1.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
2.
Mount Pleasant, Iowa
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Mount Pleasant is a city in and the county seat of Henry County, Iowa, in the United States. The population was 8,668 in the 2010 census, a decline from 8,751 in the 2000 census and it was founded in 1835 by pioneer Presley Saunders. Mount Pleasant was first incorporated as a town by European Americans in 1842, in 1869, Mount Pleasant was the site of a solar eclipse expedition, under the command of James Craig Watson and sponsored by National Almanac. The total solar eclipse occurred on August 7,1869, in the Union Block building in 1869, Arabella A. Mansfield became the first woman in the United States to be awarded a license to practice law. She had passed the bar exam with high scores and won a case for entry to the bar. The third floor of the Union Block housed the Opera House or Union Hall and it attracted national speakers on tour, including abolitionists Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and Anna Dickinson. James Harlan also spoke there, as he was president of Iowa Wesleyan College in the town and this building had been considered one of the most endangered historic sites in Iowa. The Mount Pleasant Mental Health Institute was built in 1861, however, in 1936, a fire did great damage to the building. The hospital had to be closed, as little of the facility survived the fire, on December 10,1986, Ralph Orin Davis, a resident, walked into a city council meeting and shot Mayor Edward King and two council members. Mayor King died of his wounds after being shot point blank in the head, the 69-year-old gunman had attended a couple of previous meetings, complaining about a backed-up sewer and wanting the city to pay for damages to his house. The two council members were seriously wounded, tom Vilsack was the replacement mayor, later becoming governor for 8 years, and then Secretary of Agriculture for 8 years. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 8.53 square miles. Mount Pleasants population density is estimated at 1123 people per mile which is considered low for urban areas. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,668 people,3,127 households, the population density was 1,018.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,365 housing units at a density of 395.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 7% White,4. 3% African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 4% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,2. 4% from other races, and 2. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 7% of the population,33. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 2.94
3.
Purple
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Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a color with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite color made by combining red. According to surveys In Europe and the U. S. purple is the color most often associated with royalty, magic, mystery, when combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity and seduction. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates, it became the color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Similarly in Japan, the color is associated with the Emperor. The complementary color of purple is yellow, the first recorded use of the word purple in the English language was in the year 975 AD. In heraldry, the word purpure is used for purple, in the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet, violet is closer to blue, and is usually less saturated than purple. While the two look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. There is no such thing as the wavelength of purple light, monochromatic violet light cannot be produced by the red-green-blue color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. This means that when light strikes the eye, the S-cone should be stimulated strongly. The resulting color has the same hue as pure violet, however, one curious psychophysical difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase in luminance. Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue, the same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the Bezold–Brücke shift, while the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as Tyrian purple ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, in France, purple is defined as a dark red, inclined toward violet. The color called purple by the French, pourpre, contains red and half the amount of blue of the color called purple in the United States. In German, this color is sometimes called Purpurrot to avoid confusion, Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC, as early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia, were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex
4.
Gold
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Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly yellow, dense, soft, malleable. Chemically, gold is a metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions, Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the element silver and also naturally alloyed with copper. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium, golds atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered, naturally occurring elements. It is thought to have produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of acid and hydrochloric acid. Gold also dissolves in solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction, as a precious metal, gold has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground, the world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2014, the worlds largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes, Gold is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. The symbol Au is from the Latin, aurum, the Latin word for gold, the Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning glow. This word is derived from the root as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora. This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant shining dawn, Gold is the most malleable of all metals, a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be thin enough to become semi-transparent
5.
