1.
Kollam
–
Kollam or Quilon, formerly Desinganadu, is an old seaport and city on the Laccadive Sea coast of Kerala, India. The city is on the banks Ashtamudi Lake, Kollam has had a strong commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans. Fed by the Chinese trade, it was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four year travels, desinganadus rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the 9th Century, on his way to Canton, China, Marco Polo, the great Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin. V. Nagam Aiya in his Travancore State Manual records that in 822 AD two East Syrian bishops Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began and Quilon became the city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore. Kollam is a city on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake that took the title Gods Own Country without much demur. The braids of Ashtamudi Lake lie about 71 kilometres north of the state capital, the city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India, Kollam is the least polluted city in India. Four major trading centers/towns around Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur, There was also internal trade through the Punalur Pass connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links, the factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe. Kollam is the fourth most populous city in Kerala and the fifth largest in incorporated area and it is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur, Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandevilles Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth. During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the point of trade. Kollam continues to be a business and commercial centre in the Southern Kerala. In 825 CE, the Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city, the present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by a fire
Kollam
–
From top clockwise:
RP Mall in
Downtown Kollam,
Lighthouse in
Tangasseri,
British Residency in
Asramam,
Kollam Junction railway station and
Kollam MEMU Shed, Aerial view of
Ashtamudi Lake,
Kollam Port,
Asramam Adventure Park, Jalakeli Kendram near
Kollam Beach
Kollam
–
Kollam in the 1500s
Kollam
–
Kollam in the 1700s
2.
Kerala
–
Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
Kerala
–
A houseboat near
Alappuzha, Kerala
Kerala
–
Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding
Varuna (the
Hindu God of water) to part the seas and reveal Kerala.
Kerala
–
A
dolmen erected by Neolithic people in
Marayur
Kerala
–
Silk Road map. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
3.
Mumbai
–
Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
Mumbai
–
Clockwise from top:
Cuffe Parade skyline,
Taj Mahal Palace Hotel,
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus,
Bandra–Worli Sea Link, and the
Gateway of India.
Mumbai
–
The temple of local Hindu goddess
Mumbadevi, from whom the city of Mumbai derives its name
Mumbai
–
Kanheri Caves served as a centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient times
4.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
–
Accounting
5.
Government of India
–
It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. There is a bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court,24 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. Similar to the government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common, the full name of the country is the Republic of India. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name appears on legal banknotes, in treaties. The Union Government, Central Government or Government of India are often used in an official and unofficial capacity to refer to the Government of India, because the seat of government is in New Delhi, New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government. Legislative branch in India is exercised by the Parliament and a legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha. The latter is considered the house or the House of the people. The Parliament does not have control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch, the members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected there to within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha, the Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can only be dissolved when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. Whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved though the members of the Rajya Sabha who are elected for a six-year term, the Executive Branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, the President has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53. The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers remains in power during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha, if a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. His/Her work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government, the President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces
Government of India
–
The
Parliament of India in the background.
Government of India
–
The
Rashtrapati Bhawan, residence of the
President of India.
Government of India
–
The
Red Fort in
New Delhi. The
Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on the occasion of
Independence Day, from the
ramparts of this fort.
Government of India
–
The
Cabinet Secretariat of India.
6.
Travancore Cochin
–
Travancore-Cochin or Thiru-Kochi was a short-lived state of India. It was renamed State of Travancore-Cochin in January 1950, parur T. K. Narayana Pillai, the Congress Prime Minister of Travancore, became the Chief Minister of Travancore-Cochin. First elections were held in 1951 and A. J. John, Anaparambil from Congress party was elected as the Chief Minister, the ruler of Travancore was appointed as the governor of Travancore-Cochin. The Maharajah of Cochin was offered to be addressed as Uparaja Pramukh, the Maharaja politely said that the eldest member of Cochin Royal Family should be called Valiya Thampuran and gave up royal powers unconditionally for the good of the people
Travancore Cochin
–
Flag
7.
Department of Atomic Energy
–
The Department of Atomic Energy is a department directly under the Prime Minister of India with headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. DAE has been engaged in the development of nuclear technology, applications of radiation technologies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, industry. DAE comprises five research centres, three industrial organisations, five public sector undertakings and three service organisations and it has under its aegis two boards for promoting and funding extramural research in nuclear and allied fields, mathematics and a national institute. It also supports eight institutes of international repute engaged in research in basic sciences, astronomy, astrophysics, cancer research and it also has in its fold an educational society that provides educational facilities for children of DAE employees. Atomic Energy Commission, Mumbai, Maharashtra Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai, Maharashtra is given some regulation powers by AEC
Department of Atomic Energy
–
Republic of India
8.
Aluva
–
Aluva, is second biggest town of Greater Cochin City in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India which is also considered as the Industrial and Commercial City of Kochi. Located on the River Periyar, Aluva is the epicentre of the state. A major transportation hub, with access to all major forms of transportation. Cochin International Airport Limited – CIAL at Nedumbassery, is 11.7 km away from Aluva, Aluva is more famous for its accessibility through Rail, Air and Metro. Aluva, home to the residency of the Travancore royal family – the Alwaye Palace - is also famous for the Sivarathri festival celebrated annually at the sandbanks of Periyar. The Advaita Ashrams in Aluva founded in 1913 by Sree Narayana Guru, today, whilst part of the Kochi urban agglomeration, Aluva is an autonomous municipality, its civic administration conducted by Aluva Municipal Council. Archaeologists have found evidence of settlements in Aluva as far back as 250 BC, the place used to be a continuous area of land spread across Kakkanad and Alangad, historians have recorded that it was so up to AD1341. The town, by then populated, became a holiday resort. Mangalappuzha, a branch of Periyar which bifurcates at Aluva was known to be the centre of trade. Before Indian independence, Aluva was part of the Kingdom of Travancore and was the summer residence of the royal family. The etymology of the name of the town of Aluva has been the subject of speculation for centuries, one of the more accepted version relates to the story of Hindu god Shiva drinking the Kalakootam poison to save the world. It is said that Shiva with the poison -Alam- in his mouth -Vaa- was made into a deity which was then rested in a temple in Aluva, the Sivarathri festival for which the town is famous for is celebrated in the honour of Shiva. In the twentieth century, when there was a community of Jews in Cochin and it also has a name gate way to east Aluva is a constituency in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. The Aluva assembly constituency is part of the Chalakudy, anwar Sadath is the MLA of Aluva. The current municipal council is ruled by Indian National Congress Party, regular domestic and international connections are available from the airport. Aluva railway station in the town, is the second largest railway station in Kochi UA after Ernakulam South, all passenger, express trains bound to southern Kerala do have a stop in this station. Some leaflets/websites still refer the towns old name, by Metro Kochi Metro starts from Aluva Bypass which will change the face of Aluva. The project was started on mid of 2013 and expected to complete by 2017 end, Kochi Metro is expected to overcome the traffic problems in Aluva – Ernakulam route
Aluva
–
Federal Bank Head Office Aluva,
Kochi
Aluva
–
Aluva Railway Station
Aluva
–
Bank Junction, Aluva
9.
Kochi
–
Kochi, also known as Cochin, is a major port city on the south-west coast of India by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea and is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. It is often called Ernakulam, which refers to the specific district, occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was occupied by the Dutch and the British. Kochi ranks first in the number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine. Kochi is the home to Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy, Kochi is also home for Keralas National Law School, The National University of Advanced Legal Studies. An international art exhibition called Kochi-Muziris Biennale is conducted every two years across Kochi where artists from different parts of the world engage, ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Kochi. The Cochin Jewish community called Cochin as Kogin, which is seen in the seal of the synagogue which is owned by the community. The origin of the name Kochi is thought to be from the Malayalam word kochu azhi, yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci, meaning harbour. The name Cochin implies co-chin, meaning like-China and it looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets. Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti, and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, after the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer Anglicization of its original Malayalam name, Kochi and this change in name was challenged by the city municipal corporation but court has later dismissed the plea. Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for centuries, and was known to the Yavanas as well as Jews, Syrians, Arabs. Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port Muziris around Kodungallur was destroyed by flooding of Periyar in 1341. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng Hes treasure fleet. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, according to many historians, the precursor state to Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in early 12th century, after the fall of the Chera Kingdom. The reign of the Kingdom was hereditary, and the family ruled over the region was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular
Kochi
–
Clockwise from top:
Marine Drive Skyline,
Chinese fishing nets Fort kochi,
Kochi Marina,
Marine Drive New Expansion,
InfoPark
Kochi
–
Flag
Kochi
–
Seal
Kochi
–
Paradesi Synagogue Inscription
10.
Thorium
–
Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element. It was discovered in 1829 by the Norwegian amateur mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, a thorium atom has 90 protons and therefore 90 electrons, of which four are valence electrons. Thorium metal is silvery and tarnishes black when exposed to air, Thorium is weakly radioactive, all of its known isotopes are unstable. Thorium-232, which has 142 neutrons, is the most stable isotope of thorium and accounts for all natural thorium. Thorium is estimated to be three to four times more abundant than uranium in the Earths crust, and is chiefly refined from monazite sands as a by-product of extracting rare earth metals. Thorium was once used as the light source in gas mantles and as an alloying material. Thorium is still used as an alloying element in TIG welding electrodes. Thorium is predicted to be able to replace uranium as fuel in nuclear reactors. Thorium is a soft, paramagnetic, bright silvery radioactive actinide metal, in the periodic table, it is located to the right of the actinide actinium, to the left of the actinide protactinium, and below the lanthanide cerium. Pure thorium is very ductile and, as normal for metals, can be cold-rolled, swaged, at room temperature, thorium metal has a face-centred cubic crystal structure, additionally, it has two other forms at exotic conditions, one at high temperature and one at high pressure. The properties of thorium vary widely depending on the amount of impurities in the sample, the purest thorium specimens usually contain about a tenth of a percent of the dioxide. These values lie intermediate between those of its neighbours actinium and protactinium, showing the continuity of trends across the early actinides, thoriums melting point of 1750 °C is above both that of actinium and that of protactinium. After thorium, there is a new smooth trend downward in the points of the early actinides from thorium to plutonium where the number of f electrons increases from about 0. Thorium has a modulus of 54 GPa, comparable to those of tin. The hardness of thorium is similar to that of steel, so heated pure thorium can be rolled in sheets. Nevertheless, while thorium is nearly half as dense as uranium and plutonium, Thorium becomes superconductive below 1.4 K. Thorium can also form alloys with many other metals. With chromium and uranium, it forms eutectic mixtures, and thorium is completely miscible in both solid and liquid states with its lighter congener cerium, as such, 232Th still occurs naturally today, four-fifths of the thorium present at Earths formation has survived to the present
Thorium
–
Thorium, 90 Th
Thorium
–
Thor, the namesake of thorium
Thorium
–
The
radiogenic heat from the decay of 232 Th is a major contributor to the
earth's internal heat budget. The other major contributors are
235U,
238U, and
40K.
Thorium
–
Monazite – a major thorium mineral
11.
