1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
3.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
4.
Eastside, Atlanta
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Eastside refers to the city district comprising the easternmost portion of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The Eastside generally encompasses the area bounded on the west by Midtown Atlanta and Downtown Atlanta, the central corridor of the district is the BeltLine Eastside Trail, which connects northern Eastside neighborhoods with those to the south. The Eastside is perhaps best known for its nightlife establishments, local eateries, the area that is now the Eastside was the site of the Battle of Atlanta, which was part of the Atlanta Campaign and sealed the fate of the Confederacy. Indeed, Lemuel P. Grant designed the fortifications to protect his plantation on what is now the Eastside neighborhood of Grant Park. McPherson placed his Yankee forces on high ground a mile east of Grants plantation, beginning in the 1890s, streetcar suburbs were constructed on the Eastside as havens for the upper middle class. Some Eastside neighborhoods, including Kirkwood and Edgewood, were separate municipalities before annexation by Atlanta in 1909 and 1915, by mid-century, the Eastside began to succumb to the effects of urban decay and white flight, with Virginia-Highland remaining a notable exception to the areas decline. While the area suffered during the 1970s and 80s nadir of Atlantas depopulation, in 1990, when Atlantas intown resurgence began in earnest, the Eastside served as the starting point for the citys gentrification wave. Due to the proximity to downtown, an ample stock of historic housing. In Kirkwood, for example, median sales prices soared 275% from 1993 to 2003, the initialization of the BeltLine project in 2005 sent the areas revitalization into overdrive
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Planned community
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A planned community, or planned city, is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in an ad hoc fashion. Land use conflicts are less frequent in these communities, the term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American cities. C. in the United States. In Egypt, a new capital city east of Cairo has been proposed, the federal administrative centre of Malaysia, Putrajaya, is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities, prior to the boom, these were just villages or towns. The city of Gaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s, in 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala. Konza Technology City is a city that is hoped to become a hub of African science. The capital, Abuja, is a city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating 250,000 residents, centenary City, in the Federal Capital Territory, is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country, a list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows, Abuja, one of the most populous planned cities, and the fastest growing city in the world. Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State Lekki, a new city in Lagos State Lekki Free Zone, a trade zone in the Lekki Orange Island. Victoria Island in Lagos, Lagos State A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups, Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom, Sasolburg and Secunda. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages, some settlements were also set up for non whites such as the former homeland capital of Bhisho. Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma and it is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana, and approximately 300 km north of Yangon. The capitals official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day, much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burmas third largest city, after Yangon, famous examples are Changan in Tang dynasty and Beijing
6.
Inman Park
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Inman Park is a neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, and its first planned suburb. It was named for Samuel M. Inman, the East Atlanta Land Company acquired and developed more than 130 acres east of the city and Hurt named the new suburb for his friend and business associate, Samuel M. Inman. Joseph Forsyth Johnson was hired as designer for Inman Park who included curvilinear street designs. It was to be a place of homes, of pretty homes, green lawns, and all save those who would make desirable residents have been excluded. Its the prettiest, highest, healthiest and most desirable locality I ever saw, and as far as accessibility it ranks second to no residence portion of the city. We have three car lines and frequent schedules, Moreland Park was by contrast developed as a more traditional, incremental building of sub-divisions as opposed to the grand plan for Inman Park proper. The arrival of the automobile allowed upper class Atlantans to live in suburbs farther north from downtown workplaces, such as Morningside, Inman Park became less fashionable and the exuberant Victorian architecture came to seem dated. The mansions came to be subdivided into apartments and they lived in rented bungalows or big houses chopped up into tiny roach-infested apartments. He and his partner, Robert Aiken, bought the house, to publicize the progress they were making, they began a Tour of Homes with a small festival, which has grown into the hugely popular Inman Park Festival, held each spring. After decades of restoration and renewal, Inman Park is now regarded as a highly desirable intown neighborhood with a mixture of rental and owner-occupied houses, since the beginning of its renewal, inclusivity and a strong sense of community have distinguished Inman Park. The Festivals centerpiece is the Tour of Homes, which showcases the variety of sizes and types of residences in the neighborhood. Former industrial areas on the west side of the neighborhood have been redeveloped into mixed-use complexes, the former General Pipe and Foundry site is now North Highland Steel and the Mead paper plant site is now Inman Park Village. In 2015 it was converted into an office and restaurant space. Inman Park contains Atlantas best collection of architecture from the late 19th. Styles include Queen Anne, high-style Italianate and Romanesque mansion as well as bungalows, shotguns. There are two districts within the Inman Park neighborhoods, the Inman Park historic district, and the Inman Park-Moreland Historic District. Notable houses include, Beath-Dickey House Callan Castle Kriegshaber House The Krog Street Tunnel under the CSX Railroad connects Inman Park with Cabbagetown and is famous for street art. Krog Street Market is a food hall Edgewood Avenue in both Inman Park and Old Fourth Ward is a restaurant street that has been gaining acclaim especially since 2013
7.