NCAA Division III
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Sports Division III is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States. The division consists of colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletically related financial aid to their student-athletes, as explained in more detail in the article about NCAA Division II, the NCAAs first split was into two divisions. The former College Division formed because many NCAA member schools wanted an alternative to the nature of what is now Division I. Division III formed in 1973, in a split of the College Division, the former College Division members that chose to offer athletic scholarships or to remain in a division with those who did became Division II, while members that did not became Division III. Division III is the NCAA’s largest division with 438 active member institutions, of the member institutions, 81% are private, while only 19% are public. Division III schools range in size from an undergraduate enrollment of 348 to a maximum of 21,247. Division III institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, there are minimum contest and participant minimums for each sport. Division III athletic programs are non-revenue-generating, extracurricular programs that are staffed and funded like any other university department, hence, they feature student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability. Student athletes also cannot redshirt as freshmen, and schools may not use endowments or funds whose primary purpose is to benefit athletic programs, Division III schools shall not award financial aid to any student on the basis of athletics leadership, ability, participation or performance. The ban on scholarships is strictly enforced. S, an all-sports conference is defined here as one that sponsors both mens and womens basketball. A conference name followed by * denotes a conference also sponsors football. Six of them are grandfathered schools that have competed at the highest level of a particular mens sport prior to the institution of the Division classifications in 1971. Presumably due to Title IX considerations, grandfathered schools are allowed to field one womens sport in Division I. These schools are allowed to offer scholarships in their Division I mens and womens sports to remain competitive with their opponents. The State University of New York at Oneonta, which had been grandfathered in mens soccer, rutgers University–Newark, which had been grandfathered in mens volleyball, did the same in 2014. Academic-based and need-based financial aid is available, as is the case for Division III. Franklin and Marshall College Hobart College Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT also fields mens rowing, lawrence continues to field a fencing team, but that team is now considered Division III. Football and basketball may not be grandfathered Division I programs because their potential would give them an unfair advantage over other Division III schools
6.
St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
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The St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference is an NCAA Division III collegiate athletic conference in the Midwestern United States. There are 10 full member institutions as of 2013, - September 1989, The SLIAC chartered with Blackburn, Fontbonne, Maryville, Parks, Principia and Webster the original members. - September 1990, The SLIACs first year gets underway, MacMurray and Westminster join the charter members. - February 1995, Westminster wins the mens basketball tournament title to earn the SLIACs first automatic bid to an NCAA Division III national championship event, - September 1995, Greenville begins its first year as a member of the conference, bringing SLIAC membership to nine schools. - March 1996, MacMurray wins the womens basketball tournament title to earn the conferences first automatic bid to an NCAA Division III womens national championship event, - April 1996, Parks competes in its final conference event. Parks closed after the 1995-96 year and its programs were moved to the Saint Louis University campus. - November 1996, Blackburn, MacMurray, and Westminster share the first-ever SLIAC football title, - September 1999, The SLIAC begins its tenth year of operation. - November 1999, The fourth and final conference title is awarded. - September 2006, Eureka and Lincoln Christian begin play as the ninth and tenth members of the conference, - March 2007, Huntingdon and LaGrange admitted to the SLIAC as affiliate members in the sport of football. The SLIAC announces football will return in the fall of 2008 after a nine-year hiatus, - May 2007, William Wolper hired as the Conferences first full-time Commissioner. - November 2007, With the completion of the fall season, - September 2008, Football begins play as the 13th conference sport after a nine-year hiatus. - September 2008, Spalding University admitted to the SLIAC to begin play during the 2009-10 academic year, - April 2009, The SLIAC announced it would cease its sponsorship of football, five football-playing schools join the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference as associate members for the sport. Huntingdon and LaGrange end football affiliation with the conference, - June 2010, University of Dallas admitted to the SLIAC as an affiliate member in the sports of mens golf, mens and womens cross country. - December 2011, Iowa Wesleyan College admitted to the SLIAC as a member to begin play during the 2013-14 academic year. Notes - Parks Colleges academic programs were moved to Saint Louis University main campus in August 1996, - Lincoln Christians former athletic nickname were the Preachers and the Angels. - Lincoln Christian left the SLIAC after the end of the 2007 fall season without completing the rest of the 2007-08 academic year
7.