Chhatrapur
–
Chatrapur is a town and a notified area committee in Ganjam District in the state of Odisha, India. It is the town of Ganjam District. There are two stations in Chatrapur, they are Chatrapur Station and Chatrapur Court Station. Chatrapur is the headquarters of Ganjam. It has got its name from the word Ganj-i-am which means the Granary of the World, the Ganjam area was a part of ancient Kalinga which was occupied by Ashok in 261 BC. The office of the Collector, Ganjam was established in 1794, with the beginning of 20th century, struggle for amalgamation of Oriya tracts was keenly organised in Ganjam and in the year 1896 Oriya was recognized as the official language. The headquarter of the district of Ganjam was abandoned in 1855 owing to out break of a dreadful epidemic fever by which 80% population of the Ganjam town was reduced. The headquarter temporarily shifted to Gopalpur then to Berhampur and finally in, Chatrapur is located at 19. 35°N84. 98°E /19.35,84.98. It has an elevation of 17 m. The citys official name is Chatrapur, literally meaning Home of Lord Kali, Chatrapur is the anglicised form of the citys name, commonly used in and after the British era. The anglicised form is used unofficially by people. As of 2001 India census, Chhatrapur had a population of 20,288, males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Chhatrapur has an literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, with male literacy of 85%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age, different products such as zircon, ilmenite, sillimanite, Rutile are extracted. It also houses a thorium extraction plant, there is a huge chain of cashewnut factories situated in or near Chatrapur. A Joint Venture between Saraf Agencies of Kolkalta and The Russian Federation has been signed to start a Titanium slag, Chatrapur is the commercial capital of state and gateway to south Odisha, and has a well-developed transportation network. All express trains of Indian railway has a halt here, well connected with the Howrah madras highway so all luxury busses also passing through. Chatrapur city is connected with National Highways NH-5, NH-59 and NH-217 and other cities, the three-wheeler auto taxis are the most important mode of transportation in this city
Chhatrapur
12.
Orissa, India
–
Odisha (/ɒˈrɪsə, ɔː-, oʊ-/, is one of the 29 states of India, located in the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the north-east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west, Odisha has 485 kilometres of coastline along the Bay of Bengal on its east, from Balasore to Malkangiri. It is the 9th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population and it is also the 3rd most populous state of India in terms of tribal population. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census. The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, the modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April 1936, as a province in British India, and consisted predominantly of Odia-speaking regions. April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, the region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in Indias national anthem, Jana Gana Mana. Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c,1135, after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha, the term Odisha is derived from the ancient Prakrit word Odda Visaya as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I, which is dated to 1025. Sarala Das, who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century, calls the region Odra Rashtra, the inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya. After a brief debate, the house, Lok Sabha, passed the bill. On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha, the house of Parliament, also passed the bill. Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in places in the region. Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata, Vayu Purana, the Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata. Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE, which was the eighth year of his reign. According to his own edicts, in that war about 100,000 people were killed,150,000 were captured, the resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism, by c.150 CE, emperor Kharavela, who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria, conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill, subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka. It was also a part of Harshas empire, later, the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region
Orissa, India
–
Hathigumpha on the
Udayagiri Hills built in c. 150 BCE
Orissa, India
–
Seal
Orissa, India
–
Konark Sun Temple built by the
Eastern Ganga dynasty (c. 1250) is a
World Heritage Site
Orissa, India
–
Satellite view of the
Mahanadi river
delta
13.
Manavalakurichi
–
Manavalakurichi is a panchayat town in Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is hardly 60 km from Thiruvananthapuram, the city of Kerala. Tamil and Malayalam are the languages of people living here. It has an elevation of 0 metres. After a gap of about 20 years, IREL commissioned its largest Division called Orissa Sand Complex at Chatrapur, IREL is making profit since 1997-98 with its sales turnover reaching a peak exceeding Rs.3600 million in 2006-07, with export component of above Rs.1000 million. Even though IREL provides many employment opportunities to locals here, people are against this due to the fear of Nuclear Radiation emission from this unit. Jeppiaar Fishing Harbour in Muttom is the nearest Sea Port and this is a private sea port and was built by educationalist and business man Jeppiaar. Another nearest sea port is Kolachal and it is an ancient port, aging back to 18th century. Vasco da Gama called it ‘Colachi’, after the defeat of the Dutch by King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma in Battle of Colachel on 10 August 1741, a victory pillar had been erected near the beach in commemoration of the victory. The town is connected to all parts of the state through road. Nagercoil, the headquarters of Kanyakumari is situated 20 km from Manavalakurichi in the north-east direction. Direct bus service from Manavalakurichi is available to Thiruvananthapuram the capital city of Kerala and this journey usually takes less than 2 hrs by road. Frequent bus service to Thuckalay another town which is 11 km away is also available, Eraniel railway station is the nearest railway station. The station has two platforms and falls on the Kanyakumari—Thiruvananthapuram line in the Thiruvananthapuram division of the Southern Railway zone, all daily trains passing through the station halts in Eraniel station. The route from Eraniel to Thiruvananthapuram is a journey as the line runs through tunnels. It takes only 1 hr from Thiruvananthapuram to Eraniel by train, the famous Mandaikadu Bagavathi Amman Temple, Kolachal Port, I. R. E Industries in Manavalakurichi and Padmanabhapuram Palace are situated nearby the Station. The station also is the nearest railhead for two municipalities - Padmanabapuram, Colachel and for 25 villages, the nearest international airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport. Thiruvananthapuram connects the town further to major cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Cochin, Delhi, Goa
Manavalakurichi
–
Kolachal Sea Port
Manavalakurichi
–
Eraniel railway station
Manavalakurichi
–
Thiruvananthapuram International Airport
14.
Kanyakumari district
–
Kanyakumari district is the southernmost district in Tamil Nadu state and mainland India. It is the second largest district in the state in terms of population density, the district stands first in terms of literacy rate in the state. Kanyakumari district has a topography with sea on three sides and the mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. A few artifacts unearthed by excavations in there. The Presidency was later renamed Tamil Nadu and Kanyakumari, today, is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu state, many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate sages such as Vyasa, Agastya, Tolkappiyar, Avvaiyar and Thiruvalluvar to the district. The district is also the birthplace of Ayyavazhi, the area that comprises the current Kanyakumari district was a part of the old Ay kingdom of the first and second Sangham ages. Following the decline of the Ay kingdoms, the area became Venad, the wealth of the Nanjalnadu beckoned many invaded including the Nayaks and later an Islamist army during the reign of Umayamma Rani. The Venad region was in anarchy before Marthanda Varma ascended the throne in 1729 AD, before his reign the Samanthan Nairs ruled the province. Under their rule anarchy was dominant in Kanyakumari region, however, Marthanda Varma brought a sense of disorder under control by annexing the nearby territories, putting down the feudal lords and establishing the strong state of Travancore. He had also bought some portions of Kanyakumari from the then viceroy making it the southern boundary, under his rule the district improved in a social context as well as economically. The famous battle of Colachel took place in the district, later, the maharajahs of Travancore built the forts at Aramboly to prevent any invasion from the Carnatic. Key elements of Velu Thampi Dalawas revolt occurred in the area, in the year 1949, the area became a part of the reestablished Travancore Cochin state. The people of Agasteeswarem, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, an extreme agitation by Tamil speaking residents under the leadership of Marshal Nesamony took place for including Kanyakumari within Tamil Nadu. Eventually the merger happened in 1956 based on language reorganization of states, the district of Kanyakumari is the southern most districts in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated between 77°15 and 77°36 east latitude and 8°03 and 8°35 north longitude, the district has borders with Tirunelveli district, the Gulf of Mannar, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the state of Kerala. Kanyakumari includes the special grade village of Chinnamuttom, located at the southernmost point of the Indian Subcontinent, for administrative purposes, the district comprises four taluks, Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, and Vilavancode. At the lower levels of administration, there are 99 village panchayats, the major towns of the district include, Agastheeswaram taluk, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Agastheeswaram, Suchindram and Rajakkamangalam. Kalkulam taluk, Padmanabhapuram-Thuckalay, Colachel, Kalkulam, Thiruvithamcode, Kurunthancode, Thiruvattar and Kulasekaram, Vilavancode Taluk, Karungal, Kuzhithurai-Marthandam, Vilavancode, Killiyur, Munchirai, Manjalumoodu Arumanai and Melpuram
Kanyakumari district
–
Statue of ancient Tamil poet
Thiruvalluvar who wrote the
Thirukkural, in
Kanniyakumari
Kanyakumari district
–
An octo-circular
Ayyavazhi Nizhal Thangal near
Thiruvattar on the
Martandam -
Kulasekaram road.
Kanyakumari district
–
View from the
Mathur Hanging Trough bridge with the
Pahrali river flowing below.
Kanyakumari district
–
Keeriparai, the district comprises a sizeable area of lush forests
15.
Ilmenite
–
Ilmenite is the titanium-iron oxide mineral with the idealized formula FeTiO3. It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid, from the commercial perspective, ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium. Ilmenite is the source of titanium dioxide, which is used in paints, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food. Ilmenite crystallizes in the trigonal system, containing high spin ferrous centers, ilmenite is paramagnetic. Ilmenite is commonly recognized in altered igneous rocks by the presence of an alteration product. Often ilmenites are rimmed with leucoxene, which allows ilmenite to be distinguished from magnetite, the example shown in the image at right is typical of leucoxene-rimmed ilmenite. In reflected light it may be distinguished from magnetite by more pronounced reflection pleochroism, samples of ilmenite exhibit a weak response to a hand magnet. Ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and the chemical formula can be expressed as O3. Ilmenite forms a solution with geikielite and pyrophanite which are magnesian. At higher temperatures it has been demonstrated there is a solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. There is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. This coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than can be accommodated in the crystal lattice. Altered ilmenite forms the mineral leucoxene, an important source of titanium in heavy mineral sands ore deposits, leucoxene is a typical component of altered gabbro and diorite and is generally indicative of ilmenite in the unaltered rock. Ilmenite is an accessory mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in large concentrations in layered intrusions where it forms as part of a layer within the silicate stratigraphy of the intrusion. Ilmenite generally occurs within the portion of such intrusions. Magnesian ilmenite is indicative of kimberlitic paragenesis and forms part of the MARID association of minerals assemblage of glimmerite xenoliths, manganiferous ilmenite is found in granitic rocks and also in carbonatite intrusions where it may also contain anomalous niobium. Many mafic igneous rocks contain grains of magnetite and ilmenite
Ilmenite
–
Ilmenite from Miass, Ilmen Mts, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia. 4.5 x 4.3 x 1.5 cm
Ilmenite
–
Tellnes opencast ilmenite mine,
Sokndal, Norway
16.
Rutile
–
Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2. Rutile is the most common form of TiO2. Three rarer polymorphs of TiO2 are known, Anatase, a metastable tetragonal mineral of pseudo-octahedral habit Brookite, an orthorhombic mineral TiO2, rutile has among the highest refractive indices at visible wavelengths of any known crystal, and also exhibits a particularly large birefringence and high dispersion. Owing to these properties, it is useful for the manufacture of optical elements, especially polarization optics, for longer visible. Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum, rutile derives its name from the Latin rutilus, red, in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light. Rutile is an accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Thermodynamically, rutile is the most stable polymorph of TiO2 at all temperatures, consequently, the transformation of the metastable TiO2 polymorphs to rutile is irreversible. As it has the lowest molecular volume of the three polymorphs, it is generally the primary titanium bearing phase in most high-pressure metamorphic rocks. The occurrence of large specimen crystals is most common in pegmatites, skarns, rutile is found as an accessory mineral in some altered igneous rocks, and in certain gneisses and schists. In groups of acicular crystals it is frequently seen penetrating quartz as in the fléches damour from Graubünden, in 2005 the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa had a production capacity of 23% of the worlds annual rutile supply, which rose to approximately 30% in 2008. The reserves, lasting for about 19 years, are estimated at 259,000,000 metric tons, rutile has a body-centred tetragonal unit cell, with unit cell parameters a=b=4.584 Å, and c=2.953 Å. The titanium cations have a number of 6 meaning they are surrounded by an octahedron of 6 oxygen atoms. The oxygen anions have a number of 3 resulting in a trigonal planar co-ordination. Rutile also shows a screw axis when its octahedra are viewed sequentially, rutile crystals are most commonly observed to exhibit a prsimatic or acicular growth habit with preferential orientation along their c-axis, the direction. This growth habit is favored as the facets of rutile exhibit the lowest surface free energy and are therefore thermodynamically most stable, the c-axis oriented growth of rutile appears clearly in nanorods, nanowires and Abnormal grain growth phenomena of this phase. In large enough quantities in beach sands, rutile forms an important constituent of heavy minerals, miners extract and separate the valuable minerals—e. g. The main uses for rutile are the manufacture of ceramic, as a pigment. Finely powdered rutile is a brilliant white pigment and is used in paints, plastics, paper, foods, titanium dioxide pigment is the single greatest use of titanium worldwide
Rutile
–
Wine-red rutile crystals from
Binn Valley in
Switzerland (Size: 2.0 x 1.6 x 0.8 cm)
Rutile
–
Rutile in
quartz
Rutile
–
Acicular crystals of rutile protruding from a
quartz crystal
17.
