1.
Public limited company
–
A public limited company is a type of public company under the United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It is a liability company whose shares may be freely sold and traded to the public, with a minimum share capital of £50,000. Similar companies in the United States are called publicly traded companies, public limited companies will also have a separate legal identity. A PLC can be either an unlisted or listed company on the stock exchanges, in the United Kingdom, a public limited company usually must include the words public limited company or the abbreviation PLC or plc at the end and as part of the legal company name. Welsh companies may choose to end their names with ccc. However, some public limited companies incorporated under special legislation are exempted from bearing any of the identifying suffixes. The term public limited company and the PLC/plc suffix were introduced in 1981, prior to this, all limited companies bore the suffix Limited, which is still used by private limited companies. When a new company incorporates in England and Wales or in Scotland, it must register with Companies House, Formation of a public limited company requires a minimum of one director and one secretary. In England and Wales and in Scotland, the male/female is under 16 years old, some people who are not British citizens are restricted as to what work they may do while in the UK, which may exclude them from being a director. The members must agree to some, or all, of the shares when the company is registered. The memorandum of association must show the names of the people who have agreed to take shares and these people are called the subscribers. There is a share capital for public limited companies, Before it can start business. A quarter of them, £12,500, must be paid up, each allotted share must be paid up to at least one quarter of its nominal value together with the whole of any premium. A company can increase its share capital by passing an ordinary resolution. A copy of the resolution – and notice of the increase on Form 123 – must reach Companies House within 15 days of being passed, no fee is payable to Companies House. A company can decrease its authorised share capital by passing a resolution to cancel shares which have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person. Notice of the cancellation, on Form 122, must reach Companies House within one month, no fee is payable to Companies House. A company may have as different types of shares as it wishes
Public limited company
2.
Ticker symbol
–
A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
Ticker symbol
–
Stock
telegraph ticker machine by
Thomas Edison
3.
Bombay Stock Exchange
–
The Bombay Stock Exchange is an Indian stock exchange located at Dalal Street, Kala Ghoda, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Established in 1875, the BSE is Asia’s first stock exchange and it claims to be the worlds fastest stock exchange, with a median trade speed of 6 microseconds. The BSE is the worlds 11th largest stock exchange with a market capitalization of $1.43 Trillion as of March,2016. More than 5500 companies are listed on the BSE. Unlike countries like the United States where 70% of the GDP is derived from larger companies and the corporate sector, of these, as of November 2016, there are only 7,800 listed companies of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE. Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only about 4% of the Indian economy, Bombay Stock Exchange founded by Premchand Roychand. He was one of the most influential businessmen in 19th-century Bombay, a man who made a fortune in the stockbroking business and came to be known as the Cotton King, the Bullion King or just the Big Bull. He was also the founder of the Native Share and Stock Brokers Association, the Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. Its history dates back to 1855, when five stockbrokers would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbais Town Hall, the location of these meetings changed many times to accommodate an increasing number of brokers. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and became an organization known as The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association in 1875. On August 31,1957, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act, in 1980, the exchange moved to the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area. In 1986, it developed the BSE SENSEX index, giving the BSE a means to measure the performance of the exchange. In 2000, the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, the development of SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSEs trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to a trading system developed by CMC Ltd. in 1995. It took the exchange only 50 days to make this transition and this automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-Line Trading had a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced a centralized exchange-based internet trading system, the BSE is also a Partner Exchange of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchange initiative, joining in September 2012. Robert Owen was the first to start co operative society at year of 18441 March 2001 Corporatisation of Exchanges proposed by the Union Govt. e, date on which Corporatisaton and Demutualisation was achieved. BSEs normal trading sessions occur on all days of the week except weekends, the launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by the introduction of the BSE National Index
Bombay Stock Exchange
Bombay Stock Exchange
4.
National Stock Exchange of India
–
The National Stock Exchange of India Limited is the leading stock exchange of India, located in Mumbai. NSE was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country. National Stock Exchange has a market capitalization of more than US$1.41 trillion. NSEs flagship index, the NIFTY50, the 51 stock index, is used extensively by investors in India, however, only about 4% of the Indian economy / GDP is actually derived from the stock exchanges in India. NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market. Based on the laid out by the government committee, NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic. The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India, State Bank of India, IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited. And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited, GS Strategic Investments Limited, SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited, Aranda Investments Pte Limited, NSE offers trading, clearing and settlement services in equity, equity derivatives, debt and currency derivatives segments. It is the first exchange in India to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country, NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India. NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market segment in June 1994, the capital market segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. Of these only 7,800 companies are listed of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE. Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only around 4% of the Indian economy, NSE was mainly set up to bring in transparency in the markets. Instead of trading membership being confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified, experienced, in this context, NSE was ahead of its times when it separated ownership and management in the exchange under SEBIs supervision. The price information which could earlier be accessed only by a handful of people could now be seen by a client in a location with the same ease. The paper-based settlement was replaced by electronic depository-based accounts and settlement of trades was always done on time, one of the most critical changes was that a robust risk management system was set in place, so that settlement guarantees could protect investors against broker defaults. NSE was also instrumental in creating the National Securities Depository Limited which allows investors to hold and transfer their shares. It also allows investors to hold and trade in as few as one share or bond, the futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark. In the Futures and Options segment, trading in NIFTY50 Index, NIFTY IT index, NIFTY Bank Index, NIFTY Next 50 index, trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY50 are also available. The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at ₹1.52236 trillion
National Stock Exchange of India
–
National Stock Exchange
National Stock Exchange of India
–
NSE building at BKC, Mumbai
5.
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange in 2012.
New York Stock Exchange
–
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
–
The Stock Exchange at 10–12 Broad Street, in 1882
6.
BSE SENSEX
–
The 30 component companies which are some of the largest and most actively traded stocks, are representative of various industrial sectors of the Indian economy. Published since 1 January 1986, the S&P BSE SENSEX is regarded as the pulse of the stock markets in India. The base value of the S&P BSE SENSEX is taken as 100 on 1 April 1979, on 25 July 2001 BSE launched DOLLEX-30, a dollar-linked version of S&P BSE SENSEX. As of 21 April 2011, the capitalisation of S&P BSE SENSEX was about ₹29,733 billion. During 2008-12, Sensex 30 Index share of BSE market capitalisation fell from 49% to 25% due to the rise of sectoral indices like BSE PSU, Bankex, BSE-Teck, the term Sensex was coined by Deepak Mohoni, a stock market analyst. It is a portmanteau of the words Sensitive and Index, the BSE has some reviews and modifies its composition to be sure it reflects current market conditions. The index is calculated based on a free float capitalisation method, instead of using a companys outstanding shares it uses its float, or shares that are readily available for trading. Free Floating capital implies total capitalization less Directors shareholding. As per free float capitalisation methodology, the level of index at any point of time reflects the free market value of 30 component stocks relative to a base period. The market capitalisation of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares issued by of corporate actions, the index has increased by over twenty five times from June 1990 to the present. Using information from April 1979 onwards, the rate of return on the S&P BSE SENSEX works out to be 18. 6% per annum. The following is a timeline on the rise of the SENSEX through Indian stock market history. 1000,25 July 1990 – On 25 July 1990, the SENSEX touched the figure for the first time and closed at 1,001 in the wake of a good monsoon. 3000,29 February 1992 – On 29 February 1992, the SENSEX surged past the 3,000 mark in the wake of the market-friendly Budget announced by Manmohan Singh. 4000,30 March 1992 – On 30 March 1992, the SENSEX crossed the 4,000 mark and it was then that the Harshad Mehta scam hit the markets and SENSEX witnessed unabated selling. 5000,11 October 1999 – On 11 October 1999, the SENSEX crossed the 5,000 mark, as the Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition won the majority in the 13th Lok Sabha election. 6000,11 February 2000 – On 11 February 2000, the technology boom helped the SENSEX to cross the 6,000 mark. This record would stand for four years, until 2 January 2004. This helped the SENSEX crossed 7,000 points for the first time, however, it was on 9 December 2005 that the SENSEX first closed at over 9,000 points
BSE SENSEX
–
S&P BSE SENSEX
7.
IT service management
–
As a discipline, ITSM has ties and common interests with other IT and general management approaches, e. g. quality management, information security management and software engineering. Consequently, IT service management frameworks have been influenced by other standards and adopted concepts from them, e. g. CMMI, there is an international, chapter-based professional association, the IT Service Management Forum. The main goal of the itSMF is to foster the exchange of experiences, to this end, national itSMF chapters organize conferences and workshops. Some of them contribute to the translations of ITSM framework documents into their respective languages or publish own ITSM guides. There are several certifications for service management like ITIL foundation 2011, IT service management is often equated with the Information Technology Infrastructure Library, even though there are a variety of standards and frameworks contributing to the overall ITSM discipline. ITIL originated as a publication of United Kingdom government agencies. In January 2014, ownership of ITIL was transferred to Axelos, a joint venture of the UK government and Capita, the current version of the ITIL framework is the 2011 edition. The 2011 edition, published in July 2011, is a revision of the edition known as ITIL version 3. ITIL version 3 was an upgrade from version 2. Whereas version 2 was process-oriented, version 3 is service-orientated, other frameworks for ITSM and overlapping disciplines include Business Process Framework is a process framework for telecommunications service providers. COBIT is an IT Governance framework that specifies control objectives, metrics, recent versions have aligned the naming of select control objectives to established ITSM process names. FitSM is a standard for service management. It contains several parts, including e. g. auditable requirements and document templates and its basic process framework is in large parts aligned to that of ISO/IEC20000. ISO/IEC20000 is a standard for managing and delivering IT services. Its process model bears many similarities to that of ITIL version 2, since BS15000, ISO/IEC20000 defines minimum requirements for an effective service management system. Conformance of the SMS to ISO/IEC can be audited and organizations can achieve an ISO/IEC20000 certification of their SMS for a defined scope, MOF includes, in addition to a general framework of service management functions, guidance on managing services based on Microsoft technologies. Execution of ITSM processes in an organization, especially those processes that are more workflow-driven ones, ITSM tools are often marketed as ITSM suites, which support not one, but a whole set of ITSM processes. At their core is usually a workflow management system for handling incidents, service requests, problems and they usually also include a tool for a configuration management database
IT service management
–
Relationships between ITSM frameworks and other management standards
8.