Liberal arts colleges in the United States
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Liberal arts colleges in the United States are certain undergraduate institutions of higher education in the United States. These schools are American institutions of education which have traditionally emphasized interactive instruction at the undergraduate level. These colleges also encourage a high level of interaction at the center of which are classes taught by full-time faculty rather than graduate student TAs. In addition, some colleges offer experimental curricula, Liberal arts colleges are also often associated with larger bodies or consortia. The largest association of liberal arts colleges in the United States is the Council of Independent Colleges, with more than 630 small. The Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges is a consortium of liberal arts colleges. Many liberal arts colleges belong to the Annapolis Group, Oberlin Group, Womens College Coalition, a number of liberal arts colleges are involved in Project Pericles or the Eco League. Other well-known consortia in the Eastern United States include the Little Three, Colby-Bates Bowdoin Consortium, the Seven Sisters Colleges, similar consortia include the Claremont College Consortium in Southern California and the Associated Colleges of the Midwest in the Midwestern United States. Additional midwestern groups include the Five Colleges of Ohio, Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities, the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, groups in the Southern United States include the Associated Colleges of the South, and the Seven Sisters of the South. There are no passive ears, students and faculty work so closely together, teaching is an act of love. There is not only a relationship in class but professors become hiking companions, intramural teammates, dinner companions. Learning is collaborative rather than competitive, values are central, there is a sense of community. They are places of great synergy, where the whole becomes greater than the sum of the parts, aspirations are raised, young people are empowered. College and university rankings guides offer annual issues that rank liberal arts colleges separately from research universities, the Washington Monthly and U. S. News & World Report provide rankings specifically of liberal arts colleges. As a result, a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the said that they did not intend to participate in the U. S. News reputational rankings in the future. Plus, the reputation of a school can help get that all-important first job, the peer survey is by nature subjective, but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. The results from the survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges. S. News has been supplying this exact college information for years already
8.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
9.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
10.
United Methodist Church
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The United Methodist Church is a mainline Protestant denomination, and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor—the Methodist Church—was a leader in Evangelicalism and it was founded in 1968 in Dallas, Texas, United States, by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The UMC traces its roots back to the movement of John. As such, the theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements and it has a connectional polity, a typical feature of a number of Methodist denominations. The United Methodist Church, with at least 12 million members as of 2014, is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement of approximately 80 million people across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. In 2014, its membership was distributed as follows,7.2 million in the United States. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, the movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield and they focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the Holy Club, eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life. In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America, hoping to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia, instead, John became vicar of the church in Savannah. His preaching was very legalistic and full of rules. After two years in America, he returned to England dejected and confused, Peter believed a person is saved solely through the grace of God and not by works, and John had many conversations with Peter about this topic. On May 25,1738, after listening to a reading of Martin Luthers preface to Romans, John finally understood that his works could not save him. For the first time in his life, he felt complete peace, in less than two years, the Holy Club disbanded. John Wesley met with a group of clergy, the ministers retained their membership in the Church of England. Though not always emphasized or appreciated in the Anglican churches of their day, their teaching emphasized salvation by Gods grace, three teachings they saw as the foundation of Christian faith were, People are all by nature dead in sin and consequently, children of wrath
11.
Old Main (Iowa Wesleyan University)
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Old Main is an historic building located on the Iowa Wesleyan University campus in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, United States. Built in 1854, when James Harlan was the college’s president and it is believed that Old Main was the first genuine collegiate building built in Iowa. The bricks for the building were manufactured locally by Benjamin Franklin Pearson of Keosauqua, Iowa, the three-story building has modified classical features. It was designed to have classrooms on the first two floors and the library, natural history museum and chapel on the third floor, the building is capped with a hip roof with bracketed eaves, and a wooden cupola with a low dome painted gold. Sisterhood was founded in the building and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973
12.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
13.
