1.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Ocilla, Georgia
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The city of Ocilla is the county seat of Irwin County, Georgia. Its population was 3,414 at the 2010 census, Ocilla is part of the Fitzgerald Micropolitan Statistical Area. Ocilla was founded in 1880, incorporated as a town in 1897, a 1981 Fitzgerald Herald-Leader says that a tribe of Oswichee Indians once lived near the Ocmulgee River on land known in 1818 as Irwin County. There, towns were called Oswitchee and Ocilla, and sometimes Ocichi, the French census shows that a town called Ocichi existed there in 1750. A later census in 1832 gives Oswhichee as the name of another Indian village close to Osochi and it goes on with The towns name was changed seven times. It was called by the Indians Assile, next Aglie, Axilla, Agulu, Ochile and this theory is less popular today. The most popular theory is that Ocilla is named for Chief Osceola, allegedly, he camped in the area known as Western Heights in Ocilla and frequently could be found in the area until his capture and imprisonment at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina. Osceola is probably the reason that the teams in Irwin County are now known as the Indians. In the 1980s and 1990s Marie Watson was known in Ocilla as the Christmas Lady, Watson became famous for her Christmas cheer but eventually stopped due to the hassle of decorating and because of her older age. On the outskirts of town, Ocilla once hosted the New Veterans Memorial Track which was a 3/8 mile layout racing track and it was inaugurated on April 23,1950. Governor Herman Talmadge was scheduled to attend but was unavailable and the former Governor M. E. Thompson appeared instead, on opening day 2,500 people watched the first program featuring five separate races. James Bennett of Macon, Georgia won the 20-lap featured race, VFW would eventually take over the track after the original owner, Marion Buddy Green, decided that its liabilities were too great. The races eventually began to run from January to December and hosted drivers from as far away as Atlanta and Northern Florida and it was eventually shut down and the track survives in severe disrepair. Doctors Dismuke and Willis, the first doctors in Ocilla, built and opened its first hospital, the building still stands today across from the old Irwin County High School campus, albeit without its prominent porches. It is now a private residence, the railroad was a prominent factor in the development of Ocilla and Irwin County in the late 19th and early 20th century, with multiple railroads bearing the name of the town. A March 20,1981 Fitzgerald Herald-Leader article said that at one time, according to Frank Crouch, The Seaboard passenger trains stopped two times a day, and there was also a railroad shop where trains would have gone for repair. There were at least four railroads that connected directly to Ocilla, the Ocilla and Irwinville Railroad was incorporated on October 4,1900 or earlier and operated 11 miles of track between Ocilla and Irwinville. The railroad owned one locomotive, one carriage, and 46 freight carriages
5.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
6.
Georgia's 8th congressional district
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Georgias 8th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Georgia. The first election using the new boundaries were the 2012 congressional elections. The district is located in central and south-central Georgia, and stretches from the center of the state to the Florida border. The district includes the cities of Warner Robins, Tifton, Thomasville, Moultrie, incumbent Marshall faced a very tough challenge by former U. S. Representative Mac Collins, who represented a district from 1993 to 2005. Less than 60 percent of the population in Marshall’s present 3rd District was retained in the new 8th District, the reconfigured 8th includes Butts County, which was the political base of Collins, who once served as chair of the county commission. On the other hand, the 8th also includes all of the city of Macon where Marshall served as mayor from 1995 until 1999, the race featured heavy spending, not only by the candidates themselves but also from independent groups. During the campaign, President George W. Bush attended a rally on Collins behalf, as of May 2015, there are seven former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Georgias 8th congressional district who are currently living at this time. Georgias congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present PDF map of Georgias 8th district at nationalatlas. gov Georgias 8th district at GovTrack. us
7.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
12.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
13.