N. R. Narayana Murthy
–
Murthy studied electrical engineering at the National Institute of Engineering, University of Mysore, and MTech at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Before starting Infosys, Murthy worked with Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad as chief systems programmer and he started Infosys in 1981 and served as its CEO from 1981 to 2002 and as chairman from 2002 to 2011. In 2011, he stepped down from the board and became chairman Emeritus, on 1 June 2013, Murthy was appointed as Additional Director and Executive Chairman of the board for a period of five years. Murthy has been listed among the 12 greatest entrepreneurs of our time by Fortune magazine and he has been described as Father of Indian IT sector by Time magazine due to his contribution to outsourcing in India. Murthy has also honoured with the Padma Vibhushan and Padma Shri awards. Narayana Murthy was born on 20 August 1946 in Sidlaghatta, Kolar District Karnataka, after completing his school education, he went to the National Institute of Engineering and graduated in 1967 with a degree in Electrical Engineering. In 1969 he received his masters degree from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, Murthy started his career at IIM Ahmedabad as chief systems programmer. There he worked on Indias first time-sharing computer system and designed and implemented a BASIC interpreter for Electronics Corporation of India Limited and he started a company named Softronics. When that company failed after about a year and a half, Murthy and six software professionals founded Infosys in 1981 with an initial capital injection of Rs 10,000, which was provided by his wife Sudha Murthy. Murthy served as the CEO of Infosys for 21 years from 1981 to 2002 and was succeeded by co-founder Nandan Nilekani, at Infosys he articulated, designed and implemented the Global Delivery Model for IT services outsourcing from India. He was chairman of the board from 2002 to 2006, after which he became Chairman of the board, in August 2011, he retired from the company, taking the title chairman Emeritus. Murthy serves as an independent director on the board of HSBC and has served as a director on the boards of DBS Bank, Unilever, ICICI. He is also Chairman of the Governing board of Public Health Foundation of India and he serves on the Asia Pacific Advisory Board of British Telecommunications. In 2005 he co-chaired the World Economic Forum in Davos, on 1 June 2013, Murthy returned to Infosys as Executive chairman and Additional Director. On 12 June 2014 it was announced that Murthy would step down as Executive chairman effective 14 June and he would continue as Non-Executive chairman till 10 October. On 11 October, Murthy will be designated as chairman Emeritus, Murthy also serves on the strategic board which advises the national law firm, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, on strategic, policy and governance issues. She actively continues her work through the Infosys Foundation. He has two children, a son Rohan Murty and a daughter Akshata Murthy, Rohan is a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows
N. R. Narayana Murthy
–
Murthy inaugurating ISiM's new building
9.
Nandan Nilekani
–
Nandan Nilekani is an Indian entrepreneur, bureaucrat and politician. He was the Chairman of the Unique Identification Authority of India, after a successful career at Infosys, he headed the Government of Indias technology committee, TAGUP. He is a member of Indian National Congress but not active in politics as of 2015, Nandan Nilekani was born on 2 June 1955 at Bangalore, Karnataka. Nilekanis elder brother, Vijay, works in the Nuclear Energy Institute, Nilekani in 1978 started his career at the Mumbai-based Patni Computer Systems, where he met and was interviewed by N. R. In 1981, Nilekani, Murthy, and five others left Patni to start their own company, before assuming leadership as CEO in 2002, Nilekani held various posts, including managing director, president, and chief operating officer. He served as its CEO from March 2002 to April 2007, during his 5-year tenure as CEO, Infosys topline grew sixfold to $3 billion. As chair of the UIDAI he is responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card and this initiative aims to provide a unique identification number for all residents of India and will be used primarily as the basis for efficient delivery of welfare services. The identification method will be biometric, and the drive to create this government database of the population of India has been called the biggest social project on the planet. He is a member of the board of governors of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations and he also sits on several advisory boards, including those of the World Economic Forum Foundation and the Bombay Heritage Fund. Nilekani has appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to promote his book Imagining India, The Idea of a Renewed Nation and spoke at a TED conference in 2009 on his ideas for Indias future. Nilekani joined Indian National Congress in March 2014 and contested from the Bangalore South constituency where he lost by 228,575 votes to BJP candidate Ananth Kumar in the 2014 Lok Sabha election. In December 2016, he joined a committee to investigate how people in India could use digital payments to a greater extent, Nilekani is currently chairman of EkStep, a non-profit literacy and numeracy platform. EkStep intends to do it using gamified apps, hosted in the Google playstore, Nilekani is married to Rohini Nilekani, whom he met at a quizzing event at IIT. They have two children, Nihar and Janhavi, each of whom has received a degree from Yale University. Nandan Nilekani belongs to the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin community and his first language is Konkani, in addition to Konkani, he speaks Kannada fluently along with Hindi, Marathi, and English. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law degree by the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto on 31 May 2011. He received NDTV Indian of the Years Transformational Idea of the Year Award in 2011 He was named Corporate Citizen of the Year at the Asia Business Leaders Award organised by CNBC, joseph Schumpeter Prize for innovative services in economy, economic sciences and politics –2005. In 2009, Time magazine placed Nilekani in the Time 100 list of Worlds Most Influential People Was presented the Legend in Leadership Award by the Yale University in November 2009 and he is the first Indian to receive the top honour
Nandan Nilekani
–
Nilekani at the
World Economic Forum in
Davos, 2007
Nandan Nilekani
–
Rohini Nilekani
10.
S. Gopalakrishnan
–
Senapathy Gopalakrishnan, popularly known as Kris Gopalakrishnan, is the executive vice chairman of Infosys, a global consulting and IT services company based in India. He is also one of its seven founders and he was elected as the President of Indias apex industry chamber Confederation of Indian Industry for the year 2013-14. Kris Gopalakrishnan was born in Thiruvanathapuram on April 5,1955 and he spent his school days in Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Thycaud, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala. Kris obtained an M. Sc. in 1977 and M. Tech. in 1979 and he started his career as a software engineer with Patni Computers, Mumbai in 1979. In 1981, Gopalakrishnan co-founded Infosys with six other entrepreneurs and his initial years at Infosys included management of design, development, implementation and support of information systems for clients in the U. S. consumer products industry. From 1987 to 1994, Gopalakrishnan headed the operations of KSA/Infosys. In 2007, Kris took over as CEO and Managing Director of Infosys Technologies Limited from Nandan Nilekani, during his 4-year tenure, Infosys topline doubled to $6 billion. Kris previously served as Chief Operating Officer, and as the President and Joint Managing Director and his responsibilities included Customer Services, Technology, Investments and Acquisitions. In August 2011, he handed over the responsibility of CEO and MD to his colleague and another co-founder of Infosys and he was later appointed Executive Vice-Chairman of Infosys Board. He served as Non-executive Vice Chairman of Infosys Board from June 14 till October 10,2014, in 2014 Gopalakrishnan co-founded Axilor Ventures, a venture capital platform for young entrepreneurs. On March 8,2016 Gopalakrishnan launched the 5th edition of the renowned maker competition in South India and he was also a keynote speaker at Consilience 2013, organised by National Law School of India University, Bengaluru on Legal Aspects of Cloud Computing. On 5 April 2013 he was elected as the president of the industry body Confederation of Indian Industry for the year 2013-14 and he is a Trustee of the Infosys Science Foundation. He is also a member of ACM, IEEE and IEEE Computer Society and he is the Chief Mentor of Startup Village. Civilian awards, In 2011, Government of India awarded him with Padma Bhushan which is Indias third highest civilian honor, Kris has contributed Rs.225 Crore to the Pure Sciences to develop a Centre for Brain Research at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. He is also one of the single-largest donor to the 105-year-old institute ever received from an individual
S. Gopalakrishnan
–
Gopalakrishnan at the
World Economic Forum on India in 2012
11.