Robert Todd Lincoln
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Robert Todd Lincoln was an American politician, lawyer, and businessman. He was the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln, born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincolns four sons to live an adult life, and the only member of the family to survive into the 20th century. Lincoln attended Harvard University, and then served on the staff of Ulysses S. Grant as a captain in the Union Army in the days of the American Civil War. Following completion of law school in Chicago, he built a law practice. After the war Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan, the daughter of a United States senator and they remained married until his death, and were the parents of three children. The one office to which he was elected was town supervisor of South Chicago, which he held from 1876 to 1877, the town later became part of the city of Chicago. Lincoln accepted appointments as secretary of war in the administration of James A. Garfield, continuing under Chester A. Arthur, in Lincolns later years he resided at homes in Washington, D. C. and Manchester, Vermont. The Manchester home, Hildene, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, in 1922 he took part in the dedication ceremonies for the Lincoln Memorial. A dedicated amateur astronomer and golfer, Lincoln remained active almost until his death and he died at Hildene on July 26,1926, six days before his eighty-third birthday, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Robert Todd Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, on August 1,1843, to Abraham Lincoln and he had three younger brothers, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Wallace Lincoln and Thomas Tad Lincoln. By the time Lincoln was born, his father had become a member of the Whig political party and had previously served as a member of the state legislature for four terms. Robert Lincoln was named after his maternal grandfather, by the time his father became president of the United States, Lincoln was the only one of the presidents three children to be largely on his own. He took the Harvard University entrance examination in 1859, but failed fifteen out of the sixteen subjects and he was then enrolled at Phillips Exeter Academy to further prepare for attending college, and he graduated in 1860. Admitted to Harvard College, he graduated in 1864, and was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club, morris states after gaining admission to Harvard, Robert Lincoln emerged from college an unsympathetic bore. After graduating from Harvard, Lincoln enrolled at Harvard Law School, Robert Lincoln attended Harvard Law School from September,1864 to January,1865, and left in order to join the Union Army. Much to the embarrassment of the president, Mary Todd Lincoln prevented Robert Lincoln from joining the Army until shortly before the wars conclusion. We have lost one son, and his loss is as much as I can bear, without being called upon to make another sacrifice, President Lincoln argued our son is not more dear to us than the sons of other people are to their mothers. However, Mary Todd Lincoln persisted by stating that she could not bear to have Robert exposed to danger, in January 1865, the First Lady yielded and President Lincoln wrote Ulysses S. Grant, asking if Robert could be placed on his staff
14.
John Wesley
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John Wesley was an Anglican cleric and theologian who, with his brother Charles and fellow cleric George Whitefield, founded Methodism. Educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford, Wesley was elected a fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford in 1726, after an unsuccessful ministry of two years at Savannah in the Georgia Colony, Wesley returned to London and joined a religious society led by Moravian Christians. On 24 May 1738 he experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion and he subsequently departed from the Moravians, beginning his own ministry. A key step in the development of Wesleys ministry was, like Whitefield, to travel, in contrast to Whitefields Calvinism, Wesley embraced the Arminian doctrines that dominated the Church of England at the time. Moving across Great Britain and Ireland, he helped form and organise small Christian groups that developed intensive and personal accountability, discipleship, most importantly, he appointed itinerant, unordained evangelists to travel and preach as he did and to care for these groups of people. Under Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in social issues of the day, including prison reform. Although he was not a theologian, Wesley argued for the notion of Christian perfection and against Calvinism—and, in particular. He held that, in life, Christians could achieve a state where the love of God reigned supreme in their hearts. Throughout his life, Wesley remained within the established Church of England, in 2002, he was placed at number 50 in the BBCs poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. John Wesley was born in 1703 in Epworth,23 miles north-west of Lincoln, as the child of Samuel Wesley. Samuel Wesley was a graduate of the University of Oxford and a poet who and he married Susanna, the twenty-fifth child of Samuel Annesley, a dissenting minister, in 1689. Ultimately, she bore nineteen children, of nine lived beyond infancy. She and Samuel Wesley had become members of the Church of England as young adults, as in many families at the time, Wesleys parents gave their children their early education. Each child, including the girls, was taught to read as soon as they could walk and talk and they were expected to become proficient in Latin and Greek and to have learned major portions of the New Testament by heart. Susanna Wesley examined each child before the meal and before evening prayers. Children were not allowed to eat meals and were interviewed singularly by their mother one evening each week for the purpose of intensive spiritual instruction. In 1714, at age 11, Wesley was sent to the Charterhouse School in London, apart from his disciplined upbringing, a rectory fire which occurred on 9 February 1709, when Wesley was five years old, left an indelible impression. Some time after 11,00 p. m. the rectory roof caught on fire, with stairs aflame and the roof about to collapse, Wesley was lifted out of a window by a parishioner standing on another man’s shoulders
15.
