1.
Orchestra
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The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
2.
Hilbert Circle Theatre
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The Hilbert Circle Theatre, originally called the Circle Theater, is in Indianapolis, Indiana, on Monument Circle. It was built in 1916 and consists of a Neoclassical style, the front facade is slightly curved. It was originally built has a movie palace. Reopening on October 12,1984, the Circle Theatre is home to the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, in December 1996, it was renamed the Hilbert Circle Theatre after being endowed by Stephen Hilbert, founder of Conseco, and his wife Tomisue. The theatre holds 1,781 seats and has space for an 87-member ensemble and it is now home to a 3-manual 24-rank Wurlitzer theatre organ. It was the venue for the competition at the 1987 Pan American Games. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and it is located in the Washington Street-Monument Circle Historic District. Official website Circle Theater from Indianapolis, a Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
3.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
4.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
5.
Marsh Supermarkets
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Marsh Supermarkets is a retail food chain headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with stores throughout Central Indiana and parts of western Ohio. Its parent company is Sun Capital Partners, headquartered in Boca Raton, founded in 1931 in Muncie, the company went public in 1953 and has since grown to 97 locations. Of the 97 locations,69 are marketed as Marsh Supermarkets, the companys founder, Ermal Marsh, was able to hold together his first store throughout the Great Depression and World War II. After the war ended, Ermal expanded his store into Marsh Foodliners, in 1952, Ermal had built the first warehouse distribution center for Marsh Supermarkets in Yorktown, Indiana. Within that same year, Marsh stores also introduced their own brand of ice cream. In 1953 when the company went public, Ermal had an operation of 16 Marsh Supermarkets, in August 1959 a horrific plane crash near the city of Logansport, Indiana, took the life of Ermal Marsh. Estel Marsh, Ermals brother, was given the title of president of the company. Under Estel Marsh, the name of the company was changed from Marsh Foodliners to Marsh Supermarkets in 1960, adapting to a rising trend, Marsh Supermarkets decided to open a new wave of convenience stores across Indiana. In 1966, the very first Village Pantry store and gas station was opened, in 1968 as Marsh Supermarkets continued to grow, Estel Marsh was promoted to Chairman of the Board. This promotion cleared the way for Don Marsh, the son of Ermal Marsh. As president, Don was able to be a front-runner in Marshs progression and adaptation to new technologies, one of Marshs most distinguishing features has been its innovation and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26,1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, the first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. The first print mention of this program was in the April 1994 issue of the Indianapolis Recorder, in conjunction with this program, Marsh became the first supermarket chain in the region to offer a co-branded Visa card the following year. Also, Marsh Fresh Express gave way to home delivery. Through Marsh Fresh Express, a customer can buy their groceries over the phone or internet, in 1991, major changes came to Marsh Supermarkets. The company headquarters moved to a new location along Interstate 69 in Fishers, Marsh also released a new plan to re-format the stores, known as the Supermarket of the Future campaign. This new format made Marsh Supermarket stores open 24 hours, seven days a week, also, a full-service pharmacy was implemented, along with a help-yourself style food court which contained food items ranging from salads to sushi, as well as a bagel shop and espresso bar. In store banks were installed, as well as Fieldings Playhouse for toddlers, a New York Style Pizzeria
6.