Zircon
–
Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its chemical formula is ZrSiO4. A common empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is 1–x4x–y, Zircon forms in silicate melts with large proportions of high field strength incompatible elements. For example, hafnium is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%, the crystal structure of zircon is tetragonal crystal system. The natural color of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue, and green, colorless specimens that show gem quality are a popular substitute for diamond and are also known as Matura diamond. The name derives from the Persian zargun meaning gold-hued and this word is corrupted into jargoon, a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word zircon is derived from Zirkon, which is the German adaptation of this word, yellow, orange and red zircon is also known as hyacinth, from the flower hyacinthus, whose name is of Ancient Greek origin. Zircon is ubiquitous in the crust of Earth and it occurs as a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks, in metamorphic rocks and as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks. Their average size in granite rocks is about 0. 1–0.3 mm, Zircon is also very resistant to heat and corrosion. Because of their uranium and thorium content, some zircons undergo metamictization, connected to internal radiation damage, these processes partially disrupt the crystal structure and partly explain the highly variable properties of zircon. As zircon becomes more and more modified by internal radiation damage, the density decreases, the structure is compromised. Zircon occurs in many colors, including brown, yellow, green, blue, gray. The color of zircons can sometimes be changed by heat treatment, common brown zircons can be transformed into colorless and blue zircons by heating to 800 to 1000 °C. In geological settings, the development of pink, red, and purple zircon occurs after hundreds of millions of years, color in this red or pink series is annealed in geological conditions above the temperature about 350 °C. Zircon is mainly consumed as an opacifier, and has known to be used in the decorative ceramics industry. Zircon is one of the key used by geologists for geochronology. Zircon is a part of the ZTR index to classify highly-weathered sediments, Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks. Due to its hardness, durability and chemical inertness, zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a constituent of most sands
Zircon
–
Zircon crystal from
Tocantins,
Brazil (2×2 cm)
Zircon
–
Optical microscope photograph; the length of the crystal is about 250
µm.
Zircon
–
Sand-sized grains of zircon
Zircon
–
Zircon collection at the
National Museum of Natural History
18.
Monazite
–
Monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate mineral containing rare earth metals. It occurs usually in small isolated crystals and it has a hardness of 5.0 to 5.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness and is relatively dense, about 4.6 to 5.7 g/cm3. Silica is present in amounts, as well as small amounts of uranium and thorium. Due to the decay of thorium and uranium, monazite contains a significant amount of helium. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium and it is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands, the deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite. Monazite is radioactive due to the presence of thorium and, less commonly, because of its radioactive nature, monazite is used for monazite geochronology to study geological events, such as crystallization, heating, or deformation of the rocks containing monazite. The name monazite comes from the Greek μονάζειν, via German Monazit, All monazites adopt the same structure, meaning that the connectivity of the atoms is very similar to other compounds of the type MPO4. The M centers have a coordination sphere being surrounded by eight oxides with M-O distances around 2.6 Å in length. The phosphate anion is tetrahedral, as usual, the same structural motif is observed for lead chromate. Monazite sand from Brazil was first noticed in sand carried in ships ballast by Carl Auer von Welsbach in the 1880s, von Welsbach was looking for thorium for his newly invented incandescent mantles. Monazite sand was quickly adopted as the source and became the foundation of the rare earth industry. Monazite sand was also mined in North Carolina, but, shortly thereafter. Brazilian and Indian monazite dominated the industry before World War II, after major mining activity transferred to South Africa. There are also large deposits in Australia. Any future increase in interest in thorium for nuclear energy will bring back into commercial use. Because of their density, monazite minerals will concentrate in alluvial sands when released by the weathering of pegmatites. These so-called placer deposits are often beach or fossil beach sands and contain other heavy minerals of commercial interest such as zircon, Monazite can be isolated as a nearly pure concentrate by the use of gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic separation
Monazite
–
Monazite
Monazite
–
Postcard view of a monazite mine in Shelby, North Carolina, showing cart tracks and a bridge
Monazite
–
Monazite powder
Monazite
–
Process flow diagram for extraction of rare earth metals from monazite ore using hydrometallury
19.
Sillimanite
–
Sillimanite is an aluminosilicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Sillimanite is named after the American chemist Benjamin Silliman and it was first described in 1824 for an occurrence in Chester, Middlesex County, Connecticut, US. Sillimanite is one of three aluminosilicate polymorphs, the two being andalusite and kyanite. A common variety of sillimanite is known as fibrolite, so named because the mineral appears like a bunch of fibres twisted together when viewed in section or even by the naked eye. Both the fibrous and traditional forms of sillimanite are common in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and it is an index mineral indicating high temperature but variable pressure. Example rocks include gneiss and granulite and it occurs with andalusite, kyanite, potassium feldspar, almandine, cordierite, biotite and quartz in schist, gneiss, hornfels and also rarely in pegmatites. Natural sillimanite rocks cut into the shape and size are used mainly in glass industries. Sillimanite is the best raw material for the manufacture of high alumina refractories or 55-60% alumina bricks, but its use on large scale is not possible due to its fine grading and high cost. Dumortierite and mullite are similar species found in porcelain. Sillimanite has been found in Brandywine Springs, New Castle County and it was named by the State Legislature in 1977 as the state mineral of Delaware by suggestion the Delaware Mineralogical Society. List of minerals List of minerals named after people
Sillimanite
–
Lustrous crystals of sillimanite (to 3 cm) embedded in schist matrix from Norwich, New London County, Connecticut
20.
Garnet
–
Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms, the different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular, uvarovite and andradite. The garnets make up two solid solution series, pyrope-almandine-spessartine and uvarovite-grossular-andradite, the word garnet comes from the 14th‑century Middle English word gernet, meaning dark red. It is derived from the Latin granatus, from granum, Garnet species are found in many colors including red, orange, yellow, green, purple, brown, blue, black, pink, and colorless, with reddish shades most common. Garnet species light transmission properties can range from the gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the varieties used for industrial purposes as abrasives. The minerals luster is categorized as vitreous or resinous, garnets are nesosilicates having the general formula X3Y23. The X site is occupied by divalent cations 2+ and the Y site by trivalent cations 3+ in an octahedral/tetrahedral framework with 4− occupying the tetrahedra. Garnets are most often found in the crystal habit, but are also commonly found in the trapezohedron habit. They crystallize in the system, having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to each other. Garnets do not show cleavage, so when they fracture under stress, because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others. As a result, this group shows a range of hardness on the Mohs scale of about 6.5 to 7.5. The harder species like almandine are often used for abrasive purposes, for gem identification purposes, a pick-up response to a strong neodymium magnet separates garnet from all other natural transparent gemstones commonly used in the jewelry trade. Almandine, Fe3Al23 Pyrope, Mg3Al23 Spessartine, Mn3Al23 Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as carbuncle, the term carbuncle is derived from the Latin meaning live coal or burning charcoal. The name Almandine is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times, chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula Fe3Al23, the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones. Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists, associated with such as staurolite, kyanite, andalusite. Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet, almandine ruby, and carbuncle, Pyrope is red in color and chemically an aluminium silicate with the formula Mg3Al23, though the magnesium can be replaced in part by calcium and ferrous iron. The color of pyrope varies from red to black. A variety of pyrope from Macon County, North Carolina is a shade and has been called rhodolite
Garnet
–
Garnet
Garnet
–
A sample showing the deep red color garnet can exhibit.
Garnet
–
Crystal structure model of garnet
Garnet
–
Almandine in metamorphic rock
21.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
–
Flag
India
–
The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
–
Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
22.
Air India
–
Air India is the flag carrier airline of India and the third-largest airline in India in terms of passengers carried, after IndiGo and Jet Airways. It is owned by Air India Limited, a Government of India enterprise and it is headquartered in New Delhi. Air India has its hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi. Air India became the 27th member of Star Alliance on 11 July 2014, after World War II, it became a public limited company and was renamed as Air India. On 21 February 1960, it took delivery of its first Boeing 707–420 named Gauri Shankar, in 2000–01, attempts were made to privatise Air India and from 2006 onwards, it suffered losses after its merger with Indian Airlines. Air India also operates flights to domestic and Asian destinations through its subsidiaries Alliance Air and Air India Express, Air India uses the Airbus A320 family and Boeing 787 aircraft for selected domestic routes while long distance services use the Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 777-200LR,747 and 787 aircraft. Air Indias mascot is the Maharajah and the logo consists of a swan with the wheel of Konark inside it. Air India had its origin in Tata Sons, founded by J. R. D. Tata, in April 1932, Tata won a contract to carry mail for Imperial Airways and the aviation department of Tata Sons was formed with two single-engine de Havilland Puss Moths. On 15 October 1932, Tata flew a Puss Moth carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay and the continued to Madras piloted by Nevill Vintcent. The airline fleet consisted of a Puss Moth aircraft and a Leopard Moth, initial service included weekly airmail service between Karachi and Madras via Ahmedabad and Bombay. In its first year of operation, the airline flew 160,000 miles, carrying 155 passengers and 9.72 tonnes of mail, later, the airline launched a domestic flight from Bombay to Trivandrum with a six-seater Miles Merlin. In 1938, it was re-christened as Tata Air Services and later as Tata Airlines, Delhi and Colombo were added to the destinations in 1938. During the Second World War, the airline helped the Royal Air Force with troop movements, shipping of supplies, rescue of refugees and maintenance of planes. After World War II, regular service was restored in India. After the Indian independence in 1947, 49% of the airline was acquired by the Government of India in 1948, on 8 June 1948, a Lockheed Constellation L-749A named Malabar Princess took off from Bombay bound for London Heathrow marking the airlines first international flight. In 1953, the Government of India passed the Air Corporations Act, the company was renamed as Air India International Limited and the domestic services were transferred to Indian Airlines as a part of restructuring. From 1948 to 1950, the airline introduced services to Nairobi in Africa and to major European destinations Rome, Paris, the airline took delivery of its first Lockheed Constellation L-1049 named Rani of Jhansi and inaugurated services to Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore. On 21 February 1960, Air India International inducted its first Boeing 707–420 named Gauri Shankar, the airline inaugurated services to New York on 14 May 1960
Air India
–
Tata Air Service
Air India
–
Air India
Douglas DC-3 at
London Heathrow Airport (1958)
Air India
–
Air India
Lockheed Super Constellation at
Prague Ruzyně Airport (1961)
Air India
–
Air India
Boeing 707-320B (1976)
23.
