1.
Jon Favreau
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Jonathan Kolia Jon Favreau is an American actor, filmmaker, and comedian. As an actor, he is known for roles in such as Rudy, Swingers, Very Bad Things, The Break-Up. He has also directed the films Elf, Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Cowboys & Aliens, and The Jungle Book, and served as a producer on The Avengers, Iron Man 3. Favreau appeared as Pete Becker, Monica Gellers boyfriend during season three of the television sitcom Friends and he produces films under his banner, Fairview Entertainment. The company has been credited as co-producers in most of Favreaus directorial ventures, Favreau was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, the son of Madeleine, an elementary school teacher who died of leukemia in 1979, and Charles Favreau, a special education teacher. His mother was Jewish, and his father is a Catholic of Italian and French-Canadian ancestry, Favreau attended Hebrew school and had a Bar Mitzvah. Favreau graduated from The Bronx High School of Science in 1984 and attended Queens College from 1984 to 1987 and his friend from college, Mitchell Pollack, said that Favreau went by the nickname Johnny Hack because of his talent in the game Hacky Sack. He briefly worked for Bear Stearns on Wall Street before returning to Queens College for a semester in early 1988 and he dropped out of college for good, and in the summer of 1988, moved to Chicago to pursue a career in comedy. He performed at several Chicago improvisational theaters, including the ImprovOlympic, while in Chicago, Favreau landed his first film role alongside Sean Astin as football tutor D-Bob in the sleeper hit Rudy. Favreau met Vince Vaughn – who played a role in this film – during shooting. The next year, he appeared in the college film PCU alongside Jeremy Piven, in 1997, he appeared on the popular television sitcom Friends, portraying Pete Becker – Monica Gellers millionaire boyfriend who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship – for several episodes. Favreau made appearances in the series, Tracey Takes On. in both 1996 and 1997. He rejoined Piven in 1998 as part of Very Bad Things, in 1999, he starred in the television film Rocky Marciano, based on the life of the only undefeated world heavyweight champion, Rocky Marciano. He later appeared in Love & Sex, co-starring Famke Janssen and he was a guest-director for an episode of the college dramedy Undeclared in 2001, and Favreau got some screen time as lawyer Foggy Nelson in the 2003 movie Daredevil. He also starred in The Big Empty, directed by Steve Anderson and his character was John Person, an out of work actor given a strange mission to deliver a blue suitcase to a man named Cowboy in the desert. In 2001, he made his directorial debut with another self-penned screenplay. Made once again teamed him up with his Swingers co-star Vince Vaughn, in the fall of 2003, he scored his first financial success as a director of the hit comedy Elf starring Will Ferrell, James Caan, and Peter Dinklage. Also in 2003, Favreau had a part in Somethings Gotta Give, Favreau played Leo, Harry Sanborns personal assistant
2.
Kevin Feige
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Kevin Feige, p. g. a. is an American film producer and president of Marvel Studios. The films he has produced have a worldwide box office gross of $10 billion. Feige spent his teen years in New Jersey and his grandfather had been a television producer in the 1950s, having worked on soap operas including The Guiding Light and As the World Turns. After high school Feige applied to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts and his first five applications were rejected, but he persevered and was accepted on the sixth. His early work includes being assistant to executive producer Lauren Shuler Donner on Volcano, in the year 2000 he was hired by Marvel as a producer. On the first X-Men film, Lauren Shuler Donner made Feige an associate producer, impressing Avi Arad, he was hired to work as his second-in-command at Marvel Studios that same year. Feige was named president of production for Marvel Studios in March 2007, Feige received the Motion Picture Showman of the Year award at the ICG Publicists Guild Awards on February 22,2013. As of April 2015, his contract with Marvel Studios will end in 2018, as of at least 2014, Feige was married to wife Caitlin. Kevin Feige at the Internet Movie Database
3.
Justin Theroux
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Justin Paul Theroux is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his work with film director David Lynch and he appeared in Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire. He is also known as a screenwriter for such as Tropic Thunder, Iron Man 2, Rock of Ages. Since 2014, he has starred in the HBO series The Leftovers, Theroux was born in Washington, D. C. His mother, Phyllis Grissim-Theroux, is a journalist and author who worked for The Washington Post and his father is of half French-Canadian and half Italian descent. Through his mother, Theroux is a great-great-grandson of financier, banker, hollins, and of music critic and author Gustav Kobbé. Theroux attended Lafayette Elementary School, Annunciation School, and the Field School and he first started acting while in high school at the Buxton School, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He graduated from Bennington College in 1993 with a B. A. in visual arts, Theroux made his film debut in 1996 in Mary Harrons I Shot Andy Warhol. He has also performed in more films such as American Psycho. He appeared in the versions of the cult television shows Strangers With Candy. He starred in David Lynchs films Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire, in 2003, he was featured in a music video for the British band Muse for their song Hysteria. Theroux also has appeared on television, having starred in The District and appeared on episodes of such as Alias, Ally McBeal, Sex and the City. In 2006, he directed his first film, Dedication, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, a fan of the band Deerhoof, Theroux chose them to score Dedication. Theroux also had roles in two films at the festival, Broken English and The Ten, in which he played Jesus Christ alongside Gretchen Mol. Theroux co-wrote the Ben Stiller-directed Oscar-nominated film Tropic Thunder, and also appeared in the behind-the-scenes mockumentary Tropic Thunder, in 2008, Theroux played John Hancock in the HBO miniseries John Adams. In 2009, Theroux made up part of the voice cast for Call of Duty and he also played Justin in Parks and Recreation. Theroux wrote the screenplay for the 2010 film Iron Man 2, following Therouxs work on Tropic Thunder, actor Robert Downey Jr. recommended Theroux as a screenwriter to the films director, Jon Favreau. Theroux returned to acting in the film Your Highness, as Leezar and he starred in the 2012 comedy Wanderlust, playing the leader of a hippie commune
4.
Iron Man
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Iron Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer and editor Stan Lee, developed by scripter Larry Lieber, the character made his first appearance in Tales of Suspense #39. He instead creates a suit of armor to save his life. Later, Stark augments his suit with weapons and other technological devices he designed through his company and he uses the suit and successive versions to protect the world as Iron Man, while at first concealing his true identity. Initially, Iron Man was a vehicle for Stan Lee to explore Cold War themes, particularly the role of American technology, subsequent re-imaginings of Iron Man have transitioned from Cold War themes to contemporary concerns, such as corporate crime and terrorism. Iron Man has been adapted for several animated TV shows and films, the character is portrayed by Robert Downey Jr. in the live action film Iron Man, which was a critical and box office success. Iron Man was ranked 12th on IGNs Top 100 Comic Book Heroes in 2011, in 1963, Lee had been toying with the idea of a businessman superhero. He wanted to create the quintessential capitalist, a character that would go against the spirit of the times, Lee said, I think I gave myself a dare. It was the height of the Cold War, the readers, the young readers, if there was one thing they hated, it was war, it was the military. So I got a hero who represented that to the hundredth degree. He set out to make the new character a wealthy, glamorous ladies man, writer Gerry Conway said, Here you have this character, who on the outside is invulnerable, I mean, just cant be touched, but inside is a wounded figure. Stan made it very much an in-your-face wound, you know, his heart was broken, you know, but theres a metaphor going on there. And thats, I think, what made that character interesting, Lee based this playboys looks and personality on Howard Hughes, explaining, Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-billionaire, a ladies man, without being crazy, he was Howard Hughes, Lee said. While Lee intended to write the story himself, a minor deadline emergency eventually forced him to hand over the issue to Lieber. The art was split between Kirby and Heck and he designed the costume, Heck said of Kirby, because he was doing the cover. The covers were always done first, but I created the look of the characters, like Tony Stark and his secretary Pepper Potts. In a 1990 interview, when asked if he had a model for Tony Stark. Heck replied No, I would be thinking more along the lines of some characters I like, which would be the kind of characters that Alex Toth liked
5.
Stan Lee
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Stan Lee is an American comic-book writer, editor, publisher, media producer, television host, actor, and former president and chairman of Marvel Comics. In addition, he challenged the comics industrys censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority, Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation. He was inducted into the book industrys Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994. Lee received a National Medal of Arts in 2008 and his father, trained as a dress cutter, worked only sporadically after the Great Depression, and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue, in Washington Heights, Manhattan. When Lee was nearly 9, his sibling, brother Larry Lieber, was born. He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies, by the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in a one-bedroom apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx. Lee has described it as an apartment facing out back, with he and his brother sharing a bedroom. Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, in his youth, Lee enjoyed writing, and entertained dreams of one day writing the Great American Novel. He graduated from school early, aged 16½ in 1939. With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon, Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine, Timely, by the 1960s, would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee, whose cousin Jean was Goodmans wife, was hired by Timely editor Joe Simon. His duties were prosaic at first, in those days dipped the pen in ink, I had to make sure the inkwells were filled, Lee recalled in 2009. I went down and got them their lunch, I did proofreading, Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work. This initial story also introduced Captain Americas trademark ricocheting shield-toss, which became one of the characters signatures. He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a feature, Headline Hunter, Foreign Correspondent. Lees first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer, in Mystic Comics #6, other characters he created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comics include Jack Frost, debuting in USA Comics #1, and Father Time, debuting in Captain America Comics #6. When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941, following a dispute with Goodman, Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served in the US in the Signal Corps, repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment. He was later transferred to the Training Film Division, where he worked writing manuals, training films, and slogans and his military classification, he says, was playwright, he adds that only nine men in the US Army were given that title
6.
Larry Lieber
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Larry D. Lieber is an American comic book artist and writer, and the younger brother of Marvel Comics writer, editor, and publisher Stan Lee. From 1974 to 1975, he was editor of Atlas/Seaboard Comics, at about ten-and-a-half, with his brother in the U. S. Army, Lieber and his parents returned to Manhattan, moving to the Washington Heights neighborhood. Already interested in art and drawing by this time, he attended George Washington High School there, Lee elsewhere described that move to a two-story, three-bedroom home at 1084 West Broadway as occurring in 1949, when Larry would have been 17 or 18. As Lieber recalled it to comics historian Daniel Best, My mother died when I was 16 and my brother was back from the Service, he was just married and he moved out outside of New York to Long Island. I lived with him for a while and it didnt work out so well, I wanted to leave, so I left. I was very young and I had a couple of jobs, at 17, Lieber became a messenger for The New York Times and also found work at the Times Square studio of Sam Furber, a letterer whose work included movie posters. For roughly a year-and-a-half, he lived in the since-defunct Hotel Manhattan Towers, in 1941 Lee had been made the editor of Timely Comics, the future Marvel Comics, a division of a publishing company owned by a relative, Martin Goodman. Lieber began working for Goodman as an art assistant on the magazine side, I was working during the day and I went to the evening. There Lieber began illustrating books, his first known credit is penciling and inking the four-page story crime comics story Cop on the Beat, by an unknown writer. In 1951, he enlisted with the U. S. Air Force, after returning from the service, Lieber attended Manhattans Art Students League. I still wanted to be an artist and do comics, but I had in mind to become an illustrator. I was drawing, but I was slow and he again drew for his brother, editor Stan Lee, at the 1950s forerunner of Marvel Comics, known generally as Atlas Comics, though whether on staff or freelance is uncertain. Because it was not standard practice during this time to give writer and artist credits. He recalled in 1999 he had some or all of these stories himself, because I remember Stan was saying to me. I said, Im not really a writer and he said, Oh, Ive read your letters. As Lieber recalled of those features, Stan made up the plot, and then hed give it to me. Tudor City had a park, and when it was nice Id sit there, I was unsure of myself just sitting down to write a script. Since I knew how to draw, Id think, Oh and this shot will have a guy looking down on him, and later Id sit at the typewriter and type it up
7.