Alpha Xi Delta
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Alpha Xi Delta is a sorority founded on April 17,1893 at Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois. Alpha Xi Delta is one of the oldest womens fraternities as well as one of the ten founding fraternities of the National Panhellenic Conference, Alpha Xi Delta has over 160,000 initiated members and maintains active chapters at 126 institutions across the United States. By its Constitution, Alpha Xi Delta is one of the few social sororities that can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates. In 1893, ten women at Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois, shared a vision and their dream became Alpha Xi Delta, one of the oldest women’s fraternities in the United States. She later went on to be the first Grand President. Cora also married a Sigma Nu, Alice Bartlett Bruner Alice taught music at the Lombard Conservatory. She had two daughters who later joined the Sorority as a legacy, Alice also married a Sigma Nu. Bertha Cook Evans Bertha Cook Evans went on to have three daughters, two who later joined Alpha Xi Delta, later in Berthas life, she served as a fraternity house director. She was married to a Sigma Nu, harriett Luella McCollum Harriet and Cora, roommates at Lombard, were the first to make the plan for Alpha Xi Delta. Harriett was also married to a Sigma Nu, Lucy W. Gilmer Lucy was the first Vice President of Alpha Xi Delta. After 1893 she transferred schools, where she studied to be a physician, Lewie Strong Taylor Lewie is to thank for our symbol the Quill. She designed the quill, which is on display at national headquarters, Almira Lowry Cheney Almira was a teacher who went on to pioneer religious education by becoming a minister of the Universalist Church. Almira was also Chaplain of the 12th, 13th, and 14th National Conventions for Alpha Xi Delta, frances Elizabeth Cheney In her time as an Alpha Xi she served as chaplain, secretary, and president. She is also given credi for many of the Fraternitys early songs, eliza Drake Curtis Everton Alpha Xi Deltas second president. Eliza also married a Sigma Nu, julia was a member of the committee who drafted Alpha Xi Deltas first constitution. The ideals envisioned by Alpha Xi Delta’s founders have remained constant throughout the years, now a national sorority with more than 160,000 initiated members, the Sorority is an organization with 128 active college chapters and alumnae associations throughout the United States. Alpha Xi Delta is the only National Panhellenic Conference sorority that uses Xi in its official name and their brother fraternity is Sigma Nu. The open creed of Alpha Xi Delta is called The Symphony of Alpha Xi Delta in which it shows the ideals toward which all Alpha Xis strive and it was written in 1924 by Helen Willis Lynn, Alice Matthews, and Almira Cheney, one of the original founders. These things do we earnestly desire, A clear vision of life, an appreciation of real merit and worth, steadfastness of soul, that without bitterness or defeat we may encounter misfortune and with humility meet success
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P.E.O. Sisterhood
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Sisterhood is an international womens organization of about 250,000 members with a primary focus on providing educational opportunities for female students worldwide. The Sisterhood is organized with chapters throughout the United States and Canada, headquartered in Des Moines, to date more than $235 million has been awarded to over 90,000 women from the organizations six educational grants, loans, awards, and stewardship of Cottey College. Scholar Awards are more than $16 million and P. E. O, STAR Scholarships are more than $2.6 million. In addition,8,500 women have graduated from Cottey College, Cottey College is an independent, liberal arts and sciences college for women. Located in Nevada, Missouri, its student capacity of 350 students typically represents 40 states and 25 countries annually. The Educational Loan Fund makes loans available to qualified American and Canadian women with financial need, the International Peace Scholarship Fund provides scholarships for international women to pursue graduate study in the U. S. and Canada. Since 1949, IPS has awarded scholarships to 5,605 women from 174 different countries, during the 2014-2015 academic year,164 exceptional women will be studying toward graduate degrees at 90 different universities in 32 states and 4 Canadian provinces. Of this years recipients,47 are from Africa,28 from Asia and 23 each from the Middle East, South America, the remaining 20 come from Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Central America and the Caribbean. Scholar Awards are merit-based awards to U. S. and Canadian women who are pursuing a doctoral degree, STAR Scholarship provides a $2,500 award to U. S. and Canadian high school senior women who wish to pursue post-secondary education. For much of its history, the meaning of P. E. O. in the name was a closely guarded secret. In 2005, the Sisterhood unveiled a new logo and an “It’s OK to Talk About P. E. O. ”Campaign, before then, the organizations avoidance of publicity, and the secrecy of their name, caused it to be considered it a secret society. In 2008, the Sisterhood revised its website to indicate that P. E. O. now publicly stands for Philanthropic