S. D. Shibulal
–
S. D. Shibulal, better known as Shibulal, is an Indian business executive. He was the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of Infosys and he stepped down from the post of CEO and MD on 31 July 2014 and was succeeded by the first non-founder CEO of Infosys Dr. Vishal Sikka. He is the President of the Infosys Science Foundation for the year 2015, Shibulal, born in Alappuzha in 1955, was the only child of his parents. In an interview, he was quoted in reference to his childhood life - I was the only child, and my parents were really keen that I stay at home and take up a teaching job. ”His father, Damodaran, was an ayurvedic doctor, and mother, Sarojini. After completing schooling in T. D, high School, Alappuzha, he went to S. D. College in Alappuzha for his graduation, upon completion, he joined Maharajas College Ernakulam, then under University of Kerala, where he earned his M. Sc. in Physics. Moving into industry, he obtained an M. S. degree in Computer Science from Boston University in 1987, Shibulal started his career in 1979, as a software engineer, with one of Indias first software company and systems integrator, Patni Computer Systems. He played a role in the Infosys journey, and his focus were its project management initiatives. He was instrumental in the evolution of the Global delivery model, Shibulal, left Infosys in 1991 for a five-year sabbatical, and joined Sun Microsystems in the US. Between 1991 and 1996, he was responsible for designing and implementing Suns first e-commerce application, on 22 June 2007, Shibulal took over from Kris Gopalakrishnan as the Chief Operating Officer. In this role, he focused on increasing competitiveness, improving customer experience, enhancing employee engagement, Shibulal also joined as the member of the Board of Directors of Infosys. On 30 April 2011, the Infosys board announced that Shibulal was appointed as the new CEO, on 21 August 2011, he took over his new role from Kris Gopalakrishnan. Soon after taking over, Shibulal announced Infosys 3.0, on 12 June, it was announced that Shibulal would quit as CEO and MD of Infosys from 1 August 2014. In 2014 Shibula co-founded Axilor Ventures, a venture capital service for young entrepreneurs, Shibulal is a member of the board of trustees, and the Metropolitan College Dean’s Advisory Board of Boston University. He also serves on board of the foundation, Globethics. net, the Seoul International Business Advisory Council, Shibulal met his wife Kumari, during his university days in SD College. The couple have two children, daughter Shruti and son Shreyas, one of his hobbies is dismantling and reassembling electronic devices to figure out how they work, and likes listening to Carnatic classical music. In a Financial Times interview in 2012, it was cited that his city is New York. Shibulal, along with wife Kumari, daughter Shruti and son Shreyas, holds nearly 2. 2% of Infosys shares, which has a market capitalisation of around $30 billion
S. D. Shibulal
–
Shibulal at the 2013
Horasis Global India Business Meeting
12.
K. Dinesh
–
Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational corporation that provides business consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. It has its headquarters in Bengaluru, India, Infosys is the second-largest Indian IT services company by 2016 revenues, and the largest employer of H-1B visa professionals in the United States. On January 12,2017, its market capitalisation was $34.38 Billion. Co-founded in 1981 by 7 Engineers N. R. Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, N. S. Raghavan, S. Gopalakrishnan, S. D. Shibulal, K. Dinesh and Ashok Arora after they resigned from Patni Computer Systems. The company was incorporated as Infosys Consultants Pvt Ltd. with a capital of ₹10,000 or US$250 in Model Colony and it signed its first client, Data Basics Corporation, in New York City. In 1983, the corporate headquarters was relocated from Pune to Bengaluru. Name Change, The Company changed its name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and it was later renamed to Infosys Limited in June 2011. An initial public offer in February 1993 with a price of ₹95 per share against book value of ₹20 per share. The Infosys IPO was under subscribed but it was bailed out by US investment bank Morgan Stanley which picked up 13% of equity at the offer price and its shares were listed in stock exchanges in June 1993 with trading opening at ₹145 per share. In October 1994, it made a private placement of 5,50,000 shares at ₹450 each against book value of ₹10 per share to Foreign Institutional Investors, Financial Institutions and Corporates. In March 1999, it issued 2,070,000 ADSs at US$34 per ADS under the American Depositary Shares Program, the total issue amount was US$70.38 million. The share price surged to ₹8,100 by 1999 making it the costliest share on the market at the time, at that time, Infosys was among the 20 biggest companies by market capitalization on the NASDAQ. During July 2003, June 2005 and November 2006, it made secondary ADS issues of US$294 million, US$1.07 billion, in December 2002, Infosys transferred the listing of its American Depositary Shares from the NASDAQ to the NYSE. In July 2014, Infosys started a subsidiary called, EdgeVerve Systems. Focusing on enterprise software products for operations, customer service, procurement. In August 2015, the Finacle Global Banking Solutions assets were transferred from Infosys. The credit rating of the company is A-, in February 2015, Infosys announced it would acquire the US automation technology company Panaya for around $200 million. On 15 January 2016, Infosys had 1,045 clients across 50 countries, Infosys has a global footprint with offices and development centres across the world
K. Dinesh
–
The Headquarters of Infosys is located in
Bengaluru
K. Dinesh
–
Infosys Ltd
K. Dinesh
–
Glass building in
Pune campus
K. Dinesh
–
A building in
Thiruvananthapuram campus
13.
Bangalore
–
Bangalore /bæŋɡəˈlɔːr/, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of about 8.42 million and a population of about 8.52 million, making it the third most populous city. It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau and its elevation is over 900 m above sea level, the highest of Indias major cities. In 1638, the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the Mughals captured and it was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was capital of the Princely State of Mysore. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a grew up around it. Following Indias independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, the two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the name of the city in 2006. Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the Silicon Valley of India because of its role as the leading information technology exporter. Indian technological organisations ISRO, Infosys, Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city, a demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India. Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics, Hindustan Aeronautics, the city also houses the Kannada film industry. The name Bangalore represents a version of the Kannada language name. It is the name of a village near kodegehalli and was copied by Kempegowda to the city of Bangalore, Bangalore was built on a venue earlier called as Shivanasamudram in the 16th century. The earliest reference to the name Bengalūru was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu, in this inscription found in Begur, Bengalūrū is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as Bengaval-uru, an apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across an old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place benda-kaal-uru, which evolved into Bengalūru. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru, on 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change
Bangalore
–
Clockwise from top:
UB City,
Infosys, Glass house at
Lal Bagh,
Vidhana Soudha,
Shiva statue,
Bagmane Tech Park ii
Bangalore
–
The Begur
Nageshwara Temple was built in Bangalore around c. 860, during the reign of the
Western Ganga Dynasty.
Bangalore
–
Someshwara Temple dates from the
Chola era
14.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chairman
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
15.
Outsourcing
–
In business, outsourcing involves the contracting out of a business process and operational, and/or non-core functions to another party. The concept outsourcing came from the American Glossary outside resourcing and it dates back to at least 1981, Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another, but not always. Outsourcing is also the practice of handing control of public services to private enterprise. Outsourcing includes both foreign and domestic contracting, and sometimes includes offshoring or nearshoring, many people confuse outsourcing and offshoring – however they are different. A company can outsource and not offshore to a distant country, for example, in 2003 Procter and Gamble outsourced their facilities management support, but it did not involve offshoring. Financial savings from lower international labor rates can provide a major motivation for outsourcing or offshoring, there can be tremendous savings from lower international labor rates when offshoring. The opposite of outsourcing, insourcing, entails bringing processes handled by third-party firms in-house, however, a business can provide a contract service to another organization without necessarily insourcing that business process. Two organizations may enter into an agreement involving an exchange of services, expertise. Outsourcing is said to help firms to perform well in their core competencies, fuel innovation, in the early 21st century, businesses increasingly outsourced to suppliers outside their own country, sometimes referred to as offshoring or offshore outsourcing. and Vested outsourcing. Outsourcing can offer greater flexibility and control. Outsourcing allows organizations to pay for the services and business functions they need and it also reduces the need to hire and train specialized staff, brings in fresh engineering expertise, and can reduce capital and operating expenses and risk. Do what you do best and outsource the rest has become an internationally recognized business tagline first coined and developed in the 1990s by the management consultant Peter Drucker. The slogan was used to advocate outsourcing as a viable business strategy. It has been said that Mr. Drucker began explaining the concept of Outsourcing as early as 1989 in his Wall Street Journal article entitled Sell the Mailroom, from Druckers perspective, a company should only seek to subcontract in those areas in which it demonstrated no special ability. In 2009 by way of recognition, Peter Drucker posthumously received a significant honor, recently, innovative business models have been developed to help reduce the cost for outsourcing. In particular, these models may leverage on group bargaining power by aggregating similar outsourcing demands from various organizations when negotiating with external contractors. The incentive to outsource may be greater for U. S. companies due to unusually high taxes and mandated benefits, like social security, Medicare. At the same time, it appears U. S. companies do not outsource to reduce executive or managerial costs, for instance, executive pay in the United States in 2007 was more than 400 times more than average workers—a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965
Outsourcing
–
Terminology
16.
United States dollar
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States dollar
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
United States dollar
–
Federal Reserve Notes
United States dollar
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
United States dollar
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
17.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
18.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
–
Accounting
19.
Asset
–
In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
Asset
–
Accounting
20.
Equity (finance)
–
In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
Equity (finance)
–
Accounting
21.
Infosys BPO Limited
–
Infosys BPO, the business process outsourcing subsidiary of Infosys, was set up in April 2002. Infosys BPO focuses on integrated end-to-end outsourcing, the company was started as Progeon Limited in April 2002 and is today amongst the top BPOs in India according to NASSCOM. It was started as a 74% and 26% joint venture between Infosys and Citibank Investments, in 2006, Infosys bought out Citibanks share at a price of Rs.592 per share, Citibank having invested at Rs 0.20 per share. It is headquartered in Bangalore, India, about 60% business of Infosys BPO comes from overlapping clients with the parent Infosys Ltd. During the FY 2013-14, it earned 48% of its revenue from North America, 34% from Europe, 4% from India, the proportion of voice and non-voice related revenue was 11,89 in the same financial year. The company had as of APRIL,2016, employed 33,798 people, in September 2012, Infosys BPO acquired US-based Marsh BPO for an undisclosed amount to expand its group life insurance activities. Marsh BPO, based in Des Moines, Iowa has 87 employees and serves seven insurers and covers more than 600,000 insured lives, Marsh BPO will be absorbed in McCamish Systems. In January 2012, Infosys BPO acquired Australia-based Portland Group for about AUD37 million, Portland Group provides strategic sourcing and category management services. In December 2009, Infosys BPO acquired Atlanta-based McCamish Systems for about $38 million, in July 2007, Infosys BPO signed a $28 million deal to acquire finance back-offices of Royal Philips spread in India, Poland and Thailand. Its organic growth performance has been rated as exemplary and best amongst its peers by a leading BPO research firm and it is taking over competitors’ share with increased on-site presence. In FY15 the company plans to hire 14,000 employees to further its growth performance, Infosys BPO recently launched its Process Progression Model to improve business outcomes for clients by accelerating optimization and transformation of business processes. The company also extended its agreement with Royal Philips till June 2019. Official website Infosys Limited NASSCOM Management Profiles
Infosys BPO Limited
–
Infosys Banglore Campus
Infosys BPO Limited
–
Infosys BPO Limited
Infosys BPO Limited
–
InfosysBanglore
Infosys BPO Limited
–
Infosys Bangalore Campus
22.
