1.
Invercargill
–
Invercargill is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world. It is the centre of the Southland region. It lies in the heart of the expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff. Many streets in the city, especially in the centre and main shopping district, are named after rivers in Great Britain, mainly Scotland. These include the main streets Dee and Tay, as well as named after the Forth, Tyne, Esk, Don, Thames, Mersey, Ness, Yarrow, Spey. The 2013 census showed the population was 51,696, up 2. 7% on the 2006 census number, Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Maori, notably whalers and missionaries – Wohlers at Ruapuke. In 1853, Walter Mantell purchased Murihiku from local Maori iwi, Otago, of which Southland was itself part, was the subject of planned settlement by the Free Church, an offshoot of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Settlement broadened with the discovery of gold in Central Otago in the 1860s, today, traces of Scottish speech persist in Southland voices, with R often pronounced with a rolling burr. This is more noticeable among country people, in 1856, a petition was put forward to Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, for a port at Bluff. Due to the Otago gold rush, the population grew during the 1860s with the settlement of Bluff. Browne agreed to the petition and gave the name Invercargill to the settlement north of the port, the settlements chief surveyor was John Turnbull Thomson, a British civil engineer. Under the influence of James Menzies, Southland Province seceded from Otago in 1861 following the escalation of political tensions, however, rising debt forced Southland to rejoin Otago in 1870 and the provincial system, and with it the province of Otago, was abolished entirely in 1876. This debt was caused by a population decline stemming from poor returns from pastoral farming, in 1874, Invercargills population was less than 2,500 which reflected the drift north to large centres. In the 1880s, the development of an industry based on butter. In December 1905, Invercargill voted in local prohibition of alcohol sales and this lasted for 40 years until voted out by returning servicemen in the Second World War. When prohibition ended, a committee of citizens persuaded the Government to give the monopoly on sales in Invercargill to the specially formed Invercargill Licensing Trust. Based on a scheme in Carlisle, England, it returns profits to city amenities, even today, alcohol is not sold in supermarkets. In recent years, publicity has been brought to the city by the election of Tim Shadbolt
2.
Dunedin
–
Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago region. It is named for the capital of Scotland, generally Anglicised as Edinburgh, Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland on the creation of the Auckland Council in November 2010. Dunedin was the largest city in New Zealand by population from the 1860s until about 1900, the city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246. The Dunedin urban area lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago, the harbour and hills around Dunedin represent the remnants of an extinct volcano. The city suburbs extend out into the valleys and hills, onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula, and along the shores of the Otago Harbour. The citys most important activity in economic terms centres around tertiary education – Dunedin is home to the University of Otago, New Zealands first university, and the Otago Polytechnic. Students account for a proportion of the population,21.6 percent of the citys population was aged between 15 and 24 at the 2006 census, compared to the New Zealand average of 14.2 percent. In 2014 Dunedin was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Literature, archaeological evidence shows the first human occupation of New Zealand occurred between AD 1250–1300, with population concentrated along the southeast coast. A camp site at Kaikai Beach, near Long Beach, has dated from about that time. There are numerous sites in what is now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied. The population contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of several pā, fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at, there was a settlement in what is now central Dunedin occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826. Maori tradition tells first of a people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary, the next arrivals were Waitaha followed by Kāti Mamoe late in the 16th century and then Kai Tahu who arrived in the mid 17th century. These migration waves have often represented as invasions in European accounts. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed, the sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the Kaika Otargo were the oldest and largest in the south. Lieutenant James Cook stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between 25 February 1770 and 5 March 1770, naming Cape Saunders and Saddle Hill and he reported penguins and seals in the vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century. Permanent European occupation dates from 1831, when the Weller brothers founded their whaling station at Otago, modern Otakou, epidemics badly reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the Harbour had become an international whaling port, johnny Jones established a farming settlement and a mission station, the South Islands first, at Waikouaiti in 1840. After inspecting several areas around the eastern coast of the south island, the name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland
3.
Queenstown, New Zealand
–
Queenstown is a resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealands South Island. It has an population of 14,300, making it the 27th largest urban area in New Zealand. In 2016, Queenstown overtook Oamaru to become the second largest urban area in Otago, the Queenstown-Lakes District has a land area of 8,704.97 square kilometres not counting its inland lakes. The region has a resident population of 34,700. Its neighbouring towns include Arrowtown, Glenorchy, Kingston, Wanaka, Alexandra, the nearest cities are Dunedin and Invercargill. Queenstown is known for its tourism, especially adventure and ski tourism. The area was discovered and first settled by Māori before non-Māori arrived, the first non-Māori to see Lake Wakatipu was European Nathanael Chalmers who was guided by Reko, the chief of the Tuturau, over the Waimea Plains and up the Mataura River in September 1853. Evidence of stake nets, baskets for catching eels, spears and it is likely Ngāi Tahu Māori visited Queenstown en route to collect Pounamu. European explorers William Gilbert Rees and Nicholas von Tunzelmann were the first non-Maoris to settle the area, many Queenstown streets bear names from the gold mining era and some historic buildings remain. Williams Cottage, the Lake Lodge of Ophir, Queenstown Police Station, the miners and especially the Irish had taken an interest in the ceremony held for a small town called The Cove in Ireland which was renamed to Queenstown in honour of Queen Victoria in 1850. They may have had their own ceremony at the intersection of Rees, by 9 and 10 January 1863 the town was being reported with the name of Queenstown from several reports written by a correspondent in the Otago Witness on Monday the 5th and Tuesday the 6th. It was during the meeting there may have been a reference by a miner of the town being fit for a Queen, the Māori name for Queenstown of Tāhuna means shallow bay. A resort town, Queenstown boasted 220 adventure tourism activities in 2012, skiing and snowboarding, jet boating, whitewater rafting, bungy jumping, mountain biking, skateboarding, tramping, paragliding, sky diving and fly fishing are all popular. Queenstown is a centre for snow sports in New Zealand, with people from all over the country. Cross country skiing is available at the Waiorau Snowfarm, near Cardrona village. The 100-year-old twin screw coal fired steamer TSS Earnslaw traverses Lake Wakatipu, Queenstown lies close to the centre of a small wine producing region, reputed to be the worlds southernmost. The Two Paddocks vineyard is owned by local actor Sam Neill, neighbouring, historic Arrowtown features restaurants and bars. In 2013, examples include Bike Festival, Winter Festival, jane Campions six-part drama mystery Top of the Lake was shot during 2012 for pay TV release in 2013
4.
Christchurch
–
Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
5.
Transit bus
–
A transit bus is a type of bus used on shorter-distance public transport bus services. Several configurations are used, including Low-floor buses, high-floor buses, double-decker buses and these are distinct from all-seated coaches used for longer distance journeys and smaller minibuses, which are typically used for paratransit services. Some industry members and commentators promote the idea of making the interior of a bus as inviting as a private car. Due to the local authority use, transit buses are built to a third-party specification put to the manufacturer by the authority. Early examples of such include the Greater Manchester Leyland Atlantean. New transit buses may be purchased each time a route/area is contracted, the operating area of a transit bus may also be defined as a geographic metropolitan area, with the buses used outside of this area being more varied with buses purchased with other factors in mind. Some regional-size operators for capital cost reasons may use transit buses interchangeably on short urban routes as well as longer routes, sometimes up to 2 or 3 hours. Often transit bus operators have a selection of dual-purpose fitted buses, sometimes transit buses may also be used as express buses on a limited-stopping or non-stop service at peak times, but over the same distance as the regular route. For rear doors, most buses have doors opened by the controls or patron. Most doors will signify that they are unlocked and open with lights, transit buses can be single-decker, double-decker, rigid or articulated. Depending on local policies, transit buses will usually have two, three or four doors to facilitate rapid boarding and alighting. In cases of low-demand routes, or to small local streets, some models of minibus. Due to their public role, transit buses were the first type of bus to benefit from low-floor technology. Transit buses are now subject to various disability discrimination acts in several jurisdictions which dictate various design features also applied to other vehicles in some cases. Fare collection is also seeing a shift to off-bus payment, with either the driver or an inspector verifying fare payments
6.