Bharat Electronics
–
Bharat Electronics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company with about nine factories, and few regional offices in India. It is owned by the Indian Government and primarily manufactures advanced electronic products for the Indian Armed Forces, BEL is one of nine PSUs under the Ministry of Defence of India. It has been accorded Navratna status by the Government of India, on 1 April 2016, BELs order book was estimated to be around ₹300 billions. With help of ToT. is a company of BEL and is a public sector undertaking of the Government of India. The company is headquartered in Pune and earned aggregated revenue of ₹516 million during the fiscal year 2007, BEL Thales Limited BEL Thales Limited was set up in 2015. GE-BE Pvt Limited GE-BE Pvt Limited was set up in 1997 as a joint venture between Bharat Electronics Limited and General Electric Medical System. The facility based at Whitefield, Bangalore, manufactures X-ray tubes for RAD & F and CT systems, as well as such as high voltage tanks. GE-BEL also markets the conventional X-ray tubes made at the Pune unit of BEL, the turnover of GE-BEL during 2004–2005 was over ₹4.50 billion including an export of over ₹4.30 billion. The company has been recognised for its export performance since 1998 by the Export Promotion Councils. BEL – Multitone Ltd BEL and Multitone, UK, offer mobile communication products for the workplace, Multitone invented paging in 1956 when it developed the worlds first system to serve the life or death environment of St Thomas Hospital, London. Brief details of the products are, Access 700 one-way speech paging system which supports 100 pagers, Access 1000/3000 radio paging system which supports 1500/5000 users. Starting with the manufacture of a few communication equipment in 1956, BEL started producing receiving valves in 1961, germanium semiconductors in 1962, in 1966, BEL set up a radar manufacturing facility for the army and in-house R&D. In 1967, BEL began manufacturing transmitting tubes, silicon devices, the PCB manufacturing facility was established in 1968. In 1970, BEL started making black & white TV picture tubes, X-ray tubes, in 1971, BEL set up facilities for the manufacture of integrated circuits and hybrid micro circuits. 1972, BEL established manufacturing facilities for TV transmitters for Doordarshan, in 1973, BEL began manufacturing frigate radars for the navy. Under the governments policy of decentralisation and due to strategic reasons, the second unit of BEL was set up at Ghaziabad in 1974 to manufacture radars and Tropo communication equipment for the Indian Air Force. The third unit was established at Pune in 1979 to manufacture image converter, in 1980, the first overseas office of BEL was set up in New York for the procurement of components and materials. In 1981, a facility for magnesium manganese dioxide batteries was set up at Pune
Bharat Electronics
–
Scale Model of
BEL Weapon Locating Radar
Bharat Electronics
–
BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar (BFSR-SR)
24.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
–
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited owned by the Government of India, is an engineering and manufacturing company based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1964, BHEL is Indias largest power plant equipment manufacturer, the company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72, except in FY 2015-2016, and paying dividends uninterruptedly since 1976-77. It has been granted the prestigious Maharatna status in 2013 by Govt of India for its outstanding performance, the elite list of Maharatna companies contains a total of 7 behemoth Public Sector Undertakings of India. Maharatna status affords the Boards of these companies enhanced financial and operational autonomy, BHEL was established in 1964 Heavy Electricals Limited was merged with BHEL in 1974. It developed the capability to produce a variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipments for all sectors, including transmission, transportation, oil and gas, however, the bulk of the revenue of the company is derived from the manufacture and erection of equipment for power generation. As of 2016, BHEL supplied equipment contributed to about 55% of the installed capacity of India. In 1991, BHEL was converted into a limited company. By the end of 1996, the company had handed over 100 Electric Locomotives to Indian Railway, Power, transmission, industry, transportation, renewable energy, oil & gas and defence. The company has established the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p. a. of power equipment to address the demand for power generation equipment. BHEL has retained its leadership position during 2015-16 with 74% market share in the Power Sector. With the all-time high commissioning of 15000 MW in a single year FY2015-16 and it also has been exporting its power and industry segment products and services for over 40 years. BHELs global references are spread across over 76 countries across all the six continents of the world, the cumulative overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21 countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand. Their physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services, further, BHEL is planning to enter solar manufacturing in a big scale, as it has announced its plans for a 600 MW Solar Module Factory. Central Government of India holds majority of the shares of BHEL and it is the 7th largest power equipment manufacturer in the world. BHEL received two awards in CII-ITC Sustainability Awards 2012 from the President of India, in the year 2011, it was ranked ninth most innovative company in the world by US business magazine Forbes. The company won the prestigious ‘Golden Peacock Award for Occupational Health & Safety 2011’ for significant achievements in the field of Occupational Health & Safety and it is also placed at 4th place in Forbes Asias Fabulous 50 List of 2010. BHEL wins MoU Excellence Award for the year 2006–07 for the highest growth rate in Market Capitalization, bHELs investment in R&D is amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India. During the year 2012-13, the company invested about Rs.1,252 Crore on R&D efforts, the IPR capital of BHEL grew by 21. 5% in the year, taking the total to 2170
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
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Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited भारत भारी इलेक्ट्रिकल्स लिमिटेड
25.
Bharat Petroleum
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Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited is an Indian state-controlled oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Corporation operates two large refineries of the located at Mumbai and Kochi. The company is ranked 358th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2016, in 1889 during vast industrial development, an important player in the South Asian market was the Burmah Oil Company. In 1928, Asiatic Petroleum Company started cooperation with Burma oil company and this alliance led to the formation of Burmah-Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Company of India Limited. Burmah Shell began its operations with import and marketing of Kerosene, on 24 January 1976, the Burmah Shell was taken over by the Government of India to form Bharat Refineries Limited. On 1 August 1977, it was renamed Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and it was also the first refinery to process newly found indigenous crude Bombay High. As counsel for the CPIL, Rajinder Sachar and Prashant Bhushan said that the way to disinvest in the companies would be to repeal or amend the Acts by which they were nationalized in the 1970s. As a result, the government would need a majority in both houses to push through any privatization, the business of the Company grew substantially given the international backing of Shell and it achieved the leadership position in India. In 1952, Shell and Burmah Oil Company set up Burmah Shell Refineries to set up a refinery in Mumbai, the entire operations of Burmah Shell in India were nationalised in 1976 and the Refinery and Marketing Companies were merged to form BPCL. 1952 - The Company was incorporated on 3 November 1952 under the name Burmahshell Refineries Limited,1955 - The Company has a well established refinery at Mahul, Chembur which has commissioned in January. - The companys refinery in Bombay was commissioned in 1955 and it introduced LPG as a cooking fuel to the Indian home and all along, it went beyond selling petroleum, to educate the customer. 1976 - The companies name changed to Bharat Refineries Limited on 12th,1977 - Companies name changed to its present name on 1 August. Simultaneously also acquired the right to title and interest and liabilities of BSM in relation to its undertakings in India,1992 - During the year the company commissioned 50 retail outlets including 9 in rural areas and 7 superior kerosene oil/light deisel oil dealerships. The total number of retail outlets/light diesel oil dealership at the end of the year stood at 4,090 and 928 respectively, - During the year, 20% of the shares were sold by the govt. to various financial institutions and Mutual Funds. Thus presently the President of India holds 80% of the paid up capital, also installed advanced control system for catalytic control unit. 1994 - During the year, the corporation commissioned 124 retail outlets and 10 oil/light diesel oil dealership, - On 25 February, a joint venture company Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd was incorporated. And was set up as a joint venture between Omen oil Co, - During the year, Bharat Shell Ltd. was promoted by the company and Shell Overseas Investments, B V Netherlands for marketing shell branded lubricants in the country. 1995 - During 95-96, a 6 MMTPA joint venture refinery being set up with Oman Oil Company Ltd. at Bina in M. P
Bharat Petroleum
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Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited भारत पेट्रोलियम निगम लिमिटेड
26.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam
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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and broadband services more than 60% market share. However, in recent years the revenues and market share have plummeted into heavy losses due to intense competition in the Indian telecommunications sector. BSNL is Indias oldest communication service provider and had a base of 93.29 million as of June 2015. It has footprints throughout India except for Mumbai and New Delhi, bsnl Mobile is major provider of GSM cellular mobile services under the brand name Cellone. BSNL provides complete telecom services solution to customers including MPLS, P2P. It provides fixedline services and landline using CDMA technology and its extensive optical fiber network, BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connection as prepaid, NetOne as Postpaid and DataOne as BSNL Broadband. BSNL offers value-added services, such as Free Phone Service, India Telephone Card, Account Card Calling, Virtual Private Network, Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service, BSNL also offers the IPTV which enables customers to watch television through internet and Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol. In 2007, BSNL announced plans for providing 5 million broadband connectivity, on 20 March 2009, BSNL launched blackberry services across India. BSNL paid Rs.101.87 billion for 3G spectrum in 2010, as of 2011, BSNL offers coverage in over 800 cities across India. BSNL launched in 2012 a 3G wireless pocket router named Winknet Mf50, BSNL 3G provides HSPA+ service with highest speed of 21.1 Mbit/s downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s uplink. BSNL announced the discontinuation of its services from 15 July 2013. It was opened to the public in February 1855, it was upgraded to a messaging system in 2010. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, A Public Sector Enterprise also provide Fiber to the plans which are generally known as FTTH broadband service. It is the fastest broadband service which has started by the BSNL. BSNL FTTH service can provide the speed up to 100Mbit/s to the Internet users, as per Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Report dated 19 Feb 2016 BSNL has the 4th position in Broadband market share. It has broadband market share of 14. 54% as on 31.12.2015, in wireless segment it is on 6th position with 8. 16% of market share as on 31.12.2015. BSNL launched linguistic email service with DATAMAIL app in 8 Indian languages, DATAMAIL app is powered with XgenPlus email technology built by Data Xgen Technologies
Bharat Sanchar Nigam
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BSNL, Headquarter,
New Delhi
Bharat Sanchar Nigam
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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
27.
Coal India Limited
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Coal India Limited is an Indian state-controlled coal mining company headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is the largest coal company in the world and contributes around 82% of the coal production in India. It produced 494.24 million tonnes of coal during FY2014–15, as on 14 October 2015, Union Government of India owns CIL and controls the operations of CIL through Ministry of Coal. In April 2011, CIL was conferred the Maharatna status by the Union Government of India, as on 14 October 2015, its market capitalisation was ₹2.11 trillion making it Indias 8th most valuable company by market value. Coal mining in Government sector had started in India in the year 1956, until then, it was totally under the private sector. In September 1956, Government of India established its own coal company National Coal Development Corporation, Collieries run by the Railways formed the nucleus of NCDC. This was to fulfill the fast growing energy requirements in the country to support rapid industrialization taking place through 5-year Plans of the Government. In 1971, the Government of India nationalized all the 214 coking-coal mines and 12 coke-ovens running in the private setor, on 1st Jan 1972, a new Government company Bharat Coking Coal Limited was formed to take control of these nationalized mines and coke-ovens. Next year on 30 January 1973, all the remaining 711 non-coking coalmines of the country in private sector were also nationalized,184 of these mines were handed over to BCCL, and remaining 527 were handed over to a newly opened department Coal Mines Authority. 4 months later on 14 June 1973, this department was converted into a separate Government company CMAL, NCDC, earlier formed in 1957, was merged with CMAL, and 45% share-holding of Central Government in Singareni Collieries Company Ltd was also handed over to CMAL. CMAL started functioning with its 4 divisions, viz, Eastern Coalfields, Central Coalfields, Western Coalfields, for better control, both BCCL and CMAL were brought on 11 October 1974 under the Department of Coal of the newly formed Ministry of Energy. On 1 November 1975, a new public-sector company Coal India Limited was formed to enable better organizational and operational efficiency in coal sector, all the 4 Divisions of CMAL were given the company status, and were brought under CIL along with BCCL. 45% share-holding of the CMAL in Singareni Collieries Company was also transferred to CIL, thus, CIL started functioning in 1975 with 5 subsidiary companies under it. These were Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Eastern Coalfields Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Western Coalfields Limited, in due course of time,3 more companies were formed under CIL by carving out certain areas of CCL and WCL. These were Northern Coalfields Limited, South-eastern Coalfields Limited, and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, pursuant to the Fuel Policy of 1974, CIL also started the construction of Indias First Low Temperature Carbonisation Plant at Dankuni in the late 1970s. It was renamed as Dankuni Coal Complex, and is one of the best operational plant of this kind in the World, Government of India held 100% equity of CIL from 1975 till 2010. In October 2010, Government of India offered 10% of the equity shares of CIL to public for sale at a price of ₹245 per share. The IPO got over-subscribed by 14.17 times, against an IPO issue size of ₹155 billion it received bids for ₹2,400 billion making it the second highest collections in any IPO in India
Coal India Limited
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Coal India Limited (CIL) कोल इंडिया लिमिटेड (सीआईएल)
28.
