1.
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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Montigny-le-Bretonneux is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,24.5 kilometres from the centre of Paris, in the new town of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, of which it is the central. Montigny le Bretonneux, the 6th town of the Yvelines department, has 36000 inhabitants and is the central and principal town of the district Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. The history of the town reflects that of a small traditional French village, naturally devoted to agriculture, the growth of the new town in the 1970s actually initiates the change from the village of Montigny-le-Bretonneux to the town. The town is found 25 km south west of Paris, and 5 km from Versailles, after two decades of steady urbanization, Montigny-le-Bretonneux is now essentially completed, although the opportunity to create new housing is still there. Montigny le Bretonneux has now passed the building phase – the frenzy of building that characterised the town is suitably balanced between neighbourhoods and business areas, Montigny has become a haven for St. Quentinois wishing to settle there. Its economy is rooted primarily in the service sector, furthermore, several major headquarters of international companies have settled in the city. The building of the future Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Ile de France-West will be completed for the start of 2012, the town organises annual events for which the community comes together to celebrate. Some are listed below, Le Vide-greniers, literally Empty Lofts and this important occasion happens in spring on the avenue Nicolas About, La Journée de l’Europe, organised in May, this day celebrates all European values. All the schools, universities, businesses, homes and societies join to celebrate the diversity with song, food, La Cavalcade – this is a huge event in the Montigny calendar in all quarters of the town. The municipal services and varying associations of Montigny come together for La cavalcade, each carnival is based on a theme and is held every two years. The day is divided into three events, the morning sees the town’s neighbourhoods come alive whilst the actual parade itself takes place in the afternoons. The evening sees spectacular performances at the Ferme de Manet, La Vesprée takes places every other year when the Carnival does not. Similar to a garden party, these soirées take place honouring educational and recreational aspects. The Fire of Saint John is organized the year as the vespers. At dusk, this evening celebrates the summer solstice, everyone is invited to light the bonfire, whose flames are a celebration of light, and dance to the rhythm of a popular dance. Day Auto-Moto Retro, this event organised by Montigny le Bretonneux and it is a parade of vintage vehicles whose owners are proud to present and discuss their little miracles. These demonstrations are followed by a competition of elegance, marché de Noël, For three days the Ferme du Manet installs a fantasy village in a magical setting of trees and light
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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The city hall
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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Montigny-le-Bretonneux
twinnings
2.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
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One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
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Flag
France
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The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
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With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
3.
Paris Metropolitan Area
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The Paris metropolitan area is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs. From 2011, the INSEE classified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines and grandes aires urbaines, from then, Paris became Frances largest metropolitan area. This latter initiative created the Métropole du Grand Paris, a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1st,2016. The area had a population of 12,405,426 as of the January 2013 census, nearly 19% of Frances population resides in the region. The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the population growth in the Paris area. New communes surrounding Paris are included when they meet the 40% commuter threshold required, by the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km². By the 2012 census it had reached 12,341,418 inhabitants in 17,174 km², the table below shows the population growth of the Paris urban area, i. e. Paris and the densely built municipalities surrounding it. The table below shows the growth of the Paris metropolitan area, i. e. the urban area. Grand Paris Metropolitan Areas of France Île-de-France Document about the functioning of Paris Metropolitan Area Document about the extension of Paris Metropolitan Area
Paris Metropolitan Area
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False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.
Paris Metropolitan Area
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Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584
communes and covered 14,518 km². Since then, the Paris metropolitan area has absorbed 214 further communes (not shown on the map), so that by the 2010 census it included 1,798 communes and covered 17,174 km².
4.
