manager Colonel Thomas Parker heard him singing on the radio and offered to represent him. After signing with RCA Records, he was billed as the cowboy singer Slim Whitman, after Canadian singer Wilf Carter, Whitman released his first single in 1948, Im Casting My Lasso Towards The Sky, complete with yodel. He toured and sang in a variety of venues, including the radio show Louisiana Hayride, at first he was unable to make a living from music, and kept a part-time job at a post office. That changed in the early 1950s after he recorded a version of the Bob Nolan hit Love Song of the Waterfall, a yodeller, Whitman avoided country musics down on yer luck, buried in booze songs, preferring instead to sing laid-back romantic melodies about simple life and love. Critics dubbed his style countrypolitan, owing to its fusion of country music, in 1955 he would have a No.1 hit on the pop music charts in the United Kingdom with the theme song to the operetta Rose Marie. With nineteen weeks in the charts and eleven weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, in 1956 he became the first-ever country music singer to perform at the London Palladium. Soon after, Whitman was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, despite this exposure, he never achieved the level of stardom in the United States that he did in Britain, where he had a number of other hits during the 1950s. Throughout the early 1970s, he continued to record and was a guest on Wolfman Jacks television show The Midnight Special, at the time, Whitmans recording efforts were yielding only minor hits in the US. The mid-1970s were a time for Whitman in the UK Albums Chart
31.
Mars Attacks!
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Mars Attacks. is a 1996 American comic science fiction film directed by Tim Burton, who also co-produced it with Larry J. Franco. The screenplay, which was based on the trading card series of the same name, was written by Jonathan Gems. The film is a parody of science fiction B movies overall and includes elements of black comedy, alex Cox had tried to make a Mars Attacks. Film in the 1980s before Burton and Gems began development in 1993, when Gems turned in his first draft in 1994, Warner Bros. commissioned rewrites from Gems, Burton, Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski in an attempt to lower the budget to $60 million. The final production budget came to $80 million, while Warner Bros. spent another $20 million on the Mars Attacks, filming took place from February to November 1996. The film was shot in California, Nevada, Kansas, Arizona and Argentina, the soundtrack became famous for the Martians quirky speech pattern, which was created by reversing the sound of a ducks quack. Mars Attacks. was released theatrically by Warner Bros, pictures in the United States on December 13,1996 and received mixed reviews from critics. The film grossed approximately $101 million in box office totals, which was seen as a disappointment, Mars Attacks. was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and earned multiple nominations at the Saturn Awards. In Kentucky, a family watches in confusion as a herd of cattle starts running past their home, a spaceship explodes before it returns to Mars, and hundreds of other Martian ships leave Mars and head towards Earth. President James Dale, along with his aides, addresses the United States concerning the historic event, the Presidents science aides set up a first contact meeting with the Martians in Pahrump, Nevada as President Dale watches the development on TV with his wife Marsha and his daughter Taffy. Using a translation machine, the Ambassador of Mars announces that they come in peace, at this meeting, the Martians massacre most of Congress. General Decker tries to convince President Dale to retaliate with nuclear warfare, after a failed attempt to assassinate President Dale, the Martians invade Earth, starting with Washington, D. C. As they attack the White House, the Secret Service evacuates the President and that night, the Martians breach the bunker where Dale has been taken and the leader reduces Decker to the size of an insect before killing him. The Martians kill everyone else in the bunker except for Dale, the Martians seem convinced, but then use a false hand to kill the President. They barely make it, losing the lawyer in the process, Byron creates a diversion by challenging them to a fistfight. While he succeeds in killing the Ambassador, he is outnumbered and overwhelmed, but Tom, Barbara, Billy-Glenns brother Richie discovers that the Martians heads explode when they hear Slim Whitmans Indian Love Call. He and his grandmother Florence drive around town, using the song to kill Martians, the military thereafter broadcast the song around the globe, killing most of the Martians and their leader, and causing the few remaining survivors to try to flee from Earth. Nathalie and Donald disembodied heads kiss while the Martian spaceship they are on explodes when it crashes into the ocean, in the aftermath, Richie and Florence are awarded the Medal of Honor by Taffy, she being the only surviving member of the government
32.