Information technology
–
Information technology is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology, the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology, based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development, pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, electronic. This article focuses on the most recent period, which began in about 1940, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s, the electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the worlds first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages was the first electronic digital computer, although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory, programming was carried out using plugs, the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, by comparison the first transistorised computer, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version. Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes. IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is stored magnetically on hard disks. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally, 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007. Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly, one of the earliest such systems was IBMs Information Management System, which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later
Information technology
–
Zuse Z3 replica on display at
Deutsches Museum in
Munich. The Zuse Z3 is the first programmable computer.
Information technology
–
Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011
Information technology
–
Punched tapes that were used in early computers to represent data.
23.
Market capitalisation
–
Market capitalization is used by the investment community in ranking the size of companies, as opposed to sales or total asset figures. It is also used in ranking the size of stock exchanges. In performing such rankings, the market capitalizations are calculated at some significant date, the total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared with other economic indicators. In 2014 and 2015, global market capitalization was US$68 trillion and US$67 trillion, respectively. Market cap is given by the formula M C = N × P, where MC is the capitalization, N is the number of shares outstanding. For example, if company has 4 million shares outstanding. If the closing price per share rises to $21, the cap becomes $84 million. If it drops to $19 per share, the cap falls to $76 million. This is in contrast to mercantile pricing where purchase price, average price, traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have also come into common use. Different numbers are used by different indexes, there is no definition of, or full consensus agreement about. The cutoffs may be defined as rather than in nominal dollars. Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company and it is important to note that a firms choice of capital structure has a significant impact on how the total value of a company is allocated between equity and debt. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value, which gives effect to outstanding debt, preferred stock, for insurance firms, a value called the embedded value has been used
Market capitalisation
–
The
New York Stock Exchange on
Wall Street, the world's largest
stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.
24.
Credit rating
–
A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor, predicting their ability to pay back the debt, and an implicit forecast of the likelihood of the debtor defaulting. A credit reporting – in distinction to a credit rating – is an evaluation of an individuals credit worthiness. A sovereign credit rating is the rating of a sovereign entity. The country risk rankings table shows the ten least-risky countries for investment as of January 2013, Ratings are further broken down into components including political risk, economic risk. Euromoneys bi-annual country risk index monitors the political and economic stability of 185 sovereign countries, results focus foremost on economics, specifically sovereign default risk or payment default risk for exporters. Best defines country risk as the risk that country-specific factors could affect an insurers ability to meet its financial obligations. A rating expresses the likelihood that the party will go into default within a given time-horizon,1 year or above. In the past institutional investors preferred to consider long-term ratings, nowadays, short-term ratings are commonly used. Credit ratings can address a corporations financial instruments i. e. debt security such as a bond, Ratings are assigned by credit rating agencies, the largest of which are Standard & Poors, Moodys and Fitch Ratings. They use letter designations such as A, B, C, higher grades are intended to represent a lower probability of default. However, some studies have estimated the risk and reward of bonds by rating. Over a longer period, it stated the order is by and large, another study in Journal of Finance calculated the additional interest rate or spread corporate bonds pay over that of riskless US Treasury bonds, according to the bonds rating. Looking at rated bonds for 1973–89, the authors found a AAA-rated bond paid 43 basis points over a US Treasury bond, a CCC-rated junk bond, on the other hand, paid over 7% more than a Treasury bond on average over that period. Different rating agencies may use variations of a combination of lower-case and upper-case letters. The Standard & Poors rating scale uses upper-case letters and pluses and minuses, the Moodys rating system uses numbers and lower-case letters as well as upper case. While Moodys, S&P and Fitch Ratings control approximately 95% of the ratings business. DBRSs long-term ratings scale is similar to Standard & Poors and Fitch Ratings with the words high. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor, AAA, AA, AA, AA, A, A, A, BBB, BBB, BBB, BB, BB, BB, B, B, B, CCC, CCC, CCC, CC, CC, CC, C, C, C and D
Credit rating
–
Standard & Poor's Foreign Rating for national governments.
25.
IPO
–
Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering
IPO
–
Capital structure
26.
Morgan Stanley
–
Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing investment banking, securities, wealth management and investment management services. It is headquartered at 1585 Broadway in the Morgan Stanley Building, Midtown Manhattan, with offices in more than 42 countries and more than 55,000 employees, the firms clients include corporations, governments, institutions and individuals. Morgan Stanley, formed by J. P. Morgan & Co, in its first year the company operated with a 24% market share in public offerings and private placements. The main areas of business for the firm today are Institutional Securities, the company operates in three business segments, Institutional Securities, Wealth Management, and Investment Management. Morgan Stanley traces its roots in the history of J. P. Morgan & Co, following the Glass–Steagall Act, it was no longer possible for a corporation to have banking and commercial banking businesses under a single holding entity. J. P. Morgan & Co. chose the commercial banking business over the investment banking business. As a result, some of the employees of J. P. Morgan & Co. most notably Henry S. Morgan and Harold Stanley, left J. P. Morgan & Co. and joined some others from the Drexel partners to form Morgan Stanley. The firm formally opened the doors for business on September 16,1935, at Floor 19,2 Wall Street, within its first year, it achieved 24% market share among public offerings. The firm was involved with the distribution of 1938 US$100 million of debentures for the United States Steel Corporation as the lead underwriter, the firm also obtained the distinction of being the lead syndicate in the 1939 U. S. rail financing. The firm went through a reorganization in 1941 to allow for more activity in its securities business. The firm was led by Perry Hall, the last founder to lead Morgan Stanley, Morgan Stanley credits itself with having created the first viable computer model for financial analysis in 1962, thereby starting a new trend in the field of financial analysis. Future president and chairman Dick Fisher contributed to the model as a young employee, learning the FORTRAN. In 1967 it established the Morgan & Cie, International in Paris in an attempt to enter the European securities market and it acquired Brooks, Harvey & Co. Inc. in 1967 and established a presence in the real estate business. By 1971 the firm had established its Mergers & Acquisitions business along with Sales & Trading, the sales and trading business is believed to be the brainchild of Bob Baldwin. In 1996 Morgan Stanley acquired Van Kampen American Capital, on February 5,1997 the company merged with Dean Witter Reynolds and Discover & Co. the spun-off financial services business of Sears Roebuck. Dean Witters Chairman and CEO, Philip J. Purcell, held the roles in the newly merged Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Discover & Co. In 1998 the name was changed to Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. and in late 2001 Dean Witter was dropped, Morgan Stanley had offices located on 24 floors across buildings 2 and 5 of the World Trade Center in New York City. These offices had been inherited from Dean Witter which had occupied the space since the mid-1980s, the firm lost thirteen employees during the September 11 attacks in 2001 in the towers, while 2,687 were successfully evacuated
Morgan Stanley
–
The Morgan Stanley Building
Morgan Stanley
–
Morgan Stanley's office on
Times Square
27.
NASDAQ
–
The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, the exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic and Nasdaq Baltic stock market network and several other US stock and options exchanges. When it was founded, NASDAQ stood for the acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers, which divested itself of NASDAQ in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc. the stocks of which were listed on its own stock exchange marketing July 2,2002, when the Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8,1971, it was the worlds first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a system and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades. The Nasdaq Stock Market helped lower the spread but was unpopular among brokerages which made much of their money on the spread. As late as 1987, the NASDAQ exchange was still referred to as OTC in media. Over the years, the Nasdaq Stock Market became more of a market by adding trade and volume reporting. The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted new companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, Oracle and Dell. Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has published since its inception. In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of securities markets, the National Association of Securities Dealers spun off the Nasdaq Stock Market in 2000 to form a publicly traded company. In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a market to a licensed national securities exchange. In 2007, Nasdaq merged with OMX, an exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint. NASDAQ OMX could be looking to acquire the American exchanges cash equities business, at the time, NYSE Euronext’s market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion. Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid. The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market and it was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. Operations were shut down, however, as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble, in 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived as Equiduct, and is currently operating under Börse Berlin
NASDAQ
–
Studio
28.
Milwaukee
–
Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigans western shore, Milwaukees estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 2,046,692 as of 2015. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the citys population during the 1840s, with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades. Known for its traditions, Milwaukee is currently experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been built in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront, the word Milwaukee may come from the Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, Gathering place. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area are the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, many of these people had lived around Green Bay before migrating to the Milwaukee area around the time of European contact. In the second half of the 18th century, the Indians at Milwaukee played a role in all the wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of Ojibwas, in the American Revolutionary War, the Indians around Milwaukee were some of the few Indians who remained loyal to the American cause throughout the Revolution. After American independence, the Indians fought the United States in the Northwest Indian War as part of the Council of Three Fires, during the War of 1812, Indians held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack Chicago. This resulted in the Battle of Fort Dearborn on August 15,1812, the War of 1812 did not end well for the Indians, and after the Black Hawk War in 1832, the Indians in Milwaukee signed their final treaty with the United States in Chicago in 1833. This paved the way for American settlement, Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries, alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac settled a trading post, therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names, Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, for many years, printed records gave the name as Milwaukie. One story of Milwaukees name says, ne day during the thirties of the last century a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, the spelling Milwaukie lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three founding fathers, Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker, Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler but founded a town called Juneaus Side, or Juneautown, in competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side
Milwaukee
–
Clockwise from top left:
Milwaukee skyline and
Lake Michigan,
Milwaukee Art Museum,
Milwaukee Central Library,
Allen-Bradley Clock Tower, Marquette Hall at
Marquette University,
Milwaukee City Hall,
Miller Park, and the
Basilica of St. Josaphat.