Versailles (city)
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According to the 2008 census, the population of the city is 88,641 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975. A new town, founded by the will of King Louis XIV, it was the de facto capital of the Kingdom of France for over a century, from 1682 to 1789, before becoming the cradle of the French Revolution. After having lost its status of city, it became the préfecture of Seine-et-Oise département in 1790, then of Yvelines in 1968. Versailles is historically known for numerous treaties such as the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War and this word formation is similar to Latin seminare which gave French semailles. From May 1682, when Louis XIV moved the court and government permanently to Versailles, until his death in September 1715, during the various periods when government affairs were conducted from Versailles, Paris remained the official capital of France. Versailles was made the préfecture of the Seine-et-Oise département at its inception in March 1790, Versailles was made the préfecture of the Yvelines département, the largest chunk of the former Seine-et-Oise. At the 2006 census the Yvelines had 1,395,804 inhabitants, Versailles is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese which was created in 1790. The diocese of Versailles is subordinate to the archdiocese of Paris, in 1975, Versailles was made the seat of a Court of Appeal whose jurisdiction covers the western suburbs of Paris. Since 1972, Versailles has been the seat of one of Frances 30 nationwide académies of the Ministry of National Education. Versailles is also an important node for the French army, a tradition going back to the monarchy with, for instance, the palace of Versailles is in the out-skirts of the city. Versailles is located 17.1 km west-southwest from the centre of Paris, the city of Versailles has an area of 26.18 km2, which is a quarter of the area of the city of Paris. In 1989, Versailles had a density of 3, 344/km2, whereas Paris had a density of 20. Born out of the will of a king, the city has a rational and symmetrical grid of streets, by the standards of the 18th century, Versailles was a very modern European city. Versailles was used as a model for the building of Washington, the name of Versailles appears for the first time in a medieval document dated 1038. In the end of the 11th century, the village curled around a medieval castle, the 14th century brought the Black Death and the Hundred Years War, and with it death and destruction. At the end of the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, in 1561, Martial de Loménie, secretary of state for finances under King Charles IX, became lord of Versailles. He obtained permission to four annual fairs and a weekly market on Thursdays. The population of Versailles was 500 inhabitants, Martial de Loménie was murdered during the St. Bartholomews Day massacre
Versailles (city)
Versailles (city)
–
Flag
Versailles (city)
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Louis XIII built the original hunting lodge that will become the
Palace of Versailles under his son and successor Louis XIV
Versailles (city)
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Versailles in 1789.
5.
16th arrondissement of Paris
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The 16th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. It includes a concentration of museums between the Place du Trocadéro and the Place dIéna, the Bois de Boulogne, the second-largest public park in Paris, is also located in this arrondissement. The land area of this arrondissement is 16.305 km2, excluding the Bois de Boulogne, its land area is 7.846 km2. It is the largest arrondissement in Paris in terms of land area, the 16th arrondissement population peaked in 1962, when it had 227,418 inhabitants. At the last census, the population was 169,372, the 16th arrondissement contains a great deal of business activity, in 1999 it hosted 106,971 jobs. It is also the arrondissement in Paris to be divided into two separate postal codes. The southern part of the arrondissement carries a postal code of 75016, four Fortune Global 500 have their head offices in this arrondissement, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Kering, Lafarge, and Veolia. In addition Lagardère and Technip have their headquarters in this arrondissement, at one time Aérospatiale had its head office in the arrondissement. This scene was shot on Avenue dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, a notorious serial murder case, which generated an international media circus, centered in the 16th arrondissement during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The focal point of the case was French doctor Marcel Petiot, on 11 March 1944, Petiots neighbors complained to police of a foul stench in the area and of large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house, in the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains. Following an investigation, during which time Petiot attempted to evade capture and he was convicted of 26 counts of murder and sentenced to death. On 25 May, Petiot was beheaded, after a stay of several days due to a problem in the mechanism of the guillotine. International schools, Russian Embassy School of Paris, on the grounds of the Russian Embassy in Paris, colegio Español Fecerico García Lorca, a Spanish international primary school owned by the Spanish government The Spanish secondary school, Liceo Español Luis Buñuel, is located in Neuilly sur Seine. The two campuses of the International School of Paris Kingsworth International School The Université Paris-Dauphine is in the arrondissement, the renowned classes préparatoires establishment Intégrale, Institut denseignement supérieur privé have one of their campuses in the arrondissement. The École de langue japonaise de Paris, a supplementary Japanese education programme, is held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, the school has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France in the 8th arrondissement. Media related to Paris 16e arrondissement at Wikimedia Commons 16th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
16th arrondissement of Paris
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Apartment buildings in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
16th arrondissement of Paris
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Paris and its closest suburbs
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
Stade Français rugby union fans at the
Parc des Princes
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
View of Place du Trocadéro
6.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
7.