Don Heck
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He called me up and asked me to join. Heck also did freelance assignments for Quality Comics, Hillman Comics, pictorial in 1955, he drew the one-shot Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion, a TV tie-in comic based on the 1955-57 syndicated, live-action kids show of that name. Through his old Harvey Comics colleague Pete Morisi, Heck in 1954 met Marvel Comics architect Stan Lee, editor-in-chief and art director of Marvels 1950 predecessor, Atlas Comics. As Heck recalled, Pete Morisi, who worked at Media at the time, had been to Stan Lees office. One of my stories was in there, and Stan kept going back to my story, saying, This is the way you should have done it. Look, if you want Don Heck to come up here, hes looking for work, Stan said, Well, if he happened to walk up here, I might have a story for him. So I went up there on a Wednesday afternoon, Stan never saw anybody on Wednesdays, and he never saw anybody in the afternoon. He looked at the first two pages and said, Aw, hell, I know what your stuff looks like. Then I did Torpedo Taylor for Navy Combat, drawing that five- or six-page feature in issues #1-14 and 16 and, oddly, Heck also contributed to such Atlas/Marvel romance comics as Love Romances and My Own Romance. Comics artist Jerry Ordway, describing this era of Hecks work and his Atlas work was terrific, with a clean sharp style, and an ink line that wouldnt quit. Kirby designed the costume, Heck recalled, because he was doing the cover, the covers were always done first. But I created the look of the characters, like Tony Stark, Jack claimed to have laid out those stories, and I repeated his claim in print — though not before checking with Heck, who said, in effect, Oh, yeah. We all later realized he was mistaken, both also believed that Jack had contributed to the plots of those debut appearances — recollections that do not match those of Stan Lee. Also, in cases, Jack had already drawn the covers of those issues and done some amount of design work. He came up with the look of Iron Mans armor. Heck himself recalled in 1985 that while some sources claimed then that Jack Kirby did breakdowns. thats not true and they just didnt bother to call me up and find out when they wrote up the credits. Jack Kirby created the costume, and he did the cover for the issue, in fact the second costume, the red and yellow one, was designed by Steve Ditko. I found it easier than drawing that bulky old thing, the earlier design, the robot-looking one, was more Kirbyish
8.
Jack Kirby
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Jack Kirby, born Jacob Kurtzberg, was an American comic book artist, writer, and editor, widely regarded as one of the mediums major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. Kirby grew up in New York City, and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and he entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s, drawing various comics features under different pen names, including Jack Curtiss, before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1940, he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics, during the 1940s, Kirby, generally teamed with Simon, created numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications, later to become DC Comics. After serving in World War II, Kirby produced work for a number of publishers, including DC, Harvey Comics, at Crestwood Publications he and Simon created the genre of romance comics and later founded their own short-lived comic company, Mainline Publications. Ultimately, Kirby found himself at Timelys 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics, there, in the 1960s, Kirby and writer-editor Stan Lee co-created many of the companys major characters, including the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and the Hulk. The Lee-Kirby titles garnered high sales and critical acclaim, but in 1970, feeling he had been treated unfairly, at DC, Kirby created his Fourth World saga, which spanned several comics titles. While these series proved unsuccessful and were canceled, the Fourth Worlds New Gods have continued as a significant part of the DC Universe. Kirby returned to Marvel briefly in the mid-to-late 1970s, then ventured into television animation, Kirby was married to Rosalind Roz Goldstein in 1942. They had four children, and remained married until his death from heart failure in 1994, the Jack Kirby Awards and Jack Kirby Hall of Fame were named in his honor. Jack Kirby was born Jacob Kurtzberg on August 28,1917, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City and his parents, Rose and Benjamin Kurtzberg, were Austrian Jewish immigrants, and his father earned a living as a garment factory worker. In his youth, Kirby desired to escape his neighborhood and he liked to draw, and sought out places he could learn more about art. He was rejected by the Educational Alliance because he drew too fast with charcoal and he later found an outlet for his skills by drawing cartoons for the newspaper of the Boys Brotherhood Republic, a miniature city on East 3rd Street where street kids ran their own government. At age 14, Kirby enrolled at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, I wasnt the kind of student that Pratt was looking for. They wanted people who would work on something forever, I didnt want to work on any project forever. I intended to get things done, Kirby joined the Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate in 1936, working there on newspaper comic strips and on single-panel advice cartoons such as Your Health Comes First. He remained until late 1939, when he began working for the animation company Fleischer Studios as an inbetweener on Popeye cartoons. I went from Lincoln to Fleischer, he recalled, from Fleischer I had to get out in a hurry because I couldnt take that kind of thing, describing it as a factory in a sense, like my fathers factory. Around that time, the American comic book industry was booming, Kirby began writing and drawing for the comic-book packager Eisner & Iger, one of a handful of firms creating comics on demand for publishers
9.
Robert Downey Jr.
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Robert John Downey Jr. is an American actor. His career has included critical and popular success in his youth, followed by a period of abuse and legal troubles. For three consecutive years from 2012 to 2015, Downey has topped the Forbes list of Hollywoods highest-paid actors, making an estimated $80 million in earnings between June 2014 and June 2015. He starred as the character in the 1992 film Chaplin. This earned him a Golden Globe Award and his character was written out when Downey was fired after two drug arrests in late 2000 and early 2001. After his last stay in a drug treatment program, Downey achieved sobriety. Each of these films has grossed over $500 million at the box office worldwide, four of these—The Avengers, Avengers, Age of Ultron, Iron Man 3 and Captain America, Downey Jr. has also played the title character in Guy Ritchies Sherlock Holmes and its sequel. Downey was born in Manhattan, New York, the younger of two children and his father, Robert Downey Sr. is an actor and filmmaker, while his mother, Elsie Ann, was an actress who appeared in Downey Sr. s films. Downeys father is of half Lithuanian Jewish, one-quarter Hungarian Jewish, and one-quarter Irish descent, while Downeys mother had Scottish, German, Downey and his older sister Allyson grew up in Greenwich Village. As a child, Downey was surrounded by drugs and his father, a drug addict, allowed Downey to use marijuana at age six, an incident which his father has said he now regrets. Eventually, Downey began spending every night abusing alcohol and making a phone calls in pursuit of drugs. During his childhood Downey had minor roles in his fathers films and he made his acting debut at the age of five, playing a sick puppy in the absurdist comedy Pound, and then at seven appeared in the surrealist Greasers Palace. At the age of ten, he was living in England and he attended the Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Training Center in upstate New York as a teenager. When his parents divorced in 1978, Downey moved to California with his father, Downey and Kiefer Sutherland, who shared the screen in the 1988 drama 1969, were roommates for three years when he first moved to Hollywood to pursue his career in acting. Downey began building upon theater roles, including in the short-lived off-Broadway musical American Passion at the Joyce Theater in 1983, rolling Stone magazine named Downey the worst SNL cast member in its entire run, stating that the Downey Fail sums up everything that makes SNL great. That same year, Downey had a dramatic acting breakthrough when he played James Spaders sidekick in Tuff Turf and he was considered for the role of Duckie in John Hughes film Pretty in Pink, but his first lead role was with Molly Ringwald in The Pick-up Artist. Because of these and other coming-of-age films Downey did during the 1980s, in 1987, Downey played Julian Wells, a drug-addicted rich boy whose life rapidly spirals out of his control, in the film version of the Bret Easton Ellis novel Less Than Zero. In 1992, he starred as Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin, a role for which he prepared extensively, learning how to play the violin and he had a personal coach in order to help him imitate Chaplins posture and way of carrying himself
10.
Gwyneth Paltrow
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Gwyneth Kate Paltrow is an American actress, singer, comedienne and food writer. She gained early notice for her work in such as the thriller Seven. Paltrow has portrayed supporting, as well as roles, in films such as The Talented Mr. Ripley, The Royal Tenenbaums, Shallow Hal. Since 2008, Paltrow has portrayed Pepper Potts, the lead of the Iron Man franchise in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers. She reprised the role several times throughout the series run. Paltrow has been the face of Estée Lauders Pleasures perfume since 2005 and she is also the face of American fashion brand Coach, owner of a lifestyle company, and author of two cookbooks. Paltrow was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of actress Blythe Danner, Paltrows father is Jewish, while her mother is from a Christian background. She was raised celebrating both Jewish and Christian holidays and her brother had a traditional Bar Mitzvah when he turned 13. Her fathers Ashkenazi Jewish family immigrated from Belarus and Poland, while her mother has Pennsylvania Dutch, Paltrows younger brother is director and screenwriter Jake Paltrow. Her half-cousin is actress Katherine Moennig and she is a second cousin of former U. S. Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords. Her uncle is opera singer and actor Harry Danner, Paltrow was raised in Santa Monica, where she attended Crossroads School before enrolling in the Spence School, a private girls school in New York City. Later, she studied anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She is a daughter of Talavera de la Reina, where at 15 she spent a year as an exchange student. Her film debut followed with Shout, starring John Travolta, Paltrows next roles were in the made-for-television movies Cruel Doubt and Deadly Relations. Her first plum feature film role was in the noir drama Flesh, in 1995, she played Brad Pitts wife in the hit thriller Se7en. Her performance earned her a Satellite Award nomination, also in 1995, she appeared in Moonlight and Valentino and Jefferson in Paris. In 1996, Paltrow played the character in Emma to critical acclaim, particularly in the United Kingdom. She also appeared in two thrillers, Hush, opposite Jessica Lange, and A Perfect Murder, inspired by Alfred Hitchcocks 1954 film, Dial M for Murder
11.