Intercity bus service
–
Intercity bus services may be operated by government agencies or private industry, for profit and not for profit. Intercity coach travel can serve areas or countries with no train services, Intercity bus services are of prime importance in lightly populated rural areas that often have little or no public transportation. Intercity bus services are one of four common transport methods between cities, not all of which are available in all places, the others are by airliner, train, and private automobile. The first intercity scheduled transport service was called the stagecoach and originated in the 17th century, crude coaches were being built from the 16th century in England, but without suspension, these coaches achieved very low speeds on the poor quality rutted roads of the time. By the mid 17th century, a basic infrastructure was being put in place. The first stagecoach route started in 1610 and ran from Edinburgh to Leith and this was followed by a steady proliferation of other routes around the country. A string of coaching inns operated as stopping points for travellers on the route between London and Liverpool by the mid 17th century, the coach would depart every Monday and Thursday and took roughly ten days to make the journey during the summer months. They also became adopted for travel in and around London by mid-century. Shakespeares first plays were staged at coaching inns such as The George Inn, the speed of travel remained constant until the mid-18th century. Robert Hooke helped in the construction of some of the first spring-suspended coaches in the 1660s and spoked wheels with iron rim brakes were introduced, in 1754, a Manchester-based company began a new service called the Flying Coach. It was advertised with the following announcement - However incredible it may appear, this coach will arrive in London in four days. A similar service was begun from Liverpool three years later, using coaches with steel spring suspension and this coach took an unprecedented three days to reach London with an average speed of eight miles per hour. Even more dramatic improvements to coach speed were made by John Palmer at the British Post Office and his experimental coach left Bristol at 4 pm on 2 August 1784 and arrived in London just 16 hours later. The golden age of the stagecoach was during the Regency period, the era saw great improvements in the design of the coaches, notably by John Besant in 1792 and 1795. His coach had a greatly improved turning capacity and braking system, obadiah Elliott registered the first patent for a spring-suspension vehicle. Each wheel had two steel leaf springs on each side and the body of the carriage was fixed directly to the springs attached to the axles. Steady improvements in construction were also made at this time, most importantly the widespread implementation of Macadam roads up. Coaches in this period travelled at around 12 miles per hour and greatly increased the level of mobility in the country, both for people and for mail
7.
Coach charter
–
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
8.
Diesel fuel
–
Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic efficiency and thus fuel efficiency. This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part-load, as their air supply is not throttled as in a petrol engine, to distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel. Ultra-low-sulfur diesel is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents, as of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. In the UK, diesel fuel for use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle. In Australia diesel fuel is known as distillate, and in Indonesia, it is known as Solar. Diesel fuel originated from experiments conducted by German scientist and inventor Rudolf Diesel for his engine he invented in 1892. Diesel fuel is produced from various sources, the most common being petroleum, other sources include biomass, animal fat, biogas, natural gas, and coal liquefaction. Petroleum diesel, also called petrodiesel, or fossil diesel is the most common type of diesel fuel, synthetic diesel can be produced from any carbonaceous material, including biomass, biogas, natural gas, coal and many others. The raw material is gasified into synthesis gas, which after purification is converted by the Fischer–Tropsch process to a synthetic diesel, the process is typically referred to as biomass-to-liquid, gas-to-liquid or coal-to-liquid, depending on the raw material used. Paraffinic synthetic diesel generally has a content of sulfur and very low aromatics content, reducing unregulated emissions of toxic hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides. Fatty-acid methyl ester, more known as biodiesel, is obtained from vegetable oil or animal fats which have been transesterified with methanol. It can be produced from many types of oils, the most common being rapeseed oil in Europe, methanol can also be replaced with ethanol for the transesterification process, which results in the production of ethyl esters. FAME can be used pure in engines where the manufacturer approves such use, FAME as a fuel is specified in DIN EN14214 and ASTM D6751. Pure biodiesel has an energy content about 5–10% lower than petroleum diesel, the loss in power when using pure biodiesel is 5–7%. As FAME contains low levels of sulfur, the emissions of oxides and sulfates. Use of biodiesel also results in reductions of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, CO emissions using biodiesel are substantially reduced, on the order of 50% compared to most petrodiesel fuels. The exhaust emissions of particulate matter from biodiesel have been found to be 30% lower than overall particulate matter emissions from petrodiesel, the exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons are up to 93% lower for biodiesel than diesel fuel. Biodiesel also may reduce risks associated with petroleum diesel
9.
Bus
–
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
10.
Leisure
–
Leisure has been defined as a quality of experience or as free time. Free time is time spent away from business, work, job hunting, domestic chores and it also excludes time spent on necessary activities such as eating and sleeping. From a research perspective, this approach has the advantages of being quantifiable and comparable over time, Leisure as experience usually emphasizes dimensions of perceived freedom and choice. It is done for its own sake, for the quality of experience, other classic definitions include Thorsten Veblens of nonproductive consumption of time. Different disciplines have definitions reflecting their common issues, for example, sociology on social forces and contexts and psychology as mental and emotional states, Leisure studies and sociology of leisure are the academic disciplines concerned with the study and analysis of leisure. Recreation differs from leisure in that it is an activity that includes the experience of leisure in activity contexts. The distinction between leisure and unavoidable activities is not a rigidly defined one, e. g. people sometimes do work-oriented tasks for pleasure as well as for long-term utility, a distinction may also be drawn between free time and leisure. A related concept is that of leisure, which involves leisurely activities in social settings, such as extracurricular activities, e. g. sports. Another related concept is that of family leisure, relationships with others is usually a major factor in both satisfaction and choice. Leisure has historically been the privilege of the upper-class and it spread as well to the United States, although that country had a reputation in Europe for providing much less leisure despite its wealth. Immigrants to the United States discovered they had to work harder than they did in Europe, economists continue to investigate why Americans work longer hours. In a recent book, Laurent Turcot argue that leisure was not created in the 19th century but is imbricated in the world since the beginning of history. In Canada, leisure in the country is related to the decline in work hours and is shaped by moral values, and the ethnic-religious and gender communities. In a cold country with long nights, and summers extended daylight, favorite leisure activities include horse racing, team sports such as hockey, singalongs, Rollerskating. The churches tried to steer leisure activities, by preaching against drinking and scheduling annual revivals, rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage. Leisure by the mid 19th century was no longer an individualistic activity, in the French industrial city of Lille, with a population of 80,000 in 1858, the cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1300, or one for every three houses. Lille counted 63 drinking and singing clubs,37 clubs for players,23 for bowling,13 for skittles. The churches likewise have their social organizations, each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions
11.
Public transport in Dunedin
–
Public transport in Dunedin, New Zealand is mainly by bus. Two bus companies, Go Bus Transport and Ritchies Transport operate routes under their respective brands, there are 18 weekday routes and 12 weekend/public holiday routes. Bus fares are paid for by cash, or by the electronic ticketing system GoCard which replaced paper tickets in November 2007. The Dunedin bus network is operated with over 55 low floor buses. Bus route service contracts are often split between weekday services and weeknight/Sunday/holiday services, there are currently two local bus companies, Go Bus Transport operates the great majority of weekday routes, and all evening/Sunday/public holiday routes. Most bus routes from the north and west are interconnected with routes from the south, with buses continuing from one route through to the other, for example, buses from Pine Hill continue though the Octagon to Lookout Point, and vice versa. Buses are signed and numbered by their destination, so a bus from Pine Hill will be signed Lookout Point 40. All services are operated by Go Bus Transport and all accept wheelchairs, airport shuttle vans typically travel non-stop to or from the airport and meander about the city and suburbs picking up or dropping passengers at each address. The vast majority of Dunedins bus network is designed, specified, contracted and subsidised by the Otago Regional Council, buses use the individual companies livery with Otago Regional Council stickers added. Until recently, all operated under the brand Gobus, this ended when a bus company with a similar name began serving the city. A couple of bus routes are operated commercially outside the Regional Councils control, all services are regulated by the NZ Transport Agency. The Dunedin City Council has no role other than as provider of the road infrastructure, street furniture such as signs and seats. However, the city council is involved in discussions with the council over taking over the management of public transport. All bus services except the Palmerston service operate on a zone-based fare scheme, there are seven concentric fare zones, with Zone 1 containing central Dunedin, and Zone 7 containing Mosgiel, Brighton, and Harington Point. Fares on the Palmerston service are levied independently of the zone system, fares are either paid in cash to the driver of the bus, or by GoCard. The GoCard is a radio frequency identification stored value card, similar to Londons Oyster Card, goCards are bought from the bus driver, or from Otago Regional Council or Dunedin City Council offices for $5, with a minimum top-up value of $10. New Zealand Government Railways Department operated Commuter trains from the Dunedin Railway Station to Wingatui and Mosgiel and they also operated motor buses to the suburbs of Warrington, Cherry Farm, Brighton, Outram, Mosgiel. In early times, there were connecting the central city to Port Chalmers and Portobello
12.