Jared Irwin
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Jared Irwin served twice as elected Governor of Georgia and. He first was elected to office as a reformer based on public outrage about the Yazoo land scandal and he signed a bill that nullified the Yazoo Act, which had authorized the land sales. Challenges to land purchased under the former act led to the United States Supreme Courts hearing the case Fletcher v. Peck. In a landmark decision, the Court upheld the land contracts, Jared Irwin was born in 1750 in what was then Anson County, North Carolina. His family moved to Burke County, Georgia when he was young, Irwin fought in the American Revolution, in which he entered the army as a private. During the war, he demonstrated leadership and was promoted to the rank of colonel and he was a member of the state convention that adopted the Constitution of 1789. Soon after the end of the war, Georgia and other states rapidly tried to develop their frontier lands and it was an environment ripe for scandal and speculation, which took place in Georgia and other states. Because of public outrage about millions of acres of lands being sold for low prices to insider speculators. On February 13,1796, less than two months after taking office, Irwin signed the bill nullifying the Yazoo Act, to make a public statement, he burned a copy of the Yazoo Act on the grounds of the capital. The legislature had just moved the capital to Louisville in response to the scandal, during his second term, Irwin administered the states second land lottery, as land sales and development were still a priority for the state. After some negotiation, Clarke agreed to surrender, provided that he, Clarke and his followers departed, and the militia burned down the new settlements and fortifications. Irwin died on March 1,1818, aged approximately 68 years, a resident of Washington County, Irwin was buried near Ohoopee Baptist Church. The towns of Irwinville and Irwinton, and the county of Irwin were named after him, obituary Jared Irwin at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
14.
Appling County, Georgia
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Appling County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,236, Appling County is named for Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling, a soldier in the War of 1812. Appling County, the 42nd county created in Georgia, was established by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on December 15,1818, the original county consisted of Creek lands ceded in the 1814 Treaty of Fort Jackson and the 1818 Treaty of the Creek Agency. On December 24,1825, Appling County land district 6 was added to Telfair County by an act of the Georgia General Assembly and this created an ambiguity of the border between Telfair County and Ware County that was later solved by additional legislation. On December 8,1828, Holmesville, Georgia was declared the county seat by the General Assembly, previously, court was held at residence of William Carter Jr. In 1836, the General Assembly appointed a commission to find a location for a more centrally located county seat than Holmesville. The need for a central county seat would remain a point of contention in county politics for several decades. On December 18,1857, the part of Appling County that was south of Lightseys Ford on Big Creek downstream to the Little Satilla River was taken from Appling County for the creation of Pierce County. At the time of the 1850 United States Census, Appling County had a population of 2,520, a slave population of 404. By the 1860 United States Census, the county had a population of 3,442, a slave population of 740. On August 27,1872, eastern sections of Appling land districts 3 and 4 were added to Wayne County and this area included Wayne Countys current county seat Jesup, Georgia, which became the new county seat of Wayne County in 1873. Also in August 1872, the General Assembly called for an election in Appling County to determine a new county seat, the town of Baxley, Georgia was selected as the new county seat. They amended the law a year later for the new location to read Baxley as it had originally been intended. On August 18,1905, Jeff Davis County was created from portions of Appling County. On July 27,1914, Bacon County was created from parts of Appling County, Pierce County, the remaining section of Appling County that had been south of Little Satilla River became part of Bacon County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 512 square miles. The northern third of the county is located in the Altamaha River sub-basin of the basin by the same name, the population density was 34 people per square mile. There were 7,854 housing units at a density of 15 per square mile
15.
Early County, Georgia
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Early County is a county located in the southwest of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,008, the county seat is Blakely, home of the Early County Courthouse. Created by European Americans on December 15,1818, it was named for Peter Early, the county is bordered on the west by the Chattahoochee River. Prehistoric and nineteenth-century history has preserved in some of Early Countys attractions. It is the site of the Kolomoki Mounds, a park preserving major earthworks built by peoples of the Woodland culture more than 1700 years ago. This is one of the largest mound complexes in the United States, the siting of the mounds expresses the ancient peoples cosmology, as mounds are aligned with the sun at the spring equinox and summer solstice. The Cohelee Creek Bridge in the county is the southernmost covered bridge still standing, one of the last wooden flagpoles from the American Civil War era is located at the historic courthouse in downtown Blakely. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 516 square miles. The northeastern and eastern portions of Early County, east of Blakely, the western portion of the county is located in the Lower Chattahoochee River sub-basin of the same ACF River Basin. The population density was 24 people per square mile, there were 5,338 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 50. 3% White,48. 1% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 0. 8% from two or more races. 1. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the family size was 3.13. In the county, the population was out with 28. 70% under the age of 18,7. 80% from 18 to 24,25. 90% from 25 to 44,21. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 87.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $25,629, and the median income for a family was $31,215. Males had an income of $36,458 versus $27,277 for females. The mean income for the county was $147,364, the per capita income for the county was $14,936
16.
