1.
Iringa Region
–
Iringa is one of Tanzanias thirty administrative regions. It is primarily agricultural and boasts the second-highest per-capita GDP in the country, Iringa Region is home to Ruaha National Park, Tanzanias second largest park, which has an abundance of wildlife. The Regional Commissioner of the Iringa Region is Amina Mesenza, Iringa region has a total area of 35,743 square kilometres. It is surrounded by Singida and Dodoma in the north, Morogoro to its west, Mbeya to its east, the region is drained by the Little Ruaha and the Great Ruaha rivers. The lake created by the Mtera Dam is the significant water body here. The region can be divided into three zones - highland, midland and lowland, the highland zone is towards the east of the region. This area experiences a rainy season between November and May with annual precipitation ranging from 500–1,500 mm, the period between June and September is cold and dry. The midland zone, in the part of the region, lies at a height of 1, 200–1,600 m above sea level. Finally, the zone, at a height of 900–1,200 m gets between 500–600 mm of rain per annum. About 16% of the land in Iringa region is forested, the region is host to the Ruaha National Park, famous for its large herd of elephants and over 400 species of birds. Other animals include lions, sable antelopes and kudu, a second park, Udzungwa Mountains National Park in Iringa Rural District, is less visited. Iringa region has a population of 941,238. Hehe people are the largest ethnic group living here, other major populations are those of Bena and Kinga groups. Pangwa, Chaga, Nyakyusa and Ngoni can be found in urban areas primarily engaged in business, maasai and Barbaig, sukuma and groups are mostly engaged in animal herding. The region has one of the lowest growing populations in Tanzania, a major reason for this is persistent emigration from this region to more urban areas such as Dar es Salaam. In the 2015 general election, six candidates from the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi, william Lukuvi, the MP for Ismani is the Cabinet Minister for Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development. Amina Mesenza is the Regional Commissioner of the region as of June 2016, Njombe Region was split off from Iringa in March 2012. Iringa region has the fifth largest GDP out of the 30 regions in Tanzania, on a per-capita basis, Iringas 2012 figure of about TSh 1,400,000 ranks it second only to Dar es Salaam Region which includes the capital of Tanzania
Iringa Region
–
Tea fields in
Mufindi
2.
Tanzania
–
Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English
Tanzania
–
An ancient stone chopping tool discovered at
Olduvai Gorge and currently on display at the
British Museum
Tanzania
–
Flag
Tanzania
–
General
Lettow-Vorbeck in
Dar es Salaam with a British Officer (left) and German Officer (right), March 1919
Tanzania
–
Arusha Declaration Monument
3.
Regions of Tanzania
–
Tanzania is divided into thirty-one regions, or mikoa. In 1975 there were regions in Tanzania. In 2002 one region changed its name, from Ziwa Magharibi Region to Kagera Region, in 2003 Manyara Region was created out of part of Arusha Region. In 2012 four more regions were created, Geita, Katavi, Njombe, in 2016 Songwe Region was created from the western part of Mbeya Region. List of Tanzanian regions by area ranks the regions by their area, land area
Regions of Tanzania
–
Regions of Tanzania.
4.
