Indo-European migrations
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The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of peoples who spoke Proto-Indo-European and the derived Indo-European languages, which took place from around 4000 to 1000 BCE, potentially ex
Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis: Center: Steppe cultures 1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 3 (black): Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley; late PIE) 4A (black): Western Corded Ware 4B-C (blue and dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers 5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware
Area of distribution of the earliest Indo-European river names.
Sredny Stog culture (v.4500–3500 BCE)
Usatovo culture (c. 3500–3000 BCE)
Domestication of the horse
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The exact timeline and mechanisms of the domestication of the horse have been subject to significant academic debate. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BCE, these wer
Terracotta urn in the shape of a horse (Iran, 1000 BCE) at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library
A horse painting from a cave in Lascaux
Equus caballus germanicus front leg, teeth and upper jaw at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
The dispersal of the DOM2 genetic lineage, believed to be the ancestor of all modern domesticated horses, is linked with the populations which preceded the Sintashta culture and their expansions.