Tim Burton
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Timothy Walter Tim Burton is an American film director, producer, artist, writer and animator. Burton has worked repeatedly with Johnny Depp, who has become a friend of Burton since their first film together. He has also worked with musician Danny Elfman, who has composed scores for all, actress Helena Bonham Carter, Burtons former domestic partner, has appeared in many of his films. Both compilations were published by Steeles Publishing, as a preteen, Burton would make short films in his backyard on Evergreen Street using crude stop motion animation techniques or shoot them on 8 mm film without sound. Burton studied at Burbank High School, but he was not a good student. He was a very introspective person, and found his pleasure in painting, drawing and watching films and his future work would be heavily influenced by the works of such childhood heroes as Dr. Seuss and Roald Dahl. After graduating from Burbank High School with Jeff Riekenberg, Burton attended the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California, as a student at CalArts, Burton made the shorts Stalk of the Celery Monster and King and Octopus. Stalk of the Celery Monster attracted the attention of Walt Disney Productions animation division and he worked as an animator, storyboard artist and concept artist on films such as The Fox and the Hound, The Black Cauldron and Tron. His concept art never made it into the finished films, the film was produced by Rick Heinrichs, whom Burton had befriended while working in the concept art department at Disney. The film was shown at the Chicago Film Festival and released, alongside the teen drama Tex, for two weeks in one Los Angeles cinema. Having aired once in 1983 at 10,30 pm on Halloween and promptly shelved, prints of the film are difficult to locate. The short would finally go on display in 2009 at the Museum of Modern Art. It was again shown at the Seoul Museum of Art in 2012, Burtons next live-action short, Frankenweenie, was released in 1984. It tells the story of a boy who tries to revive his dog after it is run over by a car. Filmed in black-and-white, it stars Barret Oliver, Shelley Duvall, after Frankenweenie was completed, Disney fired Burton, under the pretext of him spending the companys resources on doing a film that would be too dark and scary for children to see. Pursuing then an opportunity to make a film, he was approached by Griffin Dunne to direct the black comedy film After Hours. However, after Martin Scorseses project The Last Temptation of Christ was cancelled, not long after, actor Paul Reubens saw Vincent and chose Burton to direct the cinematic spin-off of his popular character Pee-wee Herman. Pee-wee Herman gained mainstream popularity with a stage show at The Groundlings
33.
The War of the Worlds (1953 film)
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The War of the Worlds is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, that stars Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a adaptation of novel of the same name by H. G. Wells. Earth is suddenly and unexpectedly invaded by Martians and American scientist Clayton Forrester searches for any weakness that can stop them, the War of the Worlds won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and went on to influence other science fiction films. In 2011, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in the Library of Congress, being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In southern California, Dr. Clayton Forrester, a scientist who had worked on the Manhattan Project, is fishing with colleagues when an object crashes near the town of Linda Rosa. At the impact site, he meets Sylvia Van Buren and her uncle, later that day, the cylinder opens and the inhabitants of the ship kill a welcoming party, simultaneously shutting down all technology in the town with an electromagnetic pulse. The United States military surround the site in battle formation as reports pour in of identical objects landing all over the world. Collins attempts to make peace with the Martians before being killed himself, the Martian war machines effortlessly defeat the military with a Heat-Ray. Attempting to escape, Forrester and Sylvia hide in a farm house. They begin to develop feelings for each other before the house is buried by yet another cylinder. They encounter and dismember an electronic eye from the Martian machine and they manage to sneak away from the aliens without being seen. Many of the capitals of the world are destroyed in the attacks. Forrester brings the Martian camera and blood samples to his team at Pacific Tech, as the Martians advance on Los Angeles, with nothing left to fight them, the city is evacuated and many of the inhabitants are forced to live in the wilderness. Forrester, Sylvia and the Pacific Tech team are split apart by looters, Forrester searches for Sylvia in the city while the Martians cause widespread destruction. Based on a story she had told him earlier, he deduces that she would be hiding in a church, after searching through a couple of churches, he finds Sylvia in the third among many praying survivors. Just as the Martians strike the church, their machines suddenly crash, Forrester finds the pilot of one such machine dead, and notes that they were all praying for a miracle. Once they had breathed our air, germs, which no longer affect us, all over the world, their machines began to stop and fall. After all that men could do had failed, the Martians were destroyed and humanity was saved by the littlest things, the image then smash cuts to vivid Technicolor and the dramatic opening title card and credits which follow
34.