Don Cheadle
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Donald Frank Don Cheadle Jr. is an American actor, writer, producer, and director. He had a role in Hamburger Hill, before building his career in the 1990s with performances in Devil in a Blue Dress, Rosewood. He started a collaboration with director Steven Soderbergh that resulted in the films Out of Sight, Traffic and Oceans Eleven. Other films include Volcano, The Rat Pack, Things Behind the Sun, Swordfish, Crash, Oceans Twelve, Oceans Thirteen, Reign Over Me, Talk to Me, Traitor and The Guard. Cheadle co-wrote, directed and starred in Miles Ahead, based on the life of jazz musician Miles Davis. He plays the superhero Colonel James Rhodey Rhodes / War Machine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and has appeared in Iron Man 2, Iron Man 3, Avengers, Age of Ultron and Captain America, Civil War. He stars as Marty Kaan on the Showtime sitcom House of Lies, for which he most recently won a Golden Globe Award in 2013. Cheadle has campaigned to end the genocide in Darfur, Sudan, and co-authored, with John Prendergast, in 2010, Cheadle was named U. N. Cheadle was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Bettye, a teacher and he has a sister, Cindy, and a brother, Colin. His family moved from city to city throughout his childhood, after he graduated from East, Cheadle went on to California Institute of the Arts, graduating with a BFA in Acting. Cheadle first became eligible for his Screen Actors Guild card when he appeared as a burger joint employee in the 1985 comedy Moving Violations. He then appeared in Hamburger Hill in 1987, and played the role of Jack in the April 1,1988 Jung, although his character was supposed to be 16 years old, Cheadle was 23 at the time. Cheadle then played the role of Rocket in the 1988 movie Colors, in 1989, he appeared in a video for Angela Winbushs No.2 hit single Its the Real Thing, performing dance moves in an orange jump suit, working at a car wash. In 1990, he appeared in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air titled Homeboy, Sweet Homeboy, playing Will Smiths friend and Hilarys first love interest, in 1992, he played a supporting role in The Golden Girls spin-off The Golden Palace. Cheadle subsequently played district attorney John Littleton on three seasons of Picket Fences, following soon thereafter was his performance in the title role of the 1996 HBO TV movie Rebound, The Legend of Earl The Goat Manigault. He also starred in the 1997 film Volcano, directed by Mick Jackson, Cheadles television credits include Emmy-nominated performances in the movies The Rat Pack, A Lesson Before Dying, Things Behind the Sun and in a guest appearance on ER. The last of these four episodes during the shows ninth season, in which he portrayed Paul Nathan. He has made appearances in films including Rosewood, The Family Man, Boogie Nights, an appearance in the film Abby Singer, Out of Sight, Traffic
12.
Scarlett Johansson
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Scarlett Johansson is an American actress, model and singer. She made her debut in the fantasy comedy North. Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo, and garnered acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer. She shifted to roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring and Lost in Translation. Since 2010, Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge. As a singer, Johansson has released two albums, Anywhere I Lay My Head and Break Up, Johansson is considered one of Hollywoods modern sex symbols, and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world. As of February 2017, she is the actress of all time in North America. In 2016, she added another $1.2 billion to that box office record and her father, Karsten Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was an art historian, screenwriter, and director. Her mother, Melanie Sloan, a producer, comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from the Bronx, Sloans ancestors were Jewish immigrants from Poland and Minsk in the Russian Empire. Scarlett Johansson has a sister, Vanessa, also an actress, an older brother, Adrian, a twin brother, Hunter. She holds both United States and Danish passports and citizenship, Johansson grew up in a household with little money, and with a mother who was a film buff. She and her brother attended PS41 elementary school in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan. Johansson began her training by attending and graduating from Professional Childrens School in Manhattan in 2002. Johansson began acting during childhood, after her mother started taking her to auditions and she would audition for commercials but took rejection so hard her mother began limiting her to film tryouts. She made her debut at the age of 9, as John Ritters daughter in the fantasy comedy North. Following minor roles in the mystery thriller Just Cause, as the daughter of Sean Connery and Kate Capshaw, and If Lucy Fell, she played the role of Amanda in Manny & Lo. Her performance in Manny & Lo garnered a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female, after appearing in minor roles in Fall and Home Alone 3, Johansson garnered widely spread attention for her performance in the film The Horse Whisperer, directed by Robert Redford. She received a nomination for the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actress for the film, in 1999, she appeared in My Brother the Pig and in the neo-noir Coen brothers film The Man Who Wasnt There
13.
Sam Rockwell
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Samuel Sam Rockwell is an American actor known for independent and mainstream films. Rockwell was born in Daly City, California, the son of actors who divorced when he was five years old and he was raised by his father, Pete Rockwell, in San Francisco, while his mother, Penny Hess, lived in New York. He attended San Francisco School of the Arts with Margaret Cho and Aisha Tyler, the school, the actor said, had a reputation as a place stoners went because it was easy to graduate, but the program ended up helping him regain an interest in performing. After appearing in an independent film during his year, he graduated and moved to New York to pursue an acting career. After his debut role in the 1989 horror film Clownhouse, which he filmed when based in San Francisco, he moved to New York and trained at the William Esper Studios and he also appeared as the title character in The Search for One-eye Jimmy. During this time Rockwell worked in restaurants as a busboy and delivered burritos by bicycle, at one point, Rockwell even worked as a private detectives assistant. I tailed a chick who was having an affair and took pictures of her at this motel, a well-paying Miller commercial in 1994 finally allowed him to pursue acting full-time. The turning point in Rockwells career was Tom DiCillos 1996 film Box of Moonlight, in which he played an eccentric man-child who dresses like Davy Crockett, in 1999, Rockwell played prisoner William Wild Bill Wharton in the Stephen King prison drama The Green Mile. At the time of the shooting, Rockwell explained why he was attracted to playing such unlikeable characters. He said, I like that dark stuff, I think heroes should be flawed. Theres a bit of self-loathing in there, and a bit of anger, but after this, Ive really got to play some lawyers, or a British aristocrat, or theyll put a label on me. Rockwells performance was received, and the film received generally positive reviews. He received somewhat mixed reviews as Zaphod Beeblebrox in the 2005 film version of The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. Who had been considered for his role in The Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy, Rockwell appeared in the Iron Man sequel, released in 2010, as Tony Starks rival weapons developer, Justin Hammer. He is said to have accepted the role without reading the script and he had never heard of the character before he was contacted about the part, and was unaware that Hammer is an old man in the comic books. He also starred in the 2008 film Snow Angels opposite Kate Beckinsale and he had worked on several occasions with the comedy troupe Stella, making cameo appearances in their short films and eponymous TV series. Rockwell played Victor Mancini in the film Choke, based on the novel by Chuck Palahniuk. Critic Roger Ebert said of his performance that he seems to have become the version of Christopher Walken – not all the time
14.
Mickey Rourke
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Philip Andre Rourke Jr. known professionally as Mickey Rourke, is an American actor, screenwriter, and retired boxer, who has appeared primarily as a leading man in drama, action, and thriller films. In 1991 Rourke, who had trained as a boxer in his years, left acting. In the 2008 film The Wrestler, Rourke portrayed a past-his-prime wrestler, and received a 2009 Golden Globe award, a BAFTA award, and a nomination for an Academy Award. Since then, Rourke has appeared in commercially successful films including the 2010 films Iron Man 2 and The Expendables. Philip Andre Rourke, Jr. was born in Schenectady, New York and his father was of Irish and German descent, and his mother had Scottish, French, English, and German ancestry. He was raised Roman Catholic and still practices his faith and his father, an amateur body builder, left the family when Mickey was six years old. After his parents divorced, his mother married Eugene Addis, a Miami Beach police officer with five sons, and moved Rourke, his younger brother, there, he graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School in 1971. He was supposed to graduate in 1970, but he had held back at 1st grade because he wasnt ready to move on at the time. During his teenage years, Rourke focused his attention mainly on sports and he took up self-defense training at the Boys Club of Miami. It was there that he learned boxing skills and decided on an amateur career, at age 12, Rourke won his first boxing match as a 112-pound flyweight, fighting some of his early matches under the name Phil Rourke. He continued his training at the famed 5th Street Gym, in Miami Beach. In 1969 Rourke, then weighing 140 pounds, sparred with former World Welterweight Champion Luis Rodríguez, Rodriguez was the number one–rated middleweight boxer in the world and was training for his match with world champion Nino Benvenuti. Rourke claims to have received a concussion from his match with Rodriguez. At the 1971 Florida Golden Gloves, Rourke suffered another concussion in a boxing match, after being told by doctors to take a year off and rest, Rourke temporarily retired from the ring. Rourkes amateur boxing record was 27 wins and 3 losses, in 1971, as a senior at Miami Beach Senior High School, Rourke had a small acting role in the Jay W. Jensen–directed school play The Serpent. However, Rourkes interests were geared to boxing, and he never appeared in any other school productions. Soon after he gave up boxing, a friend at the University of Miami told Rourke about a play he was directing, Deathwatch. Rourke got the part and immediately became enamored with acting, borrowing $400 from his sister, he went to New York and took private lessons with Actors Studio teacher Sandra Seacat
15.
Samuel L. Jackson
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Samuel Leroy Jackson is an American actor and film producer. With Jacksons permission, his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury. He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D and he is married to LaTanya Richardson, with whom he has a daughter, Zoe. Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $4.9053 billion total box office gross, Jackson was born in Washington, D. C. the son of Elizabeth and Roy Henry Jackson. He grew up as a child in Chattanooga, Tennessee. His father lived away from the family in Kansas City, Missouri, Jackson only met his father twice during his life. Jackson was raised by his mother, who was a worker and later a supplies buyer for a mental institution. According to DNA tests, Jackson partially descends from the Benga people of Gabon, Jackson attended several segregated schools and graduated from Riverside High School in Chattanooga. Between the third and twelfth grades, he played the French horn, during childhood, he had a stuttering problem. While he eventually learned to pretend to be people who didnt stutter and use the curse word motherfucker as an affirmation word. Initially intent on pursuing a degree in biology, he attended Morehouse College in Atlanta. After joining a local acting group to earn points in a class, Jackson found an interest in acting. Before graduating in 1972, he co-founded the Just Us Theatre, after the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Jackson attended the funeral in Atlanta as one of the ushers. Jackson then flew to Memphis to join an equal rights protest march, in a Parade interview Jackson revealed, I was angry about the assassination, but I wasnt shocked by it. I knew that change was going to something different – not sit-ins. In 1969, Jackson and several other students held members of the Morehouse College board of trustees hostage on the campus, demanding reform in the schools curriculum and governance. The college eventually agreed to change its policy, but Jackson was charged with and eventually convicted of unlawful confinement, Jackson was then suspended for two years for his criminal record and his actions. He would later return to the college to earn his Bachelor of Arts in Drama in 1972, while he was suspended, Jackson was employed as a social worker in Los Angeles
16.
John Debney
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Debney is an American film composer and conductor. He received an Academy Award nomination for his score for Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ and he also composed the score for Cutthroat Island, which has been celebrated by music critics as a notable example of swashbuckling film music. The son of Disney Studios producer Louis Debney, John was born and raised in nearby Glendale, California, Debney earned his B. A. degree in Music Composition from the California Institute of Arts in 1979. Two weeks after graduating from CalArts, he got a job at copying department at Disney, one day, Buddy Baker saw him and had him arrange music that would later be used for different pavilions and rides at EPCOT Center. After three years at Disney, he freelanced for television composer Mike Post, Debney furthered his hands-on training by working with Hanna-Barbera composer Hoyt Curtin. In the early 1990s, Debney began to score indie films, in 1991, Debney composed the music for Phantom Manor in Disneyland Paris and SpectroMagic at Magic Kingdom. In 1993, he scored his first studio feature, the Disney comedy Hocus Pocus starring Bette Midler, Debney has also composed scores for the video games Lair and The Sims Medieval. In 2010, he composed the music for the Nickelodeon television series Supah Ninjas. John Debney at the Internet Movie Database John Debneys official website John Debney Tribute at Filmtracks. com
17.