Japanese Ministry of Education
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The Meiji government created the first Ministry of Education in 1871. The Japanese government centralises education, and it is managed by a bureaucracy that regulates almost every aspect of the education process. The School Education Law requires schools around the country to use textbooks that follow the curriculum set by the ministry. In January 2001, the former Monbu-shō and the former Science, MEXT is led by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, who is a member of the Cabinet and is chosen by the Prime Minister, typically from the members of the Diet. MEXT is one of three ministries that run the JET Programme and it also offers the Monbukagakusho Scholarship, also known as the MEXT or Monbu-shō scholarship. The Ministry sets standards for the romanization of Japanese, MEXT provides the Children Living Abroad and Returnees Internet which provides information to Japanese families living abroad. MEXT sends teachers around the world to serve in nihonjin gakkō, in addition MEXT subsidizes weekend schools which each have over 100 students
Japanese Ministry of Education
Japanese Ministry of Education
–
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
8.
Japanese community of Paris
–
The Paris Metropolitan Area includes a Japanese community. In 2013 the official number of Japanese residents in Paris was 16,277, in the early 1960s duty-free shops catering to Japanese visitors opened in Paris. Afterwards businesses catering to longer-term residents opened, the director of the publication Ovni, Bernard Bérnaud, stated that The number of Japanese coming to live in France was very small until 1965 or even into the 70s. In 1991 Jessica Rutman of Look Japan stated that due to the status of Japan. In 2013 Japanese businesspeople tended to settle in rental properties in western Paris and western suburbs of Paris, primarily in the 15th arrondissement, in 1991 Japanese tended to live in the 15th and 16th arrondissements and the suburban communities of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine. Rutman stated that because those areas are expensive, it is an example of Japanese people isolating themselves from the community instead of assimilating into French society. An area around Neuilly-sur-Seine has the joke name Presidents Street or Shachō Dōri, businesspeople and their families tend to purchase Japanese foodstuffs at Daimaru France and the Centre International de Paris at Porte Maillot. Residents on a budget and students tend to go to the Paris Chinatown to purchase Japanese foodstuffs, Daimaru France SA was established in September 1973. Paris includes over 70 Japanese restaurants with different price ranges and clienteles, a group of Japanese karaoke bars, department stores, offices, banks, shops, and department stores ate located in the Avenue de lOpera and Rue Sainte Anne area. The Japanese bakery and patisserie chains Saint Germain of Tokyu Group, Toraya, the Paris Saint Germain outlet opened in 1979. Japanese-operated businesses in Paris include architects, lawyer firms, hotels, golf clubs, travel agencies, real estate agencies, public relations firms, businesses in Paris catering to Japanese residents include dress shops, bookshops, hairdressers, opticians, department stores, and opticians. In 1995 the Opéra area had over 20 duty-free shops catering to Japanese, in 1995 there were multiple Japanese restaurants on Rue Sainte Anne, some catering to French, and some catering to Japanese. Those that catered to French were mainly operated by such as Cambodians, Thais. The Paris Mitsukoshi opened in 1971, in 1996 it made ¥5.7 billion in sales. After the September 11 attacks business declined as consumers avoiding traveling by air, by 2010 business among Japanese visitors declined as many visited local shops instead of the Mitsukoshi. In 2009 the store made ¥1.7 billion in sales and it closed in 2010 due to a lack of Japanese visitors. The Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris, a Japanese international school is located in the suburb of Montigny-le-Bretonneux and it opened in Trocadéro, Paris in 1973 and moved to its current location in 1990. Japanese is the language of instruction of the school, serving elementary and junior high levels
Japanese community of Paris
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Cité Universitaire, Maison du Japon
Japanese community of Paris
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Mitsukoshi Paris, which closed in 2010
Japanese community of Paris
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Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris
Japanese community of Paris
–
The
Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye in
Saint Germain-en-Laye includes a section for Japanese students
9.