Auckland
–
Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
13.
Public transport in Invercargill
–
Public transport in Invercargill, New Zealand is by bus. Passenger Transport provides services under contract to the Invercargill City Council, Invercargill offered several zero-fare bus services in the first decade of the century. Senior citizens are provided free off-peak travel via the governments SuperGold Travel Scheme. BusSmarts new routes are Waikiwi Link, Windsor Comet, Heidelberg Star, Invercargill has two taxi companies, Invercargill Taxis Blue Star Taxis The Airport is only 3 km from the centre of the city and transport is mainly by taxi and shuttle van. The Invercargill City Council specifies, tenders, subsidises and contracts with bus operators for provision of transport in Invercargill. Passenger Transport Ltd currently holds this contract, from the opening of the Bluff Branch in 1867 until the cancellation of the final service in 1967, passenger trains operated between Invercargill and Bluff for commuters and school children. In 1950, seven trains ran each way on the weekday, with eight on Fridays, five on Saturdays. By 1967, only one train ran each way on weekdays for the benefit of school children, Invercargill formerly had the southernmost tram system in the world. Construction began in January 1911 and two lines of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in standard gauge track were opened on 26 March 1912, one to Waikiwi and one to Georgetown. Later that year, two lines opened, one to North Invercargill and one to South Invercargill, the latter was the southernmost electrified street tram line in the world. In practice, the network operated as two routes, Route A between Georgetown and Waikiwi and Route B between North and South Invercargill, the Waikiwi line closed in 1947, though a portion remained in operation until 1951. The Georgetown route was closed on 2 July 1951, but the portion to Rugby Park Stadium remained open until August 1951. The South Invercargill line was next to close, on 31 May 1952, Invercargill City Council bus timetables and routes webpage Passenger Transport website
14.
Southland, New Zealand
–
Southland is New Zealands southernmost region. It consists mainly of the portion of the South Island. It includes Southland District, Gore District and the city of Invercargill, the region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coast. Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Maori, in this case sealers, whalers and missionaries – Wohlers at Ruapuke, in 1853, Walter Mantell purchased Murihiku from local Maori iwi, claiming the land for European settlement. Over successive decades, present-day Southland and Otago were settled by large numbers of Scottish settlers, immigration to New Zealand had been precipitated by an economic depression in Scotland and a schism between the Church of Scotland and the Free Church of Scotland. In 1852, James Menzies, leader of the Southland separatist movement, under the influence of Menzies, Southland Province seceded from Otago in 1861 following the escalation of political tensions. However, rising debt forced Southland to rejoin Otago in 1870, in the 1880s, the development of an export industry based on butter and cheese encouraged the growth of dairy farming in Southland. Consequently, the colonys first dairy factory was established at Edendale in 1882, much of this export went to the United Kingdom. The regions largest flood on 27 January 1984 led to a state of emergency being declared, evacuation of 4,000 people, Southlands two principal urban settlements are the city of Invercargill and the town of Gore. Southland covers an area of 28,681 square kilometres, in the June 2016 it had a population of 98,000, making it one of New Zealands most sparsely populated areas. The sizable western part Fiordland is almost empty of permanent human inhabitation, Southland is divided into two parliamentary electorates. The large rural electorate of Clutha-Southland, held by Todd Barclay, the seat of Invercargill is held by Sarah Dowie. Both are members of the governing National Party, Regional responsibilities are handled by the Southland Regional Council. Three Territorial Authorities fall entirely within Southland, the Invercargill City Council governs Invercargill itself, together with some adjoining rural areas. Much of the area of Southland, including all of Stewart Island/Rakiura, falls within the Southland District. The Gore District Council administers the town of the same name, in 2001, three authorities created the joint initiative agency Venture Southland which is the agency responsible for the region’s economic and community development initiatives and tourism promotion. The region is home to two parks, Fiordland National Park and Rakiura National Park. The former which covers 7,860 square kilometres, making it New Zealands largest national park, Southland also includes Stewart Island, 85% of which is covered by Rakiura National Park
15.
Nakedbus.com
–
Nakedbus. com is a provider of low-cost long distance bus transport services around New Zealand. It uses concepts such as management and no-frills to provide low fares. The company is so-named because we have stripped out the costs that you don’t need and it is based on British online transport models such as EasyJet and megabus. Established in October 2006 with services out of Auckland around the North Island, the business was earlier owned by Hamish Nuttall and Pavlovich Services, and in May 2015 was taken over by ManaBus, part of Souter Holdings, owned by Brian Souter. In August 2015 both companies became part of Souters InMotion Group of New Zealand bus and ferry companies, lost property enquiries are dealt with online using a contact form. 99% of customers do not need to contact the company by phone, Nakedbus. com sometimes code-shares with operators on smaller routes. So while most buses are in the black and white livery. Nakedbus. com timetables are monitored through a cellphone checking system which links with the Nakedbus computer system, in December 2010 Nakedbus. com launched Nakedsleep. com, a website selling beds and rooms in backpacker hostels around New Zealand. The site offers beds from $15 per person per night, excluding booking fee
16.
Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter
–
The Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter is an aluminium smelter owned by Rio Tinto Group and the Sumitomo Group, via a joint venture called New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited. The facility, New Zealand’s only aluminium smelter, is at Tiwai Point and it imports alumina and processes it into primary aluminium. The plants alumina is supplied from refineries in Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia, around 90 per cent of the aluminium produced at NZAS is exported, mainly to Japan. The smelter was opened in 1971 following the construction of the Manapouri Power Station by the New Zealand government to supply it with electricity and it uses 13 percent of New Zealands electricity, and is reported to account for 10 percent of the Southland regions economy. In 1955, a geologist working for Consolidated Zinc Proprietary Ltd identified a commercial deposit of bauxite in Australia on the west coast of Cape York Peninsula, the company investigated sources of large quantities of cheap electricity needed to reduce the alumina recovered from the bauxite into aluminium. In 1960, ConZinc reached an agreement with the government for it to build a smelter and power using the hydroelectric capacity of Lake Manapouri. In 1963, ConZinc decided not to build the power station, construction of the Manapouri Power Station attracted controversy for its environmental effects, with over 264,000 New Zealanders signing the Save Manapouri petition. With a supply of electricity to be available, ConZinc built the Tiwai Point smelter, Tiwai Point is the only aluminium smelter in New Zealand. The smelter uses the Hall-Héroult process to convert alumina to elemental aluminium, bauxite is mined in Australia and refined into alumina before being shipped to New Zealand. The smelter consists of three lines of P69 technology cells, with 208 cells each, and one line of 48 CD200 technology cells, the third P69 Line was built in the early 1980s as part of Muldoon governments Think Big projects. The smelter produces the world’s purest aluminium –99.98 percent pure – and is one of two smelters in the world producing ultrahigh purity aluminium, in 2011 the smelter produced 354,030 saleable tonnes of aluminium, which was its highest ever output at the time. In 2015, it produced 335,290 tonnes, the smelters power demand from the national grid is about 570 MW. Most of the energy for the smelter is supplied from the Manapouri hydroelectric power station, New Zealand Aluminium Smelters has a contract for electricity supply with Meridian Energy for the continuous supply of 572 megawatts for the period 2013 to 2030. A variation of this agreement was signed in 2015, NZAS reports that the facility employs 800 full-time employees and contractors and indirectly creates jobs for 3,000 people. The smelter is reported to account for 10 percent of the Southland regions economy, Tiwai Point has frequently operated at a loss, such as in 2012 when it lost $548 million. Analyts have commented that the profitability of the smelter is most dependent on prices for electricity, alumina, between 2008 and 2013, aluminium prices fell by more than 30 percent. Invercargill mayor Tim Shadbolt said it was a myth that closing the smelter would result in lower prices, finance Minister Bill English said the Government would make no further contribution to support it, which he reiterated in 2015 following speculation that Rio Tinto was seeking to sell the smelter. In 2016, an analyst First New Zealand Capital utilities said that the smelter was thought to be breaking even, Aluminium smelting via the Hall-Héroult process produces carbon dioxide as a by-product
17.