Cook County, Georgia
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Cook County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,212, the constitutional amendment to create the county was proposed July 30,1918, and ratified November 5,1918. It is named for former Civil War general Philip Cook of the Confederate States Army, reed Bingham State Park is in Cook County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 233 square miles. The western half of Cook County, roughly west of Interstate 75, is located in the Little River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin, the eastern half of the county is located in the Withlacoochee River sub-basin of the same Suwannee River basin. The population density was 69 people per square mile, there were 6,558 housing units at an average density of 29 per square mile. 3. 08% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the family size was 3.12. In the county, the population was out with 28. 20% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,27. 90% from 25 to 44,21. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 92.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $27,582, and the median income for a family was $31,820. Males had an income of $26,262 versus $19,703 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,465, about 16. 50% of families and 20. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 90% of those under age 18 and 24. 40% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 17,212 people,6,339 households, the population density was 75.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,287 housing units at a density of 32.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 67. 0% white,27. 3% black or African American,0. 7% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,3. 4% from other races, and 1. 4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 5. 9% of the population, in terms of ancestry,21. 5% were American,9. 9% were Irish, and 5. 0% were German. The average household size was 2.69 and the family size was 3.16
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Colquitt County, Georgia
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Colquitt County is a county in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 45,498, the county was created February 25,1856 and is named for Walter Terry Colquitt, a U. S. senator. Colquitt County comprises the Moultrie, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area and it is the hometown of former U. S. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 557 square miles. The eastern portion of the county is located in the Little River sub-basin of the same Suwannee River basin. Tift County Cook County Brooks County Thomas County Mitchell County Worth County As of the census of 2000, there were 42,053 people,15,495 households, the population density was 76 people per square mile. There were 17,554 housing units at a density of 32 per square mile. 10. 83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.12. In the county, the population was out with 27. 40% under the age of 18,10. 30% from 18 to 24,28. 00% from 25 to 44,21. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 98.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,539, and the median income for a family was $34,792. Males had an income of $26,588 versus $20,155 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,457, about 16. 10% of families and 19. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 70% of those under age 18 and 19. 60% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 45,498 people,16,317 households, the population density was 83.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 18,311 housing units at a density of 33.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 64. 7% white,22. 4% black or African American,0. 6% Asian,0. 5% American Indian,10. 3% from other races, and 1. 4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 17. 1% of the population, in terms of ancestry,19. 6% were American,8. 4% were Irish, and 6. 8% were English
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Lanier County, Georgia
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Lanier County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,078, the county seat and only incorporated municipality is Lakeland. The county is named after the Georgia poet Sidney Lanier, Lanier County is part of the Valdosta, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lanier shares Moody Air Force Base with Lowndes County on its western boundary, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 200 square miles, of which 185 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. The vast majority of Lanier County is located in the Alapaha River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin and it provides hiking, fishing, and boating opportunities on more than 4,000 acres of water, Banks Lake marsh, and swamp. The Robert Simpson III Nature Trail, dedicated in August 2001, is located within the Lakeland, Georgia city limits on 75 acres of pine and hardwood forests. The county is famous for its excellent fishing in the Alapaha River, as of the census of 2000, there were 7,847 people,2,893 households, and 1,931 families residing in the county. The population density was 39 people per square mile, there were 3,011 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 76. 61% White,20. 63% African American,0. 57% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 59% from other races, and 1. 20% from two or more races. 1. 74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the family size was 3.12. In the county, the population was out with 27. 40% under the age of 18,11. 00% from 18 to 24,30. 50% from 25 to 44,20. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,171, and the median income for a family was $54,512. Males had an income of $46,023 versus $39,021 for females. The per capita income for the county was $43,690, about 5. 30% of families and 8. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 90% of those under age 18 and 14. 20% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 10,078 people,3,608 households, the population density was 54.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,249 housing units at a density of 22.9 per square mile
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Atkinson County, Georgia
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Atkinson County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,375, the county was formed in 1917 from parts of Coffee and Clinch Counties. It is named for William Yates Atkinson, Democratic governor of Georgia from 1894 to 1898, in 2003 it had the highest illiteracy rate of any U. S. county at 36%. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 345 square miles. The vast majority of Atkinson County is located in the Satilla River sub-basin of the St. Marys-Satilla River basin. The entire narrow western border area, in a parallel to the western border. A small southeastern corner of the county is located in the Upper Suwannee River sub-basin of the same Suwannee River basin, the population density was 25 people per square mile. There were 3,171 housing units at a density of 9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 62. 2% White,17. 3% Black or African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 3% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,17. 7% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. 24. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 9% of all households were made up of individuals living alone and 8. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.8 and the family size was 3.29. The median income for a household in the county was $28,682, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 8,375 people,2,983 households, and 2,159 families residing in the county. The population density was 24.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 3,522 housing units at an average density of 10.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 62. 2% white,17. 3% black or African American,0. 6% American Indian,0. 3% Pacific islander,0. 3% Asian,17. 7% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 24. 3% of the population, in terms of ancestry,16. 1% were English,16. 0% were Irish, and 7. 5% were American. The average household size was 2.80 and the family size was 3.29. The median age was 33.4 years, the median income for a household in the county was $33,834 and the median income for a family was $34,859. Males had an income of $29,286 versus $25,705 for females
20.