Educational Organization, however, the Sisterhood acknowledges that P. E. O. Originally had a different meaning that continues to be reserved for members only, P. E. O. was originally rooted in the philosophy and institutions of the Methodist Church which actively promoted Womens Rights and Education in America during the 1800s. By 1844, the number of Methodist related colleges was second only to those affiliated with Presbyterian bodies, between 1832 and the Civil War, thirty-four colleges were established by the Methodists and by 1880 that number had risen to forty-four. The first chapter of 1869 became many and in 1883 local chapters of the P. E. O, founded a Supreme Chapter to coordinate the Sisterhood on a national level. The first International chapter was established in Vancouver, British Columbia, although began as a collegiate organization, in 1902 it became a community-based one. The collegiate chapter at Iowa Wesleyan became Alpha Xi Delta’s second chapter, chapters spread across the country from Midwestern roots. Existed and kept a low profile in communities all over North America
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National Panhellenic Conference
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The National Panhellenic Conference, founded in 1902, is an umbrella organization for 26 national womens sororities. Each member group is autonomous as a social, Greek-letter society of college women and alumnae. Members are represented on over 650 college and university campuses in the United States and Canada and in over 4,600 alumnae associations, making up over 4 million sorority women. S. and Canada. Each year, NPC-affiliated collegians and alumnae donate more than $5 million to causes, provide $2.8 million in scholarships to women. However, no actual Panhellenic organization existed and no uniform practices were observed, Alpha Chi Omega and Chi Omega were unable to attend. The remaining seven groups met and the resulted in the organization of the first interfraternity association. National Interfraternity Conference for mens fraternities was organized in 1909, now called the North-American Interfraternity Conference and this meeting, and the next few, resulted in several mutual agreements, especially regarding pledging. Up to this time, no guidelines had been set, and women could be pledged to groups before enrolling in college and, indeed, the fact that NPC is a Conference is significant to the NPC philosophy because the organization is a conference, not a congress. It enacts no legislation except for the conduct of its own meetings, one of its greatest services is providing Area Advisors for College Panhellenics and Alumnae Panhellenics. Members of Sigma Sigma Sigma and Alpha Sigma Alpha organized the Association of Pedagogical Sororities on July 10,1915, the membership consisted of sororities, who were primarily located on state campuses where women entering the educational field were predominant. In 1917, Pi Kappa Sigma and Delta Sigma Epsilon joined the association, followed by Theta Sigma Upsilon in 1925, Alpha Sigma Tau in 1926, at the third biennial conference, the name of the association was changed to the Association of Educational Sororities. Later, the word Educational was changed to Education, one of the projects started by the AES member groups resulted in what is today the world-renowned Leader Dogs for the Blind School in Rochester, Michigan. After much work on the part of NPC and AES, on November 12,1947, at the same time, five other sororities were also admitted. In December 1951, the six AES sororities became full members of NPC, since that time, three have merged with other NPC member groups leaving Alpha Sigma Alpha, Alpha Sigma Tau, and Sigma Sigma Sigma as the remaining former-AES members
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Pi Beta Phi
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Pi Beta Phi is an international Fraternity for Women, founded at Monmouth College, in Monmouth, Illinois on April 28,1867 as I. C. Sorosis, the first national secret college society of women to be modeled after the mens Greek-letter fraternity, according to G. William Domhoff, in Who Rules America. Pi Beta Phi was cited as one of the four or five sororities upper-class college women joined with nationwide social prestige. Its headquarters are located in Town and Country, Missouri, and there are 200 chapters ever installed and more than 300 alumnae organizations across the United States, once an initiated member in good standing graduates or otherwise leaves her college or university, she is a member for life. Pi Beta Phis core values are, Integrity, Lifelong Commitment, Honor and Respect, Personal and Intellectual Growth, Philanthropic Service to Others, Pi Beta Phi was founded as a secret organization under the name of I. C. Sorosis on April 28,1867 at Monmouth College in Monmouth and it began to use Greek letters as its name in 1888. Pi Beta Phi is regarded as the first national womens fraternity and it began when twelve female students wished to enjoy the benefits of a secret society similar to those formed by collegiate men. They planned their society at the home of Major Jacob H. Holt, the name chosen for the society was I. C. The motto chosen was Pi Beta Phi, shortly after the founding, the sisters had a jeweler design their official badge, a golden arrow with the letters I. C. on the wings. When