Conner Prairie
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Conner Prairie was founded by pharmaceutical executive Eli Lilly in the 1930s. Lilly also transferred about 1,400 acres of surrounding farmland to the college with the expectation that Earlham would sell that land and use the proceeds to provide an endowment for the museum. Instead, Earlham elected to retain the farmland and expand the museum, constructing an 1836 village, Prairietown, the museum grew in scope and popularity. In 1992 Earlham created a wholly owned subsidiary to run the museum and appointed a volunteer board of directors. Beginning in 1999, tension began to develop between the board of directors and Earlham regarding the museums governance and the financial policies. The dispute culminated in Earlhams dismissal of the board of directors, Conner Prairie now has its own board of directors and maintains its own finances and endowment fund. In 2009 Conner Prairie became an affiliate in the Smithsonian Affiliations program, on December 17,2010, Conner Prairie was awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service and a $10,000 prize in a ceremony at the White House. The living museum opened its newest exhibit in June 2011, the 1863 Civil War Journey, Raid on Indiana documents Morgans Raid with live action, video, and interactive activities. The museum grounds are divided into sections, where different eras in history are recreated to create a kind of living timeline. Staff in historical clothing demonstrate the way early inhabitants in the area lived and they explain their lifestyles in character while performing chores such as cooking, chopping wood, making pottery, and tending to animals. Patrons are often invited to join in the activities, the museums main building, called the Welcome Center, contains the entrance lobby, ticket sales counter, Create. Connect, Discovery Station/Craft Corner indoor play area, banquet hall, and gift shop. The gift shop sells pottery made by the museums costumed staff as well as more conventional souvenirs and it also hosts American Civil War reenactments, Hearthside Suppers, and Christmas holiday events and dinners. Built in 1823, the William Conner House is a two-story Federal style brick house on the edge of the West Fork of the White River. The house is believed to be one of the first brick built in central Indiana. Seven of William and Elizabeth Conners 10 children were born in the home, Conners house was used as the meeting place for the County Commissioners, Circuit Court, and served as a post office in the early days of Hamilton County. Although Conner lived in the house until only 1837, his sons, in the 1860s, Conners Delaware children he had with Mekinges Conner unsuccessfully attempted to gain title to the land. The house continued to be used as a residence by various owners until 1935, when Conners house was purchased by Eli Lilly, Lilly restored the house and turned it into a museum. In 1980, the William Conner House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the genuine Conner brick house and barn are preserved as a museum
7.
Fishers, Indiana
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Fishers is a city located in Fall Creek and Delaware townships, Hamilton County, Indiana, United States, with a population of 76,794, according to the 2010 census. A suburb of Indianapolis, Fishers has grown rapidly in recent decades, about 350 people lived there in 1963,2,000 in 1980, and only 7,200 as recently as 1990. In 2011, Fishers was named the one city for families by The Learning Channel and was selected as a Green Community by the Indiana Association of Cities. The city was named the safest in the nation by CQ Press for 2011-2012, Fishers was also ranked the 24th best place to live in America by Money magazine in 2005, 33rd in 2006, 10th in 2008, and 12th in 2012. After the passage of a referendum on Fishers status in 2012, the first mayor of Fishers—Scott Fadness—along with the citys first clerk and city council were sworn in on December 21,2014. The William Conner House and West-Harris House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1802 William Conner settled what is now present-day Fishers, Indiana. Conner built a log cabin and a trading post along the White River, the land that Conner settled is now known as Conner Prairie and is one of the nations most respected living history museums. At the treaty William Conner served as an interpreter for Chief William Anderson, at the time William Conner was married to Mekinges Conner princess and daughter of Chief William Anderson. In 1823, Hamilton County was chartered by the Indiana General Assembly, after the state of Indiana moved its capital to Indianapolis from Corydon in 1825, the community started to grow. After the move, John Finch established a horse-powered grinding mill, a shop. The next year the area’s first water mill was constructed, during 1826 the Ambassador House was built near the White River, at the modern-day corner of 106th Street and Eller Road. It was later acquired by Addison and India Harris, who was appointed ambassador to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by U. S. President William McKinley. Today, Ambassador House sits on the grounds of Fishers Heritage Park at White River, in 1849, construction began on the Peru & Indianapolis Railroad, extending from Indianapolis to Chicago. This railroad brought several people to the then known as Fishers Switch. In 1872, Fishers Switch, also known as Fishers Station, was platted by Salathial Fisher at the intersection of 116th Street. Indianas General Assembly incorporated Fishers Station in 1891, in 1908 the post office changed the name of Fishers Switch to Fishers by dropping Switch. After William Conner’s death in 1855, his farm became a place of interest. The Hamilton County Historical Society placed a marker on the site of the William Conner farm in 1927, Eli Lilly, then head of Eli Lilly and Company, purchased William Conners farm in 1934 and began restoring the farm
8.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)