Brooks County, Georgia
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Brooks County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,243, the county was created in 1858 from portions of Lowndes and Thomas counties by an act of the Georgia General Assembly and is named in honor of U. S. Representative Preston Brooks from South Carolina, who physically assaulted abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts in the Senate chamber after an argument about slavery, Brooks County is included in the Valdosta, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. In the lynching era, from 1880 to 1930, this county had the highest number of lynchings in Georgia, all of the victims were black, including at least 13 killed in the May 1918 lynching rampage in this county. Historic Native peoples occupying the area at the time of European encounter were the Apalachee, the first Europeans in what is now Brooks County were Spanish missionaries from their colony in Florida, who arrived around 1570. The area that was to become Brooks county was first opened up to European-American settlement in 1818 when Irwin County was established, Coffee Road was built through the region in the 1820s. Lowndes Countys first court session was held at the tavern owned ran by Sion Hall on the Coffee Road, near what is now Morven, Georgia in Brooks County. Many residents of Lowndes County were unhappy when the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad announced June 17,1858 that they had selected a route that would bypass Troupville. On June 22 at 3,00 am, the Lowndes County courthouse at Troupville was set aflame by William B, crawford, who fled to South Carolina after being released on bond. On December 11,1858, Brooks County was organized from parts of Lowndes and Thomas counties and was named for Preston Brooks and he was best known for his vicious physical assault in Congress of the older Senator Charles Sumner, an anti-slavery advocate from Massachusetts. The county was developed for plantations, dependent on enslaved laborers. Cotton brought a return from local and international markets, making large planters wealthy. At the time of the 1860 federal census, Brooks County had a population of 3,067, a Free people of color population of 2. The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad reached Quitman on October 23,1860, during the Civil War, the county was the main producer of food for the Confederacy, it became known as the Breadbasket of the South. Some Confederate Army regiments were raised from the men of Brooks County, Plantation owners, county officials, and slave patrol members were exempt from military conscription, which caused some contention between the different economic classes in Brooks County. In August 1864, a white man named John Vickery began plotting a slave rebellion. On the evening before the rebellion, a slave was arrested for theft, Vickery was soon arrested as well. Vickery and the four slaves were given a trial by the local militia
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Echols County, Georgia
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Echols County /ˈɛkʊz/ is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,034, Echols and Webster counties are the only two counties in Georgia to currently have no incorporated municipalities. The county was established in 1858 and named in honor of Robert Milner Echols, Echols County is part of the Valdosta, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Echols County has become notable in recent years as it has served as a place of banishment for many of Georgias criminals. As the Georgia State Constitution forbids banishment beyond the borders of the state, officials instead ban the offender from 158 of Georgias 159 counties, few criminals have been documented as actually moving to Echols. This is because almost all banished criminals choose to leave the state instead of moving to Echols County, banishment, including 158 county banishment, has repeatedly been upheld by Georgia courts. The first case when banishment was upheld was in the 1974 case State v Collett, the most recent time banishment was upheld, in 2011, the Ga Supreme Court ruled it was constitutional to banish David Nathan Thompson from all but one county in Georgia. On December 13,1858, the Georgia General Assembly passed a bill establishing Echols County from a section of Lowndes County. Statenville was declared the county seat in 1859, at the time of the 1860 census, Echols County had a white population of 1,177, with 314 slaves, and no free people of color. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 421 square miles. The county contains a notable swamp, Whitehead Bay, the western half of Echols County is located in the Alapaha River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin. The eastern half of the county, from well east of Statenville to just west of Fargo, is located in the Upper Suwannee River sub-basin of the same Suwannee River basin, the population density was 9 people per square mile. There were 1,482 housing units at a density of 4 per square mile. 19. 69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the family size was 3.26. In the county, the population was out with 29. 30% under the age of 18,12. 50% from 18 to 24,30. 80% from 25 to 44,18. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 116.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $25,851, and the median income for a family was $27,700
22.