Electronics Corporation of India Limited
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ECIL is a multi-product, multi disciplinary organisation with focus on indigenous Nuclear energy, space and Defence sectors. ECIL also has a presence in indigenous Electronic Security, Communications, Networking. ECIL has won Environment Protection Award for the year 2012 in the category R&D, the company has a human resource pool of over 2800 engineers and technicians
Electronics Corporation of India Limited
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Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) भारत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स निगम लिमिटेड (ईसीआईएल)
29.
Food Corporation of India
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It operates through 5 Zonal offices and 24 Regional offices. Each year, the Food Corporation of India purchases roughly 15 to 20 per cent of Indias wheat output and 12 to 15 per cent of its rice output, the purchases are made from the farmers at the rates declared by the Govt. of India. This rate is called as MSP, there is no limit for procurement in terms of volume, any quantity can be procured by FCI provided the stock satisfies FAQ specifications with respect to FCI. Food Corporation of India operates through it Field Offices/District Offices which are headed by an Assistant general manager, Assistant general manager is also posted who is looking after the QC work. Under Area Manager control there are Managers to deal with each and every section viz. sales, contracts, sl-tl, movement, establishment, quality control, operational accounts etc. Regional offices are headed by a manager, who is in most of the cases from Indian Revenue Service. All these officers appraise the general manager periodically on various issues pertaining to district offices of that particular region, FCI has been divided into 5 zones viz. North, South, East, West & North-East with a Zonal Office in each zone. Each zone is divided into regions with a regional office in one region. All the Category III officials are recruited either through Staff Selection Commission or through FCIs own competitive exam, Category III officials are trained at Zonal Training Institutes and Regional Offices where in-service training sessions are conducted at field offices after their recruitment. The Food Corporation of India procures Rice and Wheat from farmers through many routes like Paddy purchase centres/Mill Levy/Custom Milling, the difference between the purchase price and sale price, along with internal costs, are reimbursed by the Union Government in the form of food subsidy. At present the annual subsidy is around $10 billion, FCI by itself is not a decision-making authority, it does not decide anything about the MSP, imports or exports. It just implements the decisions made by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, official Website of FCI Ministry of Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution Annual Reports 2003–04 to 2007–08
Food Corporation of India
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Food Corporation of India भारतीय खाद्य निगम
30.
GAIL
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Gas Authority of India Limited is the largest state-owned natural gas processing and distribution company in India. It is headquartered in New Delhi, GAIL was conferred with the Maharatna status on 1 Feb 2013, by the Government of India. Only six other Public Sector Enterprises enjoy this coveted status amongst all central CPSEs, GAIL was listed in the 131st position among Indias most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by the Trust Research Advisory. GAIL Limited was incorporated in August 1984 as a Central Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, the company was formerly known as Gas Authority of India Limited. It is Indias principal gas transmission and marketing company, the company was initially given the responsibility of construction, operation and maintenance of the Hazira – Vijaypur – Jagdishpur pipeline project. It was one of the largest cross-country natural gas projects in the world. This 1750-kilometre-long pipeline was built at a cost of ₹17 billion, GAIL commissioned the 1,750 kilometres Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur pipeline in 1991. Between 1991 and 1993, three liquefied petroleum gas plants were constructed and some regional pipelines acquired, enabling GAIL to begin its gas transportation in various parts of India, GAIL began its city gas distribution in New Delhi in 1997 by setting up nine compressed natural gas stations. In order to secure gas for its business, the Exploration and Production department was created. Today GAIL is a partner in the Dawoo-OVL led consortium in two blocks in Myanmar which have made a gas discovery. The bulk of its blocks are located in India in the basins of Cambay, Assam-Arakan, Mahanadi, Krishna Godavary deep water and onland, Cauvery onland and deep water. It is actively scouting for foreign blocks both exploratory or discovery, GAIL today has reached new milestones with its strategic diversification into petrochemicals, telecom and liquid hydrocarbons besides gas infrastructure. The company has extended its presence in power, liquefied natural gas re-gasification, city gas distribution and exploration & production through participation in equity. Incorporating the new-found energy into its identity, Gas Authority of India was renamed GAIL Limited on 22 November 2002. GAIL Limited has shown growth in gas transmission through the years by building large network of trunk pipelines covering length of around 10,700 kilometres. Leveraging on the core competencies, GAIL played a key role as gas market developer in India for decades catering to industrial sectors like power, fertilizers. GAIL transmits more than 160 mmscmd of gas through its dedicated pipelines and have more than 70% market share in gas transmission and marketing. While the explosion killed some persons in nearby houses, the fire engulfed several other houses adjacent to the pipeline trapping residents
GAIL
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Gas Authority of India Limited भारतीय गैस प्राधिकरण लिमिटेड
31.
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
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Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company based in Bangalore, Karnataka. It is governed under the management of the Indian Ministry of Defence, the government-owned corporation is primarily involved in the operations of the aerospace industry. These include manufacturing and assembly of aircraft, navigation and related communication equipment, HAL built the first military aircraft in South Asia. It is currently involved in the design, fabrication and assembly of aircraft, jet engines, helicopters and it has several facilities spread across India. The locations where the plants are operated by HAL include Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangalore. The German engineer Kurt Tank designed the HF-24 Marut fighter-bomber, the first fighter aircraft made in India, HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft in Bangalore in 1940 on 23 Dec 1940. Hindustan Aircraft Company was duly incorporated under the Mysore Companies Act as a private Ltd Company, then he wrote to the Rulers of Baroda, Gwalior and Bhavanagar without success. Only Maharaja of Mysore responded favourably by agreeing to invest 25 lakhs, pawley managed to obtain a large number of machine-tools and equipment from the United States. The Indian Government bought a stake in the company and by April 1941 by investing 25 lakhs as it believed this to be a strategic imperative. The decision by the government was primarily motivated to boost British military hardware supplies in Asia to counter the threat posed by Imperial Japan during Second World War. The Kingdom of Mysore supplied two directors, Air Marshal John Higgins was resident director, the Mysore Kingdom refused to sell its stake in the company but yielded the management control over to the Indian Government. In 1943 the Bangalore factory was handed over to the United States Army Air Forces, the factory expanded rapidly and became the centre for major overhaul and repair of American aircraft and was known as the 84th Air Depot. The first aircraft to be overhauled was a Consolidated PBY Catalina followed by type of aircraft operated in India. When returned to Indian control two years later the factory had become one of the largest overhaul and repair organisations in the East, in the post war reorganisation the company built railway carriages as an interim activity. After India gained independence in 1947, the management of the company was passed over to the Government of India. Though HAL was not used actively for developing models of fighter jets, except for the HF-24 Marut. In 1957 company started manufacturing Bristol Siddeley Orpheus jet engines under licence at new factory located in Bangalore, during the 1980s, HALs operations saw a rapid increase which resulted in the development of new indigenous aircraft such as the HAL Tejas and HAL Dhruv. HAL also developed a version of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, known as MiG-21 Bison
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
–
Production line of the
HAL Dhruv at
Bangalore
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
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IJT prototype in its hangar
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
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HAL Dhruv helicopters of the
Ecuadorian Air Force in 2009 Aero India
32.
India Trade Promotion Organisation
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ITPO is a Mini-Ratna Category-1 Central Public Sector Enterprise with 100 percent shareholding of Government of India. In January 2016, ITPO awarded more than INR2100 crore project to NBCC for construction of Integrated Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre as part of Redevelopment of Pragati Maidan. The project was put on fast-track by formation of an adhoc Committee of Secretaries of all concerned ministries, Public Investment Board accorded approval to the project in May 2016. ITPO, during its existence of more than 3 decades has played a role in catalysing trade, investment. Later on, Hall-14 were designed by architect Raj Rewal in 1981–1982, National Science Centre was designed by architect Achyut Kanvinde. Craft Museum was designed by architect Charles Correa, hall-7 was designed by architect Rajinder Kumar. Hall-18 was designed by eminent architectural firm Stein, Doshi & Bhalla Consultants, phoolwari Convention Centre was designed by architect Jasbir Sachdev. Shakuntalam Theatre was designed by architect Ranjit Sabikhi, erstwhile Hindustan Lever Pavilion was designed by architect Charles Correa. Erstwhile DCM pavilion was designed by architect Jasbir Sawhney, erstwhile Ford Pavillion was designed by architect Sanjay Wadhwa. The existing infrastructure of Pragati Maidan includes more than 16 exhibitions halls of about 65,000 sq. m. out of which 40,000 sq. m. is air-conditioned space and it also consists of additional open space of 32,000 sq. m. The existing facilities are being used by Industry, various Ministries, departments and State Governments to present their policies, initiatives and achievements by supporting/holding exhibitions, conventions and other trade related events. ITPO has an extensive infrastructure as well as marketing and information facilities that are availed by both exporters and importers, ITPO had had overseas offices at New York City, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Moscow and São Paulo for pursuing opportunities for enhancement of Indias trade and investment. However, all offices are now closed by ITPO. ITPO has four Regional Offices, Bangalore Chennai Kolkata Mumbai, the Regional Offices, through their respective profile of activities, ensure a concerted and well coordinated trade promotion drive throughout the country. ITPO has two subsidiaries namely Tamil Nadu Trade Promotion Organisation and Karnataka Trade Promotion Organisation with share holding of 51% in each of them, in FY 2013–2014, TNTPO and KTPO registered revenues of about Rs.400 million and Rs.82 million respectively. The Chennai Trade Centre, which is now spread across 14,000 sqm, is planned to be expanded by addition of 6,000 sqm and ITPO is seeking approval from the board of the TNTPO for the same. The project would require investment of Rs.1125 million, of which 31.25 crore each will be provided by the central and state governments, the state government granted an in-principle approval for the project in 2012, but owing to the non-availability of funds it got delayed. ITPO is operating a trade portal Trade Portal of India having all trade related information including country profiles, product profiles, Central Industrial Security Force provide round-the-clock security at Pragati Maidan
India Trade Promotion Organisation
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India Trade Promotion Organisation इंडिया ट्रेड प्रमोशन आर्गेनाईजेशन
India Trade Promotion Organisation
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Erstwhile office of the India Trade Promotion Organisation in
Moscow,
Russia
India Trade Promotion Organisation
–
View from entry of Hall-18, Pragati Maidan
India Trade Promotion Organisation
–
A stall at Pragati Maidan
33.