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In the years since its public dedication on May 15,1902, the monument has become an iconic symbol of Indianapolis, the state capital of Indiana. It is located in the Washington Street-Monument Circle Historic District and it is also the largest outdoor memorial and the largest of its kind in Indiana. It was designed by German architect Bruno Schmitz and built over a thirteen-year period, the monument is the first in the United States to be dedicated to the common soldier. The obelisk-shaped monument is built of limestone from Owen County. It rests on a raised foundation surrounded by pools and fountains, broad stone steps on its north and south sides lead to two terraces at its base. Stone tablets above the entrance doors on the obelisks north and south sides bear inscriptions commemorating Indianas soldiers. An inscription above the tablets reads, To Indianas Silent Victors, an observation deck is accessible by stairs or elevator from the interior. At the time of the dedication in 1902, its cost was $598,318. It has been estimated that construction of a structure in 2014 would exceed $500 million. Three astragals, one by Nikolaus Geiger and two others by George T. Brewster, surround the stone obelisk. Additional sculptures include John H. Mahoneys bronze statues of George Rogers Clark, William Henry Harrison, and James Whitcomb, brewsters 30-foot bronze statue of Victory crowns the obelisk. The Indianapolis monument is approximately 15 feet shorter than New York Citys 305-foot Statue of Liberty, originally the plot of land at the center of Indianapolis was used as a public gathering place, the site of the Indiana governors residence, and a city park. Construction on the monument began in 1888 and was dedicated in 1902, the site was originally called the Governors Circle because of its designation as the future site of the Indiana governors residence. The Circle was a hub of community life from the beginning in 1821. It was used as a place for religious services before the towns churches were built. A weekly market was held on the site from 1822 to 1824, a governors residence was built on the Circle in 1827. By 1851 the building had deteriorated and it was torn down in 1857, and the site became a vacant lot. As Indianapolis grew and developed during and after the Civil War, the became a popular meeting place for mass gatherings, public rallies
9.
Clowes Memorial Hall
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Clowes Memorial Hall officially known as Clowes Memorial Hall of Butler University is a theatre located on the campus of Butler University, in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Opened October 18,1963, it hosts numerous significant concerts, orchestras, musicals, plays, Clowes Hall was dedicated to the memory of Dr. George Henry Alexander Clowes. Clowes was the director of biochemical research for Eli Lilly. He maintained a lifetime love of the arts, with the help of his wife and Butler University, the Clowes Fund was created to help build what is now Clowes Memorial Hall. The building was designed by architects Evans Woollen III of Woollen, Molzan and Partners, the building was originally intended to be used by both Butler University and the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. This joint venture continued until 1984 when the orchestra purchased, renovated, in addition to being the former home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Clowes Memorial Hall has been home to a number of significant music performances and productions. In 2011, Adam Lambert recorded his Glam Nation Tour at the venue for the Glam Nation Live CD/DVD set, tours of Clowes Hall are available on weekdays, at no charge, from 8,30 AM to 4,00 PM. Tourists are given a history as well as a behind-the-scenes tour of the building
10.
Butler University
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Butler University is a private university in Indianapolis, Indiana. It comprises a 295-acre campus located five miles from downtown Indianapolis. On January 15,1850, the Indiana State legislature adopted Ovid Butlers proposed charter for a new Christian university in Indianapolis, attorney and university founder Ovid Butler provided the property. In 1930, Butler merged with the Teachers College of Indianapolis, founded by Eliza Blaker, the Jordan College of Fine Arts, the universitys fifth college, was established in 1951, following a merger with the Arthur Jordan Conservatory of Music. Butlers School of Religion, established in 1924, became independent in 1958 and is known as the Christian Theological Seminary. Butler University was founded by members of the Christian Church, though it was never controlled by the church, the university charter called for a non-sectarian institution free from the taint of slavery, offering instruction in every branch of liberal and professional education. The university was the first in Indiana and the third in the U. S. to admit men and women. Butler was the first university in the United States to endow a chair designated specifically for a woman, catharine Merrill, the first person to hold the chair, became the second woman to be named a professor in an American university. The university established the first professorship in English literature and the first Department of English in the state of Indiana, the original location of the school was 13th Street and College Avenue on the near-northside of Indianapolis. The campus consisted of buildings, including an observatory, most of which were demolished in 1939. Enrollment at Butler increased following the end of World War I, the new and current campus, designed in-part by noted architect George Sheridan, was formed on the site of Fairview Park, a former amusement park on the citys northwest side. Classes began on the campus in 1928, the first building on the Fairview campus was Arthur Jordan Memorial Hall, designed by Robert Frost Daggett and Thomas Hibben. Also, in 1928, the Butler Fieldhouse was completed after being designed by architect Fermor Spencer Cannon, the building remained the largest indoor sports facility in the United States until the mid-1960s. The Religion Building and Sweeney Chapel were completed in 1942 and these structures, designed by Burns and James, were remodeled into Robertson Hall in 1966. The building now serves as the alumni and admissions offices. Following World War II, construction began on the student center and this building was remodeled in 1993 and includes an on-campus Starbucks. McGuire and Shook also designed Ross Hall, a dormitory originally designed for men but is now coed, and Schwitzer Hall, art Lindbergh, with help from Daggett, designed the Holcomb Observatory and Planetarium, which was dedicated in 1955. This building houses Indianas largest telescope, acclaimed architect Minoru Yamasaki, who designed the World Trade Center, designed Irwin Library which opened in 1963 and serves as the universitys main library
11.