Japanese people in France
–
Indeed, Japanese leaders of the Meiji period saw France as a symbol of modern civilization, and endeavoured to prevent men whose respectability and civility they doubted from settling there. The flow of individual Japanese expatriates to France began as early as the 1870s, the Japanese expatriate community of the inter-war period is portrayed in Riichi Yokomitsus novel Ryoshu. The arrival of Japanese expatriates continued at a trickle until the 1930s, the post-war Japanese migrants to France largely continued to fit into the mold of highly educated individuals, they consisted of journalists, high officials, scholars, and professionals. The number of students, however, has decreased somewhat as compared to the years between World War I and World War II, Japanese expatriates in France largely possess mastery of the French language. There are several Buddhist temples in France which serve the Japanese community, most are affiliated with the Zen branch of Mahayana Buddhism. Japanese in France generally adapt to the French urban landscape, however, elements of Japanese culture have also been added to the French landscape, notably in Paris, where sushi bars and Japanese restaurants are commonly found. However, Japans increasing military aggression in Asia leading up to World War II shattered this image, Japanese in France in the 1990s and 2000s are considered almost invisible, in contrast to the far more controversial stream of migrants from North Africa. The French often feel hostility towards Japan as a competitor, however. Yatabes 2001 survey found that 42. 5% of Japanese in France feel the French have an attitude towards them,31. 7% indifferent. 42. 0% of the French people he surveyed feel favourably towards international marriage with Japanese people,29. 1% indifferent, in contrast, however,52. 4% of Japanese in France surveyed feel unfavourable or highly unfavourable towards the idea of intermarriage with French people. A little under half of the Japanese in France live in Paris, the Japanese in Paris live in a variety of areas, with the largest concentrations in the 15th and 16th arrondissements. Unlike other communities of expatriates from Asia, such as the Chinese, social life for the Japanese tends to centre around their company, rather than their neighbourhood of residence. A number of Japanese businesses and restaurants are concentrated in the Opéra District, however, it is largely a commercial neighbourhood, and few Japanese actually live there. Increasingly, many of the restaurants in the area serving Japanese cuisine are run by immigrants from Cambodia, Thailand, or Vietnam, institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris, a Japanese international school serving elementary and junior high school levels, is located in Montigny-le-Bretonneux. In addition there were two now-defunct Japanese boarding high schools in France, including the Lycée Seijo in Alsace, before its 2005 closure, the Japanese and Europe, Economic and Cultural Encounters
Japanese people in France
–
Morio Matsui
10.
Tours
–
Tours is a city located in the centre-west of France. It is the centre of the Indre-et-Loire department and the largest city in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. In 2012, the city of Tours had 134,978 inhabitants, Tours stands on the lower reaches of the River Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. The surrounding district, the province of Touraine, is known for its wines, for the alleged perfection of its local spoken French. The city is also the end-point of the annual Paris–Tours cycle race, in Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the 1st century AD, the name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first Civitas Turonum then Tours. It was at time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest amphitheatres of the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine, one of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, a major centre during the Middle Ages. In the 6th century Gregory of Tours, author of the Ten Books of History, in the 9th century, Tours was at the heart of the Carolingian Rebirth, in particular because of Alcuin abbot of Marmoutier. The outcome was defeat for the Muslims, preventing France from Islamic conquest, in 845, Tours repulsed the first attack of the Viking chief Hasting. In 850, the Vikings settled at the mouths of the Seine, still led by Hasting, they went up the Loire again in 852 and sacked Angers, Tours and the abbey of Marmoutier. During the Middle Ages, Tours consisted of two juxtaposed and competing centres, in the west, the new city structured around the Abbey of Saint Martin was freed from the control of the City during the 10th century and became Châteauneuf. This space, organized between Saint Martin and the Loire, became the centre of Tours. Between these two centres remained Varennes, vineyards and fields, little occupied except for the Abbaye Saint-Julien established on the banks of the Loire, the two centres were linked during the 14th century. Tours became the capital of the county of Tours or Touraine and it was the capital of France at the time of Louis XI, who had settled in the castle of Montils, Tours and Touraine remained until the 16th century a permanent residence of the kings and court. The rebirth gave Tours and Touraine many private mansions and castles and it is also at the time of Louis XI that the silk industry was introduced – despite difficulties, the industry still survives to this day. At this time, the Catholics returned to power in Angers, the Massacre of Saint-Barthelemy was not repeated at Tours
Tours
–
Town hall and Place Jean Jaurès
Tours
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Place Plumereau, Medieval buildings
Tours
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Tours Cathedral: 15th-century
Flamboyant Gothic west front with Renaissance pinnacles, completed 1547.