Streetcars in Atlanta
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Streetcars originally operated in Atlanta downtown and into the surrounding areas from 1871 until the final lines closure in 1949. The first such transportation began with horsecars in 1871, and electric service started in the 1880s. In addition to streetcars in Atlanta proper, there were also interurban railways from Atlanta to outlying towns, the last streetcar service on the old network ended in 1949, the streetcar system was quickly replaced by a trolleybus system and with buses. After decades of planning, construction of a new streetcar system, consisting initially of a single route, this new streetcar line opened in December 2014. Planning for a network, including on an abandoned loop of intown rail tracks now known as the BeltLine is under way. Peters, Fulton County Street RR Co. begins its Nine-Mile Circle line to what is now Virginia Highland, prior to this, it was common for Black and white passengers to sit next to each other on streetcars. 1891 Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Company formed instigating the Second Battle of Atlanta 1892 Atlanta City Street Railway Co, however a more recent pared-down proposal would run between the Arts Center MARTA station in Midtown and the Five Points MARTA station downtown. In 2015, Buckhead business leaders and city councilpersons successfully had the portion of along Peachtree Rd, from Piedmont Hospital to Lenox Mall, in July 2012, there was a referendum on a 1-cent sales tax to fund traffic and road improvements. If it had approved, the tax would have funded several streetcar routes along portions of the BeltLine trail and connections onto MARTA stations. In Fulton and DeKalb Counties the results were 52% against and 48% for, the route originated from the efforts of Reps. John Lewis, Denise Majette and Cynthia McKinney, who obtained funding from the Dept. of Transportation for a $2 million feasibility study. In June 2011 the Gwinnett, Cobb, and North Fulton Chambers of Commerce held a summit to promote light rail transit in the metropolitan area. It was especially remarkable in light of decades-long opposition to rapid transit in the area, the route runs 2.7 miles east-west from Centennial Olympic Park to the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, with tracks that converge at Woodruff Park
8.
Edgewood Avenue
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Edgewood Avenue is a street in Atlanta running from Five Points in Downtown Atlanta, eastward through the Old Fourth Ward. The avenue runs in the direction of the Edgewood neighborhood, Edgewood Avenue was first important as the route of a streetcar line to Inman Park, Atlantas first garden suburb and home to many of its most prominent citizens. Today, the avenue is known for its restaurants and nightlife around its intersection with Boulevard, Edgewood Avenue has its origins with the Atlanta & Edgewood Street Railroad Company, originally authorized to run horsecars along Foster Street to what was then the separate village of Edgewood. The company, owned by Joel Hurt, introduced Atlantas first electric service in 1889. The streetcar was designed to make Hurts garden suburb, Inman Park, in between were 94 houses and lots. After decades of neglect, the part of the located in the Old Fourth Ward has become a bar and restaurant district. Bar and restaurant-owners are attracted to Edgewoods non-corporate feel, mostly due to its urban layout, in 2013, Creative Loafing editor Cliff Bostock called Edgewood Avenue the most diverse party and dining area in the city. Im talking age, sexual orientation, and lifestyle, as much as race, in April 2014, Atlanta magazine noted that the avenue had become a foodie hangout, and only recently. The article quoted Keiran Neely, co-owner of Pizzeria Vesuvius and the Music Room, as saying and it seems like every week there’s a new restaurant or bar. At each end, Edgewood Avenue is served by MARTA trains, at Five Points, from 2013 to 2014, the Edgewood Avenue Bridge over the BeltLine trail was demolished and replaced, costing US$4.5 million. Edgewood Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, USA
9.