the name was changed to Pi Beta Phi, the Greek letters replaced I. C. on the wings, at the Yellowstone Convention of 1934, they voted to limit the links in the badges chain, there are 12, one for each of the founders. The first fraternity convention was held in 1868 at the home of Fannie Thomson in Oquawka and it was also in that year that the fraternitys second chapter was established at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. The expansion made Pi Beta Phi the first national womens secret society, at the 1882 convention, the society officially adopted its motto as well as the fraternity colors of wine and silver blue. Six years later, the name was changed from I. C, in 1893, with the number of alumnae members growing, the fraternity organized a national alumnae department. Cooperation among womens fraternities and sororities was formalized in 1902 with the founding of the National Panhellenic Conference, meanwhile, chapter expansion continued, and in 1908 the fraternitys first Canadian chapter was established at the University of Toronto. The fraternitys first philanthropy, Pi Beta Phi Elementary, was organized in Gatlinburg, Tennessee and it would be followed over the years by other philanthropic endeavors. In 1913, the fraternity also began the practice of support for its chapters through local Alumnae Advisory Committees, central Office, a fraternity headquarters, was established in 1925. The Kansas Alpha chapter had begun publication of The Arrow in 1885, today, dues-paying alumnae receive The Arrow by mail, while others can access it online at the fraternitys web site. The official symbol of Pi Beta Phi is the arrow, the fraternity colors are wine and silver blue
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Phi Mu
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Phi Mu is the second oldest female fraternal organization established in the United States. It was founded at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia, the organization was founded as the Philomathean Society on January 4,1852, and was announced publicly on March 4 of the same year. Phi Mu is one of the two Macon Magnolias, a used to celebrate the bonds it shares with Alpha Delta Pi. Today, Phi Mu has 123 collegiate chapters,6 extending chapter,145 alumnae chapters, in its 164-year history, Phi Mu has chartered over 228 chapters. Phi Mus National Headquarters is in Peachtree City, Georgia, Phi Mus national philanthropy is Childrens Miracle Network Hospitals. The organizations open motto is Les Soeurs Fideles, meaning The Faithful Sisters, Wesleyan was the first institute to grant bachelors degrees to women and is known as the birthplace of the collegiate sorority. However, some sororities predate the term sorority and are known as fraternities for women. Phi Mu is one sorority, as its formal name is Phi Mu Fraternity. The Philomathean Society joined the National Panhellenic Conference in 1904, taking on the Greek letters Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Theta, a small national sorority founded at Transylvania University, merged with Phi Mu in 1939. Philomathean is derived from the Greek philomath, which means a lover of learning, Phi Mus open motto is Les Soeurs Fideles. Initiated members wear the Phi Mu Badge which depicts a quatrefoil with black and gold enamel bearing ΦΜ, a hand engulfing a heart, sometimes the badge is partnered with a guard chain accompanied by the chapters lettering. A Phi Badge is worn by Phi Mus new, uninitiated members and it is a small gold and black quatrefoil pin bearing the Φ symbol. The official open colors are rose and white, rose symbolizes the womanhood celebrated by all women in Phi Mu, while white symbolizes truth and purity. The official symbol is the quatrefoil, its meaning is heavily guarded and considered one of my Phi Mus most precious secrets, the official flower is the Enchantress carnation. Phi Mus mascot is a lion named Sir Fidel, in addition to the lion, ladybugs have been adopted as unofficial symbols of Phi Mu. Phi Mu does not have an official stone but often adopts pearls, diamonds, Phi Mus creed is the uniting statement that every member of Phi Mu is expected to know and live her life by. The creed defines what it means to be a noble woman, the second-to-last line of the creed sums up the most important Phi Mu belief, To practice day by day love, honor, truth. To lend to those less fortunate a helping hand, to think of God as a protector and guide of us all
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Zeta Tau Alpha
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Zeta Tau Alpha is an international womens fraternity, founded October 15,1898, at the State Female Normal School in Farmville, Virginia. The Executive office is located in Indianapolis, Indiana, Zeta Tau Alpha is a part of the National Panhellenic Conference with over 235,000 initiated members and 168 active collegiate chapters, which include international chapters. It is the second largest sorority in the U. S. after Chi Omega and this womens fraternity was founded in 1898 at the State Female Normal School, now Longwood University, in Farmville, Virginia and is a part of the Farmville Four. The Farmville Four refers to the four womens fraternities founded at the school, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Kappa Delta, Sigma Sigma Sigma and they are all members of the National Panhellenic