Matthew Libatique
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Matthew Libatique is an American cinematographer who is best known for his work with director Darren Aronofsky on the films π, Requiem for a Dream, The Fountain, and Black Swan. Libatique, a Filipino-American, was born in Elmhurst, Queens and he studied sociology and communications at California State University Fullerton before earning a MFA in cinematography at AFI Conservatory. Libatique served as director of photography for music videos and teamed with fellow AFI alumnus Aronofsky for the short film Protozoa, the two collaborated on the first three of Aronofskys feature films. Other frequent collaborators are Julie Dash, Spike Lee, Joel Schumacher, libatiques notable films include blockbusters such as Iron Man, Iron Man 2, and Requiem for a Dream. In 2010, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on Black Swan and he has also won best cinematography awards at the LA Film Critics Association, NY Film Critics Online, SF Film Critics, among many others. Matthew Libatique at the Internet Movie Database Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers Matthew Libatique Fan Page Matthew Libatique on Kodak. com
18.
Marvel Studios
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Previously, the studio was a subsidiary of Marvel Entertainment until The Walt Disney Company reorganized the companies in August 2015. X-Men and Spider-Man and other Marvel franchises are licensed out to 20th Century Fox and Sony Pictures, Marvel Studios has released 14 films since 2008 within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, from Iron Man to Doctor Strange. These films all share continuity with other, along with the One-Shots produced by the studio. During what is known as Marvels Timely era, Captain America was licensed out to Republic Pictures for a serial just for the free advertising, in the late 1970s up to the early 1990s, Marvel Entertainment Group sold options to studios to produce films based on Marvel Comics characters. Spider-Man, one of Marvel’s superheroes, was optioned in the late 1970s, from 1986 to 1996, most of Marvel’s major characters had been optioned, including the Fantastic Four, X-Men, Daredevil, Hulk, Silver Surfer, and Iron Man. A Howard the Duck film made it to the screen in 1986, New World Entertainment purchased MEG in November 1986 and moved to produce films based on the Marvel characters. It released The Punisher before MEG was sold to Ronald Perelmans Andrews Group, two other films were produced, Captain America released in the United Kingdom on screens and direct to video in the United States, and The Fantastic Four, not intended for release. Marvels rival DC Comics, on the hand, had success licensing its properties Superman and Batman into successful film franchises. New World was MEGs former parent corporation and later a subsidiary of the Andrews Group. Marvel Productions became New World Animation by 1993 as Marvel would start up Marvel Films including Marvel Films Animation, Marvel Films Animation shared Tom Tataranowicz with New World Animation as head of development and production. New World Animation, Saban, and Marvel Films Animation each produced a Marvel series for television for the 1996–1997 season and it was Marvel Films Animations only production. By the end of 1993, Arad and 20th Century Fox struck a deal to make a film based on the X-Men, New World Animation and Marvel Films Animation were sold along with the rest of New World by Andrews Group to News Corporation/Fox as announced in August 1996. As part of the deal, Marvel licensed the rights to Captain America, Daredevil and Silver Surfer to be on Fox Kids Network, New World Animation continued producing a second season of The Incredible Hulk for UPN. In August 1996, Marvel created Marvel Studios, an incorporation of Marvel Films, due to the sale of New World Communications Group, Marvels fellow Andrews Group subsidiary in film and television stations, to News Corporation/Fox. Toy Biz filed an offering of 7.5 million shares with a price of $20.125 at the time. Toy Biz sought to sell 1 million shares, and Marvel sought to sell 2.5 million shares. Jerry Calabrese, the president of Marvel Entertainment Group, and Avi Arad, head of Marvel Films, Arad said of the goal for control, When you get into business with a big studio, they are developing a hundred or 500 projects, you get totally lost. Were just not going to do it anymore, Marvel Studios arranged a seven-year development deal with 20th Century Fox to cover markets in the United States and internationally
19.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
20.
El Capitan Theatre
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El Capitan Theatre is a fully restored movie palace at 6838 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood. In the early 1920s, real estate developer Charles E. Toberman envisioned a thriving Hollywood theatre district, Toberman was involved in 36 projects while building the Max Factor Building, Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel and the Hollywood Masonic Temple. With Sid Grauman, he opened the three themed theatres, Egyptian, El Capitan, and Chinese, El Capitan, dubbed Hollywoods First Home of Spoken Drama, opened as a legitimate theatre on May 3,1926 with Charlots Revue starring Gertrude Lawrence and Jack Buchanan. Furniture Emporium took up the rest of the building in the 1920s, for a decade it presented live plays, with over 120 productions including such legends as Clark Gable and Joan Fontaine. By the late 1930s, El Capitan felt the effects of the Depression. This period saw a cycle of experimentation with entertainment, in an effort to boost attendance at the theatre, its management attempted to lure revues, road shows and benefits. Despite these efforts, business was faltering, the theatre then began showing movies. When Orson Welles was unable to locate a theatre willing to risk screening Citizen Kane, he turned to El Capitan. The theater then closed for one year as Paramount Pictures purchased the theater, the building was remodeled in the modern style, with the decor covered with curtains and removing the box-seat balconies. The theatre reopened in 1942 as the Hollywood Paramount Theater and its inaugural film presentation was Cecil B. DeMilles feature Reap the Wild Wind, the theater remained the West Coast flagship for Paramount Pictures until the studio was forced by the U. S. Supreme Courts decision in the antitrust case U. S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. to divest itself of its theater holdings, after a 50-year stay, Barker Bros. Furniture closed its location in the building in the 1970s, in 1985, Pacific Theatres purchased the theater from SRO Theaters. The buildings owners, Nick Olaerts and Thomas L. Harnsberger, had assigned authority for the facade to the Los Angeles Conservancy in exchange for historical building tax credits. Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a stake in one of Pacific Theatres chains, leading to Disneys Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific renovating the El Capitan Theatre. These theaters became Disneys flagship houses and they spent $14 million on a complete renovation of the Paramount, restoring much of the buildings original decor as well as the theaters original name. El Capitan reopened in 1991 with the premiere of The Rocketeer, Los Angeles in 1990 designated El Capitan as a Cultural Heritage Monument. The 1992 National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation was bestowed on the restorers of the theater, a Michael Jackson mural was approved by the National Park Service to be placed on the side of the building in December 1992
21.
Superhero film
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Most superhero movies are based on superhero comics. Almost immediately after superheroes rose to prominence in comic books, they were adapted into Saturday film serials aimed at children, serials such as Adventures of Captain Marvel, Batman, The Phantom, Captain America, and Superman followed. Another early superhero film was Ōgon Bat, a Japanese film starring Sonny Chiba based on the 1930 Kamishibai superhero Ōgon Bat, other successful entries emerged throughout the 1980s, from Richard Lesters Superman II and Paul Verhoevens Robocop to Tim Burtons Batman. Marvel Comics Captain America did not have a release and Roger Cormans The Fantastic Four was released neither theatrically nor on home video. Alex Proyas The Crow became the first independent comics superhero film that established a franchise, the success of The Crow catalyzed the release of a film version of Spawn, Image Comics leading character. The success of the darker Image Comics characters shifted the direction of comic book movies, Marvel soon released their films to become franchises, Men in Black and Blade. After Marvel bought Malibu Comics, Marvel and Columbia Pictures released the Men in Black film, the film became the first Marvel property to win an Oscar and the then highest-grossing comic book adaptation until the release of Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man in 2002. Blade was also a mix of a traditional action film as well as darker superhero film with the title character having superpowers as well as carrying an arsenal of weaponry. The success of Blade began Marvels film success, and set the stage for further comic film adaptations. The success of the X-Men TV series had made 20th Century Fox license the rights in 1994. After the success of Men in Black in 1997, Columbia Pictures licensed the rights of Spider-Man in 1999. 20th Century Foxs X-Men became a franchise by its surprise hit. Later, one of the largest blockbusters of all time was released with Sam Raimis Spider-Man. One, Krrish 3, several non-action film oriented superhero films were released in the 2000s with varying ranges of success. Brad Birds The Incredibles for Pixar was a critically acclaimed digitally-animated family oriented superhero film, other hybrids include Sky High and Zoom which were fusions of the superhero and family film genres, My Super Ex-Girlfriend a combination of superhero film and a romantic comedy. Some series from the current and previous decades were also re-released, such as Superman II, bryan Singers Superman Returns is unique due to the fact that it is a sequel to the first two Superman films, yet also a reboot to the third and fourth films. The 2010s has generally continued the success of superhero films seen in the previous decade. In 2010, Matthew Vaughns adaption of Kick-Ass was released, followed by Iron Man 2 a month later,2011 releases included The Green Hornet, Green Lantern, and X-Men, First Class. Following references to the Avengers Initiative in the Iron Man films and The Incredible Hulk, Marvel released Thor on May 6,2011, followed by Captain America, the Avengers broke the box office record as the highest-grossing superhero film of all time
22.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
23.
Iron Man (2008 film)
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The film was directed by Jon Favreau, with a screenplay by Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway. It stars Robert Downey Jr. Terrence Howard, Jeff Bridges, Shaun Toub, in Iron Man, Tony Stark, an industrialist and master engineer, builds a powered exoskeleton and becomes the technologically advanced superhero Iron Man. The film had been in development since 1990 at Universal Pictures, 20th Century Fox, or New Line Cinema at various times, Marvel put the project in production as its first self-financed film, with Paramount Pictures as its distributor. Filming began in March 2007 and concluded in June, during filming, the actors were free to create their own dialogue because pre-production was focused on the story and action. Rubber and metal versions of the armors, created by Stan Winstons company, were mixed with computer-generated imagery to create the title character, Iron Man premiered in Sydney on April 14,2008, and was released in theaters on May 2,2008. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $585 million, Downeys performance as Tony Stark was particularly praised. The American Film Institute selected the film as one of the ten best of the year and it was also nominated for two Academy Awards for the Best Sound Editing and the Best Visual Effects. Two sequels, Iron Man 2 and Iron Man 3, were released on May 7,2010, after the demonstration, the convoy is ambushed and Stark is critically wounded by one of his own companys rocket-propelled grenades. Ten Rings leader Raza offers Stark freedom in exchange for building a Jericho missile for the group, Stark and Yinsen quietly build a small, powerful electric generator called an arc reactor to power Starks electromagnet and a suit of powered armor to aid in their escape. Although they keep the suit hidden almost to completion, the Ten Rings discover their hostages intentions, Yinsen sacrifices himself to divert them while the suit is completed. The armored Stark battles his way out of the cave to find the dying Yinsen, then in anger burns the Ten Rings weapons and flies away, crashing in the desert and destroying the suit. After being rescued by Rhodes, Stark returns home and announces that his company no longer manufacture weapons. Obadiah Stane, his fathers old partner and the manager, advises Stark that this may ruin Stark Industries. In his home workshop, Stark builds a sleeker, more powerful version of his armor suit. Personal assistant Pepper Potts places the original reactor inside a glass showcase. Though Stane requests details, Stark keeps his work to himself, Stark also learns Stane is trying to replace him as head of the company. Enraged by these revelations, Stark dons his new armor and flies to Afghanistan, while flying home, Stark is shot at by two F-22 Raptor fighter jets. He reveals his identity to Rhodes over the phone in an attempt to end the attack
24.