Oceanic climate
–
Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature below 22 °C in the warmest month, and above 0 °C in the coldest month. It typically lacks a dry season, as precipitation is evenly dispersed throughout the year. Oceanic climates generally have cool summers and mild to cool winters, Oceanic climates are most dominant in Europe, where they spread much farther inland than in other continents. Oceanic climates can have much storm activity as they are located in the belt of the stormy westerlies, many oceanic climates have frequent cloudy or overcast conditions due to the near constant storms and lows tracking over or near them. Precipitation is both adequate and reliable throughout the year in oceanic climates, extended months of rain and cloudy conditions are common in oceanic climates. Seattle is an example of this, between October and May, Seattle experiences high rainfall and is mostly or partly cloudy six out of every seven days. In most areas with a climate, precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. However, some areas with this climate see some snowfall annually during winter, outside of Australia and parts of New Zealand, most areas with an oceanic climate experience at least one snowstorm per year. In the poleward locations of the climate zone, snowfall is more frequent. Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature, summers are cool, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C. Poleward of the latter is a zone of the subpolar oceanic climate, with long and cold winters and cool. Examples of this climate include parts of coastal Iceland in the Northern Hemisphere and extreme southern Chile, Oceanic climates are not necessarily always found in coastal locations on the aforementioned parallels, however, in most cases oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans. The polar jet stream, which moves in a west to east direction across the middle latitudes, advancing low pressure systems, storms, in coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes, the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the adjacent to them. In summer, high pressure pushes the prevailing westerlies north of many oceanic climates. As a result of the Gulf Stream, west-coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, Oceanic climates in Europe occur mostly in Northwest Europe, from Ireland and Great Britain eastward to central Europe. Most of France, Germany, Norway, the north coast of Spain, examples of oceanic climates are found in London, Bergen, Dublin, Berlin, Bilbao, Donostia-San Sebastian, Biarritz, Bayonne, Zürich, Copenhagen and Paris. With decreasing distance to the Mediterranean Sea, the climate of Northwest Europe gradually changes to the subtropical dry-summer or Mediterranean climate of southern Europe
Oceanic climate
–
Seattle, a city with an oceanic climate
Oceanic climate
–
World map showing oceanic climate zones, as defined by the
Köppen climate types "Cfb", "Cfc", "Cwb" and "Cwc"
Oceanic climate
–
Curitiba, capital city of Brazilian
Paraná state features a subtropical highland climate
5.
Latitude
–
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earths surface. Latitude is an angle which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the poles, lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the location of features on the surface of the Earth. Without qualification the term latitude should be taken to be the latitude as defined in the following sections. Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications, there is a separate article on the History of latitude measurements. Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of latitude and longitude, in the first step the physical surface is modelled by the geoid, a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses. The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface, the simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately modelled by an ellipsoid. The definitions of latitude and longitude on such surfaces are detailed in the following sections. Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface, latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO19111 standard. This is of importance in accurate applications, such as a Global Positioning System, but in common usage, where high accuracy is not required. In English texts the latitude angle, defined below, is denoted by the Greek lower-case letter phi. It is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds or decimal degrees, the precise measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth, either to set up theodolites or to determine GPS satellite orbits. The study of the figure of the Earth together with its field is the science of geodesy. These topics are not discussed in this article and this article relates to coordinate systems for the Earth, it may be extended to cover the Moon, planets and other celestial objects by a simple change of nomenclature. The primary reference points are the poles where the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the reference surface, the plane through the centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator. Planes parallel to the plane intersect the surface in circles of constant latitude. The Equator has a latitude of 0°, the North Pole has a latitude of 90° North, the latitude of an arbitrary point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the radius to that point. The latitude, as defined in this way for the sphere, is termed the spherical latitude
Latitude
–
A graticule on the Earth as a
sphere or an
ellipsoid. The lines from pole to pole are lines of constant
longitude, or meridians. The circles parallel to the
equator are lines of constant latitude, or parallels. The graticule determines the latitude and longitude of points on the surface. In this example meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4° intervals.
6.
Fort
–
Fortifications are military constructions or buildings designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and also used to solidify rule in a region during peace time. Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs, the term is derived from the Latin fortis and facere. From very early history to modern times, walls have been a necessity for cities to survive in a changing world of invasion. Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were the first small cities to be fortified, in ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae. A Greek Phrourion was a collection of buildings used as a military garrison. These construction mainly served the purpose of a tower, to guard certain roads, passes. Though smaller than a fortress, they acted as a border guard rather than a real strongpoint to watch. The art of setting out a camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called castramentation since the time of the Roman legions. Fortification is usually divided into two branches, permanent fortification and field fortification, there is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. Castles are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a monarch or noble. Roman forts and hill forts were the antecedents of castles in Europe. The Early Middle Ages saw the creation of towns built around castles. Medieval-style fortifications were made obsolete by the arrival of cannons in the 14th century. Fortifications in the age of black powder evolved into much lower structures with greater use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb, Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes. The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification, steel-and-concrete fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. However the advances in warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations. Demilitarized zones along borders are arguably another type of fortification, although a passive kind, many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may be called fortresses, smaller ones were known as fortalices
Fort
–
Krak des Chevaliers is one of the best-preserved Crusader
castles.