Conference. These partners are American Cancer Society, NFL, and Bright Pink, Zeta Tau Alpha worked with a variety of charities before partnering with Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation in 1992. However, the fraternity ended the partnership in March 2015, the organization later expanded its focus to include other breast cancer awareness and fund raising methods, which include the three partners it has now. Zeta Tau Alpha has also copyrighted Think Pink, Think Pink® had become a registered trademark of ZTA with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Since then, this term has become the theme for all of their breast cancer education. In 1999, ZTA partnered with the NFL team the Washington Redskins for its Crucial Catch campaign to raise awareness of breast cancer, the campaign was expanded in subsequent years to encompass the entire NFL. Each year in October, ZTA distributes pink ribbons at NFL games nationwide and our partnership with the ZTA is strong, said Jesse Linder, director of community relations for the New York Jets. Together we hope to make a difference by honoring patients, survivors, the Founders chose the colors, the flower, and the motto of Zeta Tau Alpha to represent the Fraternity. The five-pointed crown is the official symbol of the Fraternity. Many examples of artwork can be found within ZTA. The strawberry is considered a symbol, after the crown. The white violet is the flower of ZTA, while the official colors are turquoise blue. ZTA has no official jewel or gemstone, Zeta Tau Alpha has 252 collegiate chapters as of April 2016. There are 169 active collegiate chapters and 238 active alumnae chapters, there are alumnae chapters in many cities and regions in the United States and a virtual alumnae chapter, ZTAlways. Even as an alumna, a woman is considered a part of Zeta Tau Alpha
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Phi Delta Theta
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Phi Delta Theta, also known as Phi Delts, is an international social fraternity founded at Miami University in 1848 and headquartered in Oxford, Ohio. Phi Delta Theta, along with Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Chi form the Miami Triad, the fraternity has about 185 active chapters and colonies in over 43 U. S. states and five Canadian provinces and has initiated more than 251,000 men between 1848 and 2014. There are over 142,000 living alumni, Phi Delta Theta chartered house corporations own more than 135 houses valued at over $141 million as of summer 2015. There are nearly 100 recognized alumni clubs across the U. S. and these cardinal principles are contained in The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, the document to which each member pledges on his initiation into the fraternity. McCain Sr. U. S. Navy Admiral and grandfather of John McCain, in 1839, Beta Theta Pi was founded at Miami University in Ohio. After the president expelled most of the involved in the uprising. These men are known today as The Immortal Six, the first meeting was held in Wilsons room at Old North Hall, now called Elliott Hall. During the early meetings, the Founders wrote The Bond of Phi Delta Theta and it has remained unchanged ever since, and it is believed to be the only document of any fraternity of such a nature. Morrison designed the shield form of the badge, with the eye as an emblem, the first branch of Phi Delta Theta was founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1848. Fearing punishment from the university, the activities of the fraternity were sub rosa for its first three years of existence, eventually, as the organization attracted new individuals into their membership including prominent university officials, members began to openly wear their badges indicating their affiliation. Phi Delta Theta held its first convention in 1851 in Cincinnati, the event was attended by seven members. Despite the limited number, positive steps were taken for the establishment of new chapters by forming an expansion committee and it was also during the first convention where the chapter at Miami University was designated as the Grand Chapter whose duties were to oversee the overall fraternity operations. Subsequent conventions were held again in Cincinnati five years later, Bloomington, Indiana in 1858, another convention was held in 1864 in Bloomington during the American Civil War. The Civil War was difficult for all fraternities, battles put fraternity brother against fraternity brother. Fifty Phis fought on the side of the Confederacy while 231 Phis fought for the Union Army and it was not until the 1868 Indianapolis convention that the first steps in the creation of an overall administration took place. The convention was regarded as the first National Convention as permanent convention rules were adopted during this time, twelve years later, the most important of all Phi Delta Theta conventions took place. The Indianapolis Convention of 1880 established new ritual, insignia, moreover, the convention saw the creation of the General Council, the governing body of the fraternity, with Walter B. Palmer, Emory-Vanderbilt 1877, and George Banta, Franklin-Indiana 1876, becoming the president and historian, the convention also called for the organization of groups of chapters into provinces, which were to be headed by province presidents
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