The insurrectionary communes in France in 1870–1871 were communes distinguished by their refusal to acquiesce to two significant events: first, France's capitulation to Bismarck, and second, the submi
The Declaration to the French People of 1871 set out the plan to organize France as a federation of communes based on direct democracy.
Capture of the Lyon town hall on September 4, 1870, and proclamation of the Republic, the starting point of the Lyon Commune.
The army's last stand against the insurgents entrenched around La Guillotière town hall, on April 30 and May 1, 1871.
Gaston Crémieux was the key player in these events.
Mikhail Bakunin
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Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin was a Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher. He is among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major figure in the revolutionary socialist,
Bakunin in 1862, photograph by Nadar
Bakunin, 1843
Antonia and Mikhail Bakunin, c. 1861