Sylvia Sidney
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Sylvia Sidney was an American actress of stage, screen and film, with a career spanning over 70 years, who first rose to prominence in dozens of leading roles in the 1930s. Sidney, born Sophia Kosow in The Bronx, was the daughter of Rebecca, a Romanian Jew, and Victor Kosow and her parents divorced by 1915, and she was adopted by her stepfather, Sigmund Sidney, a dentist. Her mother became a dressmaker and renamed herself Beatrice Sidney, now using the surname Sidney, she became an actress at the age of fifteen as a way of overcoming shyness. As a student of the Theater Guilds School for Acting, Sidney appeared in several of their productions during the 1920s, in 1926, she was seen by a Hollywood talent scout and made her first film appearance later that year. During the Depression, Sidney appeared in a string of films and she appeared opposite such heavyweight screen idols as Spencer Tracy, Henry Fonda, Joel McCrea, Fredric March, George Raft and Cary Grant. It was during this period that she developed a reputation for being difficult to work with and her career diminished somewhat during the 1940s. In 1949 exhibitors voted her box office poison, in 1952, she played the role of Fantine in Les Misérables, and her performance was widely praised and allowed her opportunities to develop as a character actress. She appeared three times on CBSs Playhouse 90 anthology series, on May 16,1957, she appeared as Lulu Morgan, mother of singer Helen Morgan in The Helen Morgan Story. Four months later, Sidney joined her former co-star Bergen again on the premiere of the short-lived NBC variety show, in 1973, Sidney received an Academy Award nomination for her supporting role in Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams. As an elderly woman Sidney continued to play supporting roles, and was identifiable by her husky voice. She played Aunt Marion in Damien, Omen II and had key roles in Beetlejuice, as Juno, for which she won a Saturn Award, other stage credits included The Fourposter, Enter Laughing, and Barefoot in the Park. In 1982, Sidney was awarded The George Eastman Award by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film and she first married publisher Bennett Cerf on October 1,1935, but the couple were divorced six months later, on April 9,1936. She later married actor and acting teacher Luther Adler in 1938, by whom she had her child, a son, Jacob. Adler and Sidney divorced in 1947, during her marriage to Luther Adler she was a sister-in-law to acclaimed stage actress and drama teacher Stella Adler. On March 5,1947, she married producer and announcer Carlton Alsop. Sidney died on July 1,1999 from esophageal cancer at the Lennox Hill Hospital in New York City, after a career spanning more than 70 years and she died a month before her 89th birthday. Before her death, she went under chemotherapy to treat her cancer. She was cremated
35.
Mary Martin
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Mary Virginia Martin was an American actress, singer, and Broadway star. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she originated many leading roles over her career, including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific and she was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the mother of actor Larry Hagman, Martin was born in Weatherford, Texas. Her life as a child, as she describes it in her autobiography My Heart Belongs, was secure and she had close relationships with both her mother and father, as well as her siblings. Her autobiography details how the young actress had an ear for recreating musical sounds. Martins father, Preston Martin, was a lawyer, and her mother, although the doctors told Juanita that she would risk her life if she attempted to have another baby, she was determined to have a boy. Instead, she had Mary, who became quite a tomboy and her family had a barn and orchard that kept her entertained. She played with her elder sister Geraldine, climbing trees and riding ponies and he was tall, good-looking, silver-haired, with the kindest brown eyes. Mother was the disciplinarian, but it was Daddy who could turn me into an angel with just one look, Martin, who said I’d never understand the law, began singing outside the courtroom where her father worked every Saturday night at a bandstand. She sang in a trio with her sister and Marion Swofford, even in those days without microphones, my high piping voice carried all over the square. I have always thought that I inherited my carrying voice from my father and she remembered having a photographic memory as a child, making it easy to memorize songs, as well as get her through school tests. She got her first taste of singing solo at a fire hall, sometimes I think that I cheated my own family and my closest friends by giving to audiences so much of the love I might have kept for them. But thats the way I was made, I truly dont think I could help it, Martins craft was developed by seeing movies and becoming a mimic. She would win prizes for looking, acting and dancing like Ruby Keeler, never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. Mother used to say she never had such a happy child—that I awakened each morning with a smile. I dont remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, during high school, Martin dated Benjamin Hagman, before she was packed off to finishing school at Ward–Belmont in Nashville, Tennessee. During that time, she enjoyed imitating Fanny Brice at singing gigs and she was homesick for Weatherford, her family, and Hagman. During a visit, Mary and Benjamin persuaded Marys mother to them to marry
36.