Milwaukee
–
Statue of
Solomon Juneau, who helped establish the city of Milwaukee
Milwaukee
–
Illustrated map of Milwaukee in 1872
Milwaukee
–
Milwaukee's
Lake Front Depot in 1898
29.
Harley-Davidson
–
Harley-Davidson, Inc. or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1903. Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kansas City, Missouri, Manaus, Brazil, Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches and four-inch flywheels. The engine was designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame, over the next two years, Harley and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend, Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthurs brother, Walter Davidson, upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance. They quickly wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a learning experiment. Work immediately began on a new and improved second-generation machine and this first real Harley-Davidson motorcycle had a bigger engine of 24.74 cubic inches with 9.75 inches flywheels weighing 28 lb. The machines advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle, the bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. The boys also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, the prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft ×15 ft shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the parts, however, were made elsewhere. This prototype machine was functional by September 8,1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park and it was ridden by Edward Hildebrand and placed fourth. This is the first documented appearance of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle in the historical record, in January 1905, small advertisements were placed in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, complete motorcycles were in production on a limited basis. That year, the first Harley-Davidson dealer, Carl H. Lang of Chicago, in 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street, at the current location of Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft ×60 ft single-story wooden structure, the company produced about 50 motorcycles that year. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering and that year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907, the company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, in 1907 William A. Davidson, brother to Arthur and Walter Davidson, quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company. Production in 1905 and 1906 were all models with 26.84 cubic inch engines
Harley-Davidson
–
From left: William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson, Sr.,
Arthur Davidson and
William S. Harley
Harley-Davidson
–
Harley-Davidson, Inc.
Harley-Davidson
–
Prototype
Harley-Davidson
–
1907 model.
30.
Finacle
–
Finacle is a core banking product developed by Indian corporation Infosys that provides universal banking functionality to banks. In August 2015, Finacle became part of EdgeVerve Systems Limited, Finacle is used by banks across 84 countries that serve over 450 million customers. Finacle has a focus on product strategy and a global market presence. In 2003, India’s largest bank, State Bank of India, deployed Infosys’s Finacle core banking, e-banking, Finacle was implemented in 25 countries across the world. The banks global business operations were standardised on the Finacle platform and these three data centres were later downsized to a single one in India, while upgrading the entire system. This achieved a reduction in cost, the bank was also able to offer more products, roll them out faster, and roll them out globally. DBS Bank, Singapore, selected Finacle Universal Banking Solution from Infosys as the banking platform for the programme. Finacle was implemented in 13 countries, in 2008, Finacle was implemented at Punjab National Bank, India’s second largest public sector bank at all its 4,604 branches and extension counters on Sun infrastructure and the Oracle database. The bank said that the solution was rolled out across 100 per cent of PNB’s branches in record time, the bank had 22,500 concurrent users on the Finacle platform, with the number of peak transactions at 3.5 million. In 2009, Emirates NBD, created from the merger of two leading banks in Dubai implemented Finacle to be the core to the merger for facilitating the banks expansion plans into the region. In 2011, Finacle was set to enter the United States market via a deal with Union Bank N. A. of California, the deal was however called off by the bank in the same year. Finacle was chosen by Standard Bank, South Africa as the solution for Africa. Its flexibility, scalability, cost effectiveness and compatibility with other systems in the bank made Finacle the ideal choice, in July 2011, Nigeria was the first country to start operations on Finacle. Namibia was the country to go live on Finacle in 2012. Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Botswana are in the line to launch operations on Finacle. In May 2012 Kotak Mahindra Bank implemented the Core Banking Solution platform Finacle, the entire implementation, which replaced the banks legacy core banking system with no disruption to business, was completed in 18 months. Finacle 10 was found to be the best fit, both functionally and technologically by the bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank is the fourth largest Indian private sector bank by market capitalization, headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The transformation was completed smoothly with no disruption in services to RCBC customers, in September 2013, Infosys announced the launch of Finacle 11E, an advanced universal banking solution that simplifies banking transformation
Finacle
–
Finacle
31.
Pune
–
Pune is the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ninth most populous city in the country. In the 18th century, Pune was the centre of the Indian subcontinent. Considered to be the capital of Maharashtra, Pune is known as Oxford of the East due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions in the city. The city has emerged as an educational hub in recent decades. Since the 1950s and 1960s, Pune has had a traditional old-economic base as most of the old industries continue to grow, a few college in the Europe have also actively engaged in Student-exchange programs with several colleges in Pune. Pune is also one of the fastest growing cities in the Asia-Pacific region, the ‘Mercer 2015 Quality of Living rankings’ evaluated local living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world where Pune ranked at 145, second in India after Hyderabad. It also highlights Pune among evolving business centres and emerging nine cities around the world with citation Hosts IT, the oldest reference to the place is found inscribed on a Rashtrakuta Dynasty copper plate dated AD937, which refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya meaning Sacred News. By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi, copper plates dated 858 AD and 868 AD show that by the 8th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed where Pune is today. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this era. Pune was part of the territory ruled by Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri from the 9th century to 1327, in 1595, Maloji Raje Bhosale was granted the jagirdari of Pune by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Pune was ruled by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate until it was annexed by the Mughals in the 17th century, Pune was part of the Jagir granted to Maloji Bhosale in 1599 for his services to the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar. His grandson, Shivaji, the founder of Maratha Empire, was born in Shivneri fort not far from Pune, Shivaji was brought up by his mother in Pune. Pune changed hands several times between the Mughals and the Marathas in the period between 1660 and 1705 and he stabilised the revenue collection and administrative systems of areas around Pune and in neighbouring area of the Maval region. In addition, he developed methods to manage disputes and to enforce law. Construction on the Lal Mahal began in 1631 AD, the Lal Mahal was completed in 1640 AD. Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple, the Ganesha idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity of the city. Shivaji encouraged the development of dams in the Parvati and Kondhwa regions of Pune for agricultural purposes, Pune and its surrounding villages were the major recruitment areas for Shivajis army between 1645 AD and 1680 AD. Between 1660 AD and 1670 AD the town was captured by Mughal General Shahista Khan, Shivaji often used Pune as his transit base during his major campaigns such as Varhad-Karanja, AhemadaNagar District, Karnataka, and Jalna
Pune
–
From top:
Fergusson College,
Mahatma Gandhi Road (left),
Shaniwarwada (right), the
HSBC Global Technology India Headquarters, and the
National War Memorial Southern Command
Pune
–
The circular Nandi
mandapa at the
Pataleshwar cave temple, built during the
Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Pune
–
An equestrian statue of
Baji Rao I outside the
Shaniwar Wada, who is credited with successful expansion of Maratha power in North India (circa 1730 CE)
32.
Panaya
–
Panaya is an Israeli software as a service company that provides cloud-based quality management services for enterprise applications worldwide. Its solutions include Change impact analysis, automated code remediation, collaborative test management and test-execution, the company’s solutions enable companies to save their information technology applications life cycle costs and minimize the risks associated with system changes. Panaya’s service runs on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, Panaya was founded in 2006 as ChangeSoft Technologies by entrepreneur Yossi Cohen and is headquartered in Raanana, Israel. The disruptive technology revolves around the impact analyses of code change, a first patent application was filed in 2008, followed by an extension in 2009, and a continuation in 2013. In 2010, shares of Tamares Group, an equity investment firm based in Vaduz. In 2012, CGI Group, a Canadian multinational information technology consulting company, in 2013 and 2014, Panaya laid off more than 25% of the company. In 2016, Panaya shut down their Israeli-based sales development and moved them to Boston, in June 2014, Deloitte and Panaya announced an agreement to provide Oracle E-business Suite customers the ability to reduce the cost and risk of application change projects. In February 2015, Infosys announced acquisition of Panaya for a reported $200 million, prior to the sale, Panaya was in crisis and was on the verge of shut down, after many waves of layoffs. Gemini Partners and Benchmark Capital were the first investors to fund Panaya with $5 million in April 2006, in August 2009, Panaya secured $5 million funding in a series B investment round led by Tamares Group with the participation of Benchmark Capital. In June 2010, in a series C round, Battery Ventures, Benchmark and Tamares Group, in September 2010, HPV, the venture capital fund of Hasso Plattner, co-founder of SAP AG, invested $6 million in exchange for companys stakes. Shares held by the Tamares Group, an equity investment firm based in Vaduz, Liechtenstein, were acquired by HPV together with existing investors Benchmark Capital. In 2013 the existing investors, in a series D funding round led by Battery Ventures and joined by Benchmark Capital and HPV, the company has raised $39 million to date. 2013 Deloitte Technology Fast 50 List 2011 Red Herring Top Global 100 Tech Startup 2010 Gartner Cool Vendors in the SAP Ecosystem List of ERP software packages Official website Panaya on Facebook
Panaya
–
Panaya logo
33.
