1.
Government of Canada
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The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
2.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
3.
Navdeep Bains
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Navdeep Singh Bains is a Canadian politician who is the current Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. Bains, a Liberal, represents the riding of Mississauga—Malton in the House of Commons after his election in 2015 and he previously represented the riding of Mississauga—Brampton South from 2004 to 2011. On November 4,2015, he was appointed the Minister of Innovation, Science, Bains was born in Toronto, Ontario on June 16,1977 to Harminder and Balwinder, entrepreneur Sikh immigrant parents. Bains graduated from Turner Fenton Secondary School in Brampton, after completing high school, Bains attended York University where he received his Bachelor of Administrative Studies. He then went on to finish his Masters in Business Administration from the University of Windsor and he has also received his Certified Management Accounting designation. In 2016, he was awarded the prestigious FCPA designation by CPA Ontario for his achievements including community leadership”. Bains worked as a financial processing analyst at Nike Canada from 2000 to 2001 and he also worked for the Ford Motor Company as a revenue and costing analyst from 2000 until 2004. At that time, Bains was only 26 years old and the youngest Liberal MP in Parliament, in October 2005, Bains also became a member of the Red Ribbon Task Force that released a 2006 report on revitalizing the party organization. In 2006, Bains was re-elected in his riding with just under 54% of the vote, also in 2006, Bains co-chaired the Liberal Party of Canada s annual general meeting Toronto. Because of his position in the Party and the roles he has given, Bains was seen as a rising star. In the 39th Parliament, Bains held Official Opposition critic portfolios for Public Works and Government Services, the Treasury Board, Bains was also member of the Liberal Caucus Committees for Planning and Priorities, Canada and the World and Economic Prosperity. In January 2007, he was appointed to the National Election Readiness Committee as a Caucus Representative, in March 2009, Bains was appointed Chair of Platform Development and oversaw the creation of the party’s next electoral platform. During the 40th Parliament, Bains held Official Opposition critic portfolios for Natural Resources, Small Business, in the 2011 federal election, Eve Adams, a former Mississauga City Councillor, beat Bains by over 5,000 votes. Bains was a director of the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation from September 2012 to September 2015 and he also served on the Ontario Provincial Board of the Heart and Stroke Foundation, including a stint as Vice Chair starting December 2014. Bains is also on the board of advisors for the Pearson Centre for Progressive Policy and his teaching contract at Ryerson was extended, and he was still a professor at the time of his re-election in 2015. Provincial Liberal Linda Jeffrey subsequently ran for mayor and won, Bains was the Ontario co-chair for the federal Liberal campaign, and was returned to the House of Commons in the 2015 federal election in the new riding of Mississauga—Malton. On November 4,2015, he was appointed the Minister of Innovation, Science, the next day, Bains announced that the mandatory long form census would be restored for 2016, after it was removed from the 2011 edition under the Harper government. Under Bains’ leadership, the 2016 Census response rate exceeded 98 percent, a major focus of Bains’ mandate is to spur innovation and economic development in Canada
4.
Kirsty Duncan
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Kirsty Ellen Duncan PC MP is a Canadian politician and medical geographer from Ontario, Canada. She is also currently a professor at the University of Toronto and has published a book about her 1998 expedition to uncover the cause of the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic. After graduating from Kipling Collegiate Institute in 1985 as an Ontario Scholar, Duncan studied geography and she then entered graduate school at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and completed a Ph. D. in geography in 1992. From 1993 to 2000, Duncan taught meteorology, climatology and climate change at the University of Windsor, though at the time she knew nothing about influenza, she began what she called a six-month crash course in virology. Eventually, she began searching for possible frozen samples of lung and her initial thoughts led her to think of Alaska, as it contains large areas of permafrost, which would leave the viruses intact, but the search proved fruitless. She then began assembling a team of scientists to accompany her, after several more years of preparation, which involved garnering various permissions to perform the exhumations, the ground survey began in 1998. However, the samples were not viable, as the bodies were not in the permafrost, in 2003, Duncan wrote a book about her expedition, entitled Hunting the 1918 Flu, One Scientists Search for a Killer Virus. Published by the University of Toronto Press, it details Duncans process, after the books publication, Duncan began speaking about pandemics, which led her to begin teaching corporate social responsibility at the University of Torontos Rotman School of Management. In 2008, Duncan published a book, Environment and Health. In February 2008, Roy Cullen announced that he would not be running in the federal election. She was considered a significant addition toward Dions goal of fielding 103 women candidates in the next election and she was elected in the 2008 general election and re-elected in the 2011 and 2015 general elections. On November 4,2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau appointed her to the Cabinet as Minister of Science. Duncan was tasked with establishing the new position of chief science officer that would serve as a replacement to the position of national science adviser role eliminated by Stephen Harper in 2008. Johan Hultin, a pathologist who also used frozen tissues to study the 1918 influenza virus Kirsty Duncan – Parliament of Canada biography
5.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
6.