Marvel Cinematic Universe
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The franchise has expanded to include comic books, short films, television series and digital series. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, clark Gregg has appeared the most in the franchise, portraying Phil Coulson, a character original to the MCU. The first film released in the MCU was Iron Man, which began the first phase of films culminating in the crossover film Marvels The Avengers, Phase Two began with Iron Man 3, and concluded with Ant-Man. The films are currently in Phase Three, which began with the release of Captain America, Marvel Television expanded the universe further, first to network television with Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Marvel Television has also produced the digital series Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D, slingshot, which is a supplement to Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Soundtrack albums have been released for all of the films, along many of television series. It has inspired film and television studios with comic book character adaptation rights to attempt to create similar shared universes. By 2005, Marvel Entertainment began planning to produce its own films. Previously, Marvel had co-produced several superhero films with Columbia Pictures, New Line Cinema and others, Marvel made relatively little profit from its licensing deals with other studios and wanted to get more money out of its films while maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution. Avi Arad, head of Marvels film division, was pleased with Sam Raimis Spider-Man films at Sony, as a result, they decided to form Marvel Studios, Hollywoods first major independent movie studio since DreamWorks. Feige, a self-professed fanboy, envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee, to raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, $525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch. Marvels plan was to release films for their main characters. Arad, who doubted the strategy yet insisted that it was his reputation that helped secure the initial financing, in 2007, at 33 years old, Feige was named studio chief. Feige initially referred to the narrative continuity of these films as the Marvel Cinema Universe. Marvel has designated the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the continuity of the companys multiverse, while not always the case, as evident by the 2013 releases of Iron Man 3 and Thor, The Dark World, he said it is certainly something to aim for. Feige expanded on this in July 2014, saying, I dont know that well keep to every year, wed rather find a way to keep that going. After the titles were revealed in October 2014, Feige said, which made us comfortable for the first time. To increase to three films a year instead of just two, without changing our methods, just like comic readers have been doing for decades and decades
25.
Whiplash (comics)
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Whiplash is the name of multiple fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Each Whiplash is a supervillain in the Marvel Universe, with the first and latest appearing as members of Iron Mans rogues gallery, the original Whiplash also went by the name Blacklash. The newest Whiplash is based on the version of the character appears in the 2010 film Iron Man 2. The character returned in Iron Man #123–124 and #126–127, and then returned as the upgraded Blacklash in Iron Man #146 -147, Scarlotti made a brief appearance as Whiplash in Marvel Two-In-One #96. The character battled both Iron Man and Spider-Man in Marvel Team-Up #145 and reappeared in Spectacular Spider-Man #101 and Captain America #319, Blacklash featured as a mercenary in Iron Man #223–224, Iron Man #239 –240 and Amazing Spider-Man #319. The character eventually reappeared in Iron Man vol,3, #8 and #26, before being killed in battle in #28. The Leeann Foreman version of Whiplash appeared in Marvel Comics Presents #49-50, The Amazing Spider-Man #340 and #343, Captain America #389-391, Heroes for Hire #4, during the Civil War storyline, two new villains called Whiplash and Blacklash appear in Thunderbolts #104 and #107. Another female Whiplash, completely unrelated to the ones, appears in Big Hero 6 #1. The Anton Vanko version first appeared in Iron Man vs. Whiplash #1-4 and he later appeared as a member of the Masters of Evil in Secret Avengers #21.1, Harley Davidson / Avengers #1-2, and Secret Avengers #29-32. Mark Scarlotti is originally a gifted electrical technician at Stark Internationals Cincinnati branch, with a costume and a sophisticated metal whip of his own design, the character becomes Whiplash, a weapons designer, special agent, and assassin for the criminal organization the Maggia. On behalf of the Maggia, Whiplash fights the hero Iron Man – secretly inventor Tony Stark and Scarlottis former employer –, Scarlotti is assigned to work undercover for the Maggia at Stark Internationals Cincinnati plant, and becomes Head of Research. As Whiplash, Scarlotti then has another inconclusive battle with Iron Man and flees the scene, Whiplash, together with fellow supervillains the Melter and Man-Bull, is recruited by other-dimensional villain the Black Lama to form the team the Death Squad and fight Iron Man. They enter a war to win the Black Lamas Golden Globe of Power. Whiplash rejoins the Maggia and battles the heroes Spider-Man and Iron Man in New Jersey, criminal mastermind Justin Hammer hires Whiplash, and with the Melter and the original Blizzard attempt the robbery of an Atlantic City casino, but are stopped by Iron Man. Whiplash is released from prison by Hammer and battles Iron Man again as one of Hammers costumed operatives, and despite overwhelming odds the hero defeats the villains. Scarlotti is re-employed by a consortium, financed by Hammer, to kill Stark employee Vic Martinelli, and is provided with an upgraded costume and weaponry. Despite the upgrades, however, Scarlotti is defeated by Iron Man, Scarlotti makes a brief appearance as Whiplash as a paid employee of the master villain the Mad Thinker in a failed attempt to kill the hero the Thing who is recuperating at a New York hospital. Scarlotti is eventually diagnosed as manic-depressive by prison psychiatrists and he attempts to reform, but rejected by his parents and residents of his home town, Scarlotti becomes Blacklash again
26.
Justin Hammer
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Justin Hammer is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. As a frequent adversary of the superhero Iron Man, Hammer exists in Marvels main shared universe, Hammer reveals that the villains are his underworld mercenaries, secretly armed and contractually obliged to fulfill missions against Hammers competitors and enemies, such as Tony Stark. Justin Hammer first appeared in Iron Man #120, and was created by David Michelinie, John Romita, Jr. Justin Hammer was born in Surrey, England and later became a citizen of Monaco. A rival of industrialist Tony Stark, multi-billionaire businessman Hammer later became a criminal financier using unethical methods, in exchange for fifty percent of the crime profits, he would pay bail for costumed criminals and finance the development and replacement of both their weaponry and equipment. In the event that a mercenary under his employ violated his contract, Hammer would send an enforcement unit to attack the rogue and confiscate his assigned equipment. At the start of the Demon in a Bottle storyline, Hammer invented a device called the Hypersonic Scan Transmitter which allowed him to control of Iron Mans armor. He tested this remote control affecting Iron Mans unibeam, sealing plates, ultimately, Tony Stark not only cleared his name and destroyed the control device, but finally learned that he has had a major enemy behind multiple attacks on his interests for years. With help from the supervillain Force, Hammer next hijacked yachts to smuggle opium into the United States and they battled Iron Man and were defeated. When Stark lost his company to Obadiah Stane, Hammer left the destitute Stark to his own devices while continuing with his own enterprises. When Stark recovered and re-entered the business world with Stark Enterprises, for a time, Hammer frequently hired the villain group known as the Death Squad in an attempt to kill both Tony Stark and Iron Man, but fired the group after they constantly failed. When Force later attempted to go straight, Hammer sent Beetle, Blacklash, and Blizzard II to retrieve Force, during the Armor Wars storyline, Hammer had Tony Starks Iron Man technology stolen by Spymaster and sold it to a number of superhumans who wore powered armor. Hammer later sent the Rhino to break Blizzard out of prison and he sent his B-Team to battle Ghost and Iron Man. Hammer redesigned Scorpions tail and sent him to abduct General Musgrave, when Scorpion refused to complete his mission, Hammer sent Blacklash and the Rhino to retrieve the tail. Hammer later learned that Tony Stark had been shot, and ordered a batch of orchids to be sent to him with a card expressing condolences should he live and he sent Boomerang to raid a Stark Enterprises security office and hired Taskmaster to train the second Spymaster. Later, Hammer agreed to design a new costume for Rhino and he sent Rhino and Boomerang to battle Cardiac. With the Life Foundation, Roxxon Oil, Stane International, and he also helped the first Sphinx to reclaim the Ka-Stone. Years later, it was revealed that Hammer had obtained Stane International after the death of its chairman Obadiah Stane, with operatives of HYDRA, Roxxon Oil, Moroboshi International, and the Trinational Commission, he tricked the Masters of Silence into attacking Stark Enterprises. Hammer later sent Barrier, Blacklash, and Ringer to recruit Luis Barrett to become the new Thunderbolt, the three villains were foiled by the Pantheon
27.
Terrence Howard
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Terrence Dashon Howard is an American actor and singer. Having his first major roles in the 1995 films Dead Presidents and Mr. Hollands Opus, Howard broke into the mainstream with a succession of television and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Hustle & Flow. Howard has had prominent roles in other movies including Winnie, Ray, Lackawanna Blues, Crash, Four Brothers, Get Rich or Die Tryin, Idlewild, August Rush, The Brave One. Howard played James Rhodes in Iron Man and reprised the role in the game adaptation. However, he was replaced by Don Cheadle for the future films and he currently stars as the lead character Lucious Lyon in the television series Empire. His debut album, Shine Through It, was released in September 2008, Howard was born in Chicago, Illinois on March 11,1969 to Tyrone and Anita Howard. The great-grandson of stage actress Minnie Gentry, he was raised in Cleveland, Ohio by father Tyrone Howard, the killing resulted in Tyrone Howard spending 11 months in jail for manslaughter. Howards parents divorced upon his fathers release, Howard first entered the entertainment world when he portrayed Jackie Jackson in The Jacksons, An American Dream, an ABC miniseries. Three years later, he made his big break in 1995s Mr. Hollands Opus. Howard made an appearance on the TV series Family Matters, Howard has stated that he looks for characters that teach him about himself when choosing his film roles. Howard has also worked as a producer, receiving such a credit for the film Pride. In 2008, Howard hosted the PBS series Independent Lens, Howard was the highest-paid cast member of the 2008 film Iron Man. He did not appear in either of the follow-up sequels because it was reported that he would have had to take a 50 to 80 percent pay cut and was replaced by actor Don Cheadle. Howard released his debut adult alternative album, Shine Through It and he described the album as urban country and either wrote or co-wrote all the tracks on the album. During rehearsals he allegedly attacked and seriously injured musical composer Tex Allen, in October 2008, Allen filed a $5 million lawsuit against Howard. In October 2008, Howard made a guest appearance in the short film For All Mankind directed by Daniel L. Clifton, filmed on location in Conshohocken, in 2009, he starred in the movie Fighting. It was reported on July 30,2010, that Howard had joined the cast of the new Law & Order, Los Angeles installment of the Law & Order franchise and he alternated shows with Alfred Molina, who portrayed Deputy District Attorney Ricardo Morales. The series was cancelled after one season, in 2011, Howard played Nelson Mandela in Winnie Mandela alongside Jennifer Hudson
28.