Fort
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Bourtange star fort, restored to 1750 situation,
Groningen (province),
Netherlands.
Fort
–
The well preserved
Bulgarian medieval fort
Baba Vida.
Fort
–
Fortifications on the Iraq-Iran Border, viewed from the
ISS, 2014
7.
Mtera Dam
–
Mtera Dam is a hydroelectric dam in Tanzania. The dam is located midway between Iringa and Dodoma on the border between the Iringa Region and the Dodoma Region, the travel time from Dodoma is about three hours on a gravel road. Mtera Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in Tanzania and it measures 660 square kilometres at full capacity. The lake is 56 kilometres long, and 15 kilometres wide, and is feed by the Great Ruaha River and it was built from 1975 to 1979 for the purpose of regulating water level at the downstream at the Ruaha installed Kidatu Hydro-electric Dam. The lake is considered one of the best places in Tanzania to observe birds, in addition, the waters are rich in fish. In the early 1990s were a year about 5000 tonnes of fish caught in the lake. diva-portal. org/smash/record. jsf. pid=diva2,12267 Tanesco Website
Mtera Dam
–
Mtera Reservoir, 2012
8.
Dar es Salaam
–
Dar es Salaam is the largest city of Tanzania and the largest city in eastern Africa by population, as well as a regionally important economic centre. It is Tanzanias most prominent city in arts, fashion, media, music, film and it is Tanzanias leading financial centre with the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange being the countrys first and most important stock exchange market. Dar es Salaam is the largest and most populous Swahili-speaking city in the world, the city is the leading arrival and departure point for most tourists who visit tourism areas in Tanzania like the national parks for safaris and the islands of Zanzibar. The region had a population of 4,364,541 as of the official 2012 census, although Dar es Salaam lost its status as the nations capital to Dodoma in 1974, it remains the focus of the permanent central government bureaucracy. In the 19th century, Mzizima was a fishing village on the periphery of Indian Ocean trade routes. In 1865 or 1866, Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar began building a new city very close to Mzizima, the name is commonly translated as abode/home of peace, based on the Arabic dar, and the Arabic es salaam. Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majids death in 1870, German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and became Tanganyika, with Dar es Salaam the administrative and commercial centre. Under British indirect rule, separate European and African areas developed at a distance from the city centre, the citys population also included a large number of south Asians. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth, political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union, led to Tanganyika attaining independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, even when in 1964 Tanganyika, in 1973, however, provisions were made to relocate the capital to Dodoma, a more centrally located city in the interior. The relocation process has not yet completed, and Dar es Salaam remains Tanzanias primary city. In 1967, the Tanzanian government declared the Ujamaa policy, that set Tanzania into a socialist path, the move slowed down the potential growth of the city as the government encouraged people not to move in cities but stay in Ujamaa socialist villages. But by 1980s the Ujamaa policy proved to be a failure into combating increasing poverty, hunger and this led to the 1980s liberalization policy that virtually ended socialism and its spirit within the Tanzanias government. The move led to increasing migration of rural dwellers from rural areas into cities with Dar es Salaam becoming the city in receiving migrants from rural areas. Until the late 1990s, Dar es Salaam was not put into the category as Africas leading cities like Nairobi, Johannesburg, Lagos. The CBD skyline hosts tall buildings, among them the 35-floor PSPF Tower, finished in 2015, Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48 South, 39°17 East, on a natural harbour on the eastern coast of Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas. Administratively, the Dar es Salaam region is divided into five districts, Ilala, Kinondoni, Ubungo, Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania. With a population increase of 5.6 percent per year from 2002 to 2012, the city is the third fastest growing in Africa, after Bamako and Lagos
Dar es Salaam
–
Dar es Salaam city skyline
Dar es Salaam
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Dar es Salaam in 1930s
Dar es Salaam
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Dar es Salaam Cenotaph
Dar es Salaam
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Bank of Tanzania
9.