Soprano
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A soprano is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types. The sopranos vocal range is from approximately middle C =261 Hz to high A =880 Hz in choral music, in four-part chorale style harmony, the soprano takes the highest part, which usually encompasses the melody. The soprano voice type is divided into the coloratura, soubrette, lyric, spinto. The lyric soprano is the most common female singing voice, the word soprano comes from the Italian word sopra, as the soprano is the highest pitch human voice, often given to the leading female roles in operas. The term soprano is also based on the Latin word superius which, like soprano, the word superius was especially used in choral and other multi-part vocal music between the 13th and 16th centuries. The soprano has the highest vocal range of all voice types, a soprano and a mezzo-soprano have a similar range, but their tessituras will lie in different parts of that range. The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A3 or B♭3, within opera, the lowest demanded note for sopranos is F3. Often low notes in higher voices will project less, lack timbre, however, rarely is a soprano simply unable to sing a low note in a song within a soprano role. The high extreme, at a minimum, for non-coloratura sopranos is soprano C, a couple of roles have optional E♭6s, as well. In the coloratura repertoire several roles call for E♭6 on up to F6, in rare cases, some coloratura roles go as high as G6 or G♯6, such as Mozarts concert aria Popoli di Tessaglia. Or the title role of Jules Massenets opera Esclarmonde, while not necessarily within the tessitura, a good soprano will be able to sing her top notes full-throated, with timbre and dynamic control. In opera, the tessitura, vocal weight, and timbre of voices, a singers tessitura is where the voice has the best timbre, easy volume, and most comfort. Within the soprano voice type category are five generally recognized subcategories, coloratura soprano, soubrette, lyric soprano, spinto soprano, the coloratura soprano may be a lyric coloratura or a dramatic coloratura. The lyric coloratura soprano is a very agile light voice with a high upper extension capable of fast vocal coloratura, Light coloraturas have a range of approximately middle C to high F with some coloratura sopranos being able to sing somewhat higher or lower. Dramatic coloraturas have a range of approximately low B to high F with some coloratura sopranos being able to sing higher or lower. In classical music and opera, a soubrette soprano refers to both a type and a particular type of opera role. A soubrette voice is light with a bright, sweet timbre, a tessitura in the mid-range, the soubrette voice is not a weak voice, for it must carry over an orchestra without a microphone like all voices in opera. The voice, however, has a lighter weight than other soprano voices with a brighter timbre
37.
Spike Jones
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Lindley Armstrong Spike Jones was an American musician and bandleader specializing in satirical arrangements of popular songs. Ballads and classical works receiving the Jones treatment were punctuated with gunshots, whistles, cowbells and outlandish and comedic vocals. From the early 1940s to the mid-1950s, Jones and his band recorded under the title Spike Jones and his City Slickers and toured the United States, Jones father was a Southern Pacific railroad agent. Young Lindley Jones got his nickname by being so thin that he was compared to a railroad spike, at age 11 he got his first set of drums. As a teenager he played in bands that he formed himself, Jones first band was called Spike Jones, a railroad restaurant chef taught him how to use pots and pans, forks, knives and spoons as musical instruments. Jones frequently played in pit orchestras. In the 1930s he joined the Victor Young orchestra and got many offers to appear on shows, including Al Jolsons Lifebuoy Program, Burns and Allen. Jones became bored playing the music each night with the orchestras. He found other like-minded musicians and they began playing parodies of songs for their own entertainment. The musicians wanted their wives to share their enjoyment, so they recorded their weekly performances, one of the recordings made its way into the hands of an RCA Victor executive, who offered the musicians a recording contract. The City Slickers first record was Der Fuehrers Face, the records success inspired Jones to become the bands leader. He initially thought the popularity the record brought them would fade, however, audiences kept asking for more, so Jones started working on more comic arrangements. From 1937 to 1942, Jones was the percussionist for the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and he was part of a backing band for songwriter Cindy Walker during her early recording career with Decca Records and Standard Transcriptions. Her song Were Gonna Stomp Them City Slickers Down provided the inspiration for the name of Jones’s future band, the City Slickers developed from the Feather Merchants, a band led by vocalist-clarinetist Del Porter, who took a back seat to Jones during the groups embryonic years. They made experimental records for the Cinematone Corporation and performed publicly in Los Angeles, original members included vocalist-violinist Carl Grayson, banjoist Perry Botkin, trombonist King Jackson and pianist Stan Wrightsman. The band signed a contract with RCAs budget-priced Bluebird label in 1940. They recorded extensively for the company until 1955 and they also starred in various radio programs and in their own NBC and CBS television shows from 1954 to 1961. Peter James and Paul Mousie Garner were former members of Ted Healys stage act on Broadway, James joined Healy for a two-year run in the Shubert revue A NIGHT IN SPAIN where he worked alongside Shemp Howard and Larry Fine
38.