War Machine
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War Machine is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Jim Rhodes first appeared in Iron Man #118 by David Michelinie, John Byrne, the War Machine armor, which became his signature armored battlesuit, was designed by Len Kaminski and Kevin Hopgood. In 2012, War Machine was ranked 31st in IGNs list of The Top 50 Avengers, the character has been featured in the Iron Man animated series, the Iron Man, Armored Adventures series, and the animated film The Invincible Iron Man. He is portrayed by Don Cheadle in Iron Man 2, Iron Man 3, Avengers, Age of Ultron and Captain America, Civil War. Initially a supporting character in one of Iron Man, Rhodes later assumed the mantle of Iron Man after Tony Starks relapse into alcoholism in issue #170. The character would continue in a role and later resume the role of Iron Man following Starks purported death in issue #284. Rhodes was also featured in the alternate-reality Marvel MAX imprints U. S, War Machine series by Chuck Austen, and U. S. War Machine 2.0, by Austen and Christian Moore, in the series Iron Man, Director of S. H. I. E. L. D. Rhodes was featured in the storyline War Machine, Weapon of S. H. I. E. L. D, written by Gage and artist Sean Chen. In this tie-in to the company-wide storyline Secret Invasion, War Machine replaced Iron Man as the protagonist for the three issues of the series. This led into a second War Machine ongoing series, written by Greg Pak with art by Leonardo Manco, which lasted 12 issues. War Machine appeared as a character in the 2010-2013 Secret Avengers series, from issue #1 through issue #21. Rhodes was the character of the 2011-12 series Iron Man 2.0 by writer Nick Spencer. The most recent series focusing on Rhodes was Iron Patriot, an All-New Marvel NOW. title by writer Ales Kot, the series lasted five issues before cancellation. James Rhodey Rhodes, from the South Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was a lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps who served tours of duty in Southeast Asia. A combat pilot, he was stranded in the jungle behind enemy lines after his helicopter was shot down by Viet Cong rocket fire and he encounters Iron Man, who escaped from Wong-Chus prison camp in his prototype suit of powered armor, for the first time. Defeating the Viet Cong soldiers that ambushed them, Rhodes and Iron Man discovered a rocket base that was the origin of the rocket fire that grounded Rhodes in the first place. Destroying the base with a stolen Viet Cong helicopter, Rhodes, at the base hospital in Saigon, Stark arrives in person to thank Rhodes for helping Iron Man and to offer Rhodes a job as his personal pilot
29.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
30.
Monaco
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Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea, Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 and a population of about 38,400 according to the last census of 2015. With 19,009 inhabitants per km², it is the second smallest, Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km, a coastline of 3.83 km, and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m. The highest point in the country is a pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward. Monacos most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins, through land reclamation, Monacos land mass has expanded by twenty percent, in 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2. Monaco is known as a playground for the rich and famous, in 2014, it was noted about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires, more than in Zürich or Geneva. Monaco is a principality governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, although Prince Albert II is a constitutional monarch, he wields immense political power. The House of Grimaldi have ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, the official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are widely spoken and understood. The states sovereignty was recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite Monacos independence and separate foreign policy, its defense is the responsibility of France, however, Monaco does maintain two small military units. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the countrys first casino, Monte Carlo, since then, Monacos mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to the principalitys status as a tourist destination and recreation center for the rich. In more recent years, Monaco has become a major banking center and has sought to diversify its economy into services and small, high-value-added, the state has no income tax, low business taxes, and is well known for being a tax haven. It is also the host of the street circuit motor race Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is not formally a part of the European Union, but it participates in certain EU policies, including customs, through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and it is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Monacos name comes from the nearby 6th-century BC Phocaean Greek colony, according to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area and turned away the previous gods. As a result, a temple was constructed there, the temple of Hercules Monoikos, because the only temple of this area was the House of Hercules, the city was called Monoikos. It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, an ousted branch of a Genoese family, the Grimaldi, contested it for a hundred years before actually gaining control
31.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
32.
Iron Man 3
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Shane Black directed a screenplay he co-wrote with Drew Pearce, which uses concepts from the Extremis story arc by Warren Ellis. The film stars Robert Downey Jr. Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Guy Pearce, Rebecca Hall, Stephanie Szostak, James Badge Dale, Jon Favreau, and Ben Kingsley. After the release of Iron Man 2 in May 2010, Favreau, who served as director, decided not to return, Black and Pearce opted to make the script more character-centric and focused on thriller elements. Throughout April and May 2012, the supporting cast was filled out, with Kingsley, Pearce. Filming began on May 23, and lasted through December 17,2012, primarily at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in Wilmington, additional shooting took place at various locations around North Carolina, as well as Florida, China, and Los Angeles. The visual effects were handled by 17 companies, including Scanline VFX, Digital Domain, the film was converted to 3D in post-production. Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on April 14,2013 and it began its release on April 25,2013, internationally, and debuted in the United States one week later on May 3. The film also received a nomination for Academy Award in the category of Best Visual Effects, disabled scientist Aldrich Killian offers them a place in his company Advanced Idea Mechanics, but Stark rejects the offer, humiliating Killian. Years later, six months after the Battle of New York, restless, he has built several dozen Iron Man suits, creating friction with his girlfriend Pepper Potts. Meanwhile, a string of bombings by a terrorist known only as the Mandarin has left intelligence agencies bewildered by a lack of forensic evidence. Starks security chief Happy Hogan is badly injured in a Mandarin attack, causing Stark to issue a threat to the Mandarin. Hansen, who came to warn Stark, survives the attack along with Potts, Stark escapes in an Iron Man suit, which his artificial intelligence J. A. R. V. I. S. Pilots to rural Tennessee, following a plan from Starks investigation into the Mandarin. Starks experimental armor lacks sufficient power to return to California, teaming with Harley, a precocious 10-year-old boy, Stark investigates the remains of a local explosion bearing the hallmarks of a Mandarin attack. He discovers the bombings were triggered by soldiers subjected to Extremis, after veterans started exploding, these explosions were falsely attributed to a terrorist plot in order to cover up Extremiss flaws. Stark witnesses Extremis firsthand when Mandarin agents Brandt and Savin attack him, with Harleys help, Stark traces the Mandarin to Miami and infiltrates his headquarters using improvised weapons. Inside he discovers the Mandarin is actually an English actor named Trevor Slattery, after capturing Stark, Killian shows him Potts being subjected to Extremis, in order to gain Starks aid to fix Extremiss flaws and thus save Potts. Killian kills Hansen when she has a change of heart and tries to stop him, Stark escapes and reunites with Rhodes, discovering that Killian intends to attack President Ellis aboard Air Force One
33.
Crimson Dynamo
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Crimson Dynamo is the name of several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom have been supervillains. The various Crimson Dynamos have been powered armor–wearing Russian or Soviet agents who have clashed with the superhero Iron Man over the course of his heroic career, the Anton Vanko version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Tales of Suspense #46 and was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck. The Boris Turgenov version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Tales of Suspense #52 and was created by Stan Lee, Don Rico, the Alex Nevsky version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Iron Man #15 and was created by Archie Goodwin and George Tuska. The Yuri Petrovich version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Champions #7 and was created by Tony Isabella, the Dimitri Bukharin version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Iron Man #109 and was created by Bill Mantlo and Carmine Infantino. The Valentin Shatalov version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Iron Man #255 and was created by Glenn Herdling, Fabian Nicieza, the seventh Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Captain America vol. 3, #32 and was created by Dan Jurgens, the Gennady Gavrilov version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Crimson Dynamo #1 and was created by John Jackson Miller and Steve Ellis. The ninth Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Secret War #3 and was created by Brian Michael Bendis, the tenth Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Iron Man vol. 4, #7 and was created by Daniel Knauf, Charles Knauf, the Boris Vadim version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Hulk vol. 2, #1 and was created by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinnes, the Galina Nemirovsky version of Crimson Dynamo first appeared in Hulk, Winter Guard #1 and was created by Steve Ellis and David Gallaher. Professor Anton Vanko, the first Crimson Dynamo, was also the armors creator, a Soviet scientist of Armenian birth with a Ph. D in Physics, Vanko was one of the worlds foremost experts on electricity. At the behest of the USSR, Vanko built a powered exoskeleton capable of performing incredible feats and he also designed the Unicorns helmet and instructed the Russian agent in its use. As the Crimson Dynamo, Vanko was sent by the Soviet Government to sabotage Stark Industries, Vankos armor allowed him to generate and control electricity in all of its forms, such as firing devastating bolts of lightning and flying using electromagnetic propulsion. Unlike Iron Man, who at the time had to charge the chest plate powering his suit. After losing to Iron Man, Vanko defected to the United States out of fear that his superiors would kill him for failing, Vanko began to work for Tony Stark as one of his chief scientists. Eventually, the two friends and Vanko developed pride and admiration for his new home. Unfortunately, soon the Soviets came for Vanko, just as he predicted, the KGB sent their top agent Black Widow as well as Boris Turgenev to apprehend him. Vanko died saving Iron Man by firing an unstable, experimental laser pistol at Turgenev, Boris Turgenov, the second Crimson Dynamo, had a very short career as a supervillain. Turgenov came to the United States with the Black Widow to kill Anton Vanko, Tony Stark, Turgenov almost carried out his mission, virtually defeating Iron Man with the stolen Crimson Dynamo suit
34.
Howard Stark
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Howard Stark is an American fictional comic book character who appears in books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a background character in stories featuring his adopted son Tony Stark. He is the founder of Stark Industries, throughout the characters publication history, Howard Stark has been featured in several incarnations of comic book series. He has also adapted for several animated TV shows and films. Throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the character has been portrayed by Dominic Cooper, the character was created by writer-editor Archie Goodwin and designed by artist Don Heck. He made his first appearance in Iron Man #28, described as a brilliant scientist and ruthless businessman, Howard Stark worked alongside his father on various projects, and later founded Stark Industries. Howard was a mechanical engineering prodigy, constantly creating new technology. He designed and built weaponry and devices that have revolutionized the world, such as various technologies used by S. H. I. E. L. D. Howard later had a wife and they had their child Tony, howards relationship with Tony was a difficult one, however, with Howard rarely expressing affection for the boy. Howards one major weakness was his severe case of alcoholism, a problem Tony himself would inherit, in the comics, Howard and his wife died in a car crash, as the result of faulty brakes arranged by either business competitors Republic Oil & Gas or by the V-Battalion. Howards death inspired his son to both business and engineering seriously as Iron Man. The son of Howard Stark, Sr. Howard Stark was born in Richford, an avid and brilliant inventor from a young age, he was a brilliant scientist throughout his life. He and his father worked on projects, and later founded Stark Industries. During the 1950s, Stark was an agent of the secret organization known as The Shield. Stark married Maria Collins Carbonell and together they had a son, Arno and he constantly pushed Tony to be the best, telling him that someone must have iron in their backbone to be successful. Behind his heroic facade, however, he was an alcoholic who had a relationship with his son. Howard was capable of devotion and respect towards machines, but he appeared to have little to no interest towards his son. Due to his power as a businessman, Howard was offered membership to the exclusive Hellfire Club and it is believed Howard was also a member of the V-Battalion. He was targeted by the Red Skull, and is rumored to have met the Watcher, Stark also prevented Obadiah Stane from taking control of Stark Industries at least once
35.
Palladium
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Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston and he named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals and these have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium is a key component of cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat. Ore deposits of palladium and other PGMs are rare, recycling is also a source, mostly from scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications and limited supply sources result in considerable investment interest, Palladium belongs to group 10 in the periodic table, but the configuration in the outermost electron shells is atypical for group 10. Fewer electron shells are filled than the directly preceding it. The valence shell has eighteen electrons – ten more than the eight found in the shells of the noble gases from neon onward. Palladium is a soft metal that resembles platinum. It is the least dense and has the lowest melting point of the platinum group metals and it is soft and ductile when annealed and is greatly increased in strength and hardness when cold-worked. Palladium dissolves slowly in concentrated acid, in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid. It dissolves readily at room temperature in aqua regia, common oxidation states of palladium are 0, +1, +2 and +4. Palladium was first observed in 2002, Palladium films with defects produced by alpha particle bombardment at low temperature exhibit superconductivity having Tc=3.2 K. Naturally occurring palladium is composed of seven isotopes, six of which are stable, the most stable radioisotopes are 107Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, 103Pd with 17 days, and 100Pd with 3.63 days. Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.94948 u to 122.93426 u and these have half-lives of less than thirty minutes, except 101Pd, 109Pd, and 112Pd. For isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, 106Pd, the primary mode of decay for those isotopes of Pd with atomic mass greater than 106 is beta decay with the primary product of this decay being silver. Radiogenic 107Ag is a product of 107Pd and was first discovered in 1978 in the Santa Clara meteorite of 1976
36.