Mbeya
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Mbeya is a city located in southwest Tanzania, Africa. Mbeyas urban population was 280,000 in 2005, Mbeya is the capital of the surrounding rural Mbeya region. Mbeya is the first large urban settlement encountered when travelling overland from the nation of Zambia. Mbeya is situated at an altitude of 1,700 meters, the main language is colloquial Swahili, and the English language is extensively taught in schools. Following the 1905 gold rush, Mbeya was founded as a mining town in the 1920s. The TAZARA railway later attracting farming migrants and small entrepreneurs to the area, Mbeya and its district was administered by the British until 1961. Mbeya Region was created in 1961, Mbeya City is now a growing metropolis and business centre for the southern regions and the neighbouring countries of Malawi, Zambia and Congo. The City is well connected with a road that forms part of the Great North Road running from Cape Town to Alexandria. The City has several tribes including the Safwa, Nyakyusa and Nyiha, Mbeya also boasts as one of the regions that form the bread basket of Tanzania. Local government is administered via the Mbeya Urban District authority and a Regional Commissioner, Mbeya has weather with enough rainfall and fertile soil which enable it to be thelargest producer of maize, rice, bananas, beans, potatoes, soya nuts and wheat in the entire country. Tanzania has a market in agricultural produce, and Mbeya transports vast amounts of its maize to other areas of Tanzania. There is also extensive animal husbandry, with dairy cattle predominating, Mbeya is also the biggest producer of high-value export and cash crops in Tanzania, those crops are coffee, tea, cocoa, pyrethirum and spices. There is some cultivation of tobacco. Firewood is collected by women and girls, from the wooded valleys, bamboo is naturally abundant in the forests, and there are plans to teach local people about this versatile plant and its many uses. Some gold is mined in the rural Chunya District, by artisan miners. There are also a number of companies and statutory organisations with zonal offices in Mbeya, besides a growing number of secondary schools, Mbeya has some institutes of higher learning education. Since 2005, it has grown out of the earlier Moravian Theological College, the college is situated at Soweto suburb. The College is at Iyunga area, mzumbe University Mbeya Campus is situated in Forest area next to the Bank of Tanzania
Mbeya
–
The mountains surrounding Mbeya
Mbeya
–
Students and teachers at a school in the village of Itete, near Mbeya
Mbeya
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Road outside of Mbeya
Mbeya
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Mbeya Railway Station
10.
Songea
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Songea is the capital of the Ruvuma Region in southeastern Tanzania. It is located along the A19 road, the city has a population of approximately 203,309, and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Songea. Between 1905 and 1907 the city was a centre of African resistance during the Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, the city is poised to experience significant economic growth in the near future as the Mtwara Corridor opens up in a few years. Songea was a great Ngoni warrior of Shona ancestry, hanged in 1906 during the time of German repression of the Maji Maji rebellion, Songea had been spared the death sentence because he had surrendered. However he demanded to be hanged along with the other Ngoni leaders, after the Second World War the area was marked for rapid agricultural development linked to the ultimately disastrous groundnut scheme. A railway had been planned from the coast to Songea and actually appeared in 1950s high school text books. During the liberation war with Mozambique the Songea area was a restricted zone, Songea became a municipality in 2006. Songea is the home of education institutions including St. Augustine University. Songea is coextensive with the Songea Urban District and is divided into wards and it is managed by the Songea Municipal Council
Songea
–
Songea
11.