The Spike Jones Show (series)
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The Spike Jones Show is the name of several separate American comedy and variety series that aired on NBC and CBS in the 1950s and 1960s. The series was presented by actor and musician Spike Jones, his wife, musician Helen Grayco and their band, the series also featured Billy Barty, Freddy Morgan, Paul Garner, Bill Dana, and Lennie Weinrib. After a short stint on the radio, in the late 1940s, with this potential in mind, Jones along with Edward F. Cline filmed two half-hour pilots in the summer of 1950, Foreign Legion and Wild Bill Hiccup. Jones then decided to try live television bringing his wife Helen Grayco and his band, for them, live television proved to be a success. The basis for The Spike Jones Show came about after an episode of The Colgate Comedy Hour on NBC, the episode, entitled The Spike Jones Show, was originally broadcast on February 11,1951. Three years after that telecast, NBC offered Jones, Grayco, the first version of The Spike Jones Show premiered on January 2,1954 on NBC. The series was the first weekly series that was presented by Spike Jones. The series also starred Helen Grayco and members of the City Slickers and it ran on Saturday evenings alongside The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS. Nearly three years after The Spike Jones Show finished its run on NBC, CBS decided to offer Jones, the CBS reincarnation of The Spike Jones Show premiered on April 2,1957. However, the series was meant for replacement purposes only. The final version of The Spike Jones Show premiered on July 31,1961 on CBS, the series aired on Monday nights as a summer replacement only. Its last episode aired on September 25,1961 and this was the last incarnation of the series. A DVD entitled The Best of Spike Jones features scenes of the 1954 version of The Spike Jones Show, the DVD was released on November 24,2009. The Spike Jones Show at the Internet Movie Database The Spike Jones Show at the Internet Movie Database The Spike Jones Show at the Internet Movie Database The Spike Jones Show at TV. com
39.
Karl Denver
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Karl Denver was a Scottish singer, who, with his trio had a series of UK hit singles in the early 1960s. Most famous of these was a 1961 version of Wimoweh, which showed off Denvers falsetto yodelling register and he reached the Top 20 with his first five yodel-based singles. Denver was born Angus Murdo McKenzie in Springburn, Glasgow and was travelled by the time he took up singing, having had a previous career in the Norwegian Merchant Navy. He also had a country influence, having lived in Nashville. In the US, he adopted the new name that he retained for the remainder of his singing career, in the early 1960s he formed a trio which included Kevin Neill and Gerry Cottrell. They enjoyed several hits between 1961-1964 including Mexicalli Rose Matcheta A little love, a little kiss Can you forgive me Still Blue Weekend My World of Blue andLove me with all your Heart. Denvers song, Never Goodbye, was an entry in A Song for Europe in 1962 and was another chart hit. In 1963, he appeared in the film Just for Fun, along with Bobby Vee, the Vernons Girls and he also appeared on BBC Radio a few times alongside The Beatles on a show named after song he performed with them called, Side by Side. He also performed a few songs on BBC Radio that werent released on any of his albums, after the mid-1960s, Denver worked mainly on the cabaret circuit. However, in 1989 he enjoyed a brief raise in profile after guesting on Madchester band, Denver also appeared in The Happy Mondays video for the song, although he contracted pneumonia whilst filming the video. Following this collaboration Factory released two further Denver recordings, Wimoweh 89 and Indambinigi, in 1993 he released his final album, Just Loving You, aimed at the country music market. In mid-1998, Denver began recording a new album, but died before recording of the album was completed. The finished tracks were included on a re-release of Just Loving You entitled Movin On in 1999, the final song he recorded was I Cant Go On This Way. Denver died from a tumour in December 1998, at the age of 67. His ashes are buried in Stockport Borough cemetery, karl Denver also had four daughters, Jean to his first wife, Fiona & Victoria to Alma and Melanie
