An infrared heater or heat lamp is a heating appliance containing a high-temperature emitter that transfers energy to a cooler object through electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the temperature of the emitter, the wavelength of the peak of the infrared radiation ranges from 750 nm to 1 mm. No contact or medium between the emitter and cool object is needed for the energy transfer. Infrared heaters can be operated in vacuum or atmosphere.
A household infrared electric heater
Soviet infrared heater with open wire element. 1963
Electrical infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010s
Carbon Fiber Heater
A heating element is a device used for conversion of electric energy into heat, consisting of a heating resistor and accessories. Heat is generated by the passage of electric current through a resistor through a process known as Joule Heating. Heating elements are used in household appliances, industrial equipment, and scientific instruments enabling them to perform tasks such as cooking, warming, or maintaining specific temperatures higher than the ambient.
A folded tubular heating element from an espresso machine
Tubular oven heating element
A flexible PTC heater made of conductive rubber
A thick-film heater printed on a mica sheet