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the Evergreen city of India, Thiruvananthapuram was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The city was ruled by the Ays and was captured by the rulers of Venad in tenth century A. D, in 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and made Thiruvananthapuram the capital in 1745. It remained as a state ruled by Travancore under the loose governance of the British before joining the Indian Union in 1948. With nearly 80% of the software exports, Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub with the Technopark. Indias first and only magic academy, Magic Academy Research Centre run by Merlin award-winning magician Gopinath Muthukad is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, the city is home to animation companies like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park is one of the most advanced film and it is consistently ranked among the best cities to live in Kerala as well as India. The city was referred to as Trivandrum until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the citys original name Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE, the city was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The early rulers of the city were the Ays and after their fall in the 10th century, in 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Tamil Nadu. In the mid-19th century, the city was under the reign of Swathi Thirunal, an observatory was established in 1837 with the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College established in 1873. Several colleges were established by Moolam Thirunal, sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state. After Indian Independence in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union, in 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with the Kingdom of Cochin. The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956, when the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital. The city has a population of 752,490 according to the 2011 census, the sex ratio is 1,032 females for every 1,000 males. In October 2010, the number of wards was increased from 86 to 100 post expansion of city limits by adding Sreekaryam, Vattiyoorkavu, Kudappanakunnu, hindus comprise 68. 5% of the population, Christians about 16. 7% and Muslims form 13. 7%. The major languages spoken are Malayalam and English, in Palayam in the city centre, there is a mosque, a temple and a Christian church next to each other as neighbours, establishing the communal harmony of Keralites
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Clockwise from top right:
Kovalam Beach,
Napier Museum,
Trivandrum Central,
Kowdiar Palace,
Niyamasabha Mandiram,
Infosys Building,
The Sculpture of Jalakanyaka Mermaid
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Seal
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Painting by
Raja Ravi Varma depicting
Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by
Visakham Thirunal, with
Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram,
Travancore in early 1880.
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Kowdiar Palace built in 1915 was the official residence of the
Travancore Royal Family.
34.
American depositary receipt
–
An American depositary receipt is a negotiable security that represents securities of a non-U. S. Company that trades in the U. S. financial markets. Shares of many non-U. S. companies trade on U. S. stock exchanges through ADRs, ADRs are also traded during U. S. trading hours, through U. S. broker-dealers. They simplify investing in foreign securities by having the depositary bank manage all custody, currency, the first ADR was introduced by J. P. Morgan in 1927 for the British retailer Selfridges on the New York Curb Exchange, the American Stock Exchanges precursor. They are the equivalent of a global depository receipt. Securities of a company that are represented by an ADR are called American depositary shares. ADRs are one type of depositary receipt, which are any negotiable securities that represent securities of companies that are foreign to the market on which the DR trades, DRs enable domestic investors to buy securities of foreign companies without the accompanying risks or inconveniences of cross-border and cross-currency transactions. An ADR can represent a fraction of a share, a single share, the holder of a DR has the right to obtain the underlying foreign security that the DR represents, but investors usually find it more convenient to own the DR. The price of a DR generally tracks the price of the security in its home market. In the case of companies domiciled in the United Kingdom, creation of ADRs attracts a 1. 5% creation fee [creation fee is different than stamp duty reserve tax charge by the UK government. Depositary banks have various responsibilities to DR holders and to the foreign company the DR represents. When a company establishes an ADR program, it must decide what exactly it wants out of the program, and how much time, effort, for this reason, there are different types of programs, or facilities, that a company can choose. Unsponsored shares trade on the over-the-counter market and these shares are issued in accordance with market demand, and the foreign company has no formal agreement with a depositary bank. Unsponsored ADRs are often issued by more than one depositary bank, each depositary services only the ADRs it has issued. Level 1 depositary receipts are the lowest level of sponsored ADRs that can be issued, when a company issues sponsored ADRs, it has one designated depositary who also acts as its transfer agent. A majority of American depositary receipt programs currently trading are issued through a Level 1 program and this is the most convenient way for a foreign company to have its equity traded in the United States. Level 1 shares can only be traded on the OTC market, the company is not required to issue quarterly or annual reports in compliance with U. S. GAAP. Companies with shares trading under a Level 1 program may decide to upgrade their program to a Level 2 or Level 3 program for better exposure in the United States markets, Level 2 depositary receipt programs are more complicated for a foreign company
American depositary receipt
–
Financial markets
35.
Bank
–
BANK was an artists group active in London during the 1990s. In 1993, Russell and Bedwell were joined by Milly Thompson, David Burrows, Burrows left BANK in 1995, Williamson in 1998, Russell in 2000. BANKs contribution to UK contemporary art was a series of curated group shows, often with comical, as a group they adopted an aggressive stance towards the mainstream contemporary art scene of the time. The approximately twenty shows curated by BANK included the work of the BANK artists alongside the work of several future Turner Prize nominees, although the BANK exhibitions were mostly held in warehouse spaces on Curtain Road, then Underwood Street the name of the gallery changed. Initially it was BANKSPACE, then DOG, and finally Gallerie Poo-Poo, BANK also published a satirical magazine delivering tabloid-style critiques of the art world. Headlines included, AD MAN YOU’RE A BAD MAN, and and they had, according to Matthew Collings, a surly, self-destructive, self-conscious, introspective attitude - combined. with critical intelligence and a flair for spotting weaknesses in the art system. BANK SHOWS1991 -20032003 SIMON BEDWELL & MILLY THOMPSON Store, London ART IS HELL The Suburban, Chicago 2002 BANK Anthony Wilkinson Gallery, DOG, London GOD DOG, London 1996 DOG-U-MENTAL VIII. DOG, London Viper/BANK TV DOG, London/Dukes Bar, Manchester F**K OFF, HE WENT TO A BED AND DREAMED THAT HE WAS ONE. WOKE UP AND FOUND THAT HE HAD BECOME ONE, stephen Friedman gallery got BANK’d, ADP magazine,4 November 2009
Bank
36.
Financial institution
–
In finance and economics, a financial institution is an institution that provides financial services for its clients or members. One of the most important financial services provided by an institution is acting as a financial intermediary. Most financial institutions are regulated by the government, financial institutions provide services as intermediaries of financial markets. Some experts see a trend toward homogenisation of financial institutions, meaning a tendency to invest in areas and have similar business strategies. A consequence of this might be fewer banks serving specific target groups, standard Settlement Instructions are the agreements between two financial institutions which fix the receiving agents of each counterparty in ordinary trades of some type. These agreements allow traders to make faster trades since the time used to settle the receiving agents is conserved, limiting the trader to an SSI also lowers the likelihood of a fraud. SSIs are used by institutions to facilitate fast and accurate cross-border payments. Regulatory structures differ in each country, but typically involve prudential regulation as well as consumer protection, see also List of financial regulatory authorities by country
Financial institution
37.
Mysuru
–
Mysore, officially renamed as Mysuru, is the third most populous and the third largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located in the foothills of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km southwest of the state capital Bangalore, according to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population is 887,446. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district. Mysore served as the city of the Kingdom of Mysore for nearly six centuries. The Kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, with a period of interregnum in the 1860s and 70s when Hyder Ali. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the growth of the city. The cultural ambiance and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural Capital of Karnataka, tourism is the major industry alongside the traditional industries. Mysores inter-city public transportation solely includes rail and bus, flights, however, among many others to be first in, Mysore was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore University is headquartered in Mysore, which has produced several notable scientists, authors, politicians, actors, singers, cricket and lawn tennis are the most popular sports in the city. The name Mysore is a version of Mahishūru, which means the abode of Mahisha in the vernacular Kannada. He was killed by the Goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hills, mahishapura later became Mahisūru, and finally came to be anglicised as Mysore by the British and Maisūru/Mysuru in the vernacular Kannada language. In December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced its intention to change the English name of the city to Mysuru and this was approved by the Government of India in October 2014 and Mysore was renamed to Mysuru on November 1,2014. The site where Mysore Palace now stands was occupied by a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century, the Mahishūru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III, who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV. Since the 16th century, the name of Mahishūru has commonly used to denote the city. The Mysore Kingdom, governed by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a state of the Vijayanagara Empire. Seringapatam, near Mysore, was the capital of the kingdom from 1610, the kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The latter demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty, the landlocked interior of the previous Mysore Kingdom was turned into a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown. The former Wodeyar rulers were reinstated as puppet monarchs, now styled Maharajas, the British administration was assisted locally by Diwan Purnaiah
Mysuru
–
Clockwise from top:
Mysore Palace,
Shivanasamudra Falls,
Infosys Building,
Brindavan Gardens Musical Fountain,
Chennakesava Temple,
Lalitha Mahal,
St. Philomena's Church and
Chamundeshwari Temple.
Mysuru
–
Narasaraja Wodeyar II ruled from 1704 to 1714.
Mysuru
–
Office of the Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation (CESC) in Gagana Chumbi Double Road of
Kuvempunagar, Mysore
Mysuru
–
Chamundeshwari Temple atop the Chamundi Hills
38.