Tours
–
Place Jean Jaurès
11.
Alsace
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Alsace is a cultural and historical region in eastern France now located in the administrative region of Grand Est. Alsace is located on Frances eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany, from 1982 until January 2016, Alsace was the smallest of 22 administrative regions in metropolitan France, consisting of the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments. Territorial reform passed by the French legislature in 2014 resulted in the merger of the Alsace administrative region with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine to form Grand Est. The predominant historical language of Alsace is Alsatian, a Germanic dialect also spoken across the Rhine, but today most Alsatians primarily speak French, the political status of Alsace has been heavily influenced by historical decisions, wars, and strategic politics. The economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg, the city is the seat of several international organizations and bodies. The name Alsace can be traced to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, an alternative explanation is from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning seated on the Ill, a river in Alsace. In prehistoric times, Alsace was inhabited by nomadic hunters, by 1500 BC, Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. It should be noted that Alsace is a surrounded by the Vosges mountains. It creates Foehn winds which, along with irrigation, contributes to the fertility of the soil. In a world of agriculture, Alsace has always been a region which explains why it suffered so many invasions and annexations in its history. By 58 BC, the Romans had invaded and established Alsace as a center of viticulture, to protect this highly valued industry, the Romans built fortifications and military camps that evolved into various communities which have been inhabited continuously to the present day. While part of the Roman Empire, Alsace was part of Germania Superior, with the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine, Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized, Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the eldest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts, the part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothars son. The rest was shared between Lothars brothers Charles the Bald and Louis the German, the Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the duchy of Swabia. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors, Frederick I set up Alsace as a province to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants
Alsace
Alsace
Alsace
Alsace
12.
Tokyo Gakugei University
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Tokyo Gakugei University or Gakudai, for short, is a national university in Koganei, Tokyo. While its history may be traced to 1873, it was chartered as a university in 1949 through the merging of four teacher-training institutions. In recent years, Tokyo Gakugei University has developed programs to accommodate professional school teachers, including evening. The university also houses a number of research centres in education-related fields. The university has a reputation in education-related fields, playing a national role in the development of educational policy
Tokyo Gakugei University
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Tokyo Gakugei University
13.
CiNii
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CiNii is a bibliographic database service for material in Japanese academic libraries, especially focusing on Japanese works and English works published in Japan. The database was founded in April 2005 and is maintained by the National Institute of Informatics, the database contains more than 15 million articles from more than 3600 publications. A typical month saw more than 30 million accesses from 2.2 million unique visitors, the database assigns a unique identifier, NII Article ID, to each of its journal article entries. A different identifier, NII Citation ID aka NACSIS-CAT Record ID, is used for books
CiNii
–
CiNii
14.