C. D. Howe Building
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Howe Building is an office tower in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that is the home of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, the Office of the Auditor General and other smaller tenants. It was built by Olympia and York, the federal government sold the land to O&Y for a dollar and signed an agreement to lease the final building for a set rate until 2012. The eleven-story building was opened in 1978 and it was named after C. D. Howe, a noted federal minister in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. It is located at the prominent intersection of Bank Street and Sparks Street, the lower levels of the building contain a shopping mall named 240 Sparks. The mall covers 3 floors with 50 stores including a Holt Renfrew store, the most notable element of the buildings interior is the amount of greenery and the large waterfall. More than 30% of the roof is landscaped and grows indigenous flowers, grasses, another 30% of the rooftop uses green roof technology. Howe Building was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa in both 2012 and 2014, the two elevator banks contain two storey tall cars that rise in a large atrium that stretches the entire height of the building. Howe Building was recognized by the Building Owners and Managers Association as the Government Office Building of the Year - Canada in 1997/98 for excellence in management, the award was presented to the Property Manager, Ronald Vadeboncoeur RPA, FMA, CPM in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He accepted on behalf of his team, including key members, Sue Baxter, Barry ORegan, Paul Anderson, Celine Maisonneuve, Pierre Boucher, Sparks Street complex provides unique picture of O&Y strategy
7.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
8.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
9.
29th Canadian Ministry
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The Twenty-Ninth Canadian Ministry is the combined Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Ministers that began governing Canada shortly before the opening of the 42nd Parliament. The original members were sworn in during a ceremony held at Rideau Hall on November 4,2015 and those who were not already members of the Queens Privy Council for Canada were sworn into the Privy Council in the same ceremony. The Cabinet currently consists of 30 members, including the prime minister, when the ministry was first sworn in, with fifteen men and fifteen women, it became the first gender-balanced cabinet in Canadian history. List of Prime Ministers of Canada List of current Parliamentary Secretaries of Canada
10.
Justin Trudeau
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Justin Pierre James Trudeau PC MP is a Canadian politician. He is the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party. The second youngest Prime Minister after Joe Clark, he is also, as the eldest son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a public profile in October 2000, when he delivered a eulogy at his fathers state funeral. After graduating, he worked as a teacher in Vancouver, British Columbia and he completed one year of an engineering program at Montreals École Polytechnique before quitting in 2003. In 2005 he began a degree in environmental geography at McGill University. He used his profile to advocate for various causes and acted in the 2007 TV miniseries The Great War. Eight years after his fathers death, Trudeau entered politics, in the 2008 federal election, he was elected to represent the riding of Papineau in the House of Commons. In 2009, he was appointed the Liberal Partys critic for youth and multiculturalism, in 2011, he was appointed as critic for secondary education and youth and amateur sport. On Christmas Day, Justin Trudeau was born at 9,27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital, like all Canadian hospitals at that time, Ottawa Civic Hospital barred husbands from the delivery room. The hospitals board of directors promptly ended the restriction following Margaret Trudeaus protests and many hospitals in the city. Trudeau is the child in Canadian history to be born to a prime minister in office. Trudeaus younger brothers Alexandre and Michel were the third and fourth, Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish, French Canadian, and English descent. His grandfathers were businessman Charles-Émile Trudeau and Scottish-born James Sinclair, who served as minister of fisheries in the cabinet of prime minister Louis St. Laurent. Trudeaus maternal great-grandfather Thomas Bernard was born in Makassar to an Anglo-Dutch colonial family and immigrated to Penticton, on April 14,1972, Trudeaus father and mother hosted a gala at the National Arts Centre, at which visiting U. S. president Richard M. Earlier that same day U. S. first lady Pat Nixon had come to see him in his nursery to deliver a gift, nixons White House audio tapes later revealed Nixon referred to that visit as wasting three days up there. That trip we needed like a hole in the head and his parents publicly announced their separation on May 27,1977, when Trudeau was five years old, with his father having custody. Eventually his parents came to an amicable joint-custody arrangement and learned to get quite well
11.