Narayan Murthy
–
Murthy studied electrical engineering at the National Institute of Engineering, University of Mysore, and MTech at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Before starting Infosys, Murthy worked with Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad as chief systems programmer and he started Infosys in 1981 and served as its CEO from 1981 to 2002 and as chairman from 2002 to 2011. In 2011, he stepped down from the board and became chairman Emeritus, on 1 June 2013, Murthy was appointed as Additional Director and Executive Chairman of the board for a period of five years. Murthy has been listed among the 12 greatest entrepreneurs of our time by Fortune magazine and he has been described as Father of Indian IT sector by Time magazine due to his contribution to outsourcing in India. Murthy has also honoured with the Padma Vibhushan and Padma Shri awards. Narayana Murthy was born on 20 August 1946 in Sidlaghatta, Kolar District Karnataka, after completing his school education, he went to the National Institute of Engineering and graduated in 1967 with a degree in Electrical Engineering. In 1969 he received his masters degree from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, Murthy started his career at IIM Ahmedabad as chief systems programmer. There he worked on Indias first time-sharing computer system and designed and implemented a BASIC interpreter for Electronics Corporation of India Limited and he started a company named Softronics. When that company failed after about a year and a half, Murthy and six software professionals founded Infosys in 1981 with an initial capital injection of Rs 10,000, which was provided by his wife Sudha Murthy. Murthy served as the CEO of Infosys for 21 years from 1981 to 2002 and was succeeded by co-founder Nandan Nilekani, at Infosys he articulated, designed and implemented the Global Delivery Model for IT services outsourcing from India. He was chairman of the board from 2002 to 2006, after which he became Chairman of the board, in August 2011, he retired from the company, taking the title chairman Emeritus. Murthy serves as an independent director on the board of HSBC and has served as a director on the boards of DBS Bank, Unilever, ICICI. He is also Chairman of the Governing board of Public Health Foundation of India and he serves on the Asia Pacific Advisory Board of British Telecommunications. In 2005 he co-chaired the World Economic Forum in Davos, on 1 June 2013, Murthy returned to Infosys as Executive chairman and Additional Director. On 12 June 2014 it was announced that Murthy would step down as Executive chairman effective 14 June and he would continue as Non-Executive chairman till 10 October. On 11 October, Murthy will be designated as chairman Emeritus, Murthy also serves on the strategic board which advises the national law firm, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, on strategic, policy and governance issues. She actively continues her work through the Infosys Foundation. He has two children, a son Rohan Murty and a daughter Akshata Murthy, Rohan is a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows
Narayan Murthy
–
Murthy inaugurating ISiM's new building
39.
S Gopalakrishnan
–
Senapathy Gopalakrishnan, popularly known as Kris Gopalakrishnan, is the executive vice chairman of Infosys, a global consulting and IT services company based in India. He is also one of its seven founders and he was elected as the President of Indias apex industry chamber Confederation of Indian Industry for the year 2013-14. Kris Gopalakrishnan was born in Thiruvanathapuram on April 5,1955 and he spent his school days in Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Thycaud, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala. Kris obtained an M. Sc. in 1977 and M. Tech. in 1979 and he started his career as a software engineer with Patni Computers, Mumbai in 1979. In 1981, Gopalakrishnan co-founded Infosys with six other entrepreneurs and his initial years at Infosys included management of design, development, implementation and support of information systems for clients in the U. S. consumer products industry. From 1987 to 1994, Gopalakrishnan headed the operations of KSA/Infosys. In 2007, Kris took over as CEO and Managing Director of Infosys Technologies Limited from Nandan Nilekani, during his 4-year tenure, Infosys topline doubled to $6 billion. Kris previously served as Chief Operating Officer, and as the President and Joint Managing Director and his responsibilities included Customer Services, Technology, Investments and Acquisitions. In August 2011, he handed over the responsibility of CEO and MD to his colleague and another co-founder of Infosys and he was later appointed Executive Vice-Chairman of Infosys Board. He served as Non-executive Vice Chairman of Infosys Board from June 14 till October 10,2014, in 2014 Gopalakrishnan co-founded Axilor Ventures, a venture capital platform for young entrepreneurs. On March 8,2016 Gopalakrishnan launched the 5th edition of the renowned maker competition in South India and he was also a keynote speaker at Consilience 2013, organised by National Law School of India University, Bengaluru on Legal Aspects of Cloud Computing. On 5 April 2013 he was elected as the president of the industry body Confederation of Indian Industry for the year 2013-14 and he is a Trustee of the Infosys Science Foundation. He is also a member of ACM, IEEE and IEEE Computer Society and he is the Chief Mentor of Startup Village. Civilian awards, In 2011, Government of India awarded him with Padma Bhushan which is Indias third highest civilian honor, Kris has contributed Rs.225 Crore to the Pure Sciences to develop a Centre for Brain Research at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. He is also one of the single-largest donor to the 105-year-old institute ever received from an individual
S Gopalakrishnan
–
Gopalakrishnan at the
World Economic Forum on India in 2012
40.
S D Shibulal
–
S. D. Shibulal, better known as Shibulal, is an Indian business executive. He was the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of Infosys and he stepped down from the post of CEO and MD on 31 July 2014 and was succeeded by the first non-founder CEO of Infosys Dr. Vishal Sikka. He is the President of the Infosys Science Foundation for the year 2015, Shibulal, born in Alappuzha in 1955, was the only child of his parents. In an interview, he was quoted in reference to his childhood life - I was the only child, and my parents were really keen that I stay at home and take up a teaching job. ”His father, Damodaran, was an ayurvedic doctor, and mother, Sarojini. After completing schooling in T. D, high School, Alappuzha, he went to S. D. College in Alappuzha for his graduation, upon completion, he joined Maharajas College Ernakulam, then under University of Kerala, where he earned his M. Sc. in Physics. Moving into industry, he obtained an M. S. degree in Computer Science from Boston University in 1987, Shibulal started his career in 1979, as a software engineer, with one of Indias first software company and systems integrator, Patni Computer Systems. He played a role in the Infosys journey, and his focus were its project management initiatives. He was instrumental in the evolution of the Global delivery model, Shibulal, left Infosys in 1991 for a five-year sabbatical, and joined Sun Microsystems in the US. Between 1991 and 1996, he was responsible for designing and implementing Suns first e-commerce application, on 22 June 2007, Shibulal took over from Kris Gopalakrishnan as the Chief Operating Officer. In this role, he focused on increasing competitiveness, improving customer experience, enhancing employee engagement, Shibulal also joined as the member of the Board of Directors of Infosys. On 30 April 2011, the Infosys board announced that Shibulal was appointed as the new CEO, on 21 August 2011, he took over his new role from Kris Gopalakrishnan. Soon after taking over, Shibulal announced Infosys 3.0, on 12 June, it was announced that Shibulal would quit as CEO and MD of Infosys from 1 August 2014. In 2014 Shibula co-founded Axilor Ventures, a venture capital service for young entrepreneurs, Shibulal is a member of the board of trustees, and the Metropolitan College Dean’s Advisory Board of Boston University. He also serves on board of the foundation, Globethics. net, the Seoul International Business Advisory Council, Shibulal met his wife Kumari, during his university days in SD College. The couple have two children, daughter Shruti and son Shreyas, one of his hobbies is dismantling and reassembling electronic devices to figure out how they work, and likes listening to Carnatic classical music. In a Financial Times interview in 2012, it was cited that his city is New York. Shibulal, along with wife Kumari, daughter Shruti and son Shreyas, holds nearly 2. 2% of Infosys shares, which has a market capitalisation of around $30 billion
S D Shibulal
–
Shibulal at the 2013
Horasis Global India Business Meeting
41.
Vishal Sikka
–
Vishal Sikka is an Indian American CEO and MD of Infosys. Prior to joining Infosys, Dr. Vishal Sikka was a member of the Executive Board of SAP AG, in his 12 years at SAP, Dr. Sikka led SAP’s portfolio including the breakthrough in-memory platform, SAP HANA, all their applications, cloud and technology solutions. He is credited with accelerating SAP’s development processes, transforming its innovation culture and he is also the creator of the concept of ‘timeless software’, which represents the renewal of products without disruption to customer environments. Sikka left the SAP board in May 2014 for personal reasons, Sikka was born in Shajapur Madhya Pradesh to Punjabi parents, an officer in the Indian Railways and a teacher. His family moved to Vadodara in Gujarat, India when he was six and he graduated from Rosary High School. Sikka was accepted to the program at Stanford University. His dissertation was titled Integrating Specialized Procedures into Proof Systems and his thesis advisor was Michael Genesereth and he graduated with his Ph. D. in 1996. After a brief stint at Xeroxs research labs, Sikka founded iBrain which competed at the time with Business Objects, iBrain was acquired by PatternRX, Inc. His second startup, Bodha. com, focused on developing technology for non-invasive, service-based integration of enterprise applications, Sikka joined SAP in 2002 to head up the advanced technology group responsible for strategic innovative projects. Later he was promoted to Senior Vice President of Architecture and Chief Software Architect, responsible for the road map, in April 2007, Sikka was named SAPs first-ever CTO reporting to then CEO Henning Kagermann. In the wake of Léo Apothekers resignation from the board in 2010, Sikka was named to a newly reconstituted board, along with new co-CEOs Bill McDermott. On 4 May 2014, Dr. Vishal Sikka, Executive Board Member for Products and Innovation, announced his departure from the Executive Board for personal reasons, effective immediately. On 12 June 2014, Infosys Ltd, Indias second-largest IT services exporter, named Dr Sikka as its Chief Executive Officer, shibulal, one of the founders, on 1 August. He was inducted as a director of the Board and CEO & MD of Infosys on 14 June. He receives $6 million and stock options worth $5 million as annual compensation, in 2008, Sikka joined the executive board of the CTO Forum, an influential industry non-profit community. He has expressed his admiration for industry visionary Alan Kay and contributed a chapter to Points of View, Sikka served as a member of the advisory board for Coghead from 2006 to 2009 along with industry influencers Steve Bourne, Guy Kawasaki and John Seely Brown. Coghead was acquired by SAP in 2009, Sikka has been an influential advocate for HANA, SAPs new In-memory database technology. He spearheaded the development of HANA since his appointment as CTO with support from Hasso Plattner, since assuming his seat on the executive board, he has spoken on multiple occasions about the potential of HANA as a breakthrough in the enterprise software space
Vishal Sikka
–
Vishal Sikka, CEO & MD of Infosys
42.