Buckhead
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Buckhead is an affluent uptown district of Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, comprising approximately the northern fifth of the city. Buckhead is a commercial and financial center of the Southeast. The districts highrise office buildings, hotels, and condominiums form a highly urbanized core along Peachtree Road, surrounding this dense core are Buckheads residential neighborhoods, which feature large single-family homes situated among dense forests and rolling hills. In 1838, Henry Irby purchased 202 1/2 acres surrounding the present intersection of Peachtree, Roswell, Irby subsequently established a general store and tavern at the northwest corner of the intersection. The name Buckhead comes from a story that Irby killed a buck deer. Prior to this, the settlement was called Irbyville, by the late 1800s, Buckhead had become a rural vacation spot for wealthy Atlantans. In the 1890s, Buckhead was rechristened Atlanta Heights but by the 1920s it was again Buckhead, Buckhead remained dominated by country estates until after World War I, when many of Atlantas wealthy began building mansions among the areas rolling hills. Despite the stock market crash of 1929, lavish mansions were constructed in Buckhead throughout the Great Depression. In 1930, Henry Aaron Alexander built one of the largest homes on Peachtree Road, the community was annexed by Atlanta in 1952, following an earlier attempt by Mayor William B. Hartsfield in 1946 that was voted down by residents. Buckheads black neighborhoods, including Johnsontown, Piney Grove, Savagetown, in 1956, an estate known as Joyeuse was chosen as the site for a major shopping center to be known as Lenox Square. The mall was designed by Joe Amisano, an architect who designed many of Atlantas modernist buildings, beginning in 2000, residents sought to ameliorate the crime situation by taking measures to reduce the communitys nightlife and re-establish a more residential character. Eventually, most of the Buckhead Village nightlife district was acquired for the Buckhead Atlanta multi-use project, in 2008, a newsletter by the Fulton County Taxpayers Foundation began circulating that proposed the secession of Buckhead into its own city after more than 50 years as part of Atlanta. Like those cities, the argument to create a city of Buckhead is based on the desire for local control. Buckhead was originally the area now called Buckhead Village. The current usage of the term Buckhead roughly covers the interior of the V formed by Interstate 85 on the east, Buckhead comprises most of the neighborhoods of Atlantas north side,43 in total. The southernmost area around the Brookwood and Ardmore neighborhoods is sometimes regarded as a neighborhood of South Buckhead. Since at least the 1950s, Buckhead has been known as a district of extreme wealth, with the western and northern neighborhoods being virtually unrivaled in the Southeast. The same group reported the average income at $280,631
10.