Minister of Science (Canada)
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The Minister of Science is an office in the Cabinet of Canada that originally existing from 1990 to 1995 and was brought back in 2008. In 1995, the portfolio was merged with that of the Minister of Consumer, in the appointments to the Cabinet of Canada of October 30,2008 under Stephen Harper, the portfolio was reintroduced as a Minister of State and given to Gary Goodyear. In 2015, Kirsty Duncan was appointed a Minister of State styled as Minister of Science to assist the Minister of Industry, duncans portfolio was expected to oversee basic research, while Navdeep Bains would oversee applied science. Minister of Science - Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
12.
Business Development Bank of Canada
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The Business Development Bank of Canada is a federal Crown corporation wholly owned by the Government of Canada. The bank was founded in 1944 and its headquarters is located in Montreal. BDC has more than 112 business centres across Canada and more than 42,000 clients, bDCs debt obligations, secured by the Government of Canada, are issued to public and private sector institutions. The bank was established by an Act of Parliament as the Industrial Development Bank in September 1944, IDB was initially an arm of the Bank of Canada, and the Governor of the Bank was also Chief Executive Officer of the IDB. During its first years, the main role was to help small “industrial enterprises” convert from military production to peace-time operations after the Second World War. IDB was one of the first and largest development banks in the world, the Industrial Development Bank Act was first amended in 1952 to allow the bank to offer financing to companies in the commercial airlines industry. By the mid-1950s, one out of every 10 planes in Canada was financed by IDB, later, IDB’s Act was amended two more times to allow the bank to lend to companies in almost all industries. In the mid-1970s, the bank added consulting and training to its offerings to help entrepreneurs better manage their businesses. In 1975, the name of the changed to Federal Business Development Bank. At the time, the bank was known as “a lender of last resort”—supporting businesses in difficulty, in 1995, Parliament passed the Business Development Bank of Canada Act, leading to a new name and mission for the bank. Since 1998, it has been profitable and paid a total of $417 million in dividends to its sole shareholder, every ten years, the Minister of Industry must conduct a review of the provisions and operations of the BDC Act. The last legislative review was completed in December 2014, BDC offers loans and consulting services with a focus on small and medium-sized companies. It reports to Parliament through the Minister of Innovation, Science, BDC Capital, a subsidiary of BDC, offers specialized financing, including venture capital, equity as well as growth and business transition capital. BDCs Venture Capital arm makes strategic investments in Canadian companies through its Energy/Cleantech Fund, Healthcare Fund, notable investments include Q1 Labs, Radian6, Canopy Labs, D-Wave Systems, and Klipfolio Dashboard. BDC is a lender, offering commercial loans and investments that fill out or complete services available from private-sector financial institutions. It also provides advice to businesses through its consulting division, small Business Week is an annual celebration of entrepreneurs and their contribution to Canadian society. A wide range of activities is held across the country during the week of October. Small Business week was launched by BDC in 1979 and became an event in 1981
13.