Hirosaki University
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Hirosaki University is a university in Hirosaki City in Aomori, Japan. Hirosaki University was founded in May 1949, the university initially consisted of The Department of Literature and Science, The Department of Education, The Medical Department, and The Noheji Branch School. The first semester is held from April to July, while second semester is held from October to February, in each semester, students must take seven classes. In terms of the General Fee information, an examination costs ¥9,800, entrance fee is ¥28,200, moreover, students can rent an apartment around the university, which costs about ¥25,000 to ¥30,000. According to the university policies, foreign students must submit application papers IAW written in English or Japanese within the deadlines. The term of application for the first semester is November 20, There are currently 5 faculties in the university, There are many clubs for all students to join as well as specific clubs only for medical students. Medical students can join any club, but other students can join clubs that are open to all students. Hirosaki University has about 110 international students from universities and colleges around the world. The International Exchange Center is an organization of Hirosaki University, which purpose is to make their students do better in their studies. Consequently, the university has a Home Visit Program which lets families in Hirosaki to accept or sponsor exchange students, There is also an English Lounge for students to practice and improve English while they study in Japan. In addition, the university is having courses for students to learn Japanese Culture, Economy. If the students have high Japanese skill, they can study with Japanese students. However, the student with Japanese skills must get the permission of teacher of the class first. Hirosaki Universitys School Festival is held in October every year, the students and clubs set up booths to sell things or share their interests. A main event is held, which is a concert performed by students. On the other hand, food is sold in dozens of booths around the campus, in 2010, around 7200 people visited the festival. Commuting There are those who commute to Hirosaki University, in Hirosaki, trains may only come once per an hour, so it can be inconvenient for students to commute to school, if they miss the train, they must wait another hour for the next train to come. Also, trains run slowly, so few students living in other prefectures outside of Aomori Prefecture commute daily to Hirosaki University, transportation There are buses on a circular route in the city and there are a few bus stops in front of Hirosaki University
Hirosaki University
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Hirosaki University
15.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
16.
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
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Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines is a new town and a communauté dagglomération in the French département of Yvelines. It is one of the original five villes nouvelles of Paris and was named after the Saint Quentin Pond, the town was built from a greenfield site starting in the 1960s. In 2007, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines had a population of 146,598 and it is part of the much larger Paris metropolitan area, and is around 25 km west of the centre of Paris. The 2 most importants communes are Trappes and Montigny, the population of the whole communauté dagglomération has grown almost tenfold in the last 40 years, from a population of 15,118 in 1962. Every four years, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines serves as the start and finish point of the famous Paris–Brest–Paris bicycling endurance event, europcar has its head office in the business park of Val Saint-Quentin at Voisins-le-Bretonneux. It previously had its office in the Immeuble Les Quadrants in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. At one time Bouygues had its office in the Kevin Roche-designed Challenger complex in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. It is now occupied by Bouygues Construction, one of the groups subsidiaries, le Golf National is a private golf course in Saint-Quentin. It will host the 2018 Ryder Cup, the city has a velodrome, the Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. It was built between 2011 and 2014 and hosted the 2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships and will host the 2016 UEC European Track Championships, next to the velodrome is also a BMX track
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
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Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
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Map of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines within
Yvelines
17.
Les Clayes-sous-Bois
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Les Clayes-sous-Bois is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris 26.7 km from the center. Les Clayes-sous-Bois is served by Villepreux – Les Clayes station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line, Lycée Jean-Vilar in Plaisir and Lycée Sonia Delaunay in Villepreux are nearby. Communes of the Yvelines department INSEE Home page ğ
Les Clayes-sous-Bois
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The town hall in Les Clayes-sous-Bois
Les Clayes-sous-Bois
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Saint-Martin
Les Clayes-sous-Bois
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Chateau of Les Clayes-sous-Bois
18.