Chennai
–
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnnaɪ/, formerly known as Madras /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015, the Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35,000 in 2009,82,790 in 2011, tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015. Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. In 2015 Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in January 2015, it was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP. Chennai has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city. According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a north of Fort St George. However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit. The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 1639
Chennai
–
Clockwise from top right:
Chennai Central,
Marina Beach,
Madras High Court,
TIDEL Park,
Ripon Building,
San Thome Basilica,
Kapaleeshwarar Temple,
Classical dance Bharata Natyam and
Valluvar Kottam.
Chennai
–
Clive House at
Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement in
India during 1609
Chennai
–
Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach
43.
Karnataka
–
Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
Karnataka
–
Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at
Pattadakal, Karnataka, built successively by the kings of the
Chalukya Empire and
Rashtrakuta Empire is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Karnataka
–
Map of Karnataka
Karnataka
–
Hoysala Empire sculptural articulation in
Belur.
Karnataka
–
Shilabalika sculpture at the Chennakeshva Temple in Belur
44.
Tamil Nadu
–
Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
Tamil Nadu
–
Location of Tamil Nadu (marked in red) in
India
Tamil Nadu
–
Sage
Agastya father of Tamil literature,
Sangam period
Tamil Nadu
–
Megalithic Sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu.
45.
Telangana
–
Telangana is one of the 29 states in India, located in southern India. Formed in June 2014 as the newest state in India, from the part of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana has an area of 112,077 square kilometres. It is the twelfth largest state in India, and the twelfth most populated state in India and its major cities include Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north and north west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. Telangana had a history as the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad. It joined the Union of India in 1948, in 1956, the Hyderabad state was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganisation of states and Telangana was merged with former Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. Following a movement for separation, Telangan was awarded separate statehood on 2 June 2014, Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital city for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period of not more than ten years. After Asaf Jahis ceded the Seemandhra region to the British, the rest of the Telugu region retained the name Telingana and the other parts were called Madras Presidencys Circars and Ceded. One of the earliest uses of a similar to Telangana can also be seen in a name of Malik Maqbul, who was called the Tilangani. He was the commander of the Warangal Fort, the Satavahana dynasty became the dominant power in this region. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna rivers and was based at Amaravathi and Dharanikota, after the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties, such as the Vakataka, Vishnukundina, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta and Western Chalukya, ruled the area. The Telangana area experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty, rudrama Devi and Prataparudra II were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack of Malik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved after the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323, the area came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli Qutb Mulk, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate, on 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. In 1712, Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed by emperor Farrukhsiyar as the viceroy of Deccan with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk and he was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan to reclaim the Deccan suba and he took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. He named the area Hyderabad Deccan, subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asif Jahi nizams or nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions of Telangana were part of their realm, when Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces
Telangana
–
Montage of Telangana. Sidewise from top left:
Charminar,
Warangal Fort,
Hyderabad city view,
Nizamabad railway station,
Kuntala Waterfalls,
Falaknuma Palace
Telangana
–
Location of Telangana (marked in red) in India
Telangana
–
Hyderabad state in 1909
Telangana
–
Ramagiri fort ruins at
Kalvacherla in
Karimnagar district is an ancient fort initially built by the Sathavahanas and modified many times by other dynasties till 16th century
46.
Andhra Pradesh
–
Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 162,968 km2, as per 2011 Census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants. On 2 June 2014, the portion of the state was bifurcated to form a new state of Telangana. In accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act,2014, Hyderabad will remain the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of not exceeding 10 years. The new riverfront proposed capital in Guntur district is Amaravati, which is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA, the Gross State Domestic Product of the state in the 2016–2017 financial year at current prices stood at ₹6,800.3 billion. The state has a coastline of 974 km with jurisdiction over nearly 15,000 km2 territorial waters, the second longest among all the states of India after Gujarat. It is bordered by Telangana in the north-west, Chhattisgarh in the north, Odisha in the north-east, Karnataka in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south and the water body of Bay of Bengal in the east. A small enclave of 30 km2 of Yanam, a district of Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh is composed of two regions, Coastal Andhra, located along the Bay of Bengal, and Rayalaseema, in the inland southwestern part of the state. These two regions comprise 13 districts, with 9 in Coastal Andhra and 4 in Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the worlds most visited religious sites, a tribe named Andhra has been mentioned in the Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana. According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India, archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of emperor Ashoka, the Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE, the Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jatiya and Andhra-bhrtya in the Puranic literature, Dharanikota along with Amaravathi was the capital of the later Satavahanas. Amaravathi became a trade and pilgrimage centre during the Satavahana rule. According to the Buddhist tradition, Nagarjuna lived here, possibly in second, Andhra Ikshvakus were one of the earliest recorded ruling dynasties of the Guntur-Krishna regions of Andhra Pradesh. They ruled the eastern Andhra country along the Krishna river during the half of the second century CE. Puranas called Andhra Ikshvakus Shri Parvatiya Andhras, archaeological evidence has suggested that the Andhra Ikshvakus immediately succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna river valley
Andhra Pradesh
–
Montage of Andhra Pradesh Clockwise from top left:
Vijayawada city view,
Araku Valley,
Visakhapatnam Port view,
Godavari Arch Bridge (
Rajahmundry), Tirumala temple (
Tirupati), Dolphin's Nose mountain and the
Bay of Bengal at Visakhapatnam.
Andhra Pradesh
–
Logo
Andhra Pradesh
–
తెలుగు తల్లి - Telugu Thalli
Andhra Pradesh
–
Early
Satakarni issue,
Maharashtra –
Vidarbha type.
47.
Maharashtra
–
Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
Maharashtra
–
Trimurti sculpture of
Lord Dattatreya from
Elephanta Caves, an
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra
Maharashtra
–
Ajanta Caves in
Aurangabad, Maharashtra
Maharashtra
–
Late Harappa figure from
Daimabad hoard,
Indus Valley Civilization
Maharashtra
–
Bronze statue of
Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the Shri Bhavani Museum of
Aundh, Maharashtra.
48.
Odisha
–
Odisha (/ɒˈrɪsə, ɔː-, oʊ-/, is one of the 29 states of India, located in the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the north-east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west, Odisha has 485 kilometres of coastline along the Bay of Bengal on its east, from Balasore to Malkangiri. It is the 9th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population and it is also the 3rd most populous state of India in terms of tribal population. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census. The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, the modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April 1936, as a province in British India, and consisted predominantly of Odia-speaking regions. April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, the region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in Indias national anthem, Jana Gana Mana. Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c,1135, after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha, the term Odisha is derived from the ancient Prakrit word Odda Visaya as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I, which is dated to 1025. Sarala Das, who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century, calls the region Odra Rashtra, the inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya. After a brief debate, the house, Lok Sabha, passed the bill. On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha, the house of Parliament, also passed the bill. Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in places in the region. Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata, Vayu Purana, the Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata. Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE, which was the eighth year of his reign. According to his own edicts, in that war about 100,000 people were killed,150,000 were captured, the resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism, by c.150 CE, emperor Kharavela, who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria, conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill, subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka. It was also a part of Harshas empire, later, the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region
Odisha
–
Hathigumpha on the
Udayagiri Hills built in c. 150 BCE
Odisha
–
Location of Odisha in
India
Odisha
–
Konark Sun Temple built by the
Eastern Ganga dynasty (c. 1250) is a
World Heritage Site
Odisha
–
Satellite view of the
Mahanadi river
delta
49.
Punjab, India
–
Punjab is a state in North India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory, after the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided on the basis of language in 1966 and it was divided into 3 parts. Haryanvi speaking areas were carved out as Haryana, Hilly regions, Punjab is the only Sikh majority state in India with Sikhs being 57. 69% of the population. Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab, Punjab has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in Steel Town—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district. The word Punjab is a compound of the Persian words panj, thus Panjāb roughly means the land of five rivers. The five rivers are the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name, i. e. The name is sometimes spelled as Panjab. During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800–400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta, the Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Rupar. The Vedic Civilization spread along the length of the Sarasvati River to cover most of northern India including Punjab and this civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Punjab region was conquered by many ancient empires including the Gandhara, Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, the furthest eastern extent of Alexander the Greats exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities such as Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth, due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks, Scythians, Turks and this resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Sikh and British influences, the regions of Azad Kashmir and Jammu have also been historically associated with the Punjab. The Punjab is the Sapta Sindhu region mentioned in the Rig Veda, among the classic books that were wholly or partly composed in this region are the following. The Brahmins of this region are called Saraswata after the legendary Saraswati river region, Hinduism has been prevalent in Punjab since historical times before the arrival of Islam and birth of Sikhism in Punjab. Some of the influential Sikh figures such as Guru Nanak, Banda Singh Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, many of Punjabs Hindus converted to Sikhism. Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas, many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab are still named from that period like Lahore, Jalandhar, Chandigarh and so on
Punjab, India
–
Bottom to top:
Harmandir Sahib,
Qila Mubarak,
Gandhi Bhavan,
Wagah Border,
Jallianwala Bagh Memorial
Punjab, India
Punjab, India
–
Darbar of
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Punjab, India
–
Sikh Empire
50.
University of Cambridge
–
The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
University of Cambridge
–
Emmanuel College Chapel
University of Cambridge
–
University of Cambridge coat of arms
University of Cambridge
–
Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge
–
Trinity Lane in the snow, with
King's College Chapel (centre),
Clare College Chapel (right), and the
Old Schools (left)
US$10.208 billion (2017)[1]