Canadian Space Agency
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The Canadian Space Agency was established by the Canadian Space Agency Act which received Royal Assent on May 10,1990. The agency reports to the federal Minister of Innovation, Science, the current president of the Canadian Space Agency is Sylvain Laporte, who took the position March 9,2015 following the announcement of his appointment on February 27,2015. The headquarters of the CSA is located at the John H. Chapman Space Centre in Longueuil, the agency also has offices in Ottawa, Ontario, at the David Florida Laboratory, and small liaison offices in Houston, Washington, D. C. and Paris. The origins of the Canadian upper atmosphere and space program can be traced back to the end of the Second World War and this work would soon lead to the development of Canadas first satellite known as Alouette 1. With the launch of Alouette 1 in September 1962 Canada became the country to put an artificial satellite into space. This undertaking was designated an International Milestone of Electrical Engineering by IEEE in 1993, the launch of Anik A-1 in 1972 made Canada the first country in the world to establish its own domestic geostationary communication satellite network. These and other related activities in the 1980s compelled the Canadian government to promulgate the Canadian Space Agency Act which established the Canadian Space Agency. The Act received royal assent on May 10,1990 and came into force on December 14,1990, in 1999 the CSA was moved from project based to A-base funding and given a fixed annual budget of $300 Million. The actual budget varies from year to year due to additional earmarks, the Canadian Space Agencys mission statement says that the agency is committed to leading the development and application of space knowledge for the benefit of Canadians and humanity. Canadas collaboration with Europe in space activities predated both the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada is allowed to participate in optional programs, it also has to contribute to the General Budget but not as much as associate membership would have entailed. This status was unique at the time and remains so today, on 15 December 2010 the accord was renewed for a further 10 years, until 2020. By virtue of this accord, Canada takes part in ESA deliberative bodies and decision-making, Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The head of the Canadian delegation to ESA is the president of the Canadian Space Agency, as of February 2009, there are currently 30 Canadians that are employed as staff members at ESA. The Canadian Space Program is administered by the Canadian Space Agency, Canada has contributed technology, expertise and personnel to the world space effort, especially in collaboration with ESA and NASA. The Canadarm and Canadarm2 employ the Advanced Space Vision System which allows efficient use of the robotic arms. Another Canadian technology of note is the Orbiter Boom Sensor System, there have been four recruiting campaigns for astronauts for the CSA. The first, in 1983, led to the selection of Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Robert Thirsk, Ken Money, Bjarni Tryggvason, the second, in 1992, selected Chris Hadfield, Julie Payette, Dafydd Williams and Michael McKay
14.
Communications Research Centre Canada
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Officially established in 1969, CRCs roots can be traced back to the late 1940s and the Canadian Defence Research Board. The Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment existed from 1951-1969 within the DRB, in 1969, the federal government established a Department of Communications. The DRTE in its entirety was transferred to the new research branch. The CRC came under Industry Canadas wing in 1994, throughout its history, the CRC has made significant contributions to the information and communications technology sector in Canada and abroad. The CRC contributed to many firsts in Canadian communications, a number of which involved satellite communications, in 1962 the then-DRTE launched Alouette 1, Canadas first satellite. This led to the development of Canadas own communications satellite program, in 1976 the HERMES satellite was launched. It was the first high-powered satellite and the first to operate at the higher frequency Ku-band, in 1978, CRC offered the worlds first direct-to-home satellite television broadcast via Hermes - a Stanley Cup hockey game. Later that year, the CRC gave a demonstration of Telidon. In 1983, CRC set up the first permanent Canadian governmental connection to the Internet, in the 1980s, the CRC funded and led the development of SHARP, which in 1987 became the worlds first microwave-powered aircraft to fly. Recognition of the CRCs contributions include the 1993 designation of the Alouette-ISIS Program as one of the 10 most outstanding achievements in the first 100 years of engineering in Canada, in 2007, the Alouette 1 Satellite Program was designated a National Historic Event. In 1995, the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute awarded CRCs SARSAT team, headed by Dr. A. Winter, Mr. H. Werstiuk, blevis, the first ever Alouette Award for contributions in advancing search and rescue technology. CRC’s research and development in telecommunications also earned it the 2007 Special Recognition Award from Canada’s Telecommunication Hall of Fame, Communications Research Centre Friends of CRC
15.
National Research Council (Canada)
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The National Research Council is the primary national research and technology organization of the Government of Canada, in science and technology research and development. The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the National Research Council, the transformation of the NRC into an RTO that focuses on business-led research was part of the federal governments Economic Action Plan. With these services, NRC intends to shorten the gap between early research and development and commercialization. NRC now has over 30 approved programs, NRC is a Government of Canada organization. It’s mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act, in 2011, NRC President John R. McDougall, began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industrial-relevant research. This included the development of programs, shifting research budget out of existing research. The NRC was not involved in this area of prior to the arrival of Mr. McDougall. The Canadian Wheat Improvement Program is a collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the University of Saskatchewan’s Crop Development Centre. Working with breeders and scientists at the Crop Development Centre and at AAFC, the GaN Electronics program supports partner research and development activities with a goal of ensuring that GaN technology will create wealth and a greener future for Canadians. NRC is the only Canadian foundry for GaN electronics, and offers both normally-on and normally-off devices, the GaN500v2 Foundry Design Kit was released on June 28,2014. The NRC is managed by a governing council, current members of the council are, Patricia Béretta, PhD. Wayne Gulliver, dermatologist, President Newlab Clinical Research Inc. James P, louise Proulx, PhD, Vice-President, Product Development, Topigen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Close to 4,000 people across Canada are employed by the NRC, in addition, the Council also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. The NRC was established in 1916 under the pressure of World War I to advise the government on matters of science, in 1932, laboratories were built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa. With the impetus of World War II, the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes became a military science, a special branch known as the Examination Unit was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. According to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service website, the NRC headquarters in Ottawa was a prime target during the Cold War. The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at the Montreal Laboratory, post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Atomic research went to the newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946
16.