Indian Oil Corporation
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Indian Oil Corporation is Indias Largest Commercial Enterprise, with a net profit of ₹103.99 billion for the financial year 2015-16. In accordance with its vision of being ‘The Energy of India’. It is the leading Indian Corporate in Fortunes prestigious ‘Global 500’ listing of worlds largest corporates at 161st position for the year 2016, also, IndianOil has ventured into alternative energy and globalisation of downstream operations. With subsidiaries in Sri Lanka, Mauritius and the UAE, IndianOil is scouting for new opportunities in the energy markets across Asia. It has also formed about 20 joint ventures with reputed business partners from India, IndianOil accounts for nearly half of Indias petroleum products market share, 35% national refining capacity, and 71% downstream sector pipelines through capacity. The IndianOil Group owns and operates 11 of Indias 23 refineries with a refining capacity of 80.7 MMTPA. IndianOils cross-country pipeline network, for transportation of oil to refineries and finished products to high-demand centres. IOCL has various refineries across India, Guwahati Refinery Bongaigaon Refinery Barauni Refinery Gujarat Refinery Haldia Refinery Mathura Refinery Panipat Refinery is being expanded, Paradip Refinery - The 15 million tonnes per annum refinery in Paradip in Coastal Odisha has been inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi on 7 February 2016. IndianOil is the highest ranked Indian company in the Fortune Global 500 listing and it is also the 18th largest petroleum company in the world and the No.1 petroleum trading company among the national oil companies in the Asia-Pacific region. IOCL was featured on the 2011 Forbes Global 2000 at position 243 and it is the fifth most valued brand in India according to an annual survey conducted by Brand Finance and The Economic Times in 2010. As of 31 March 2013, the company had 34,084 employees, the attrition rate in IndianOil is around 1. 5%. The company incurred INR78 billion on employee benefits during the FY 2012-13, indianOils equity shares are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India. As of 23 August 2015, the promoters Government of India held approx,68. 57% of the shares in IndianOil. Remaining 12% of the shares are held by others, on 23 August 2015, the Government of India reduced its stake by another 10% bringing the number shares held to 58. 57%. Indian Oil Corporation has two domestic competitors, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum. Both are state-controlled, like Indian Oil Corporation, there are two private competitors, Reliance Industries and Essar Oil. India has begun the development of a crude oil reserve sized at 37.4 million barrels. Petroleum stocks have been transferred from the Indian Oil Corporation to the Oil Industry Development Board, the OIDB then created the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd to serve as the controlling government agency for the strategic reserve
Indian Oil Corporation
–
IndianOil service station in
Pipili, Odisha
Indian Oil Corporation
Indian Oil Corporation
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Indian Oil truck carrying fuel across the
Himalayas
Indian Oil Corporation
–
Indian Oil truck at North Pullu, entrance to
Nubra Valley,
Ladakh. 2010
34.
Indian Rare Earths Limited
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Indian Rare Earths Limited is a government-owned corporation in India based in Mumbai. It was incorporated as a limited company and jointly owned by the Government of India. Government of India took control of IREL in 1963 under the control of Department of Atomic Energy. It was incorporated with the intention of taking up commercial scale processing of monazite sand at its first unit namely Rare Earths Division, Aluva. IREL commissioned its largest division called Orissa Sand Complex at Chhatrapur, today IREL operates these four units along with a corporate office in Mumbai and a unit located in Manavalakurichi of Kanyakumari district. It produces/sells six heavy minerals namely ilmenite, rutile, zircon, monazite, sillimanite, similarly High Pure Rare Earth facility also commenced operation to refine pure rare earth compounds
Indian Rare Earths Limited
–
Indian Rare Earths Limited भारतीय दुर्लभ पृथ्वी लिमिटेड
35.
Life Insurance Corporation of India
–
Life Insurance Corporation of India is an Indian state-owned insurance group and investment company headquartered in Mumbai. It is the largest insurance company in India with an asset value of ₹1,560,482 crore. As of 2013 it had total life fund of Rs.1433103.14 crore with total value of policies sold of 367.82 lakh that year. The Life Insurance Corporation of India was founded in 1956 when the Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act that nationalised the private industry in India. Over 245 insurance companies and provident societies were merged to create the state owned Life Insurance Corporation, the Oriental Life Insurance Company, the first company in India offering life insurance coverage, was established in Kolkata in 1818 by Anita Bhavsar and others. Its primary target market was the Europeans based in India, surendranath Tagore had founded Hindusthan Insurance Society, which later became Life Insurance Corporation. The Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society, formed in 1870, was the first native insurance provider, the first half of the 20th century saw a heightened struggle for Indias independence. The aggregate effect of events led to a high rate of. This had adversely affected the faith of the public in the utility of obtaining life cover. In 1955, parliamentarian Amol Barate raised the matter of fraud by owners of private insurance agencies. In the ensuing investigations, one of Indias wealthiest businessmen, Ramkrishna Dalmia, the Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act on June 19,1956 creating the Life Insurance Corporation of India, which started operating in September of that year. In August 2000, the Indian Government embarked on a program to liberalise the insurance sector, LIC emerged as a beneficiary from this process with robust performance, albeit on a base substantially higher than the private sector. It also has a network of 1,337,064 individual agents,242 Corporate Agents,89 Referral Agents,98 Brokers and 42 Banks for soliciting life insurance business from the public. LICs slogan yogakshemam vahamyaha is in Sanskrit language which translates in English as Your welfare is our responsibility and this is derived from ancient Hindu text, the Bhagavad Gitas 9th chapter, 22nd verse. The slogan can be seen in the logo, written in Devanagari script, the Economic Times Brand Equity Survey 2012 rated LIC as the No.6 Most Trusted Service Brand of India. From the year 2006, LIC has been winning the Readers Digest Trusted brand award. Voted Indias Most Trusted brand in the BFSI category according to the Brand Trust Report for 4 continuous years - 2011-2014 according to the Brand Trust Report, as on 31 March 2014, LIC had 1,20,388 employees, out of which 24,867 were women. Agency strength LIC had 11,95,916 agents as on 31 March 2014, Golden Jubilee Foundation LIC Golden Jubilee Foundation was established in 2006 as a charity organization
Life Insurance Corporation of India
–
LIC Zonal Office, Night View From Connaught Place Park
Life Insurance Corporation of India
–
Life Insurance Corporation of India भारतीय जीवन बीमा निगम
Life Insurance Corporation of India
–
LIC Zonal Office, at
Connaught Place, New Delhi, designed by
Charles Correa, 1991.
Life Insurance Corporation of India
–
LIC Building at Chennai, was the tallest building in India when it was inaugurated in 1959
36.
Mazagon Dock Limited
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Mazagon Dock Limited is Indias prime shipyard. It manufactures warships and submarines for the Indian Navy and offshore platforms and it also builds tankers, cargo bulk carriers, passenger ships and ferries. The shipyards of MDL were established in the 18th century, ownership of the yards passed through entities including the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company and the British-India Steam Navigation Company. Eventually, Mazagon Dock Limited was registered as a company in 1934. The shipyard was nationalised in 1960 and is now a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India, rear Admiral R K Shravat, AVSM, IN is the head of Mazagon Dock. The activities at the yard are shipbuilding, submarine building, and it has manufacturing facilities in Mumbai and Nhava. The yard has the capability to build warships, submarines, and it can fabricate wellhead platforms, process and production platforms, and jack-up rigs for oil exploration. MDL builds offshore oil drilling platforms, repair and maintenance jobs on offshore rigs are undertaken at Alcock, jackets up to 80 m length and 2200 T weight can be constructed. At Nhava, jackets up to 80 m length and 2300 T weight, main decks up to 550 T weight, the yard builds specialist vessels able to clean oil spills and fight fires on offshore drilling platforms. A welding training school develops and maintains welding techniques and procedures to acceptable standards, the first warship built by MDL was the 2, 900-ton displacement, INS Nilgiri, the lead ship of her class. She was launched on 15 October 1966 and commissioned on 23 June 1972, five more frigates of this class were built over the next nine years for the Indian Navy. While construction of the Nilgiri-class was being completed, the Indian Navy proposed requirements for an indigeneously designed and this new frigate was to be of wholly Indian design and manufacture. To address these requirements, MDL designed and built the Godavari class guided-missile frigates with a 3800 tons displacement, three ships of the class were built by MDL – the lead ship, INS Godavari, the INS Ganga and INS Gomati. MDL designed and built the first two vessels of the Khukri class corvettes for the Indian Navy, the lead vessel of the class was commissioned on 23 August 1989, and the second, INS Kuthar, on 7 June 1990. The next class of vessels designed and built by MDL were the Project-15 Delhi class guided-missile destroyers and these were powered by gas turbines and displaced 6,200 tonnes. The first of the class, INS Delhi, was launched in February 1991, the second, INS Mysore, was commissioned on 2 June 1999 followed by the last ship in the series, INS Mumbai, on 22 January 2001. The 6000 tons Shivalik class frigates are the first warships with stealth features to be designed and these multi-role, guided-missile frigates have reduced radar signature and are due to enter service starting in 2010. At least three of this class were under construction at MDL, the lead vessel of the class commissioned on 29 April 2010
Mazagon Dock Limited
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Mazagon Dock Limited मझगांव डॉक लिमिटेड
37.
MECON Limited
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MECON Limited, formerly known as Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants Limited is a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Steel of the Government of India. It began in 1959 as the Central Engineering and Designing Bureau of the Hindustan Steel Limited, subsequently, CEDB grew as Metallurgical and Engineering Consultant, a subsidiary of the Steel Authority of India Limited in 1973. It later became an autonomous company reporting to the Ministry of Steel in 1978,1 April is observed as Foundation Day in MECON. MECON Limited provides services in Power, Energy & Environment, Infrastructure, Oil & Gas, Metallurgy, MECON has played a significant role in the development and expansion of Indian Industries. MECON is an ISO,9001,2008 company and is registered with international financial institutions like WB and its corporate offices are situated at New Delhi and Bengaluru. Apart from these, regional and site Offices are located all across the country, MECON Limited also has its establishment at Lagos, Nigeria. MECON has been appointed as consultants for SAILs ongoing modernization and expansion projects, major delays, mainly caused by bureaucratic processes, have shifted the finalization several years ahead. The hughe delays in this project are examplorary for the difficulties that are associated with India. It has successfully commissioned the Wire Rod Mill 2 of RINL, mecon Tower is a combined residential-commercial complex situated on Prince Anwar Shah Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Mecon Tower has been a landmark for years. Its owners are exclusively the employees and retired employees of MECON Limited, recently in August 2008, MECON developed Indias first confocal microscope. Since May 2008, MECON has also been consulting SAIL on its Vision 2020 which aims to enhance production from the existing 15 million ton per annum to 45 million ton in the next 12 years, scam, Consumer Court India, retrieved MECON Home page
MECON Limited
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MECON मेकॉन लिमिटेड
38.