Bluff, New Zealand
–
Bluff, previously known as Campbelltown, is a town and seaport in the Southland region, on the southern coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the southern-most town in New Zealand and, despite Slope Point, according to the 2006 census, the resident population was 1,850, a decrease of 85 since 2001. The Bluff area was one of the earliest areas of New Zealand where a European presence became established, the first ship known to have entered the harbour was the Perseverance in 1813, in search of flax trading possibilities, with the first European settlers arriving in 1823 or 1824. This is the foundation for the claim that Bluff is the oldest permanent European settlement in the country, however, the missionary settlement at Kerikeri was both earlier and larger. The town was officially called Campbelltown in 1856, became a borough in 1878, Bluff is 30 km by road from Invercargill, and the southern terminus of the Bluff Branch, the continuation from Invercargill of the Main South Line. This was one of New Zealands earliest railways, opening on 5 February 1867, Bluff is at the end of a peninsula that forms the western side of Bluff Harbour and Awarua Bay, with the port located in the relatively narrow entrance channel. It is on State Highway 1, which terminates one kilometre to the south of the town at Stirling Point, at Stirling Point there is a signpost showing the distance and direction to various major cities and locations around the world, including the Equator and the South Pole. Bluff is dominated by Bluff Hill / Motupohue, which provides shelter from the prevailing westerly winds. There is a walk along the shore through native bush up to this point. The town is named for this bluff, which was known to early whalers as Old Mans Bluff or Old Man Bluff, east across the entry channel from Bluff is Tiwai Point, home to New Zealands only aluminium smelter and its wharf. Electricity is supplied by the Manapouri Power Station in Fiordland National Park, South Port is the port operating company of the Port of Bluff, and is owned to 66. 5% by the Southland Regional Council. A small port in comparison with New Zealand giants like Ports of Auckland or Port of Tauranga, it moves around 2.2 million tonnes of each year. It is hoped that the Tiwai Point aluminium smelter and fossil fuel exploration activity in the Great South Basin will help to ensure the relevance of the port. A recent weekly container ship service also lifted the volumes, Bluff Harbour is also the terminus for the twice-daily catamaran ferry to Stewart Island / Rakiura,60 kilometres south across Foveaux Strait. It is the gateway for NZ ships heading down to the Antarctic. The harbour is home to the Foveaux Strait oyster fleet. Bluff oysters are renowned for their succulence and flavour, and are considered a delicacy nationwide, the oyster quota was severely reduced during the 1990s due to the effects of the toxic protozoan parasite Bonamia exitiosa upon the oyster beds. Among the attractions of the town was the Paua House, created by Fred and this was an ordinary bungalow transformed by having the outside walls totally covered in paua shells
18.
Dunedin City Council
–
The Dunedin City Council is the local government authority for Dunedin in New Zealand. It is a territorial authority elected to represent the 127,000 people of Dunedin, since October 2010, the Mayor of Dunedin is Dave Cull, who succeeded Peter Chin. The council consists of a mayor who is elected at large, the councillors are elected under the Single Transferable Vote system in triennial elections, with the most recent election held on 12 October 2013
19.
Dunedin cable tramway system
–
The Dunedin cable tramway system was a group of cable tramway lines in the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It is significant as Dunedin was the city in the world to adopt the cable car. The first Dunedin cable car opened in 1881, the engineer responsible being George Smith Duncan. The last line closed on 2 March 1957, Dunedins first cable car served Roslyn, covering a distance of 1.4 miles, opening on 6 February 1881. The line went up Rattray Street, with the worlds first pull curve in front of St Josephs Cathedral, the last cable car ran on this line on 25 October 1951. Trolleybuses replaced the service as far as Belgrave Crescent, using City Road instead of the steep cutting through the Town Belt. Travelling a distance of 1.2 miles, the Stuart Street line opened on 6 October 1900 and it closed on 31 July 1947. Opening on 23 March 1883, the Mornington line travelled one mile up High Street to Mornington and this line was the steepest recorded tramline in the world, with a gradient at the highest point of the track measured at 1 in 3.75. The Mornington line was the last to close, on 2 March 1957, cable Car House is still clearly marked in the shopping area, having had little external changes since the line closed. In 2013, a local group announced plans to reinstate this line, the project, estimated to cost $22m, would include a terminus near Mornington Park containing a cafe, museum and storage area for the cable car. The Maryhill Extension exited from the back of the Mornington cable car house at the end of Henderson St, following Glenpark Avenue for 0.5 miles. The line was straight, and was sometimes referred to as The Big Dipper, similar to a roller coaster, going steeply down one side of the valley. It opened on 18 March 1885 and closed on 29 October 1955, the line was originally operated using two grip trams which were later destroyed by a fire. Later, the line was operated by the former Elgin Road grip tram, grip tram 106 was withdrawn in 1955 and donated to the Otago Early Settlers Museum where it remains on static display. The Elgin Road Extension also left the Mornington cable car house, going up Mailer Street and it opened on 6 October 1906, and closed only four years later, on 22 January 1910. In contrast to Dunedins other cable car lines, there was very little gradient on this line, however, the line featured a number of very sharp curves which caused the rope to wear out much faster than those on the other lines. The Elgin Road grip tram was transferred to the Maryhill line and it is preserved in Toitū Otago Settlers Museum as it would have looked in 1955 when it was withdrawn
20.
Rogernomics
–
Douglas came from a background of Labour Party politics. His adoption of more usually associated with the political right. Douglas became a Labour member of parliament at the 1969 general election and he showed his interest in economic policy in his maiden speech, in which he argued against foreign investment in the domestic economy. His case for protection of the domestic economy and government involvement in investment was characteristic of the Labour Party of the time. From 1972 to 1975, Douglas was a minister in the Third Labour Government. This government followed a broadly Keynesian approach to economic management, as a minister, Douglas was innovative in the context of the public sector. As Broadcasting Minister he devised a structure in which two publicly owned television channels competed against each other. The superannuation scheme he helped design became law in 1974, but was disestablished by Robert Muldoon almost as soon as the National Party won the 1975 election, Douglas maintained his interest in economic issues in opposition. In 1980, he described New Zealand as a living on borrowed money. The economic policy of governments had left the domestic economy sheltered. Inflation, which was more than ten per cent a year throughout the 1970s, was high by the standards of the major trading partners. There was a persistent fiscal deficit, a large part of the economy was controlled by regulation, some arbitrary or inconsistent. The political consensus of the years produced stability at the cost of innovation. Beneficiaries of the economy flourished in both public and private sectors. Douglas argued that only radical action would improve the economic outlook, in 1980, he published an Alternative Budget that attacked what Douglas called the Muldoon governments tinkering with the economy. He wrote that twenty years of pandering to entrenched interests had dampened productive investment, the Labour leadership saw his proposals and their unauthorised publication as unfavourable comment on Labour policy. The Labour leader Bill Rowling publicly rebuked Douglas, Douglas then published his thinking in the form of a book. Alongside far-reaching proposals for reform of taxation and government spending, it advocated a twenty per cent devaluation of the dollar to increase the competitiveness of exports, although radical, it took an eclectic approach and did not hint at the abandonment of Labour’s Keynesian policy framework
21.
Given name
–
A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
22.