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
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The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada is a Canadian government agency that provides grants for research in the natural sciences and in engineering. NSERC supports postsecondary students and postdoctoral fellows in their advanced studies, NSERC came into existence on May 1,1978. University-based research had previously been supported through the National Research Council and it is a separate employer of the Government of Canada and reports to Parliament through the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. It is governed by a Council composed of the president and up to 18 members appointed from the private, on June 17,2014, B. Mario Pinto was appointed President of NSERC, effective fall 2014. NSERC offers research grants for a range of programs and projects, covering every discipline of the natural sciences. Some of its most popular include, Discovery Grants Program NSERC’s flagship grant program. Discovery Grants support ongoing programs of research and these grants recognize the creativity and innovation that are at the heart of all advances in research, whether made individually or in teams. Researchers are free to work in the mode most appropriate for the research area, individual awards focus on accomplishments that range from innovative discoveries by young researchers to lifetime achievement and influence. These include, Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering Brockhouse Canada Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Engineering Synergy Awards for Innovation E. W. R
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Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency
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Planned spending for 2015-2016 consists of $171 million for enterprise development, $89M for community development, $25M for internal services and $11M for policy, advocacy and coordination. Formerly, ACOA reported to the Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, in 2014, ACOA assumed responsibility for the direct delivery of economic development programs, services and advocacy in Cape Breton. The Atlantic Innovation Fund is a program run by the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency to help Canadian organizations in Atlantic Canada to develop innovative products. Project proposals go through an external review process. To be eligible for this program, the project must be based in Atlantic Canada, have a commercial value. The average funding level is about $2 million per project, average project duration is about two years
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Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
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It also has responsibilities regarding rural development. The current Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food is Lawrence MacAulay, the current Deputy Minister is Andrea Lyon. The Department of Agriculture was responsible for healthcare in Canada, between 1867 and 1919, before the Department of Health was created on September 1,1919, in 2013, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency was moved from the Agriculture Portfolio to the Health Portfolio. It is also in the Branchs mandate to provide information to inform departmental and governmental decision processes. Under the Experimental Farm Stations Act dating back to 1886, farm stations across Canada were established, today, the Research Branch includes a national network of 20 Research Centres and 2,300 employees, including some 500 research scientists. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is also responsible for supporting corporate and local producers and suppliers. They do this through a variety of programs and services including Agri-Geomatics which develops products and services for internal and external users, Minister of Agriculture Secretary of State Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Official website Rural Secretariat Experimental Farm Stations Act
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Employment and Social Development Canada
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Employment and Social Development Canada is a department of the Government of Canada responsible for social programs and the labour market at the federal level. The split was given legal effect when the Department of Humans Resources and Skills Development Act. Though a Department of Social Development remains in effect in legal terms and this practice ended in late 2008 when the title was changed to Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development. The post was referred to as Minister of Employment and Social Development when the department was renamed. The Social Development aspects were then shaped into the Minister of Families, Children, the Minister of Sport and Persons with Disabilities is now tasked with handling the file on persons with disabilities. ESDC delivers $87 billion in programs and services and has approximately 24,000 employees, approximately 19,000 of those employees work under the Service Canada banner. Minister of Families, Children and Social Development Hon. Jean-Yves Duclos Minister of Employment, Workforce and Labour Hon. Patty Hajdu Minister of Sport, borrowers who registered a loan between 2000-2006 were potentially affected. The information on the hard drive contained full names, Social Insurance Numbers, contact information, the hard drive also contained information on 250 HRSDC employees. Concerns of privacy breaches and identity led to the filing of three class-action suits against the federal government on behalf of the affected students. On January 18,2013, the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada stated that an investigation had been launched. The stated outcome of this investigation was to provide information to organizations, the RCMP was notified but is waiting for the outcome of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canadas investigation to do their own investigation. This incident has become known as 1 in 60 representing the ratio of affected individuals to the Canadian population as a whole, poverty in Canada Human Resources and Skills Development Canada Service Canada