Pepper Potts
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Virginia Pepper Potts is a fictional supporting character and romantic love interest appearing in books published by Marvel Comics, in particular those featuring Iron Man. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, she first appeared in Tales of Suspense #45, in 2007, she joined the Fifty State Initiative under the codename Hera. In 2009, she assumes the identity of Rescue after being given her own suit of Iron Man armor by Tony Stark, the character is portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers and Iron Man 3. Virginia Pepper Potts first appeared in Tales of Suspense #45, which was written by Stan Lee, though she was named Pepper Potts from the start, Stark addresses her as Kitty in one panel, which is thought to be a typo. Heck modeled Potts as Ann B. Davis’ character of Schultzy from The Bob Cummings Show, and is rendered with brown hair done up in a hairdo similar to that of Schultzys. Someone on the team or in editorial came to feel that the resemblance was too great, and in Tales of Suspense #50, Potts look was altered to give her red hair. Potts is originally a member of a pool, and gets her job by fixing an accounting error made by Stark. She is depicted initially as being infatuated with Stark, and rejects the advances of Starks chauffeur and assistant Happy Hogan, after being kidnapped by Starks rival Obadiah Stane, Pepper tells Tony to stay out of their lives. Pepper and Happy soon divorce after she has an affair with a college boyfriend. After Tony Starks return from the Heroes Reborn universe, Pepper and Happy join Tony at his new company, Stark Solutions, after some time, Happy and Pepper once again became involved and remarry, eventually considering conceiving a child to supplement their adopted children. Stark entrusts Pepper with a remote that could shut him down. However, Pepper, tortured by the responsibility, is forced to return it, Stark is able to deal with the remote, but feels guilty that he has placed her in such danger. After Happy sustains massive injuries in a fight with Spymaster during the 2006-2007 Civil War storyline, the final pages of Invincible Iron Man #14 shows the death of Happy, it is implied Tony complied with Peppers request. After the events of the Civil War story line, Pepper joins the Fifty State Initiative as a member of The Order and she assumes the moniker of the Greek goddess Hera, and uses advanced computer-hardware and prosthetics to monitor and coordinate the teams missions. Upon the absorption of The Order into the Initiative, Tony Stark offers her a job on the team at Stark Enterprises. Pepper Potts resumes her activities as personal secretary of Tony Stark, when Pepper is caught in a terrorist explosion caused by Ezekiel Zeke Stane, she sustains multiple internal injuries, including shrapnel wounds, and rendered unable to withstand a prolonged surgery. In response, Tony embeds a strong magnet in her chest, essentially turning Pepper into a dependent on keeping her chest magnet engaged to stay alive. Peppers body is further enhanced with new cybernetics and upgrades to the magnet, which are based on Danny Rands battery designs, Stark decides to go underground with Hill, and to wipe the knowledge in his own brain
37.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
38.
Nick Fury
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Colonel Nicholas Joseph Nick Fury is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/artist Jack Kirby and writer Stan Lee, Fury first appeared in Sgt, Fury and his Howling Commandos #1, a World War II combat series that portrayed the cigar-chomping Fury as leader of an elite U. S. Army unit. A popular character over a number of decades, in 2011, Fury was ranked 33rd in IGNs Top 100 Comic Book Heroes and he has sometimes been considered an antihero. The modern-day Fury, initially a CIA agent, debuted a few months later in Fantastic Four #21. In Strange Tales #135, the character was transformed into a spy like James Bond and leading agent of the fictional espionage agency S. H. I. E. L. D. The character makes frequent appearances in Marvel books as the head of S. H. I. E. L. D. It is eventually revealed that Fury takes a special called the Infinity Formula that halted his aging. Nick Fury appears in several Marvel series set in alternate universes, as well as animated films, television shows. The character was first portrayed in action by David Hasselhoff in the 1998 television movie Nick Fury. Samuel L. Jackson later signed a deal to portray the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise. Jackson also cameos in episodes of the related Marvel television show Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. A version of the character appearing in Marvels Ultimate Marvel imprint was based on Jacksons appearance and screen persona, Fury initially appeared in the World War II combat series Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos, as the cigar-chomping NCO who led a racially and ethnically integrated elite unit, the series ran 167 issues, though only in reprints after issue #120. Roy Thomas succeeded Lee as writer, followed by Gary Friedrich, annuals featured the Howlers called back to fight in the Korean War and Vietnam War. The Howling Commandos encountered Office of Strategic Services agent Reed Richards in #3, and fought alongside Captain America and Bucky in #13. In Strange Tales #135, Fury, now a colonel, became a James Bond-esque Cold War spy, with Marvel introducing the covert organization S. H. I. E. L. D. and its nemesis Hydra. Lee recalled in 2005, here was a popular television show called The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Sort of a James Bond type of thing, and I thought, just for fun, Im going to bring Sgt
39.
S.H.I.E.L.D.
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S. H. I. E. L. D. is a fictional espionage, law-enforcement, and counter-terrorism agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in Strange Tales #135, it deals with paranormal. The acronym originally stood for Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage, Law-Enforcement Division and it was changed in 1991 to Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate. S. H. I. E. L. D. s introduction in the Strange Tales feature Nick Fury, Agent of S. H. I. E. L. D. Occurred during a trend for action series about secret international intelligence agencies with catchy acronyms, which Stan Lee stated in a 2014 interview, was the basis for him to create the organization. Colonel Fury was reimagined as an older character with an eyepatch. Fury series reappeared as agents of S. H. I. E. L. D, most notably Timothy Dum-Dum Dugan, Furys bowler hat–wearing aide-de-camp. Its most persistent enemy is Hydra, an organization founded by Baron Wolfgang von Strucker. Much was revealed over the years to fill in its labyrinthine organizational history, Stan Lee wrote each story, abetted by artist Kirbys co-plotting or full plotting, through Strange Tales #152, except for two issues, one scripted by Kirby himself and one by Dennis ONeil. Steranko quickly established the feature as one of historys most groundbreaking, innovative. Ron Goulart wrote, ven the dullest of readers could sense that something new was happening, … Which each passing issue Sterankos efforts became more and more innovative. Entire pages would be devoted to photocollages of drawings ignored panel boundaries, the first pages … became incredible production numbers similar in design to the San Francisco rock concert poster of the period. Larry Hama said Steranko combined the figurative dynamism of Jack Kirby with modern design concepts. The graphic influences of Peter Max, Op Art and Andy Warhol were embedded into the design of the pages —, all this, executed in a crisp, hard-edged style, seething with drama and anatomical tension. The series won 1967 and 1968 Alley Awards, and was inducted in the year to the awards Hall of Fame. Steranko himself was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006, the 12-page feature ran through Strange Tales #168, after which it was spun off onto its own series of the same title, running 15 issues, followed by three all-reprint issues beginning a year later. Steranko wrote and drew issues #1–3 and #5, and drew the covers of #1–7, stories would not appear for nearly two decades after the first solo title. A six-issue miniseries, Nick Fury vs. S. H. I. E. L. D. was followed by Nick Fury, Agent of S. H. I. E. L. D
40.
Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)
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Black Widow is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by editor and plotter Stan Lee, scripter Don Rico, and artist Don Heck, the character was first introduced as a Russian spy, an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man. She later defected to the United States, becoming an agent of the spy agency S. H. I. E. L. D. The Black Widows first appearances were as a recurring, non-costumed, Russian-spy antagonist in the feature Iron Man, five issues later, she recruited the besotted costumed archer and later superhero Hawkeye to her cause. The Widow later became an ally of the team before officially becoming its sixteenth member many years later. The Black Widow was visually updated in 1970, The Amazing Spider-Man No.86 reintroduced her with red hair, a skintight black costume. This would become the appearance most commonly associated with the character, in short order, The Black Widow starred in her own series in Amazing Adventures #1–8, sharing that split book with the feature Inhumans. The Black Widow feature was dropped only eight issues. Immediately after her initial solo feature ended, the Black Widow co-starred in Daredevil #81–124, of which #93-108 were cover titled Daredevil, succeeding writers, however, felt that Daredevil worked better as a solo hero, and gradually wrote the Black Widow out of the series. She was immediately recast into the super-team series The Champions as the leader of the superhero group. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Black Widow appeared frequently as both an Avengers member and an agent of S. H. I. E. L. D. She starred in a feature within the omnibus comic-book series Marvel Fanfare #10–13, written by George Pérez and Ralph Macchio. These stories were collected in the oversized one-shot Black Widow. The Widow guest-starred in issues of Solo Avengers, Force Works, Iron Man, Marvel Team-Up and she had made frequent guest appearances in Daredevil since the late 1970s. She starred in an arc, The Fire Next Time, by writer Scott Lobdell and penciller Randy Green. A new ongoing Black Widow comic title debuted in April 2010, the first story arc was written by Marjorie Liu with art by Daniel Acuna. 6, the title was written by Duane Swierczynski, with artwork by Manuel Garcia, Black Widow appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010–2013 Secret Avengers series, from issue #1 through its final issue #37. Black Widow appears in the 2013 Secret Avengers series by Nick Spencer, Black Widow appears in a relaunched ongoing series by writer Nathan Edmondson and artist Phil Noto
41.
Diorama
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Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of related hobbies such as military vehicle modeling, miniature figure modeling, or aircraft modeling. The word diorama originated in 1823 as a type of picture-viewing device, the word literally means through that which is seen, from the Greek di- through + orama that which is seen, a sight. The diorama was invented by Louis Daguerre and Charles Marie Bouton, first exhibited in Paris in July 1822, the meaning small-scale replica of a scene, etc. is from 1902. Daguerres diorama consisted of a piece of material painted on both sides, when illuminated from the front, the scene would be shown in one state and by switching to illumination from behind another phase or aspect would be seen. Scenes in daylight changed to moonlight, a train travelling on a track would crash, or an earthquake would be shown in before, one of the first uses of dioramas in a museum was in Stockholm, Sweden, where the Biological Museum opened in 1893. It had several dioramas, over three floors and they were also implemented by the National Museum Grigore Antipa from Bucharest Romania and constituted a source of inspiration for many important museums in the world. Miniature dioramas are typically smaller, and use scale models. Such a scale model-based diorama is used, for example, in Chicagos Museum of Science and this diorama employs a common model railroading scale of 1,87. Hobbyist dioramas often use such as 1,35 or 1,48. An early, and exceptionally large example was created between 1830 and 1838 by a British Army officer, william Siborne, and represents the Battle of Waterloo at about 7.45 pm, on 18 June,1815. The diorama measures 8.33 by 6 metres and used around 70,000 model soldiers in its construction and it is now part of the collection of the National Army Museum in London. Sheperd Paine, a prominent hobbyist, popularized the modern miniature diorama beginning in the 1970s, modern museum dioramas may be seen in most major natural history museums. Often the distant painted background or sky will be painted upon a continuous curved surface so that the viewer is not distracted by corners, seams, all of these techniques are means of presenting a realistic view of a large scene in a compact space. A photograph or single-eye view of such a diorama can be especially convincing since in case there is no distraction by the binocular perception of depth. Carl Akeley, a naturalist, sculptor, and taxidermist, is credited with creating the first ever habitat diorama in the year 1889, akeleys diorama featured taxidermied beavers in a three-dimensional habitat with a realistic, painted background. With the support of curator Frank M. Chapman, Akeley designed the popular habitat dioramas featured at the American Museum of Natural History, combining art with science, these exhibitions were intended to educate the public about the growing need for habitat conservation. The modern AMNH Exhibitions Lab is charged with the creation of all dioramas, miniature dioramas may be used to represent scenes from historic events. A typical example of type are the dioramas to be seen at Norways Resistance Museum in Oslo
42.