Free people of color
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The term free people of color, in the context of the history of slavery in the Americas, at first specifically referred to persons of mixed African and European descent who were not enslaved. The term was used in the French colonies, including La Louisiane and settlements on Caribbean islands, such as Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe. Freed African slaves were included in the term affranchis, but historically they were considered as distinct from the people of color. In these territories and major cities, particularly New Orleans, and those held by the Spanish. These colonial societies classified mixed-race people in a variety of ways, generally related to visible features, racial classifications were numerous in Latin America. It included persons of mixed race as well as freed African slaves and they were also important in forming an educated class of people of color in French colonies of the Caribbean islands. When French settlers and traders first arrived in these colonies, the men frequently took Native American women as their concubines or common-law wives, when African slaves were imported to the colony, the colonists took African women as concubines or wives. In the period of French and Spanish rule, men tended to marry later after becoming financially established, the free people of color developed formal arrangements for placées, which the young womens mothers negotiated. Under the system of plaçage, often the mothers negotiated a kind of dowry or property transfer to their daughters, including freedom for them and their children, and education for the children. The French Creole men often paid for education of their natural children from these relationships, especially if they were sons. Over time, free people of developed as a separate class between the colonial French and Spanish and the mass of enslaved black African workers. They often achieved education and some measure of wealth, they spoke French and practiced Catholicism, at one time the center of their residential community in New Orleans was the French Quarter. Many were artisans who owned property and their own businesses and they formed a social category distinct from both whites and slaves, and maintained their own society into the period after United States annexation. Free people of color were also an important part of the history of the Caribbean during the period of slavery, initially descendants of French men and African slaves, and often marrying within their own mixed-race community, some achieved wealth and power. By the late century, most free people of color in Saint-Domingue were native born. Free people of color were leaders in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, in Saint-Domingue, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and other French Caribbean colonies before slavery was abolished, the free people of color were known as gens de couleur libres, and affranchis. Comparable groups became an important part of the populations of British Jamaica, the Spanish Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Claiborne, appointed by Thomas Jefferson as governor of the Territory of Orleans, formally accepted delivery of the French colony on 20 December 1803. Free men of color had been members of the militia for decades during both Spanish and French rule of the colony of Louisiana and they volunteered their services and pledged their loyalty to Claiborne and to their newly adopted country
23.
Worth County, Georgia
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Worth County is a county located in the south central portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 21,679, Worth County is included in the Albany, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is called the Peanut Capital because of its massive peanut industry, Worth County was created from Dooly and Irwin counties on December 20,1853, by an act of the Georgia General Assembly, becoming Georgias 106th county. It was named for Major General William J. Worth of New York, in 1905, portions of Worth County were used to create Tift and Turner counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 575 square miles. The eastern third of Worth County, from west of State Route 33 heading east, is located in the Little River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin, the northern third of the county is located in the Middle Flint River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin. A narrow portion of the edge of Worth County is located in the Lower Flint River sub-basin of the same ACF River basin. Finally, a portion of the southwest of the county, north of Doerun, is located in the Upper Ochlockonee River sub-basin of the larger Ochlockonee River basin, the population density was 39 people per square mile. There were 9,086 housing units at a density of 16 per square mile. 1. 09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the family size was 3.12. In the county, the population was out with 28. 6% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 92.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,384, and the median income for a family was $38,887. Males had an income of $31,668 versus $20,950 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,856,18. 50% of the population and 14. 7% of families were below the poverty line. 25% of those under the age of 18 and 20. 2% of those 65, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 21,679 people,8,214 households, and 6,032 families residing in the county. The population density was 38.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 9,251 housing units at an average density of 16.2 per square mile
24.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
25.