Guyancourt
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Guyancourt is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,21.2 km from the center of Paris. The commune of Guyancourt comprises several districts, the civilization continued through Roman times, as Mr. Leclère, a farmer, demonstrated in a fortuitous way in 1892 by unearthing an antique ballot box in his field. Work to restore the church Saint-Victor put the date of the sarcophages at the Merovingian era and it is believed that the construction of the first church dates from the fourteenth century. Several funerary vases and a tomb dating from the sixteenth century were updated. The church was renovated in the century, then entirely rebuilt in the sixteenth century. The most recent restoration goes back to 1998, Guyancourt forms part of the Grand Parc of the sun king Soleil, which extended around the castle of Versailles. The essential vocation of the populous communes neighbouring the castle is market-gardening, thanks to the register of grievances sent to the governmental authorities, we know that Guyancourtois, who were mostly modest peasants, lived with difficulty under conditions of famine. France is partly occupied by the Prussian armies, the enemy spreads terror, the houses are plundered, the inhabitants maltreated. Four hundred of them prefer to flee, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Guyancourt was a large village where one cultivates corn, oats, beets, fodder and potatoes. The trades were numerous, with almost 16 wine merchants for 614 inhabitants, the war of 1914–1918 cost the lives of thirty-six Guyancourtois. The war of 1939–1945 also touched Guyancourt, which was liberated by August 25,1944, starting from the beginning of the 1950s, the Paris area saw a considerable demographic growth. To structure the development of the suburbs, it was decided to create new towns around Paris. The new city of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines includes today seven communes, one of which is Guyancourt, in 1950 Guyancourt was only one small village. The commune grew since 1970 to reach the figure of 27,000 inhabitants in 2004, the author of about thirty works, he also assumed several mandates of mayor, advising general, and President of the urban community. The national case of Crédit Agricole The registered office of McDonalds, Guyancourt is home to a campus of the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin. The buildings located in the commune relate to the lessons on human rights and this station is located in the neighboring commune of Montigny-le-Bretonneux,2.7 km from the town center of Guyancourt. Communes of the Yvelines department INSEE Ville of Guyancourt, official site Site of the district of Villaroy Site of the district of the Willows new City of Saint-Quentin-in-Yvelines
Guyancourt
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The Church of Saint-Victor in Guyancourt
Guyancourt
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Street art in rue Lenôtre.
19.
Magny-les-Hameaux
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Magny-les-Hameaux is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. There are four preschools, Ecole Francis Jammes, Ecole André Gide, Ecole Petit Prince, there are five elementary schools, Ecole Rosa Bonheur, Ecole Albert Samain, Ecole Saint Exupéry, Ecole André Gide, and Ecole Louise Weiss. The school assignments for preschool and elementary are determined by ones residence, there is one junior high school in the commune, Collège Albert Einstein. Lycée de Villaroy, a senior high school/sixth form college, is in nearby Guyancourt, versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University provides tertiary educational services. Communes of the Yvelines department Port-Royal-des-Champs INSEE Home page Home page Home page
Magny-les-Hameaux
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The town hall in Magny-les-Hameaux
20.
Maurepas, Yvelines
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Maurepas is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris 31.2 km from the center. It is twinned with Waterlooville in Hampshire, UK, most ancient buildings are the ruins of the donjon, built in 11th century and destroyed in 1425. There is also near St Sauveurs church, dating of the 15th century, Maurepas is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Maurepas is La Verrière station on the Transilien La Défense and this station is located in the neighboring commune of La Verrière,0.7 km from the town center of Maurepas. Junior high schools, Collège Alexandre Dumas Collège Louis Pergaud Collège de la Mare aux Saules is in nearby Coignières, senior high schools/sixth-form colleges, Lycée des 7 Mares Lycée Dumont dUrville Communes of the Yvelines department INSEE Official website
Maurepas, Yvelines
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The church of Saint-Sauveur, in Maurepas
21.
Plaisir, Yvelines
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Plaisir is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,29.5 km from the center of Paris. It borders among others on Élancourt, Trappes and Les-Clayes-sous-Bois and it has a major shopping mall. It is twinned with Lowestoft, England and Bad Aussee, Austria
Plaisir, Yvelines
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The church and shops in Plaisir
22.
Trappes
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Trappes French pronunciation, is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,26.7 km from the center of Paris. Trappes is served by Trappes station on the Transilien La Défense, there are 36 municipal preschools and primary schools in Trappes
Trappes
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Town hall
23.