Edwin Jarvis
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Edwin Jarvis is a supporting character in the Marvel Comics titles Iron Man, The Avengers and Spider-Man. He is the household butler of the Stark family. Since the 1990s, the character has appeared heavily in media adaptations of Iron Man and Avengers stories, an artificial intelligence that assists the superhero Iron Man. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, J. A. R. V. I. S. is voiced by Paul Bettany in the live-action Iron Man films while Edwin Jarvis is portrayed by James DArcy in the ABC television series Agent Carter. In 2012, Edwin Jarvis was ranked 25th in IGNs list of The Top 50 Avengers, Jarvis first appeared in Tales of Suspense #59, and was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck. Jarvis received an entry in the Official Mightiest Heroes, from an Avengers backup story featuring Jarvis. Born of modest origins, Edwin Jarvis served in the British RAF during World War II and was its champion boxer three years running. He later moved to the United States where he became manservant to Howard Stark and Maria Stark, Jarvis was there for the first guest, the time-lost Captain America, to be a member of the Avengers. He was the one to stay with the Avengers for their entire existence. As a result, Captain America has stated that Jarvis should be regarded just as much of an Avenger as he is and he also served as the sponsor to Silverclaw while the latter was growing up, and the future Avengers member has come to regard him as an uncle. Being a manservant to the Avengers meant that Jarvis has had to deal with their enemies on several occasions, in Avengers #59 and #60, he was assaulted by intruders in the mansion and bound and gagged. Jarvis has also personally involved in many adventures, including leading the evacuation of a stalled subway train during a citywide disaster. Jarvis defended the floating Hydrobase against a horde of robots built by Doctor Doom during the Acts of Vengeance crisis and he was present when one of the many incarnations of the Masters of Evil attacked the mansion. He was brutally beaten by Mr. Hyde while Captain America was forced to watch and it took some time for Jarvis to recover from his injuries. He even wore an eyepatch for some time, Jarvis personally confronted Loki, risking great danger, after realizing the villain had tricked his way inside the mansion. He tendered his resignation during Iron Mans battle with alcoholism, in his duties as the Avengers manservant, he was entrusted with items of great power, including the Casket of Ancient Winters. When the New Avengers were formed, Jarvis was called back after taking a holiday for the first time in years, Jarvis often confronts Wolverine over the mans poor kitchen etiquette, a battle only new member Spider-Mans Aunt May was able to win. Jarvis seemingly struck up a relationship with May that had moved into Stark Tower with Peter Parker, when Spider-Man switched sides during the Civil War, however, May and Mary Jane fled Stark Tower to live in hiding
43.
Happy Hogan (comics)
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Harold Happy Hogan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted usually as a character in stories featuring Iron Man. The character is portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe by Jon Favreau, created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, Happy Hogan first appeared in Tales of Suspense #45. A former boxer with a history of losing his fights, Hogan is hired by Tony Stark as his chauffeur, Happy learns that Tony is Iron Man in Tales of Suspense #70. Freak breaks loose and goes on a rampage, escaping before Iron Man can arrive to stop him, Iron Man leads the Freak back to his laboratory but runs out of power and collapses. The Freak encounters Pepper Potts, who faints at the sight of him, the police fire on him, causing him to drop Pepper. Iron Man saves Pepper, and leads the Freak to his lab again and he is restored to his normal self in Tales of Suspense #76 when Iron Man exposes him to the Enervator once again, though he is afflicted with temporary amnesia that lasts until Tales of Suspense #83. Later, while helping Iron Man rebuild his armor, Happy is again exposed to rays and is again transformed into the Freak. The Freak smashes Iron Man through a wall, and takes Pepper with him, Iron Man is able to again return Happy to normal. The Collector later kidnaps Happy and Pepper, hoping to add the Freak to his collection and this draws Iron Mans attention, who intervenes and rescues his friends. Later, while Happy is injured while wearing the Iron Man armor, Stark uses the Enervator to save him, but again it transforms Happy into the Freak, who goes on another rampage. He exposes himself to cobalt materials, causing him to glow with energy that will eventually reach critical mass, the two battle, until Stark is able to use the Enervator to again revert Happy to normal. He marries Pepper Potts in Tales of Suspense #91, but they later divorce, Happy has worked for almost all of Starks companies including Stark Industries, Stark Enterprises and Stark Solutions. However, when Tony/Iron Man disappears during Onslaught saga, Hogan refuses to be employed by Stark-Fujikawa but is reemployed when Stark returns. With the events of the 2006 Civil War storyline causing Tony Stark considerable moral, political and emotional problems, Happy Hogan continues to give Tony much needed advice. In an important moment of crisis, he says to Tony, You, who else can see both sides the way you do. On the night of his anniversary with Pepper, Hogan is attacked by the Spymaster, Spymaster threatens to kill Hogan first, then Pepper. Angered, Hogan grabs him by the neck and they fall several stories, while he is in the coma, Pepper tells Tony of Cobra McCoyle, a former boxing friend who took too many hits to the head
44.
Phil Coulson
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Phillip Phil Coulson is a character portrayed by Clark Gregg in the films and television series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. A high-ranking member of the espionage agency S. H. I. E. L. D and he first appeared in the 2008 film Iron Man, the first film in the MCU. Gregg went on to appear in Iron Man 2, Thor, and The Avengers. He additionally headlines the television series Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Appears in two Marvel One-Shots, has featured in various tie-in comics, and appears in the digital series Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Slingshot, all set in the MCU, the character also appears in other media, including comics published by Marvel Comics. Agent Coulson was introduced in the film Iron Man, in which he attempts to debrief Tony Stark on his captivity in Afghanistan and he is one of several agents who accompany Pepper Potts in an attempt to arrest Obadiah Stane once his criminal activities are revealed. In Iron Man 2, Coulson is assigned to supervise Stark for a time before being reassigned to investigate a crisis in New Mexico, in both that films post-credits scene and Thor, Coulsons assignment is revealed to revolve around the discovery of Thors hammer in the New Mexico desert. Coulson is able to form an alliance between S. H. I. E. L. D. and Thor, in The Avengers, Coulson is fatally wounded by Loki, which S. H. I. E. L. D. Director Nick Fury uses to motivate the Avengers to fight together, Coulson appears throughout the MCU tie-in comics in supporting roles, acting in the S. H. I. E. L. D. Agent capacity that he does in the films, the Marvel One-Shot The Consultant takes place after The Incredible Hulk, and sees Coulson and Jasper Sitwell preventing Emil Blonsky from being added to the Avengers roster. A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thors Hammer shows Coulson getting into a scuffle on his way from Starks lab in Iron Man 2 to Thors hammer in Thor, Coulson is revealed to be the S. H. I. E. L. D. Agent in charge of Project T. A. H. I. T. I, which was meant to bring a potential dead Avenger back to life using a drug derived from an ancient alien corpse. However, test patients developed psychosis and hypergraphia, so Coulson had the project shut down, following Coulsons death, Fury resurrected him using T. A. H. I. T. I. Despite the risks, and had Coulsons memories of the project replaced so that he could move on with a healthy life, Coulson puts together a team of agents, and they travel the world dealing with strange new cases. During this time, Hydra is revealed to have infiltrated S. H. I. E. L. D, Fury makes Coulson the new Director of S. H. I. E. L. D. and tasks him with rebuilding the agency the right way. Coulsons involvement with alien materials leads to S. H. I. E. L. D, Coulson later becomes romantically involved with Rosalind Price, the leader of an anti-Inhuman government taskforce, until her death at the hands of Grant Ward, one of Coulsons former agents. He gets revenge by crushing Wards chest with his prosthetic hand, following the signing of the Sokovia Accords, S. H. I. E. L. D. is re-legitimized, with the still officially dead Coulson replaced as director by Jeffrey Mace. After stepping down as director of S. H. I. E. L. D, following season three of Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D
45.
Mjolnir (comics)
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Mjolnir is a fictional weapon appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is depicted as the weapon of the superhero Thor. Mjolnir, which first appears in Journey into Mystery #83, was created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artists Jack Kirby, Mjolnir was typically depicted as a large, square-headed gray lump hammer. It has a short, round handle wrapped in brown leather, the object is based on Mjölnir, the weapon of the mythological Thor. Mjolnir debuted in Journey into Mystery #83 for Marvel Comics, prior to this time, Mjolnar, invented by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, appeared in #75, in the Sandman story, The Villain from Valhalla. For Marvel, the hammer was immediately established as the weapon of the Thunder god Thor. The weapons origin is revealed in Thor Annual #11, although another version is presented in Thor vol, in a 2002 documentary with Kevin Smith, Lee says his brother Larry Lieber made up the name of Thors hammer referring to the hammers original name, the Uru Hammer. 3, #14–15, and when the hammer has been damaged, occurring in Journey Into Mystery #119, Avengers #215, Thor #388, in Marvel continuity, Mjolnir is forged by Dwarven blacksmiths, and is composed of the fictional Asgardian metal uru. The side of the hammer carries the inscription Whosoever holds this hammer, if he be worthy, Loki commissions the hair from the Sons of Ivaldi and the obliging dwarves also make a magic ship and spear as gifts for the gods. Loki is convinced no one can match their workmanship. Eitri creates a ring and golden boar spear with magical properties. Loki panics at the sight of the treasures, and, afraid he will lose the wager, transforms himself into a mayfly, the assistant stops for a moment to wipe away the blood, and the bellows fall flat. As a result, the handle is shorter in length than Eitri had originally intended. Despite the error, the Norse gods consider Eitri to have forged the greater treasures, and in retaliation Loki loses the bet and the Sons of Ivaldi sew Lokis lips shut. The ruler of the Norse gods, Odin, uses the hammer—called Mjolnir by Eitri—and eventually passes it to his son Thor, the forging of the hammer is apparently so intense it destroys the star and nearly the Earth itself. An additional alternate take on Mjolnirs origin is presented in Jason Aarons The Mighty Thor series and he ordered the dwarves to forge the nugget into a weapon that would be able to harness the storms power, but found it too difficult to control. The hammer was forgotten until eons later, when Thor was finally able to lift it, when Thor transforms into Blake, his hammer takes the appearance of a wooden walking stick. When disguised, the hammers enchantments limiting those who may lift it are not in effect, the hammer itself has also shown to be unaffected by external enchantments
