Industrial melanism
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Industrial melanism is an evolutionary effect prominent in several arthropods, where dark pigmentation has evolved in an environment affected by industrial pollution, including sulphur dioxide gas and
Intermediate insularia form (between pale typica and dark carbonaria in tone) of peppered moth on a lichen-covered birch tree: Bernard Kettlewell counted the frequencies of all three forms.
Tree bark covered in shrubby and leafy lichens forms a patterned background against which non-melanic disruptively patterned moth camouflage is effective.
Odontopera bidentata, Scalloped Hazel, Trawscoed, North Wales, June 2016 Flickr janetgraham 84
Odontopera bidentata
Peppered moth
Videos
The peppered moth is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is night flying, and found mainly in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Peppered moth evolution is an example of population genetic
Industrial melanism
…species such as Odontopera bidentata (scalloped hazel) and Lymantria monacha (dark arches), but the most studied is the evolution of the peppered moth, Biston betularia. It is also seen in a beetle, Adalia bipunctata (two-spot ladybird), where camouflage is not involved as the insect has conspicuous warning coloration…
Biston betularia male
Peppered moth female
Biston betularia ♂
Biston betularia ♂ △