New Zealand Railways Road Services
–
The New Zealand Railways Road Services was a branch of the New Zealand Railways Department and later the New Zealand Railways Corporation. It operated long-distance, tourist and suburban bus services and freight trucking, the first bus operation by NZR began on 1 October 1907, between Culverden on the Waiau Branch and Waiau Ferry in Canterbury. In November 1926, NZR purchased a private bus operating between Hastings and Napier in the Hawkes Bay region. NZR then acquired various other bus services in Dunedin and the Hutt Valley, in 1931 Parliament passed the Transport Licensing Act, which regulated local bus services to ensure that services would not compete with NZR. This further increased acquisitions by NZR of small bus companies, there was a certain amount of rivalry within NZR between NZRRS and the rail Traffic Branch and in many ways they competed with rather than complemented each other. For example, many cities had bus terminals some distance from railway stations and many NZRRS routes ran parallel to, by 1954 the bus routes covered 6,000 miles, but generally at higher fares than the railways. For example, the 230 miles Christchurch-Dunedin return journey cost £2 13s 6d by rail, but £3 10s by bus and took 7hr 10min on the fastest train, early years of the Road Services saw many different brands of buses acquired with the various constituent companies. From Ford Model T-based cars to Straker steam trucks, to various Albion, Cadillac, Dodge, the builders of the bodies were many and various. Leading up to World War II, standardisation was the call, during the 1940s Ford V8 and Bedford truck chassis with New Zealand Motor Bodies became the standard NZRRS bus. During the 1950s NZRRS began to use the Bedford SB chassis fitted with NZMB bodies. So much so, that the Bedford SB was ordered right up until 1980, NZRRS eventually bought 1,240 of these chassis, which were used in suburban, local rural, and long distance service. This was the largest fleet of Bedford SB buses in the world, during the late 1970s NZRRS, like many other operators, was having issues with the general reliability of their fleet. Orders were made to Volvo and Hino in an effort to find a better vehicle, Hino and Volvo buses and coaches were purchased right up until the end of the NZRRS
23.
Brand
–
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
24.
Dave Cull
–
David Charles Dave Cull, JP is the mayor of the city of Dunedin in New Zealand. He became the 57th Mayor of Dunedin in October 2010 and was re-elected in the 2013 mayoralty race, before politics, he was a presenter for Television New Zealand and an author. Cull was born and grew up in Invercargill, where he attended Southland Boys High School and he obtained a BA and PG Dip in political science at the University of Otago. He has worked as a presenter for Television New Zealand, hosting lifestyle and home improvement shows including Home Front. He is married to Joan Wilson and they have two daughters and he was elected as councillor to Dunedin City Council in 2007. During his time as a councillor, he opposed the new stadium, in the 2010 Dunedin mayoral election, he was one of seven candidates, one of whom was incumbent mayor Peter Chin. Cull stood as part of the Greater Dunedin group and was successful, Cull has expressed support for a controversial planned waterfront hotel that at 28 storeys, would tower over much of the city. In January 2013, Cull announced that he would seek re-election in that years mayoral election, on election day, he beat ex ACT MP Hilary Calvert, Councillor Lee Vandervis, and six other challengers. Icebergs, The Antarctic Comes to Town
25.
Student transport
–
Student transport is the transporting of children and teenagers to and from schools and school events. School transport can be undertaken by students themselves, they may be accompanied by family members or caregivers, or the transport may be organised collectively. Using the general-purpose public transport is the most common means of student transport, sometimes the parents or the students get reimbursed when they buy public transport tickets. Student transport can use specially designed school buses, many districts in Canada and the United States use specially built and equipped school buses, painted school bus yellow and equipped with various forms of warning and safety devices specific to them. In other parts of the world, buses used for transporting students tend to be more general-purpose type buses than their North American counterparts, parental transport of students in the family automobile, sometimes termed the school run, is increasing due to perceived hazards to unaccompanied children. Older students in some countries are able to drive themselves to school, the Walk to school campaign and walking buses promote the benefits of walking to school. Officials of the National Transportation Safety Board say school buses are safer than cars and they are usually white and orange and are mostly vans, a change from the times when bigger transit-style buses were used. Parents pay the van owner a fee to carry their children back. These vans are not affiliated to the school and usually transport children from different schools in the same route, in Australia, students who live in outer suburban or rural areas often travel on public buses and trains or on special routes provided by private bus companies. The school services cross-subsidise the regular bus routes, in inner city areas, school students travel on government-owned route service buses. Students travel on either a public bus, or a school special service. Some private schools have their own buses which are provided by a school where a private company is unwilling or unable to provide the service. New South Wales In New South Wales, school bus transport is listed as one of the safest forms of land transport, Canadian school districts usually engage school bus contractors for student transport services, almost always provided without charge to families. Outside of the metrification of the instruments and the French-language signage on school buses in the province of Quebec, Canadian. In Finland, students who live more than 5 kilometers away from the nearest school, the buses and taxis that are used are normal vehicles, typically operated by local companies. Buses that are reserved solely for school busing have Koulukyyti/Skolskjuts markings on front, taxis engaged in student transport have a triangular sign on the roof. Buses engaged in student transport are limited to driving at 80 km/h maximum speed, therere no special school buses in Germany with a few exceptions. Public transport timetables are often adapted to the needs of secondary schools, some German states offer a reimbursement for public transport tickets
26.
Bristol Commercial Vehicles
–
Bristol Commercial Vehicles was a vehicle manufacturer located in Bristol, England. Most production was of buses but trucks and railbus chassis were also built, the Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company started to build buses for its own use in 1908 and soon started building vehicles for other companies. In 1955 this part of the business was separated out as Bristol Commercial Vehicles Limited and it closed in 1983 when production was moved to its then parent company Leyland. The first trams of the Bristol Tramways Company ran in 1875, in 1908 the company decided to build bus chassis for its own use, the first one entering service on 12 May. The Motor Department was initially based at the depot in Brislington, on the road that led east from Bristol to Bath. The Car Building Works there had been responsible for erecting electric trams and had gone on to build vehicles for the company. The first motor bodies built there had been three charabanc bodies constructed in 1907 for the Thornycroft buses delivered the previous year, during 1907 the bus fleet was transferred to the tram depot at Filton to the north west of the city. In 1908 the company built its first six buses, the chassis were erected by the Motor Department and three bodies each at Brislington and the companys carriage works in Leek Lane, north Bristol. In 1910 the company decided to build aeroplanes, forming the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, the best place for this work was the sheds occupied by the Motor Department at Filton, so motor repairs and construction returned to Brislington. The tram depot proved too small for the volume of work and so a new 4 acres site, to be known as the Motor Constructional Works, was purchased nearby in Kensington Hill, Brisington. In May 1914 it supplied its first bus to another operator, the Middlesbrough order was followed by a number of trucks for the Royal Navy Air Service. The Great Western Railway bought a controlling interest in the company in 1929. This brought Bristol Tramways and its activities into the Tilling Group. It was a decision by the Tilling Group to adopt the diesel engine as the standard power unit. Other companies in the group turned to Bristol to provide their chassis. Many Bristol chassis were taken to Eastern Coach Works at Lowestoft, another member of the Tilling Group, the un-bodied chassis were moved between the two towns by delivery drivers wearing substantial weatherproof suits. Bristol Commercial Vehicles was created in 1943 as a subsidiary of Bristol Tramways, the Transport Act saw the nationalisation of the Tilling Group into the British Transport Commission in 1948. BCV and ECW soon found themselves restricted to selling products to other BTC operators, nationalisation also brought the task of supervision of the Ministry of Supplys motor repair works at Kingswood
27.
Double decker bus
–
A double-decker bus is a bus that has two storeys or decks. Double-decker buses are used for transport in the United Kingdom, Europe, Asia and many former European possessions. Early double-deckers put the driver in a separate cab, passenger access was via an open platform at the rear, and a bus conductor would collect fares. Modern double-deckers have an entrance door at the front, and the driver takes fares, thus halving the number of bus workers aboard. The rear open platform, popular with passengers, was abandoned for safety reasons, double-deckers are primarily for commuter transport but open-top models are used as sight-seeing buses for tourists. William Gladstone, speaking of Londons double-deck horse drawn omnibuses, once observed. the best way to see London is from the top of a bus, cities listed here have double-decker buses as part of their regular mass transit fleet. Cities with only tourist and sightseeing buses are excluded. Double-decker coaches in the UK have traditionally been 12.0 metres in length, articulated double-deckers are also allowed at a maximum length of 18.75 metres. In 1941, Miss Phyllis Thompson became the first woman licensed to drive a vehicle in the United Kingdom. She drove for the bus company Messrs, felix Motors Ltd, then at Hatfield near Doncaster. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. The majority of buses in London are double-deckers, a particularly iconic example was the AEC Routemaster bus, which had been a staple of the public transport network in London for nearly half a century following its introduction in 1956. Because of cited difficulties accommodating disabled passengers, the last remaining Routemasters in use finally retired from service in 2005. In 2007, a hybrid-powered double-decker entered service on London Buses route 141, by late 2008, more hybrid double-deckers from three manufacturers entered service in London. A New Routemaster was developed that year, and entered service on 20 February 2012, in October 2015, London added five all-electric double-decker buses - the worlds first - made by Chinese firm BYD. Bus Vannin operate several double-deckers on routes all across the island, in the Republic of Ireland, nearly all of buses operated in and around Greater Dublin by Dublin Bus are double-deckers. There are 936 double-decker buses in the fleet of 942. The Bus Éireann company also utilises double-decker buses on some of its short-haul routes, double-deckers are also common on some of the companys suburban routes in Cork city
28.