Dodoma
–
Dodoma, officially Dodoma Urban District, is the national capital of Tanzania and the capital of Dodoma Region, with a population of 410,956. It is also 259 kilometres north of Iringa through Mtera and it covers an area of 2,669 square kilometres of which 625 square kilometres is urbanized. Out of the population,199,487 people are male while 211,469 people are female. The average household size is 4.4 people, the Roman Catholic Church reports that 19. 2% of the population are Roman Catholics. Dodoma is populated by different ethnic groups because it is a government administrative centre, although the ethnic groups are the Gogo, Rangi. There are also small Indian minorities, Dodoma was founded in 1907 by German colonists during construction of the Tanzanian central railway. In 1973, the Tanzanian government announced that the capital would be moved from Dar es Salaam to a central location to better serve the needs of the people. Dodoma was selected for this purpose, as it was an established town at a major crossroads with an agreeable climate, impressive landscape. American architect James Rossant developed a plan for the new capital in 1986. Designed under the direction of Julius Nyerere, the location of Dodoma hoped to divorce itself from Dar es Salaam, a city with a legacy of segregation and slavery. The city, designed over 2,500 acres, was meant to be the village in a nation of villages. However, most of the design never came to fruition. As a result, many government offices remain in Dar es Salaam, a major highway connects Dodoma with Dar es Salaam via the Morogoro region in the east. To the west, there are roads to Mwanza and Kigoma going through Tabora, the Great North Road links the city with Arusha to the north, via Kondoa. The city is served by the Central Railway Line which connects it over a distance of 465 kilometres with Dar es Salaam in the east. The citys airport, Dodoma Airport is managed by the Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority, there are plans to build a new airport outside the city with increased runway length and weight-bearing capacity. Dodoma municipal authority is responsible for the upkeep of the nearby Hombolo Dam. Dodoma features a climate with relatively warm temperatures throughout the year
Dodoma
–
Gaddafi Mosque
Dodoma
–
The Dodoma Cathedral.
Dodoma
–
Nyerere Square.
Dodoma
–
Dodoma Train Station
12.
Chief Mkwawa
–
Chief Mkwavinyika Munyigumba Mwamuyinga, more commonly known as Chief Mkwawa, was a Hehe tribal leader in German East Africa who opposed the German colonization. The name Mkwawa is derived from Mukwava, itself a form of Mukwavinyika. Mkwawa was born in Luhota and was the son of Chief Munyigumba, in July 1891, the German commissioner, Emil von Zelewski, led a battalion of soldiers to suppress the Hehe. On 17 August, they were attacked by Mkwawas 3, 000-strong army at Lugalo, who, despite only being equipped with spears, on 28 October 1894, the Germans, under the new commissioner Colonel Freiherr Friedrich von Schele, attacked Mkwawas fortress at Kalenga. Although they took the fort, Mkwawa managed to escape, subsequently, Mkwawa conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare, harassing the Germans until 1898 when, on 19 July, he was surrounded and shot himself to avoid capture. After his death, German soldiers removed Mkwawas head, the skull was sent to Berlin and probably ended up in the Übersee-Museum Bremen. In 1918 the then British Administrator of German East Africa H. A, the skulls return was stipulated in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, ARTICLE246. Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, Germany will hand over to His Britannic Majestys Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa which was removed from the Protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany. The Germans disputed the removal of the skull from East Africa. However, after World War II the Governor of Tanganyika, Sir Edward Twining, after enquiries he was directed to the Bremen Museum which he visited himself in 1953. The Museum had a collection of 2000 skulls,84 of which originated from the former German East Africa. He short-listed the ones which showed measurements similar to surviving relatives of Chief Mkwawa, the skull was finally returned on 9 July 1954, and now resides at the Mkwawa Memorial Museum in Kalenga, near the town of Iringa. According to the Report of the German soldier, who found the corpse of Mkwawa, Maji Maji Rebellion Martin Baer, Olaf Schröter, Eine Kopfjagd. Iliffe, John, A modern history of Tanganyika, nigmann, Ernst, Die Wahehe, Ihre Geschichte, Kult-, Rechts-, Kriegs- u. Jagd-Gebräuche. Nigmann, Ernst, Geschichte der Kaiserlichen Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika, patera, Herbert, Der weiße Herr Ohnefurcht, das Leben des Schutztruppenhaupmanns Tom von Prince. Prince, Tom von, Gegen Araber und Wahehe, Erinnerungen aus meiner ostafrikanischen Leutnantszeit 1890-1895, redmayne, Alison Hope, The Wahehe people of Tanganyika. London, Taylor & Francis, ISSN 1743-9558, Online-Resource, a site by Mkwawas great-grandson The colonial wars of imperial Germany
Chief Mkwawa
–
Chief Mkwawa
Chief Mkwawa
–
Skull on display at the Mkwawa Memorial Museum
13.