Alapaha River
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The Alapaha River /əˈlæpəhɑː/ is a 202-mile-long river in southern Georgia and northern Florida in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suwannee River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico, the Hernando de Soto expedition narrative records mention a Yupaha village they encountered after they left Apalachee, the sound of which is suggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee. Another reference to a village of Atapaha so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to suppose they are the same, augustine, Florida, probably on the Alapaha River. In the 1840s a German travel writer, Friedrich Gerstäcker wrote a novel called Alapaha, or the Renegades of the Border. A translation of this novel was published in the 1870s as #67 in a series of American narratives published by Beadle. During the American Civil War, the swamps along the Alapaha River in Berrien, Irwin, along its course it passes the Georgia towns of Rebecca, Alapaha, Willacoochee, Lakeland, and Statenville. Near Willacoochee, Georgia, the Alapaha collects the Willacoochee River, in Florida, it collects the Alapahoochee River and the short Little Alapaha River, which rises in Echols County, Georgia, and flows southwestward. The Alapaha River is an intermittent river for part of its course, during periods of low volume, the river disappears underground and becomes a subterranean river. At approximately 2.3 miles downstream from Jennings, Florida is a river sinkhole variously known as the Alapaha River Sink, Suck Hole and it is located at 30. 5855009°N83. 0528016°W /30.5855009, -83.0528016. A short distance away from the Devils Dens, the Dead River enters into the Alapaha River and it is a usually dry river bed with a number of sinkholes, including the Dead River Sink. A few more miles downstream is a sinkhole known as the Dead River Sink or the Siphon. At the latter point during the periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River later reappears at the Alapaha River Rise, which is about a half mile upstream from the confluence of the Alapaha River and the Suwanee River. During a period of low rainfall over 11 miles of the riverbed can be dry as the river goes underground, the United States Board on Geographic Names settled on Alapaha River as the streams name in 1891. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also known as
26.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
27.
President of the Confederate States of America
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The President of the Confederate States of America was the elected head of state and government of the Confederate States. The president also headed the branch of government and was commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy. Article II of the Confederate States Constitution vested the power of the Confederacy in the president. He was further empowered to grant reprieves and pardons, and convene, on February 18,1861, Jefferson Davis became president of the provisional government. On February 22,1862, he became president of the permanent government, the constitutional powers of the President of the Confederate States of America were similar to those of the President of the United States of America. The permanent Confederate States Constitution made him commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy and he was also empowered to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the Confederate States. He could fill vacancies during a recess of the Senate, but he could not reappoint, during a recess, on February 9,1861, the provisional congress at Montgomery unanimously elected Jefferson Davis president and Alexander H. Stephens vice president. Stephens, who was a delegate to Congress from Georgia, was inaugurated on February 11, Davis was inaugurated on February 18 upon his arrival from Mississippi, where he had gone upon his resignation from the U. S. Senate. Davis and Stephens were elected on November 6,1861, for six-years terms, the Capital had been moved in June 1861, to Richmond, and the inauguration took place at the statue of Washington, on the public square, on February 22,1862. In 1861, the President of the Confederate States earned a CS$25,000 annual salary, along with an account. The Presidents Office was located on the floor of the Custom House on Main Street, a structure which also housed the Cabinet Room. The City of Richmond purchased the Brockenbrough house for presentation to the Confederate government for use as an executive mansion, Davis declined to accept the gift, but the mansion was leased for his use. Referred to as the White House of the Confederacy or the Grey House, later it became a repository for documents, relics, and pictures, and in 1896 it was redesignated the Confederate Museum. Late on the evening of April 2,1865, President Davis, his aides, the Cabinet stayed at Danville,140 miles southwest of Richmond, until April 10, when, hearing of Lees surrender, it continued farther south. At Greensboro, North Carolina, on April 12 the Cabinet met with Generals Johnston and Beauregard, as the railroad south of Greensboro had been destroyed, the flight from that location was on horseback and in ambulances, wagons, and carriages. The last Cabinet meetings took place at Charlotte, on April 24, and 26, and on May 4, when Davis left Washington, Georgia, elements of the United States Cavalry captured Davis and his companions at an encampment near Irwinville, May 10,1865. Jefferson Davis was imprisoned at Fort Monroe, Virginia, until his release on bail on May 13,1867, during his confinement the United States Government prepared to bring him to trial for treason and for complicity in the assassination of United States President Abraham Lincoln. In November 1868 Davis was brought to trial under a new indictment, but the judges disagreed, President Johnson issued a general amnesty in December 1868, and the Supreme Court entered a nolle prosequi, thus freeing Davis
28.