Sightseeing
–
Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
29.
Dunedin Railway Station
–
Dunedin Railway Station in Dunedin on New Zealands South Island, designed by George Troup, is the citys fourth station. It earned its architect the nickname of Gingerbread George, Dunedin was linked to Christchurch by rail in 1878, with a link south to Invercargill completed the following year, and the first railway workshops were opened at Hillside in South Dunedin in 1875. It took close to 20 years for government funding to be allocated, the logistics of constructing what was at the time New Zealands busiest railway station took three years before construction began in 1903. Pink granite was used for a series of supporting pillars which line a colonnade at the front, the roof was tiled in terracotta shingles from Marseilles surmounted by copper-domed cupolas. The southern end is dominated by the 37-metre clocktower visible from much of central Dunedin, the booking hall features a mosaic floor of almost 750,000 Minton tiles. A frieze of Royal Doulton porcelain runs around the balcony above it from which the design, featuring a locomotive and related symbols. The main platform is the countrys longest, extending for about 500 metres, the foundation stone was laid by the Minister of Railways Joseph Ward on 3 June 1904. The Prime Minister Richard Seddon was also present, the station was opened by Ward, by then Prime Minister, in 1906. Construction was kept within budget, and cost £40,000, the citys economic decline and the reduction in the prominence of rail transport means that only a handful of trains use the station today. The station used to have platforms at both the north and south ends and a crossover midway along the main platform. Large shunting yards, most of which have now gone, occupied land to the south, much of this land has now been subdivided into wholesale and light industrial properties. With the decrease in rail traffic, the station now serves more functions than the one for which it was designed. Bought by the Dunedin City Council in 1994, its uses have greatly diversified, much of the ground floor is used as a restaurant, and the upper floor is home to both the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame and the Otago Art Society. A produce market is held in the grounds to the north every Saturday morning, every year in March, the station takes centre stage in the South Islands main fashion show, with the main platform becoming reputedly the worlds longest catwalk. A thorough refurbishment of the exterior took place in the late 1990s, in October 2006 its centenary was celebrated with a festival of railway events, including the operation of eight steam railway locomotives from all over New Zealand. In 2006 it was recognised by DK Eyewitness Travel as one of The Worlds 200 Must-See Places. On 12 February 2008, a container wagon struck and partially destroyed the historic footbridge at the end of the station. Four people were on the bridge, with one suffering minor injuries when she fell 4.5 metres, reconstruction of a footbridge of similar design on the same site was carried out in September–October 2008
30.
Coach (bus)
–
A coach is a type of vehicle used for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer-distance intercity—or even international—bus service. The term was applied to railway carriages in the 19th century, horse-drawn chariots and carriages were used by the wealthy and powerful where the roads were of a high enough standard from possibly 3000 BC. In Hungary, during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus in the 15th century and this cart of Kocs as the Hungarians called it soon became popular all over Europe. Stagecoaches were used for transport between cities from about 1500 in Great Britain until displaced by the arrival of the railways, one of the earliest motorised vehicles was the charabanc, which was used for short journeys and excursions until the early years of the 20th century. Coaches, as they hold passengers for significant periods of time on long journeys, are designed for comfort and they vary considerably in quality from country to country and within countries. Higher specification vehicles include luxury seats and air conditioning, coaches typically have only a single, narrow door, as an increased loading time is acceptable due to infrequent stops. Some characteristics include, Comfortable seats that may include a table, armrests. Comfort is considered to be an important feature in coaches, a minority of coaches are built with monocoque bodies without a chassis frame. Integrated manufacturers include Autosan, Scania, Fuso, and Alexander Dennis, major coachwork providers include Van Hool, Neoplan, Marcopolo, Irizar, MCI, Prevost, and Designline. A representative selection of vehicles currently in use in different parts of the world, a selection of vehicles in use in different parts of the world in the past. Pegaso Z-403 PD-4501 Scenicruiser GM Buffalo bus Anderson, R. C. A. and Frankis, history of Royal Blue Express Services. BBC Time Shift, The Modern Age of Coach Travel
31.
Franchising
–
Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firms business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word franchise is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a verb, for the franchisor, the franchise is an alternative to building chain stores to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisors success depends on the success of the franchisees, the franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because they have a direct stake in the business. Franchising is also used as a market entry mode. The boom in franchising did not take place until after World War II, the practice ended around 1562 but spread to other endeavors. For example, in 17th century England franchisees were granted the right to sponsor markets, there was little growth in franchising, though, until the mid-19th century, when it appeared in the United States for the first time. One of the first successful American franchising operations was started by an enterprising druggist named John S. Pemberton, in 1886, he concocted a beverage comprising sugar, molasses, spices, and cocaine. Pemberton licensed selected people to bottle and sell the drink, which is now known as Coca-Cola and his was one of the earliest—and most successful—franchising operations in the United States. The Singer Company implemented a plan in the 1850s to distribute its sewing machines. The operation failed, though, because the company did not earn money even though the machines sold well. The dealers, who had rights to their territories, absorbed most of the profits because of deep discounts. Some failed to push Singer products, so competitors were able to outsell the company, under the existing contract, Singer could neither withdraw rights granted to franchisees nor send in its own salaried representatives. So, the company started repurchasing the rights it had sold, the experiment proved to be a failure. That may have one of the first times a franchisor failed. Fortunately, the Singer venture did not put an end to franchising, other companies tried franchising in one form or another after the Singer experience. For example, several decades later, General Motors Corporation established a somewhat successful franchising operation in order to raise capital, perhaps the father of modern franchising, though, is Louis Kroh Liggett. In 1902, Liggett invited a group of druggists to join a drug cooperative, as he explained to them, they could increase profits by paying less for their purchases, especially if they set up their own manufacturing company. His idea was to market private label products, about 40 druggists pooled $4,000 of their own money and adopted the name Rexall
32.
Leyland Bus
–
Leyland Bus was a British bus manufacturer. It emerged from the Rover Group as a management buyout of the bus business and it was subsequently acquired by Volvo Buses in 1988 and the Leyland name disappeared in 1993. 1896 Formed as the Lancashire Steam Motor Company,1907 Name changed to Leyland Motors. 1968 Merger with British Motor Holdings to form British Leyland Motor Corporation,1975 BLMC was nationalised and became British Leyland. 1986 BL changed its name to Rover Group,1987 The bus business of Rover Group became independent as Leyland Bus following a management buyout. 1988 The business was acquired by Volvo Buses,1993 Volvo discontinues Leyland ending all production of the buses and the Workington factory, where they were built. List of Leyland buses Ashok Leyland Leyland Trucks History of Leyland Motors Limited, Leyland, Lancashire, History of Leyland Motors Limited, Leyland, Lancashire, Part 2
33.