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Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec. The department is responsible for international environmental issues. CEPA was the piece of Canadas environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation bill entered into effect in June 2012. Under the Constitution of Canada, responsibility for management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges, the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country. Environment Canada continues to undergo a transformation to centralize authority and decision-making. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the Minister of the Environment, Environment Canada Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statues. The Governor-in-Council appoints enforcement officers and pursuant to section 217 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, there are two designations of enforcement officers, Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act, the latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. All officers wear green uniform with black ties and a badge. Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm, on March 4,2009, a bill to increase the enforcement capabilities of Environment Canada was introduced into the House of Commons. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is, the loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of intact vs functional. A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation, what cant be exported without prior informed consent is a non-functioning but no longer intact electronic device. The principal problem being, the non-functioning but intact electronic device is at risk of being disassembled in some far away e-waste dumping ground. The Canadian governments use of an interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations intact. See Canadian fact sheet and associated links, there have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Electronic waste by country Bill C-38, replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act,2012, by placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime and environmental regulatory framework. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020, Environment minister Peter Kent argued that, The Kyoto protocol does not cover the worlds largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work
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Fisheries and Oceans Canada
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The stated vision of the department is Excellence in service to Canadians to ensure the sustainable development and safe use of Canadian waters. The federal government is mandated for conservation and protection of fisheries resources in all Canadian fisheries waters. However, the department is focused on the conservation and allotment of harvests of salt water fisheries on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts of Canada. The department works toward conservation and protection of freshwater fisheries, such as on the Great Lakes. Provincial governments have enacted provincial fisheries legislation, for the licensing of their fisheries, with the exception of Saskatchewan, conservation rules for freshwater fisheries are enacted under the Fisheries Act, six provinces administer these regulations in their own fisheries. To address the need for conservation, the department has an extensive science branch, typically the science branch provides evidence for the need of conservation of various species, which are then regulated by the department. DFO also maintains a large enforcement branch with peace officers used to combat poaching, DFO is responsible for several organizations, including the Canadian Coast Guard and the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The Department of Marine and Fisheries was created on July 1,1867, the departments political representative in Parliament was the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, with the first minister having been the Hon. Peter Mitchell. There are 3 designations under the Fisheries Act - Fishery Officers, Fishery Guardians, Fishery Officers are designated under section 5 of the Act and as peace officers employed to educate and enforce all provisions of the Act and other related acts and regulations. They carry firearms and other such as pepper spray while conducting patrols. Fishery Guardians are also designated under section 5 of the Act, for example, a provincial conservation officer may be designated as a fishery guardian for the purpose of enforcing the Act. In general, fishery guardians cannot conduct a search authorized by a warrant or conditions are met under warrantless search of the Criminal Code. Under the Aboriginal Guardian Program, certain first nations may submit to the Minister to designate certain band members as guardians, Fishery Inspectors are designated under section 38 of the Act, specifically to enforce the pollution prevention sections of Fisheries Act. They are not peace officers and have limited powers vis-a-vis the other two designations, DFO is organized into six administrative regions which collectively cover all provinces and territories of Canada. The resolution was not successful, however, on January 12,1910, after third reading, the bill received royal assent on May 4,1910, and became the Naval Service Act, administered by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries at the time. The Naval Service of Canada changed its name to Royal Canadian Navy on January 30,1911, since Confederation, the responsibilities of the original Department of Marine and Fisheries, namely the Fisheries Service and the Marine Service, have transferred among several departments. The formal name of the department is the Department of Fisheries and it is also referred to as Fisheries and Oceans Canada under the Federal Identity Program. Text of each law and its regulations can be found by entering the name of the law at the Canadian Legal Information Institute, archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
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Global Affairs Canada