Sea level
–
Mean sea level is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earths oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a low and mean high tide at a particular location. Sea levels can be affected by factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales. The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change, the term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level. Precise determination of a sea level is a difficult problem because of the many factors that affect sea level. Sea level varies quite a lot on several scales of time and this is because the sea is in constant motion, affected by the tides, wind, atmospheric pressure, local gravitational differences, temperature, salinity and so forth. The easiest way this may be calculated is by selecting a location and calculating the mean sea level at that point, for example, a period of 19 years of hourly level observations may be averaged and used to determine the mean sea level at some measurement point. One measures the values of MSL in respect to the land, hence a change in MSL can result from a real change in sea level, or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates. In the UK, the Ordnance Datum is the sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Prior to 1921, the datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, in Hong Kong, mPD is a surveying term meaning metres above Principal Datum and refers to height of 1. 230m below the average sea level. In France, the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and it is used for a part of continental Europe and main part of Africa as official sea level. Elsewhere in Europe vertical elevation references are made to the Amsterdam Peil elevation, satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992. A joint mission of NASA and CNES, TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by Jason-1 in 2001, height above mean sea level is the elevation or altitude of an object, relative to the average sea level datum. It is also used in aviation, where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to sea level, and in the atmospheric sciences. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire Earth, in aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define heights, however, differences up to 100 metres exist between this ellipsoid height and mean tidal height. The alternative is to use a vertical datum such as NAVD88. When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map, the elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres, feet or both. In the rare case that a location is below sea level, for one such case, see Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Sea level
–
This marker indicating sea level is situated between
Jerusalem and the
Dead Sea.
Sea level
–
Sea Level sign seen on cliff (circled in red) at
Badwater Basin,
Death Valley National Park
14.
Morogoro
–
Morogoro is the capital of the Morogoro Region. It is also informally as Mji kasoro bahari, which translates as city short of an ocean/port. Morogoro lies at the base of the Uluguru Mountains and is a centre of agriculture in the region, the Sokoine University of Agriculture is based in the city. A number of missions are located in the city, providing schools and hospitals. Morogoro is the home of Salim Abdullah, who was the founder of the Cuban Marimba jazz band, from the mid-1960s to the 1970s, Morogoro was home to one of Tanzanias most influential and celebrated musicians, Mbaraka Mwinshehe, a lead guitarist and singer-songwriter. Morogoro is home to the Amani Centre, which has helped over 3,400 disabled people in the surrounding villages, Morogoro is served by a station on the Central Railway of Tanzania Railways. Public transport buses called dala dala are available for transport within the town, eighty percent of the Morogoros water supply comes from the Mindu Dam on the Ngerengere River. The dam project, begun in 1978, has been controversial, the lake behind the dam has led to high rates of bilharzia infection, and mercury run-off from gold mining nearby the dam has polluted the citys water supply. The dam is also being rapidly silted due to deforestation in the surrounding areas, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro Muslim University, and Jordan University College are located in Morogoro. Mzumbe University is located 26 km South of town on the highway to Iringa, there are other famous colleges like Ardhi Institute Morogoro, Morogoro Teachers College, and LITI. One of the oldest secondary schools in the country, Kilakala Girls High School is also found in the municipality, the city is represented in the Tanzanian Premier League by football club Mtibwa Sugar F. C. The city of Milwaukee in the state of Wisconsin in the United States is a city of Morogoro as designated by Sister Cities International. Morogoro is also twinned with Linköping in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland, media related to Morogoro at Wikimedia Commons
Morogoro
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Panorama of Morogoro Town
Morogoro
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Uluguru Mountains in the background of Morogoro city. This photo has been taken by Prof.Chen Hualin
Morogoro
–
Sisal plantations in the outskirts of Morogoro (
Uluguru Mountains in the background
15.