Sandi Patty
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Sandra Faye Sandi Patty is an American Christian music singer, known for her wide vocal range and expressive flexibility which has led music critics to dub her The Voice. Patty was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, into a family of musicians, her father was a minister of music and she first performed at the age of two when she sang Jesus Loves Me for her church, Phoenix First Church of God. After graduating from Crawford High School in San Diego, she attended San Diego State University and Anderson University in Anderson, Indiana, where she studied voice and conducting. While studying at Anderson University, she worked as a musician for area recording studios, singing background vocals and recording commercial jingles. Her reputation as a performer and studio singer grew during the late 1970s, Patty recorded her first album, For My Friends, an independent effort, that landed in the hands of executives at Singspiration. In 1979, she was signed to Singspiration. and released her first professional record, according to the FAQ section on her website, the name on her birth certificate is Sandra Patty. A printers error on the labeling listed her name as Sandi Patti, Pattys career expanded after she won her first two GMA Dove Awards in 1982 and began singing backup for Bill Gaither and the Bill Gaither Trio. She was invited to sing the anthem at the Indianapolis 500 in 1987–88, 1990–92. At the peak of her career, Pattys concerts were so heavily attended that she performed in often sold-out mainstream arenas, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, she averaged over 200 concerts a year, and supported a staff of over 30 that managed her career. In 1992, the news of Pattys divorce from manager John Helvering shocked the music industry. The reason for the split was later revealed to be infidelity which subsequently stalled her career in the mid 1990s, during her marriage, it was later reported that Patty had an extramarital affair with her back up singer, Don Peslis, who was also married at the time. Patty divorced Helvering in 1993 and married Peslis in August 1995, confronted with rumors of the affair just two weeks into her marriage with Peslis, Patty made a full confession to her church congregation. Amidst the trying time, Patty did receive support from a national figure - Charles Schulz and he referenced her in a comic strip, and Patty is quoted in a recent spiritual biography of Schulz as having been touched by the gesture. Patty will again host the extravaganza in December 2017, in 2000, Patty had a guest singing appearance at the end of a 7th Heaven episode. She appeared in the 2006 annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York, a televised performance of Sandi Pattys Yuletide Special was filmed for syndication in 2006, with other performers—including the Mormon Tabernacle Choir and the U. S. Air Force Reserve Band. In 2004, Patty was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame, in May 2008, Patty released her 30th studio recording, Songs for the Journey, in which she covers classic hymns of the church and other modern gospel classics. 2008 also saw the release of five separate compilation recordings of past songs taken from previous albums, in 2009, Patty received two GMA Dove Award nominations, Female Vocalist of the Year, and Inspirational Album of the Year. Simply Sandi, an album, is the first solo project to be released on her own record label
12.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
13.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
14.