Jefferson Davis
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Jefferson Finis Davis was an American politician who was a Democratic U. S. Representative and Senator from Mississippi, the 23rd U. S. Secretary of War, and he took personal charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to defeat the more populous and industrialized Union. Davis was born in Kentucky to a prosperous farmer, and grew up on his older brother Josephs large cotton plantations in Mississippi. Joseph Davis also secured his appointment to the U. S, after graduating, Jefferson Davis served six years as a lieutenant in the U. S. Army. He fought in the Mexican–American War, as the colonel of a volunteer regiment and he served as the U. S. Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce, and as a Democratic U. S. senator from Mississippi. Before the war, he operated a cotton plantation in Mississippi. After the war had ended, he remained a proud apologist for the cause of slavery for which he, although Davis argued against secession in 1858, he believed that each state was sovereign and had an unquestionable right to secede from the Union. Daviss first wife, Sarah Knox Taylor, died of malaria three months of marriage, and he also struggled with recurring bouts of the disease. He was unhealthy for much of his life, at the age of 36, Davis married again, to 18-year-old Varina Howell, a native of Natchez who had been educated in Philadelphia and had some family ties in the North. Only two survived him, and only one married and had children, many historians attribute the Confederacys weaknesses to the poor leadership of President Davis. Historians agree he was a less effective war leader than his Union counterpart Abraham Lincoln. After Davis was captured in 1865, he was accused of treason and he was never tried and was released after two years. While not disgraced, Davis had been displaced in ex-Confederate affection after the war by his leading general, Davis wrote a memoir entitled The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, which he completed in 1881. By the late 1880s, he began to encourage reconciliation, telling Southerners to be loyal to the Union, ex-Confederates came to appreciate his role in the war, seeing him as a Southern patriot, and he became a hero of the Lost Cause in the post-Reconstruction South. Daviss paternal grandparents each immigrated separately to North America from the region of Snowdonia in North Wales in the early 18th century, the rest of his ancestry was English. After arriving in Philadelphia, Daviss paternal grandfather Evan settled in the colony of Georgia and he married the widow Lydia Emory Williams, who had two sons from a previous marriage. Their son Samuel Emory Davis was born in 1756 and he served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, along with his two older half-brothers. In 1783, after the war, he married Jane Cook and she was born in 1759 to William Cook and his wife Sarah Simpson in what is now Christian County, Kentucky
29.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
30.
Richmond, Virginia
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Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
31.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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1st Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
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The 1st Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 1st Wisconsin Cavalry was organized at Ripon and Kenosha, Wisconsin between September 1,1861 and February 2,1862 and mustered into Federal service on March 10,1862, the regiment participated in the capture of Confederate President Jefferson Davis on May 10,1865. The regiment was mustered out at Edgefield, Tennessee on July 19,1865, the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry initially recruited 1,124 officers and men. An additional 1,417 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 2,541 men. The regiment suffered 6 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or died from wounds in action, and 7 officers and 321 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 401 fatalities
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4th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
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4th Michigan Cavalry was a regiment of cavalry in the Union Army during the American Civil War fighting in the western front as part of the Army of the Cumberland. It was noted as being the regiment that captured the fleeing President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, regimental staff included Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Dudley Pritchard of Allegan, Michigan, Major Josiah B. Among the men who served in the 4th Michigan Cavalry was James Vernor, Sr. who after the war became a well known pharmacist, another early recruit was future Michigan politician Levi T. Griffin. After training and drilling, it left the state with an enrolment of 1,233 officers and men on September 26,1862, for duty in Louisville, Kentucky. It saw its first engagement at Stanford Kentucky, fighting the forces of Confederate General John Morgan, attached to the 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, other assignments during the war included, 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to January,1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to November,1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Wilsons Cavalry Corps, Military Division of Mississippi, to November 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division of Mississippi and these units fought at Murfreeboro, Stones River, Shelbyville, Reeds Bridge, Chickamauga, Noonday Creek, Atlanta, Kilpatrick Raid and Selma. The 4th Michigan Cavalry was involved in the capture of Macon, Georgia, on April 20,1865, along with Col. Henry Harnden, subsequently, a detachment of the regiment participated in the pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, on May 10. Among the troopers credited with playing a key role in identifying and capturing Davis were George Munger, also involved in the capture of Davis was Corporal John William Bowles of Company M. The 4th was assigned to duty at Macon and then at Nashville, Tennessee. The regiment mustered out on July 1,1865, the initial strength of the regiment was 1,233. During its term of service the regiment gained 984 troops, for a total of 2,217 men, of that number,3 officers and 48 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded in battle, and 2 officers and 341 enlisted men perished from disease. George Hiscock was a member of Company B, and the oldest man to enlist at the age of 36 and he died on June 23,1864 from disease, and is buried in Chattanooga, TN. List of Michigan Civil War Units Michigan in the American Civil War The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard by James J. Green Harpers Weekly Michigan History Magazine
34.