BeltLine
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The BeltLine is a former railway corridor around the core of Atlanta, Georgia, under development in stages as a multi-use trail. Some portions are already complete, while others are still in a rough state, using existing rail track easements, the BeltLine is designed to improve transportation, add green space, and promote redevelopment. There are longer-term visions for streetcar or light-rail lines along all or part of the corridor, the BeltLine plan was originally developed in 1999 as a masters thesis by Georgia Tech student Ryan Gravel. It links city parks and neighborhoods, but has also used for temporary art installations. In 2013, the received a federal grant of $18 million to develop the southwest corridor. The idea originated in a 1999 masters degree thesis by Georgia Tech student Ryan Gravel, Cathy Woolard, then the city council representative for district six, was an early supporter of the concept. Woolard, Gravel, Arnold, and Edgens spent the several months promoting the idea of the BeltLine to neighborhood groups, the PATH foundation. Supported by Atlanta mayor Shirley Franklin, previous city council president Cathy Woolard, and many others in Atlantas large business community, the railroad tracks and rights-of-way are owned mostly by CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern, and the Georgia Department of Transportation. Developer Wayne Mason had purchased most of the NS portion, in anticipation of the BeltLine, the total length will be 22 miles, running about 3 miles on either side of Atlantas elongated central business district. It is planned to include a transit system, footpaths for non-motorized traffic, including bicycling, rollerskating, and walking. The project is included in the 25-year Mobility 2030 plan of the Atlanta Regional Commission for improving transit, as of 2014, the projects planners estimated they had 17 years left before the project would be completed, and no light-rail lines had yet been built. In total, the BeltLine will create or rejuvenate 1,300 acres of greenspace, the Trust for Public Land first identified areas that would be appropriate for parkland, and spurred the inclusion of the park component in the current plan. The Trust is active in acquiring land for the project, which it intends to sell to the city after bonds have been issued from the beltline tax-allocation district, the plan would expand these existing parks, Enota Park from 0. The surveys were done and initial construction had begun when the courts ordered a halt in May 1899 as that work did not fall under the A&WPs charter, the initial charter was to encompass no more than 30 miles and named only perimeter points Howell and Clifton Stations. Since Clifton was in DeKalb County, both it and Fulton were named in the charter, after surveys of the route and right of way acquisitions, the DeKalb portion was ditched leaving the entire route in Fulton County. The entire line was completed by 1902,1999 Ryan Gravels masters thesis 2003 Georgia Tech senior design project is first feasibility study done on the beltline and presented to the Atlanta City Council. The study included the first public support analysis which showed overwhelming support for the project. July — Atlanta BeltLine, Inc. was formed by Invest Atlanta, september 21 — developer Wayne Mason who owns the 5-mile northeast segment withdraws his rezoning applications from the city
11.
Freedom Parkway
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Freedom Park is one of the largest city parks in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The park forms a shape with the axes crossing at the Carter Center. The park stretches from west-east from Parkway Drive, just west of Boulevard, to Candler Park, in the 1960s, the Georgia Department of Transportation began acquiring land for two east-side freeways. The north-south route would have cut north from I-20 through Virginia-Highland, creating an interchange at I-85, the east-west route would run east from the Downtown Connector to the Stone Mountain Expressway. A cloverleaf interchange for the two was to be atop the prominent hill where the neighborhood of Copenhill was demolished, the east-west portion from Downtown to Copenhill and the north south portion from Copenhill north to the I-85/SR400 interchange, was to carry the interstate number I-485. That land sat vacant and overgrowing with kudzu for more than 20 years, the strip of land further to the east, and land along the new parkway segment, was converted into a linear park with the help of PATH. The 207-acre Freedom Park was officially dedicated on September 19,2000 with ribbon cutters Jimmy Carter, then-current Governor Roy Barnes, since then it has hosted a number of outdoor sculpture displays and is a popular jogging, bike riding, and dog-walking park. The Freedom Parkway East portion running around and to the east of the Carter Center is Georgia State Route 42 Connector and this area is considered part of Poncey-Highland, one of the neighborhoods of Atlanta. This portion around the Carter Center consists of two one-way streets, eastbound, Copenhill Avenue begins as exit ramps from SR10 northbound and southbound, then curving northward and becoming two-way as Cleburne Avenue at the northeast corner of the library property. Westbound traffic is carried along the side on Williams Mill Road. Freedom Parkway East continues east of North Highland Avenue as Vaud Avenue, the radio tower located immediately adjacent to the road just southwest of the Carter Center is that of WSB-TV39. Falling ice could occur with gusty north and northwest winds from the tower itself, the Bridge, by Thornton Dial, at Ponce de Leon Avenue. Portrays congressman John Lewis lifelong quest for civil and human rights, Freedom Park Conservancy Freedom Park Virtual Tour