Izler Solomon
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Izler Solomon was an American orchestra conductor, active mostly in the Midwest. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Izler Solomons first position as director was from 1936 to 1941 with the Illinois Symphony Orchestra. While there, he premiered more than 150 American works, subsequently, he was music director of the Columbus Philharmonic Orchestra, and of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. As a guest conductor Solomon appeared with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony, Israel Philharmonic and his career was cut short by a stroke in 1976. He died in 1987 in Fort Wayne, Indiana and he made a number of respected recordings, including the world premiere recording of Max Bruchs Violin Concerto No. 2, with the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra, and Jascha Heifetz as soloist, david Ewen, Izler Solomon, in Dictators of the Baton. Will Crutchfield, Izler Solomon,77, an Orchestra Conductor, New York Times,22 December 1987
15.
NPR
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NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced and its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts. The organizations legal name is National Public Radio and its brand is NPR. Is NPR has been used by its hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the name of the group. National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26,1970 and this act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes, the board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D. C. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War, a month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3,1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations, NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a congressional investigation and the resignation of NPRs president, Frank Mankiewicz, NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt, delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPRs CEO and president in January 1994. In November 1998, NPRs board of directors hired Kevin Klose, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25, 000-square-foot production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. C. In November 2003, NPR received US$235 million from the estate of the late Joan B, Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonalds Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution, in 2004 NPRs budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment, the endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff, the 2005 budget was about US$120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR, by November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times
16.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
17.
Carnegie Hall
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Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own programming, development, and marketing departments. It is also rented out to performing groups, the hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Centers Philharmonic Hall. Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums, Carnegie Hall presented about 200 concerts in the 2008–2009 season, up 3 percent from the previous year. Its stages were rented for an additional 600 events in the 2008–2009 season, Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces. The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s, the hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator, the main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U. S. almost all of the classical music. After years of wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986. The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep, the First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes, the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows, at the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns, Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891, following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers, the 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136, each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes, there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level, the boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep — the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space, the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a chairman of the board, and his wife Joan
18.
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D. C. The Center, which opened September 8,1971, is a multi-dimensional facility, both an enduring memorial to John F. Now in its 45th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater, supports artists in the creation of new work and it is both the nations public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through sales and gifts from individuals, corporations. The building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and it receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation. The Library of Congress added an auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center near Judiciary Square. In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U. S, representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience, in 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center. From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy and this was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959. He presented preliminary designs to the Presidents Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, by November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million. The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29,1959, led fundraising. Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years, President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nations capital, and provided leadership and support for the project. In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman. The total cost of construction was $70 million, Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds. Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors. Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy from the Italian government, President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2,1964
19.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
20.
Koss Corporation
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Koss Corporation is an American company that designs and manufactures headphones. Headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin since 1958, the company invented the first high fidelity stereophones, Koss continues to design and manufacture headphones and audio accessories. Koss founded the J. C. Koss Hospital Television Rental Company in 1953, after a short time Koss was looking for new ideas, and partnered with Martin Lange to eventually develop a stereo headphone. The Koss family owns more than 75% of the firm, having only a high-school education, John C. What made this product unique was the privacy switch feature, which gave listeners the opportunity to listen to the first Koss SP/3 Stereophones, initially, the products purpose was to demonstrate to consumers the high-fidelity stereo sound of the portable phonograph. Prior to this time, headphones had only used for communications purposes. In 1958, the design was debuted at a trade show in Milwaukee. Soon after the show, Koss went into business manufacturing and marketing stereophones from his basement apartment. The technology was imitated by competing manufacturers, which set the design and these headphones set the standard for wide-range frequency response. Koss headphones were easy and cost-effective to repair, at this site, in a separate garage setup, the musical instrument and electronics repair was done. The TV-rental and repair site was managed by Johns brother Pete Koss, eventually Koss dominated the headphone market, competing mainly with Telex. Koss however was considered a higher quality unit at the time, growth in the late 1970s caused them to move to their present location on the north side of Milwaukee. Diversification into related areas in the 1980s ended in disaster for Koss. Koss emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings in 1985, in 1991 Michael J. Koss, son of founder John C. Koss, took over as president and chief executive officer, in December 2009, former vice president of finance Sujata Sue Sachdeva was charged in federal court with wire fraud after the firm discovered her embezzlement of $34 million. Sachdeva was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison, Koss was forced to restate five years of financials. In addition to selling headphones under their own brand, Koss headphones were also rebranded as Radio Shack headphones under license, some of their more popular products are the Koss Plug and Koss Spark Plug which are noise isolation earphones. Their ability to be adapted to take the high-end Etymotic ear tip, and their budget-priced headphones are widely regarded as some of the best low-end headphones on the market
21.