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It is also responsible for maintaining Canadian government offices abroad with diplomatic and consular status on behalf of all government departments. The department has undergone name changes and reorganisations in recent years. Within the past decade it has known as Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. Global Affairs Canada was first founded as the Department of External Affairs on June 1,1909, the word foreign was deliberately avoided by Commonwealth dominions, such as Canada, since the department was founded while Canadas foreign policy was still controlled by the United Kingdom. Canada assumed progressively greater control over its foreign relations during and after World War I, for historical reasons the name External Affairs was retained, however. Both External Affairs and ITC maintained networks of offices abroad, with varying degrees of coordination among them, the Department of Citizenship and Immigration also had offices abroad, in some cases dating back to Confederation. The change was reflected in a new Department of External Affairs Act passed in 1983, the 1982 merger was part of larger reorganization of government that also combined the Industry component of ITC with the Department of Regional Economic Expansion. The departments name was changed to the Department of Foreign Affairs and its responsibilities include Canadian relations with Commonwealth nations, although they are not considered foreign to one another. The change in name was formalized by an Act of Parliament in 1995, DFAIT maintained two separate ministers, the Minister of Foreign Affairs with lead responsibility for the portfolio, and the Minister of International Trade. The Minister for International Cooperation, with responsibilities for agencies such as the Canadian International Development Agency, the government maintained the administrative separation of the two departments despite neither having been established through an Act of Parliament. The acronym DFAIT continued to be used in spite of this merge, the bill received Royal Assent on June 26,2013. The current leadership of GAC is provided by three ministers, Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Minister of International Trade, and The Minister of International Development. The Minister of Foreign Affairs is responsible for policy matters and. The Minister of International Trade is, as the name suggests, the Minister of International Development is responsible for international development, poverty reduction and humanitarian assistance. GAC is headquartered in the Lester B. Pearson Building at 125 Sussex Drive on the banks of the Rideau River in Ottawa, but operates out of several properties in the National Capital Region. At the time that the external affairs portfolio was created in 1909, Canada was a self-governing Dominion in the British Empire and did not have an independent foreign policy. Under s.132 of the Constitution Act,1867, the government had authority to conduct and implement relations with other parts of the British Empire. The United Kingdom and other colonial powers still routinely divided their conduct of policy into foreign affairs
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Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
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Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship. On November 10,2016 the Toronto Star reported that the IRCC website crashed when it was flooded with an increase in traffic on the night of the United States presidential election. The increase in traffic was said to be 5 times larger than normal, IRCC operates a large network of Citizenship and Immigration Centres throughout Canada and in an important number of embassies, high commissions and consulates abroad. IRCC remains responsible for the establishment of policies and processing of permanent and temporary residence visa, refugee protection, IRCC helps immigrants and refugees settle in Canada by funding organizations like the Canadian Caregivers Association to provide newcomers with settlement programs. These organizations are called service provider organizations, in 2006 the Canadian government reduced the landing fee per immigrant by 50%. The bodys mandate is directed by the Citizenship Act, the Commission is headed by a Senior Citizenship Judge and serves a 5-year term. The current head of the Commission is Renata Brum Bozzi, CIC Inland Processing Times, A historical graphical record of processing times for applications processed within Canada. Immipedia, A community written guide to Canadian immigration, e-CAS Tracker, A tool that automatically notifies people when their application status is updated on Citizenship and Immigration Canadas e-CAS service. CanadaBaba - Latest Canadian Immigration Information, Free resource for Visas, Immigration, Settling and getting Citizenship in Canada
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Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
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Its headquarters are in Terrasses de la Chaudière, in downtown Gatineau, Quebec. First Nation, has used since the 1970s instead of the word Indian. The term Indian is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act, for example, the term Indian continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The word means people in the Inuit language — Inuktitut, the singular of Inuit is Inuk. Eskimo is found in documents about Canadian Inuit. The term Aboriginal is commonly used referring to the three groups of indigenous peoples as a whole. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the department is overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. The current minister, since November 2015, is Carolyn Bennett, the last minister under the Conservative government that lost the 2015 federal election was Bernard Valcourt. James Moore acted in the position between Valcourt and the previous minister John Duncan, iNACs responsibilities are largely determined by numerous statutes, negotiated agreements and relevant legal decisions. Most of the Departments programs, representing a majority of its spending - are delivered through partnerships with Aboriginal communities, INAC also works with urban Indigenous people, Métis and Non-Status Indians. INAC also works with urban First Nations, Métis and Non-Status Indians through the Office of the Federal Interlocutor, INAC also manages the resources and lands of federal lands, including land and subsurface leases and resource royalties. In 1755, the British Crown established the British Indian Department, the Indian Governors General held control of Indian Affairs, but usually delegated much of their responsibility to a series of Civil Secretaries. The responsibility for Indian Affairs and Northern Development rested with various government departments between 1873 and 1966, the Minister of the Interior also held the position of Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs after the Indian Affairs Department was established in 1880. In 1939, federal jurisdiction for Indian peoples was interpreted by the courts to apply to the Inuit, a revised Indian Act was passed in 1951. From 1950 to 1965, the Indian Affairs portfolio was carried by the Minister of Citizenship, on October 1,1966, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development was created as a result of the Government Organization Act,1966. Effective June 13,2011, the department began using the applied title Aboriginal Affairs, when the Department of the Interior dissolved in 1936, Indian Affairs fell under the purview of the Department of Mines and Resources. This became the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1966, under the Federal Identity Program, the department is known as Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Beginning in the early 20th century, the Canadian government sponsored annual expeditions to the Canadian North and these expeditions yielded extensive photographic documentation of the lives of northern indigenous peoples by participating explorers, engineers, scientists and medical staff
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Department of Justice (Canada)
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The purpose of the Department of Justice is to ensure that the Canadian justice system is fair, accessible and efficient. The department represents the Canadian government in legal matters, almost all lawyers in the federal government are employed by Justice and are dispatched to manage the legal affairs of the other departments and agencies. While the role of the Minister existed since 1867, the department was not created until 1868, the headquarters of the Department of Justice is located at St. Andrews Tower, a modern low rise office tower built in 1987. The current Minister of Justice is Jody Wilson-Raybould. C, the Crown Law Department, Canada East became the new Department of the Militia, following its former Attorney General, George-Étienne Cartier. The Department of Justice came into being in May 1868, when the Department of Justice Act was passed by Parliament, the Act formally recognized the informal structure that was already in place. The new Department of Justice had only seven staff, two barristers-at-law, a clerk and shorthand writer, a clerk, a clerk articling under Macdonald. The legal branch of the department remained relatively small for many years, as late as 1939, the Department employed only seven lawyers. The departments first woman lawyer, Henrietta Bourque, was hired in 1939, in the 25 years between 1939 and 1964, only five female lawyers were hired by the department. In 1962, however, these departmental lawyers were brought together in a legal service. Although many lawyers still work closely with government departments in department legal services units. Regional offices were opened in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Halifax, Edmonton, Saskatoon, the Northwest Territories, the Department of Justice co-chaired the Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons with the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development from 1999 until 2012. The department employs 5,000 people, nearly half of whom are lawyers, former Prime Minister Stephen Harper called for plans to create a Director of Public Prosecution as an independent role to deal with criminal cases involving government and public officials. Supreme Court of Canada Criminal Code Young Offenders Act Department of Justice Canada Department of Justice Canada
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Department of National Defence (Canada)
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The Department of National Defence, commonly abbreviated as DND, is a Canadian government department responsible for defending Canadas interests and values at home and abroad. National Defence is the largest department of the Government of Canada in terms of budget as well as staff and it also is the department with the largest number of buildings. The Department is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, who is the Department’s senior civil servant, the Department of National Defence exists to aid the minister in carrying out his responsibilities within the Defence Portfolio, and provides a civilian support system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces is a separate and distinct organization from, and is not part of. The Department of National Defence is currently headed by Deputy Minister John Forster, the Department of National Defence was established by the National Defence Act, which merged the Department of Militia and Defence, the Department of Naval Services, and the Air Board. The National Defence Act was passed by the Parliament of Canada on June 28,1922, the Minister of National Defence, as the member of cabinet responsible to Parliament for National Defence, heads the Defence Team. The Department of National Defence is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, under the Deputy Minister are a variety of associate deputy and assistant deputy ministers who are responsible for various aspects of the department. The Deputy Minister is appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, there are also a variety of offices and support organizations which report to both the Chief of Defence Staff and the Deputy Minister. The Department is not responsible for all of these organizations itself, the Canadian Forces are a distinct and separate entity from the Department of National Defence