Leyland Leopard
–
The Leyland Leopard was a mid-engined single-decker bus and single-decker coach chassis manufactured by Leyland between 1959 and 1982. The Leyland Leopard was introduced in 1959 and it was developed from the Leyland Tiger Cub, one of the most important changes being the introduction of the larger and more powerful 0.600 engine. The Leopard was superseded by the Leyland Tiger, the original 30 ft bus version was coded L1, it was right hand drive with a 16 ft 2in wheelbase and an overall length of 29 ft 4in. The 30 ft coach was the L2 which had the wheelbase but was an inch shorter overall. All had a turning circle of 68 ft. As at May 1964 all Leopards had the O,600 engine and they were preceded by C-class buses for Córas Iompair Éireann which were to the same length as the PSU4 but coded PSU3. All PSU4A and PSU3A Leopards had the larger O.680 engine, new passenger models did not get the suffix so the 20 ft wheelbase version announced in 1968 was the PSU5. 4R. The first was delivered to Córas Iompair Éireann, differences from the PSU3A and 4A included the option of a ten-speed splitter gearbox with wide ratio five speed standard, a Worldmaster front axle and a Maudslay rear axle. From December 1970, shorter Leopards were altered to conform with the PSU5, resulting in a change to the B-suffix, during 1976 springs and axles were uprated and the close-ratio version of the five speed Pneumocyclic became standard this applied to the PSU3D, PSU4D and PSU5B. In England, sizeable Leopard fleets were built up by various National Bus Company subsidiaries including Birmingham & Midland Omnibus Company, BET Group subsidiaries were major customers for Leopards. For buses and dual-purpose vehicles, a BET standard design of bodywork was produced, primarily by Marshall and Willowbrook but also to an extent by Weymann. Another major English customer for the Leyland Leopard was Barton Transport of Chilwell near Nottingham, many other operators took advantage of this and bought Leopards built to the grant specification. In Scotland, many were bought by subsidiaries of the Scottish Bus Group and were bodied by Alexander with the Y type body. The Leopard was extremely common on Northern Irish roads for over 40 years, with the first one arriving in 1965, during this period a total of 1,500 Leopards were built. During the 30 years of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, a total of 228 Leopards were stolen from their depots, in 2006, all Leopards were withdrawn from public service, with some even clocking up an incredible 28 years of service. In the 1980s, Ulsterbus shortened a few of its Leopards for use as towbuses, Leyland Leopards also saw use with the British Military, and were exported to many other countries. Although the vast majority were used as buses or coaches, a few were bodied as pantechnicons, the Leopard was popular with National Express operators. The Leopard was also popular with Australian operators, the Public Transport Commission purchased 745 for use in Sydney and Newcastle between 1967 and 1976 giving it the worlds largest Leopard fleet
34.
Otago Daily Times
–
The Otago Daily Times is a newspaper published by Allied Press Ltd in Dunedin, New Zealand. Originally styled The Otago Daily Times, the ODT was first published on 15 November 1861 and it is New Zealands oldest surviving daily newspaper - Christchurchs The Press, six months older, was a weekly paper for its first few years. The first issue ran to 2750 copies, and was sold for threepence, the ODT was founded by W. H. Cutten and Julius Vogel during the boom following the discovery of gold at the Tuapeka, the first of the Otago goldrushes. Its first chief reporter was Edward Thomas Gillon, the ODT was originally published from premises in Princes Street, but moved to a new building at the corner of Dowling and Burlington Streets at the foot of Bell Hill in 1879. It stayed here until 1928 when it moved into premises on the other side of Burlington Street facing Queens Gardens. From the start, the ODT held a position among South Island newspapers. Most of its Dunedin opposition papers were short lived, with only the Evening Star surviving beyond the early 1900s. The Star merged with the ODT in 1975 forming a new company, Allied Press, the Evening Star ceased publication in November 1979 because its readership was declining. As a result, the Allied Press, now publishes the ODT and several smaller papers throughout New Zealand, including the Greymouth Star. The ODT is regarded as the father-figure of the four main daily newspapers, serving the southern South Island with a circulation of around 43,000. Sid Scales was a cartoonist for the ODT for 30 years until his retirement in 1981, since then Queenstown artist Garrick Tremain has been the principal cartoonist. The editor is Barry Stewart, who took over from long-serving editor Murray Kirkness in August,2015
35.
Transport in New Zealand
–
Transport in New Zealand, with its mountainous topography and a relatively small population mostly located near its long coastline, has always faced many challenges. Before Europeans arrived, Māori either walked or used watercraft on rivers or along the coasts.7 billion on other transport projects and this has been criticised by opponents of the current government strategy as irresponsible, in light of increasing fuel prices and congestion. Government has claimed that their priority on roads is in line with New Zealanders favoured travel modes, the state highway network is the principal road infrastructure connecting New Zealand urban centres. It is administered by the NZ Transport Agency, New Zealand has left-hand traffic on its roads. Before Europeans arrived, Māori either walked or used watercraft on rivers or along the coasts, the road network of New Zealand has its origins in these tracks and paths used by Māori and later by Europeans in their early travels through New Zealand. In the South Island, another major track existed down the east coast with tributary tracks following streams up to the passes to the West Coast. Mountains, swamp, and dense bush made inland routes tricky to traverse, and early settlers made use of beaches as roads, for walking, riding horses. Many farms had access via beaches only, and beaches were used as runways for planes, some beaches are still used by planes, for example at Okarito and on the west coast of Stewart Island. Initial roads, such as the Great South Road southwards from Auckland, were built by the British Army to move troops. In many cases, later roads for motor vehicles follow paths used by bullock carts which followed tracks made for humans, early road construction was both hindered and helped by rail transport during the first half century of European settlement. Authorities were reluctant to expend large amounts of capital on more difficult sections of a route where there was a hope that a railway might instead be built. However, where railways were constructed, roads often either preceded them for construction or quickly followed it when the newly accessible land started to be settled more closely, the New Zealand highway system was extended massively after World War II. The first motorway was built in the environs of Wellington and opened in 1950, following heavy investment in road construction from the 1950s onwards, public transport patronage fell nationwide. This has been described, in Aucklands case, as one of the most spectacular declines in public transport patronage of any developed city in the world, New Zealand has a state highway network of 10,895 km of which 170 km are motorways. These link to 82,000 km of local authority roads, the state highways carry 50% of all New Zealand road traffic, with the motorways alone carrying 9% of all traffic. The maximum speed limit on the road is 100 km/h for cars and motorcycles. Speed limits of 10 to 90 km/h are also used in increments of 10 km/h, speeds are often reduced to 30 km/h beside roadworks. Private landowners may set their own speed limits, for example 5 km/h, however, there are still very few areas of the countrys road network with permanent speed limits below 50 km/h
36.
Go Bus Christchurch
–
The company started off as Christchurch Bus Services Ltd in 2004. It was sold to Go Bus Ltd in November 2010 after it was found that Christchurch Bus Services had failed to maintain vehicle maintenance and it was purchased in December 2010 by Go Bus Transport, of Hamilton, New Zealand. Christchurch Bus Services previously operated in Timaru, South Canterbury through its subsidiary Timaru Bus Services, before terminating the contract with 18 months left, ritchies Transport gained the five Timaru routes. Operation Otautahi Waka was a commercial vehicle check on buses conducted by the New Zealand Police on 18 November 2010, Christchurch Bus Services Ltd had four buses ordered off the road, which resulted in it being unable to operate a number of routes. These buses returned to duty the day after repairs. Redbus and Leopard also had ordered off the road. Environment Canterbury gave Christchurch Bus Services until 5pm,19 November 2010 to complete sale negotiations or lose their contracts for a number of routes. After CBS was sold, it was ruled an illegal action on the part of Environment Canterbury by the Courts, in July 2013 Gobus Transport took over the urban operations of Leopard Coachlines, gaining around 90 buses. Go Bus Transport Ltd website Metro website Environment Canterbury
37.