University of Dar es Salaam
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The University of Dar es Salaam is a public university in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It was established in 1961 as a college of the University of London. The university became an affiliate of the University of East Africa in 1963, in 1970, UEA split into three independent universities, Makerere University in Uganda, the University of Nairobi in Kenya, and the University of Dar es Salaam. In 2012, the University Ranking by Academic Performance Center ranked the University of Dar es Salaam as the 1, 618th best university in the world. In 2013, AcademyRank ranked the university as the 2, 965th best university worldwide but the best of the 16 ranked in Tanzania, with the Sokoine University of Agriculture in second place. In 2012, the Scimago Institutions Rankings placed the university in 3, 021st place worldwide, 57th in Africa and this ranking is based on the total number of documents published in scholarly journals indexed in the Scopus database by Elsevier. Based solely on the universitys excellence rate, the university was ranked 16th out of 62 universities in Africa in 2011 and this rate indicates which percentage of an institutions scientific output is included into the set formed by the 10% of the most cited papers in their respective scientific fields. It is a measure of high quality output of research institutions, the university has five campuses in and around the city of Dar es Salaam and operates academically through ten faculties, some of which are exclusive to specific campuses. The faculty of humanities and social sciences is active in the Mkwawa University College of Education campus and also in the Dar es Salaam University College of Education. The main campus, called Mlimani, is located 13 kilometers west of Dar es Salaam city center and is home to the faculties of education, arts and social science. In addition, four specialist faculties – informatics and virtual education, law, commerce and management, the Institute of Journalism and Mass Communication provides the university with its fifth campus. Nkrumah Hall, a building on the Mlimani campus, is featured on the back of the Tanzanian 500 shilling bill, helleiner is a well-known Canadian international economist who spent his professional career at the University of Dar es Salaam Francis Matambalya. Prof. Francis Matambalya is a well known African scholar in the area of International Trade. Apart from the University of Dar es Salaam, he has worked at Bonn University in Germany, and been a scholar at a number of the Universities in Europe. In 2010, he took up the position of a Lead Researcher on International Trade at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, amongst his outstanding recent publications are, African Industrial Development and EU Cooperation, Prospects for a Reengineered Partnership. Molly Mahood, Professor of English from 1954 to 1963 Walter Rodney Guyanese scholar and politician, the late Rodney held a PhD in African History in 1966 at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the age of 24. Justinian F. Rweyemamu was a Harvard Graduate and Tanzania’s first major economics scholar, considered by many as one of the most outstanding representatives of the post-independence African scholars, he was also a pan-Africanist, political strategist, and international civil servant. He holds a BSc in Economics from the London School of Economics and he completed his PhD in international relations, again at the London School of Economics, in 1969
University of Dar es Salaam
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Nkrumah Hall (exterior)
University of Dar es Salaam
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Nkrumah Hall (interior)
University of Dar es Salaam
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Institute of Marine Sciences, Zanzibar
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St. Augustine University of Tanzania
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St. Augustine University of Tanzania is a private university in Mwanza, Tanzania. It was founded by the Catholic Bishops of Tanzania in 1998 as a secular, nonprofit, before 1998, SAUT was called first Nyegezi Social Training Centre and then Nyegezi Social Training Institute. SAUT has over 10,000 students with a minimal rise each new academic year. The University attracts students from Tanzania and elsewhere, particularly Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Burundi, Malawi, Zambia, SAUT admits students of all nationalities and religious affiliations. SAUT extends over 600 acres in the Nyegezi-Malimbe area,10 km south of Mwanza on the shores of Lake Victoria, the University is divided into two campuses. The main campus houses the buildings and the Faculty of Business Administration. The Malimbe campus, located one km away, is home to the Faculty of Law, Social Sciences, Engineering, Business Administration, Education and Mass Communication. The Faculty of Law offers a Four years bachelor of Law degree, and a degree in Law on various specialisations such as Masters in Economic Law. The Faculty has also itself a name in the International Arena through several continuous participation in the international moot court competitions. In the 2011 Pretoria, South Africa Competition, it took the lead against Muslims University. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition is another more prestigious annual competition year in Washington D. C, USA this is another area where the faculty has built so much proficiency, since it first participated in 2010. The university runs the following campuses namely, - SAUT Dar es Salaam Centre, future programs of SAUT include Agricultural Science, an Institute for Rural Development, Masters of Business Administration and a Constituent College of Law and Applied Sciences and Technology
St. Augustine University of Tanzania
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St. Augustine University of Tanzania
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Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
Precipitation
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A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation
Precipitation
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Long-term mean precipitation by month
Precipitation
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Late-summer
rainstorm in
Denmark
Precipitation
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Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
Tanzania