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
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Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications service provider in the metro cities of Mumbai and New Delhi in India and in the island nation of Mauritius in Africa. The company had a monopoly in Mumbai and New Delhi until 1992, transparency makes us different is the motto of the company. The Government of India currently holds 100% stock in the company, maha = big or great Nagar = city or town Mahanagar = metropolis or megacity, metrocity Nigam = venture or enterprise or corporation Bombay Telephone was founded in 1882. The first telephone exchange in Mumbai began operations on 28 January 1882, delhis first telephone system was established in 1911. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam was created by the Government of India in 1986 to oversee the services of Delhi. MTNL provides fixed line telephones and WLL services and it also provides mobile services on GSM and CDMA platforms. In GSM, mobile numbers start with the prefixes 901x,9868,9757,9869,9968, mTNLs efficiency has drastically improved over the years. In the past, a customer had to much longer to secure a connection. MTNL started 3G services in India under the name of MTNL 3G Jadoo, Services offered include video calling, mobile TV and mobile broadband with high speed data connectivity up to 3.6 Mbit/s from 11 December 2008. MTNL plans to offer 3G services across India by mid-2009, MTNL also provides 3G data cards for usage in devices other than mobile phones. MTNL will be installing 15 lakh 3G lines in the first phase of its 3G roll-out in Mumbai, MTNL announced in Jan,2012 that they will upgrade its 3G network to more advanced HSPA+ with download speeds up to 28. 8Mbit/s before the end of 2012. MTNL rolled out its BlackBerry solutions on the 2G and 3G networks by launching India’s first 3G enabled BlackBerry Bold smart phones, MTNL is the largest ISP in Mumbai and Delhi, and the third largest ISP in India though it has presence just in two circles. MTNL provides TriBand Internet services through dialup and DSL and it provides games on demand, video on demand, and IPTV services in India through TriBand. TriBand is targeted at homes and small businesses, MTNL began offering fibre-to-the-home triple play high speed broadband service in Delhi on 9 November 2011. FTTH, with core network speed up to 1 Gbit/s, was launched in Mumbai on 1 March 2012, in 2004, telecom regulator TRAI mandated a minimum speed of 256 kbit/s for all broadband connections. On 12 November 2013, MTNL announced that it would upgrade the speed of all its existing unlimited broadband plans in Mumbai to a minimum of 1 Mbit/s, MTNL also provides other services such as VPN, VOIP, and leased lines through BSNL and VSNL. MTNL has set up a wholly owned subsidiary called Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited in Mauritius, providing mobile, MTML is the second operator in Mauritius. Necessary licenses were obtained in January 2004, MTML has already started its ILD & CDMA based basic services in Mauritius
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
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Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) महानगर टेलीफोन निगम लिमिटेड (एमटीएनएल)
39.
NTPC Limited
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NTPC Ltd. formerly known as National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking, engaged in the business of generation of electricity and allied activities. It is a company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 and a Government Company within the meaning of the act, the headquarters of the company is situated at New Delhi. NTPCs core business is generation and sale of electricity to state-owned power distribution companies, the company also undertakes consultancy and turnkey project contracts that involve engineering, project management, construction management and operation and management of power plants. The company has ventured into oil and gas exploration and coal mining activities. It is the largest power company in India with a power generating capacity of 50,498 MW. It was founded by Government of India in 1975, which now holds 69. 74% of its equity shares on 30.06.2016 In May 2010 and it is ranked 424th in the Forbes Global 2000 for 2014. The company was founded on 7 November 1975 as National Thermal Power Corporation Private Limited and it started work on its first thermal power project in 1976 at Shaktinagar in Uttar Pradesh. In the same year, its name was changed to National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, in 1983, NTPC began commercial operations and earned profits of INR4.5 crores in FY 1982-83. By the end of 1985, it had achieved power generation capacity of 2000 MW, in 1986, it completed synchronisation of its first 500 MW unit at Singrauli. In 1988, it commissioned two 500 MW units, one each in Rihand and Ramagundam, in 1989, it started a consultancy division. In 1992, it acquired Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station (with from Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam of Uttar Pradesh, by the end of 1994, its installed capacity crossed 15,000 MW. In 1995, it took over the Talchar Thermal Power Station from Orissa State Electricity Board, in the year 1997, Government of India conferred it with Navratna status. In the same year it achieved a milestone of generation of 100 billion units of electricity in a year, in 1998, it commissioned its first naptha-based plant at Kayamkulam with a capacity of 350 MW. In 1999, its plant in Dadri, which had the highest plant load factor in India of 96%, was certified with ISO-14001, during 2000, it commenced construction of its first hydro-electric power project, with 800 MW capacity, in Himachal Pradesh. In the same year its installed capacity crossed 20,000 MW, listing, NTPC got listed on BSE and NSE on 5 November 2004. Against the issue price of INR62 per share, it closed the first day of listing with INR75.55 per share, on the day of listing, it become the third largest company in India in terms of market capitalisation. In October 2005, the name was changed from National Thermal Power Corporation Limited to NTPC Limited. The primary reason for change was the companys foray into hydro
NTPC Limited
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National Thermal Power Corporation Limited राष्ट्रीय ताप विद्युत निगम लिमिटेड
40.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India
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The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a government-owned corporation of India based in Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. It is wholly owned by the Central Government and is responsible for the generation of power for electricity. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India, all nuclear power plants operated by the company are certified for ISO-14001. NPCIL was the body responsible for constructing and operating Indias commercial nuclear power plants till setting up of BHAVINI in October 2003. As of 10 August 2012 the company had 21 nuclear reactors in operation at seven locations, subsequent to the governments decision to allow private companies to provide nuclear power, the company has experienced problems with private enterprises poaching its employees. Bhavini Nuclear power in India NPCIL webpage NPCIL Recruitment 2015
Nuclear Power Corporation of India
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Nuclear Power Corporation of India न्यूक्लियर पावर कॉर्पोरेशन ऑफ इंडिया लिमिटेड
41.
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
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Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited is an Indian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. It is a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India, under the control of the Ministry of Petroleum. It is Indias largest oil and gas exploration and production company and it produces around 77% of Indias crude oil and around 62% of its natural gas. On 31 March 2013, its market capitalisation was INR2.6 trillion, in a government survey for fiscal year 2011–12, it was ranked as the largest profit making PSU in India. ONGC has been ranked 449th in the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations for the year 2015 and it is ranked 17th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by Government of India and it is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and owns and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in the country. Its international subsidiary ONGC Videsh currently has projects in 17 countries, ONGC has discovered 6 of the 7 commercially producing Indian Basins, in the last 50 years, adding over 7.1 billion tonnes of In-place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. ONGC has many matured fields with a current recovery factor of 25–33% and its Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013, has been more than one. During FY 2012–13, ONGC had to share the highest ever under-recovery of INR494.2 billion towards the under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies, the major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for development of oil and gas resources. After independence, the Central Government of India realized the importance of oil and gas for industrial development. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the development of industry in the country was considered to be of utmost necessity. Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was producing oil at Digboi, in West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project was engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored, in 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up towards the end of 1955, as an office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources. The department was constituted with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological Survey of India, experts from Romania, the Soviet Union, the United States and West Germany subsequently visited India and helped the government with their expertise. Soviet experts later drew up a plan for geological and geophysical surveys. So in August,1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, in October 1959, the Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
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An ONGC platform at
Bombay High in the
Arabian Sea
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
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Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
42.
Power Grid Corporation of India
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The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, is an Indian state-owned electric utilities company headquartered in Gurgaon, India. POWERGRID transmits about 50% of the power generated in India on its transmission network. Its subsidiary company, Power System Operation Corporation Limited handles power management for Power Grid, POWERGRID also operates a telecom business under the name POWERTEL. Shri I S Jha, an alumnus of National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur serves as the Chairman, on 8 November 1990, the National Power Transmission Corporation received its Certificate for Commencement of Business. Their name was changed to Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. Consequently, National Load Despatch Centre was established in 2009 for overall coordination at National level, based on its performance POWERGRID was recognized as a Mini-ratna category-I Public Sector Undertaking in October 1998 and conferred the status of Navratna by the Government of India in May 2008. POWERGRID, as the Central Transmission Utility of the country, is playing a role in Indian Power Sector and is also providing Open Access on its inter-State transmission system. Its transmission network consists of roughly 134,018 circuit kilometers and 214 EHVAC and HVDC substations, pOWERGRIDs interregional capacity is 63,650 MW. POWERGRID is listed on both the BSE and the NSE, as of 30 September 2010, there were 792,096 equity shareholders holders in POWERGRID. Initially, POWERGRID managed transmission assets owned by NTPC, NHPC Limited, in January 1993, the Power Transmission Systems Act transferred ownership of the three power companies to POWERGRID. All employees of the three companies subsequently became POWERGRID employees, pOWERGRIDs telecom company, POWERTEL, operates a network of 29,279 Kilometers and points of presence in 210 locations across India. About 2,35 a. m on 30 July 2012, the Northern Region Grid, POWERGRID and POSOCO began work immediately to restore power. By 8,00 a. m. essential services had been restored, Power supply was then restored progressively and by 12,30 p. m. power was extended to most of the cities and towns through POWERGRID substations. The Northern Region Grid was brought back to normalcy to meet the demand of about 30 GW at 7,00 p. m. On 31 July 2012, the Northern Region Grid collapsed a second time, eastern transmission lines also failed, disrupting power supply in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Assam and Punjab, among other states. After the power failures, then-Power Minister Veerappa Moily said that transmission grids would be independently audited in three months to ensure that the grids were fail-safe, many of the transmission lines are taken out of operation due to high voltage at receiving end. It is the cause for more than 90% transmission line outages and it indicates faulty transmission lines planning and poor demand factor or utilisation
Power Grid Corporation of India
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Power Grid Corporation of India Limited पावर ग्रिड कॉर्पोरेशन इंडिया लिमिटेड
43.
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
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Rural Electrification Corporation Limited is a leading public Infrastructure Finance Company in India’s power sector. The company finances and promotes rural electrification projects across India and it operates through a network of 13 Project Offices and 5 Zonal Offices, headquartered in New Delhi. The company provides loans to Central/ State Sector Power Utilities, State Electricity Boards, Rural Electric Cooperatives, NGOs, REC is a Navratna Company functioning under the purview of the Ministry of Power. The company is listed on both National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange, the company is currently among the top 500 Global Financial Services brands by UK-based plc Brand Finance. The company is also among the Forbes Global 2000 companies for 2010, business operations in India are supported by a network of 19 offices headquartered in New Delhi. The company sanctions loan as a lender or co-lender or in consortium with or without the status of lead financer. It also provides consultancy, project monitoring and financial/ technical appraisal support for projects and it helps to improve the education, health and living standards of people in villages. REC finances all types of Power Generation projects including Thermal, Hydel, Renewable Energy, in Transmission & Distribution, REC is primarily engaged in ascertaining financial requirements of power utilities in the country in the T&D sector along with appraising T&D schemes for financing. REC has financed T&D schemes for improvement, intensive electrification, pump-set energisation. The company is actively involved in physical as well as financial monitoring of T&D schemes. REC also offers products for financing Renewable Energy projects. The company has tied up a line of credit for €100M with KfW under Indo-German Development Cooperation for financing renewable energy projects at concessional rates of interest. Eligible projects include Solar, Wind, Small Hydro, Biomass Power, as an IFC, REC can also issue Infrastructure Bonds and raise funds up to US$500M through External Commercial Borrowing in a year. Domestic debt instruments of REC are assigned the highest rating AAA by reputed credit rating agencies CRISIL, Fitch, moody’s and Fitch have rated its international credit rating at par with India’s sovereign rating. The Company was listed on the National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange on 12 March 2008, REC went for Initial Public Offer of 156,120,000 Equity Shares in February 2008 which was oversubscribed by about 27 times, raising a total amount of ₹819 crores. Further Public Offer of 171,732,000 equity shares was made in February 2010, the App “GARV”, which provides real-time updates on electrification status of 18452 UE villages, was launched on 14th Oct,2015 by the Hon’ble Power Minister Shri. The mobile app is accessible to all including the general public at large. REC was set up in July 1969, in the backdrop of a critical situation facing India in the late sixties
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
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Rural Electrification Corporation Limited ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण निगम लिमिटेड
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
44.