Villepreux
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The municipality, in low relief, is marked in the northern part of the depression of the valley ru Gally, and its tributaries, the rue de lOisemont and the rue de lArcy. The municipality is largely rural. Urbanization is about 15% of the area, developed in the part, in the vicinity of Clayes-sous-Bois in the area served by railway services from Paris. Further south, towards the SNCF train station, is the La Haie Bergerie quarter, since the early 1960s terraced houses have since been rehabilitated by new generations of owners. Towards the west, is a new division called Trianon, near the Pointe-à-lAnge area, with built-up quality buildings, pavilions, and lush fields on the edge of the municipality of Chavenay. This is also the Val Joyeux area, another subdivision of 400 houses, dating from the period and small newer residential houses. The center has moved from the old village to the new neighborhoods, the town is crossed in its southeastern part by the laqueduc de lAvre. Communes of the Yvelines department INSEE Home page Villepreux FC
Villepreux
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Town hall
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Voisins-le-Bretonneux
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Voisins-le-Bretonneux is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris 24.1 km from the center in the new town of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Voisins-le-Bretonneux is twinned with the Scottish town of Irvine, Voisins-le-Bretonneux is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. This station is located in the commune of Montigny-le-Bretonneux,3.2 km from the town center of Voisins-le-Bretonneux. The commune has the office of Europcar. As of 2016 the municipalitys preschools had 408 students, while the schools had 766 students. The municipality puts these schools into six groups, communes of the Yvelines department INSEE Home page Home page
Voisins-le-Bretonneux
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The town hall in Voisins-le-Bretonneux
Voisins-le-Bretonneux
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Head office of
Europcar
25.
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University
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Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University is a French public university created in 1991, located in the department of Yvelines and since 2002 in Hauts-de-Seine. It is mainly located in the cities of Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Mantes-en-Yvelines and Vélizy-Villacoublay / Rambouillet and it is one of the five universities of the Academy of Versailles. Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University is a constituent university of the federal University of Paris-Saclay and it is one of the four universités nouvelles inaugurated in Île-de-France region after the plan université2000. It has 19,000 students,752 staff people and 1,389 teachers and researchers,285 teachers outside of the university come each year to provide courses. The subjects taught are the sciences, the social sciences. It also provide courses concerning the relationship between economy, ethics, natural environment and sustainable development, some Parisian universities had anticipated the decree of the Ministry of National Education and had relocated part of their activities in Paris aire urbaine. In fact, experiencing a significant increase of their numbers, they begin to open new locations to alleviate their main campuses, thus, an antenna of the Pierre and Marie Curie University is created in Versailles in 1987. Dedicated to Sciences, it joined in the Yvelines the law annex of Nanterre established two years earlier at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, in the mean time, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research program as part of French higher education modernization plan called Université2000 the creation of new universities. At the end of 1996, the status of the university has been changed and it had to be in accordance with a law of 1984 which rules statuses of French universities. According to this change, authorities have been elected, as well as the first UVSQ President, during this period, the university was prosperous. It is still a part of the UVSQ today, in 2002, the university has a new President. The university applies the réforme LMD to its courses in 2004, the CFA dAlembert is created at Guyancourt in 2006. 2010 is also the year of the reorganization of the humanities, the university is entering a phase of expansion and the development of the plateau de Saclay is the main goal. The UVSQ becomes founding member of UniverSud Paris but also of the foundation for scientific cooperation foreshadowing the future Paris-Saclay research-intensive cluster, a partnership with Cergy-Pontoise University is studied in 2011. Thus, the Université du grand ouest parisien is created in February 2012, an Institut détudes politiques commons to both universities is also being studied. The table shows the changes in student population, from 1993 to 2013, the number of students enrolled has more than doubled over the past ten years. In 2013-2014, the UVSQ welcomed approximately 9600 undergraduate,6600 graduate and 700 post graduate students, the most popular degree courses are law, economics and management with almost 6200 students representing 37% of total enrollment in 2013, followed by science and engineering school. Overall, more than half of the students enrolled every year are females, except for first-year students at Mantes and Vélizy IUT
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University
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Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University
Overseas Japanese day and boarding schools