WFYI-FM
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WFYI-FM is the National Public Radio member station in Indianapolis, Indiana.1,20.2 and 20.3. WFYI-FM operates on a broadcast frequency of 90. 1FM and is available on radio receivers, as 90.1 HD2. HD1 is marketed as News/Talk and HD2 as World/Variety, IPS sold the station to MIPB in 1988, and that March 15 it became WFYI-FM. Some WFYI programming can also be heard on WNDY FM in Crawfordsville, WFYI90.1 FM Public Radio carries services for the print-impaired via the Internet and a subcarrier broadcast signal. Indiana Reading and Information Services was previously named Central Indiana Radio Reading Inc, WFYI official website Query the FCCs FM station database for WFYI Radio-Locator information on WFYI Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WFYI
22.
Erich Kunzel
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Erich Kunzel, Jr. was an American orchestra conductor. Called the Prince of Pops by the Chicago Tribune, he performed with a number of leading pops and symphony orchestras, especially the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, Kunzel was born to German-American immigrant parents in New York City. At Greenwich High School in Connecticut, he arranged music and played the piano, string bass, initially a chemistry major, Kunzel graduated from Dartmouth College with a degree in music, then studied at Harvard and Brown universities. He conducted the Brown University Glee Club for at least two years, early in his career, he conducted for the Santa Fe Opera and studied at the Pierre Monteux School. He met his Austrian-born wife, Brunhilde, while conducting Gianni Schicchi for Santa Fe in 1964, from 1960 to 1965, he conducted the Rhode Island Philharmonic. From 1965 to 1977, Kunzel served as resident conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, in 1969, he was initiated as an honorary member of the Eta-Omicron chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati. He was also a National Patron of Delta Omicron, a professional music fraternity. In 1965, Kunzel began the countrys first winter pops series, when the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra board of trustees created the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra in 1977, Kunzel was named conductor. The Pops became the larger of Cincinnatis two orchestras, as all of Max Rudolfs symphony orchestra played for the Pops year-round. At the invitation of Arthur Fiedler in 1970, Kunzel guest-conducted over 100 concerts with the Boston Pops Orchestra and he remained active with symphony, leading the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra from 1982 to 2002. From the beginning, Kunzel strove to expand the Cincinnati Pops reach worldwide, with nearly 90 recordings on the Telarc label and his popular recordings of classical music, Broadway musicals, and movie scores topped worldwide crossover charts more than any other conductor or orchestra in the world. Some of Kunzels mentees at the Cincinnati Pops would later become notable in their own right, including Keith Lockhart of the Boston Pops, the Cincinnati Pops were especially popular in Asia. The group toured Japan several times, starting in 1990, in 1998, Kunzel became the first American pops conductor to perform in China. Ten years later, he and the Cincinnati Pops were invited back to perform at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Kunzel made most of his classical music recordings as director of the Cincinnati Pops. However, he also made recordings with Dave Brubeck, Duke Ellington. From the Capitol Building lawn, Kunzel conducted the National Symphony Orchestra every Memorial Day and Fourth of July from 1991 to 2009, in 1987, his Aaron Copland, Lincoln Portrait album with narration by Katharine Hepburn including Old American Songs sung by Sherrill Milnes received a Grammy nomination. Other Grammy nominations came in 1989,1991, and 1993, the album American Jubilee won the Grand Prix du Disque in 1989. His albums frequently feature digital sound effects created by Michael Bishop, the conductor had a large influence on Cincinnatis local music scene
23.
CiNii
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CiNii is a bibliographic database service for material in Japanese academic libraries, especially focusing on Japanese works and English works published in Japan. The database was founded in April 2005 and is maintained by the National Institute of Informatics, the database contains more than 15 million articles from more than 3600 publications. A typical month saw more than 30 million accesses from 2.2 million unique visitors, the database assigns a unique identifier, NII Article ID, to each of its journal article entries. A different identifier, NII Citation ID aka NACSIS-CAT Record ID, is used for books
24.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
25.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
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