State Bank of India
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State Bank of India is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2016. The bank traces its ancestry to British India, through the Imperial Bank of India, to the founding, in 1806, of the Bank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent. Government of India owned the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India taking a 60% stake, in 2008, the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India. State Bank of India is a banking behemoth and has 20% market share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks. The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century, the Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras. All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters and these three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when, with the Paper Currency Act, the right was taken over by the Government of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation, pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, the Reserve Bank of India, which is Indias central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 1 July 1955, the imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India, in 2008, the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of Indias stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the countrys banking regulatory authority. In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India Act and this acquisition was in tune with the first Five Year Plan, which prioritised the development of rural India. The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach, in 1963 SBI merged State Bank of Jaipur and State Bank of Bikaner. SBI has acquired local banks in rescues, the first was the Bank of Bihar, which SBI acquired in 1969, together with its 28 branches. The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore, which had 24 branches, Five years later, in 1975, SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank, which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State, under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia. The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi, a small moneylender, the new banks first manager was Jall N. Broacha, a Parsi. In 1985, SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala, SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, the State Bank of Travancore, already had an extensive network in Kerala. The new logo of the SBI was introduced on 1 October 1971 and was designed by Shekhar Kammat at National Institute of Design, there has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a mega bank and streamline the groups operations
State Bank of India
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Seal of Imperial Bank of India.
State Bank of India
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State Bank of India भारतीय स्टेट बैंक
State Bank of India
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The Israeli branch of the State Bank of India located in
Ramat Gan.
State Bank of India
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State Bank of India Branch at
Jaffna,
Sri Lanka
45.
Steel Authority of India
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Steel Authority of India Limited is one of the largest state-owned steel making company based in New Delhi, India and one of the top steel makers in world. With an annual turnover of ₹43,337 crore and it is a public sector undertaking which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an operating company. Incorporated on 24 January 1973, SAIL has 85,145 employees, with an annual production of 13.9 million metric tons, SAIL is the 24th largest steel producer in the world. The Hot Metal capacity of the Company will further increase and is expected to reach a level of 23.5 million tonnes per annum by the end of the Financial Year 2015-16, shri P. K Singh is the current Chairman of SAIL. SAIL operates and owns 5 integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro and Burnpur and 3 special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and it also owns a Ferro Alloy plant at Chandrapur. SAIL is a public company, owned and operated by the Government of India. According to a recent survey, SAIL is one of Indias fastest growing Public Sector Units, besides, it has R&D centre for Iron & Steel, Centre for Engineering and Technology, Management Training Institute and SAIL Safety Organisation located at Ranchi capital of Jharkhand. SAIL traces its origin to the Hindustan Steel Limited which was set up on 19 January 1954, HSL was initially designed to manage only one plant that was coming up at Rourkela. For Bhilai and Durgapur Steel Plants, the work was done by the Iron. From April 1957, the supervision and control of two steel plants were also transferred to Hindustan Steel. The registered office was originally in New Delhi and it moved to Calcutta in July 1956, and ultimately to Ranchi in December 1959. A new steel company, Bokaro Steel Limited, was incorporated on 29 January 1964 to construct, the 1 MT phases of Bhilai and Rourkela Steel Plants were completed by the end of December 1961. The 1 MT phase of Durgapur Steel Plant was completed in January 1962 after commissioning of the Wheel, the crude steel production of HSL went up from 1.58 MT to 1.6 MT. The second phase of Bhilai Steel Plant was completed in September 1967 after commissioning of the Wire Rod Mill, IISCO was taken over as a subsidiary in 1978 and later merged in 2006. The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the Parliament on 2 December 1972, on this basis the concept of creating a holding company to manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation of Steel Authority of India Ltd, in 1978 SAIL was restructured as an operating company. And National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd and it manages the captive power plants at Rourkela, Durgapur and Bhilai with a combined capacity of 314 MW
Steel Authority of India
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Durgapur Steel plant
Steel Authority of India
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Steel Authority of India Limited भारतीय इस्पात प्राधिकरण लिमिटेड़
46.
Uranium Corporation of India
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Uranium Corporation of India is a centrally owned Public Sector Undertaking, under the Department of Atomic Energy for uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of ore in India. The firm operates mines at Jadugora, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and this mine is located in the state of Jharkhand. Jadugoda process plant is located close to the mine which is used for the processing of the uranium ore, the ore from Bhatin and Narwapahar mines is also processed here. This mine is located 3 km away from Jaduguda and shares most of the infrastructure with the Jaduguda mine and this mine was commissioned in April 1995. It is known to be the most modern mine of the country, Turamdih mine is located 24 km to the west of Jaduguda and five km south to Tatanagar railway station which is on howrah Mumbai main line. Turamdih Processing Plant has been set up to treat the ore from Turamdih, Banduharang, bagjata Mines is an underground mine in east singhbhum district of Jharkhand. UCIL has taken up activities to start two underground mines in Jharkhand, Uranium reserves have been found in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the construction of an underground mine has started in Cuddapah district. There was criticism from sections of the local community that the mining operations of UCIL were resulting in harmful radiation to the public. UCIL was also among the 63 Indian establishments put under sanction by USA in 1998, the mining activities of UCIL in the Khasi Hills were also fiercely opposed by the local tribals protesting against potential health effects. Official Uranium Corporation of India website Uranium Corporation of India at Department of Atomic Energy
Uranium Corporation of India
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Uranium Corporation of India भारतीय यूरेनियम निगम
47.
Bharat Heavy Electricals
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Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited owned by the Government of India, is an engineering and manufacturing company based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1964, BHEL is Indias largest power plant equipment manufacturer, the company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72, except in FY 2015-2016, and paying dividends uninterruptedly since 1976-77. It has been granted the prestigious Maharatna status in 2013 by Govt of India for its outstanding performance, the elite list of Maharatna companies contains a total of 7 behemoth Public Sector Undertakings of India. Maharatna status affords the Boards of these companies enhanced financial and operational autonomy, BHEL was established in 1964 Heavy Electricals Limited was merged with BHEL in 1974. It developed the capability to produce a variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipments for all sectors, including transmission, transportation, oil and gas, however, the bulk of the revenue of the company is derived from the manufacture and erection of equipment for power generation. As of 2016, BHEL supplied equipment contributed to about 55% of the installed capacity of India. In 1991, BHEL was converted into a limited company. By the end of 1996, the company had handed over 100 Electric Locomotives to Indian Railway, Power, transmission, industry, transportation, renewable energy, oil & gas and defence. The company has established the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p. a. of power equipment to address the demand for power generation equipment. BHEL has retained its leadership position during 2015-16 with 74% market share in the Power Sector. With the all-time high commissioning of 15000 MW in a single year FY2015-16 and it also has been exporting its power and industry segment products and services for over 40 years. BHELs global references are spread across over 76 countries across all the six continents of the world, the cumulative overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21 countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand. Their physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services, further, BHEL is planning to enter solar manufacturing in a big scale, as it has announced its plans for a 600 MW Solar Module Factory. Central Government of India holds majority of the shares of BHEL and it is the 7th largest power equipment manufacturer in the world. BHEL received two awards in CII-ITC Sustainability Awards 2012 from the President of India, in the year 2011, it was ranked ninth most innovative company in the world by US business magazine Forbes. The company won the prestigious ‘Golden Peacock Award for Occupational Health & Safety 2011’ for significant achievements in the field of Occupational Health & Safety and it is also placed at 4th place in Forbes Asias Fabulous 50 List of 2010. BHEL wins MoU Excellence Award for the year 2006–07 for the highest growth rate in Market Capitalization, bHELs investment in R&D is amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India. During the year 2012-13, the company invested about Rs.1,252 Crore on R&D efforts, the IPR capital of BHEL grew by 21. 5% in the year, taking the total to 2170
Bharat Heavy Electricals
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Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited भारत भारी इलेक्ट्रिकल्स लिमिटेड
48.
Coal India
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Coal India Limited is an Indian state-controlled coal mining company headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is the largest coal company in the world and contributes around 82% of the coal production in India. It produced 494.24 million tonnes of coal during FY2014–15, as on 14 October 2015, Union Government of India owns CIL and controls the operations of CIL through Ministry of Coal. In April 2011, CIL was conferred the Maharatna status by the Union Government of India, as on 14 October 2015, its market capitalisation was ₹2.11 trillion making it Indias 8th most valuable company by market value. Coal mining in Government sector had started in India in the year 1956, until then, it was totally under the private sector. In September 1956, Government of India established its own coal company National Coal Development Corporation, Collieries run by the Railways formed the nucleus of NCDC. This was to fulfill the fast growing energy requirements in the country to support rapid industrialization taking place through 5-year Plans of the Government. In 1971, the Government of India nationalized all the 214 coking-coal mines and 12 coke-ovens running in the private setor, on 1st Jan 1972, a new Government company Bharat Coking Coal Limited was formed to take control of these nationalized mines and coke-ovens. Next year on 30 January 1973, all the remaining 711 non-coking coalmines of the country in private sector were also nationalized,184 of these mines were handed over to BCCL, and remaining 527 were handed over to a newly opened department Coal Mines Authority. 4 months later on 14 June 1973, this department was converted into a separate Government company CMAL, NCDC, earlier formed in 1957, was merged with CMAL, and 45% share-holding of Central Government in Singareni Collieries Company Ltd was also handed over to CMAL. CMAL started functioning with its 4 divisions, viz, Eastern Coalfields, Central Coalfields, Western Coalfields, for better control, both BCCL and CMAL were brought on 11 October 1974 under the Department of Coal of the newly formed Ministry of Energy. On 1 November 1975, a new public-sector company Coal India Limited was formed to enable better organizational and operational efficiency in coal sector, all the 4 Divisions of CMAL were given the company status, and were brought under CIL along with BCCL. 45% share-holding of the CMAL in Singareni Collieries Company was also transferred to CIL, thus, CIL started functioning in 1975 with 5 subsidiary companies under it. These were Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Eastern Coalfields Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Western Coalfields Limited, in due course of time,3 more companies were formed under CIL by carving out certain areas of CCL and WCL. These were Northern Coalfields Limited, South-eastern Coalfields Limited, and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, pursuant to the Fuel Policy of 1974, CIL also started the construction of Indias First Low Temperature Carbonisation Plant at Dankuni in the late 1970s. It was renamed as Dankuni Coal Complex, and is one of the best operational plant of this kind in the World, Government of India held 100% equity of CIL from 1975 till 2010. In October 2010, Government of India offered 10% of the equity shares of CIL to public for sale at a price of ₹245 per share. The IPO got over-subscribed by 14.17 times, against an IPO issue size of ₹155 billion it received bids for ₹2,400 billion making it the second highest collections in any IPO in India
Coal India
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Coal India Limited (CIL) कोल इंडिया लिमिटेड (सीआईएल)
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Container Corporation of India
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Container Corporation of India Ltd. is a Navratna Public sector undertaking under the Indian Ministry of Railways. Incorporated in March 1988 under the Companies Act, CONCOR commenced operations in November 1989 taking over a network of seven inland container depots from Indian Railways. It now has a network of 63 ICDs/CFSs throughout India, Indian Railways strategic initiative to containerise cargo transport put India on the intermodal freight transport map for the first time in 1966. Given Indias size, rail transport is often an option for all cargo over medium and long distances. CONCOR operates three core businesses, cargo carrier, terminal operator, and warehouse operator, official Website Report on the Indian Logistics Industry, May 2012 - Dinodia Capital Advisors
Container Corporation of India
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Container Corporation of India logo
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₹456 crore (US$71 million) (2013-2014)
₹46.78 crore (US$7.3 million) (2013-2014)