Brian Souter
–
Sir Brian Souter is a Scottish businessman and philanthropist. With his sister, Ann Gloag, he founded the Stagecoach Group of bus and he also founded the bus and coach operator Megabus, the train operating company South West Trains, his investments company Souter Holdings Ltd and the Souter Charitable Trust. Souter has also been active in Scotland, and supports the Scottish National Party financially. This campaign and other statements have led opponents to accuse him of homophobia. In 2011 he was awarded a knighthood for services to transport, the honour was criticised by Scottish Labour Party politicians and by gay rights campaigners. Souter was born in the Scottish town of Perth and his father was a bus driver and as a child Brian often travelled on bus routes with his father. At school he developed an interest in economics and accounts, about which he said, Changing my timetable from maths to include economics. On leaving school, he studied at the Abertay University to become a commerce teacher, on completion he studied at Strathclyde University in Glasgow, where he graduated with a CA Diploma in Accountancy and Economics. Following his graduation Souter became a Chartered Accountant at Arthur Andersen & Co, using his fathers redundancy money, with his sister Ann Gloag and his brother-in-law Robin Gloag he established the Stagecoach Group in 1980, running buses from Dundee to London. Expansion continued, and in the early 1990s Stagecoach acquired National Bus Company subsidiaries in Cumberland and Hampshire, Stagecoach also bought bus operations in Scotland, Newcastle and London, with Manchester being added a few years later. In 1993, Stagecoach was valued at £134 million and was floated on the London Stock Exchange to access capital for new opportunities for buses, by the mid 1990s, Stagecoach developed its interests in Australia and New Zealand. The company further expanded with the purchase of Citybus, an operator of buses and ferries in Hong Kong, and Coach USA, Souter became Chief Executive, and later sold off much of Coach USA. Following the deregulation of bus services in the United Kingdom, Stagecoach bought a number of the new small bus companies and this practice was deemed as predatory, deplorable and against the public interest according to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. In 2009, Souter received a £1. 6m bonus, most of the remainder was given to the staff pension fund. In August 2012, it was announced that Souter would become Chairman of Stagecoach Group on 1 May 2013, shortly after Souter floated Stagecoach on the London Stock Exchange, he turned his attention to British railways. Initial experiments consisted of a Scotland to London service branded Stagecoach Rail with carriages attached to the Caledonian Sleeper, during the privatisation of British Rail, Stagecoach bid successfully to operate the South West Trains franchise from 1996 followed by the Island Line Trains later the same year. Stagecoach successfully bid to retain both when retendered in 2001 and 2006, in 1998, Stagecoach purchased a 49% shareholding in Virgin Rail Group that operated the CrossCountry and West Coast franchises. In 2007, Stagecoach commenced operating the East Midlands Trains franchise, in April 2015, Virgin Trains East Coast in which Stagecoach holds a 90% share commenced operating the InterCity East Coast franchise
38.
Fullers Group
–
Not to be confused with Fullers Bay of Islands Fullers Group Limited is a ferry and tourism company in Auckland, New Zealand. It operates in the Hauraki Gulf and Waitemata Harbour, Fullers Group is the latest in a long line of almost continuous harbour and gulf ferry operations based in Auckland since the 1870s. Fullers run ferries from the Auckland Ferry Terminal in Quay Street, Fullers operate to the North Shore suburbs of Devonport, Bayswater, Birkenhead, Northcote and Stanley Bay, as well as Half Moon Bay near the eastern suburb of Howick, and Waiheke Island. Fullers also operate tourism / excursion ferry services to the Hauraki Gulf islands of Rangitoto Island, services to Rangitoto are via Devonport, and Fullers also operate a Half Moon Bay – Waiheke service. For the tourism services, two new ferries, Adventurer and Wanderer, were purchased in 2006 and 2007 for NZ$3 million. These vessels will also assist on the main ferry routes during peak hours. To be retired end of 2017.2 million passengers, on a total of 42,010 sailings, for the transport, it was fortunate to receive tax payer subsidies of around 84c per passenger and journey. Fullers recently increased prices despite a drop in diesel prices - making this one of the most expensive ferry trips in the world, Auckland subsidies are half the subsidy of Brisbane ferry operators and only a seventh of the subsidies paid for ferry public transport in Sydney. In April 2009, Fullers Auckland ferry services were sold by Infratil to Brian Souters Highland Global Transport, in 2009, Fullers Ferries received a Cycle Friendly Award from Cycling Advocates Network for the best cycle-friendly commitment by a business in New Zealand. Public transport in Auckland Fullers Auckland Fullerswatch - Waiheke Island watchdog site on the Fullers transport monopoly to that island
39.
NZ Bus
–
NZ Bus, formerly Stagecoach New Zealand, is New Zealands largest bus company, operating in Auckland and Wellington, with a fleet of around 1,100 vehicles. It owned 96% of Fullers Ferries in Auckland but has sold this shareholding and it is a subsidiary of Infratil. In 1992, Stagecoach purchased Wellington City Transport, the largest bus operator in Wellington, WCT had recently purchased the Auckland, Hutt Valley and north Wellington suburban bus operations of New Zealand Railways Road Services, then branded CityLine. Stagecoach expanded its Auckland operations in 1998 by purchasing Transportation Auckland Corporation from the Auckland Regional Council, in November 2005, the business was sold to Infratil. As part of the deal, Infratil were able to use the Stagecoach name, in April 2016, NZ Bus announced that it would repower several buses with Wrightspeed gas-turbine hybrid powertrains. Link services will continue to operate in their red, green, on 20 April 2008, NZ Bus confirmed that it would start using a new ticketing system to make bus travel quicker, easier and simpler for passengers in Wellington. The new system is called Snapper, and is based on RFID technology embedded in cards or portable devices such as USB sticks, the system was introduced on 4 April 2008, being piloted on Go Wellington bus route 17 over the following two months. The supplier of the technology is Korea Smart Card, established in 2003, it is a joint venture between Seoul Metropolitan Government and LG Group, and has introduced T-money to six major cities in Korea. NZ Bus fitted out the Auckland fleet with Snapper in 2011, NZ Bus went ahead with their Snapper roll-out in Auckland despite no other public transport providers signing up it. Auckland Transport rolled out their own smart card ticketing system, the AT HOP card, all public transport operators in Auckland, including NZ Bus, were required by law to accept smart cards issued by Auckland Transport. NZ Bus suggested that their Snapper system would be able to accommodate Auckland Transports smart cards
40.
GO Wellington
–
GO Wellington is the brand name of Wellington City Transport Ltd, the Wellington subsidiary of NZ Bus, in New Zealand. The company was branded Stagecoach Wellington by its previous owner, the Stagecoach Group, the current name and a new livery were announced in November 2006 by NZ Bus owner Infratil. It is an operator of bus routes in Greater Wellington Regional Councils Metlink network, Wellington City Transport operated trams, buses, a cable car and trolley buses, tracing its history back to 1904. It built and operated the first municipal electric system in New Zealand. Later the department acquired the car company. 13 x Scania K270UB 6x2 49-seat buses numbered between 2111 and 2123, in April 2016, NZ Bus announced that it would repower several buses with Wrightspeed gas-turbine hybrid powertrains. Trolleybuses in Wellington Public transport in the Wellington Region Transport in New Zealand 2008 GO Wellington dispute Official website
41.
Red Bus (New Zealand)
–
Red Bus Ltd is a bus operator in Christchurch, New Zealand. Red Bus provides bus services around Christchurch with a fleet of 200 buses, which mainly consists of Designline super low floor buses. Red Bus has a fleet of around 200 vehicles, made up of about 120 Super Low Floor buses,15 High Floor buses,50 Super Low Floor tag buses, the company also owned four electric shuttles. Red Bus Ltd evolved from the Christchurch Transport Board, the company is now fully owned by Christchurch City Holdings, a holding company of the Christchurch City Council
42.
Ritchies Coachlines
–
It owns 46. 34% of the InterCity coach and tourism company, as does Tranzit Group. Ritchies website says Ritchies was formed in Temuka 70 years ago by John Ritchie and is owned by the Ritchie family. And that its office was located in Timaru but at the beginning of December 2003 relocated to Christchurch. Richies operates coach services for several tour operators. Ritchies main urban bus operations are in Auckland, operating out of depots in Swanson and Albany servicing West Auckland including Helensville, Ritchies also operates high-speed services on the Northern Busway on Aucklands North Shore. Ritchies operate the bus service in Blenheim under contract to the Marlborough District Council. There are two loops that service the town, Ritchies was founded in this small South Canterbury city. They have operated four Timaru urban bus routes contracted to Metro since 28 June 2010 and they also run the Timaru-Temuka bus route. In January 1997 Ritchies sold its Christchurch urban contracts to Christchurch Transport Ltd, Ritchies amalgamated Dunedin bus lines Turnbull Motors, Peninsular Motor Services and Southern Services in 1975. Since then, Ritchies has operated services in Dunedin from time to time. From 1 July 2011, it has operated the Opoho-Shiel Hill, Pine Hill-Lookout Point, and University-Concord routes