Fort Monroe
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Fort Monroe is a decommissioned military installation in Hampton, Virginia—at Old Point Comfort, the southern tip of the Virginia Peninsula. Surrounded by a moat, the star fort is the largest stone fort ever built in the United States. During the initial exploration by the mission headed by Captain Christopher Newport in the earliest days of the Colony of Virginia, beginning by 1609, defensive fortifications were built at Old Point Comfort during Virginias first two centuries. The first was a wooden stockade named Fort Algernourne, however, the much more substantial facility of stone to become known as Fort Monroe were completed in 1834. The principal facility was named in honor of U. S. President James Monroe, throughout the American Civil War, although most of Virginia became part of the Confederate States of America, Fort Monroe remained in Union hands. It became notable as a historic and symbolic site of early freedom for former slaves under the provisions of contraband policies, for two years thereafter, the former Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, was imprisoned at the fort. His first months of confinement were spent in a cell of the fort walls that is now part of its Casemate Museum. In the 20th century, it housed the Coast Artillery School and later the United States Army Training, Fort Monroe was decommissioned on September 15,2011, and many of its functions were transferred to nearby Fort Eustis. Several re-use plans for Fort Monroe are under development in the Hampton community, on November 1,2011, President Barack Obama signed a proclamation to designate portions of Fort Monroe as a National Monument. This was the first time that President Obama exercised his authority under the Antiquities Act and it has a 332-slip marina and shallow water inlet access to Mill Creek, suitable for small watercraft. The land area where Fort Monroe is became part of Elizabeth Cittie in 1619, Elizabeth River Shire in 1634, on their initial exploration, they recognized the strategic importance of the site at Old Point Comfort for purposes of coastal defense. They initially built Fort Algernourne at the location of the present Fort Monroe and it is assumed to have been a triangular stockade, based on the fort at Jamestown. Other small forts known as Fort Henry and Fort Charles were built nearby in 1610, in the latter part of August 1619, a Dutch ship, the White Lion, appeared off the coast of Old Point Comfort. Its cargo included more than 30 Africans captured from the slave ship Sao Joao Bautista, traded for work and supplies from the English, they were the first Africans to come ashore on British-occupied land in what would become the United States. Although the Bantu Africans from Angola were considered indentured servants, their arrival is considered to mark the beginning of slavery in America, another fort, known only as the fort at Old Point Comfort was constructed in 1632. In 1728, Fort George was built on the site and its masonry walls were destroyed by a hurricane in 1749, but the wood buildings in the fort were used by a reduced force until at least 1775. In 1781, during the Siege of Yorktown, the French West Indian fleet established a battery on the ruins of Fort George, throughout the Colonial period, fortifications were manned at the location from time to time. Following the War of 1812, the United States realized the need to protect Hampton Roads, in March 1819, President James Monroe came up with a plan of building a network of coastal defenses
35.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
36.
Fitzgerald, Georgia
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The city of Fitzgerald is the county seat of Ben Hill County in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 9,053 and it is the principal city of the Fitzgerald Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Ben Hill and Irwin counties. The majority of the first citizens were Union veterans and it was incorporated on December 2,1896. The town is located less than 15 miles from the site of the capture of Confederate president Jefferson Davis on May 10,1865, Fitzgerald is one of the few truly planned cities in the United States. The city was out as a square, with intersecting streets dividing it into four wards. Each of the wards was divided into four blocks and each block had sixteen squares, Streets running North/South on the east side of the city were named after Confederate ships and generals, whereas the ones on the west side were named after Union ships and generals. After about a year, the citizens planned a Thanksgiving harvest parade, separate Union and Confederate parades were planned. However, when the band struck up to play, the Confederates joined the Union veterans to march as one beneath the US flag. In recent years, the unofficial, and sometimes controversial, mascot of the city has become the red junglefowl, in the late 1960s, a small number were released into the woods surrounding the city and have thrived to this day. The Ben Hill County Courthouse and Ben Hill County Jail in Fitzgerald are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Fitzgerald Commercial Historic District was listed on the Register on April 28,1992. It is generally bounded by Ocmulgee, Thomas, Magnolia and Lee Streets, the South Main-South Lee Streets Historic District was listed in April 13,1989 and is generally bounded by Magnolia Street, S. Main Street, Roanoke Drive, and S. Lee Street, the Dorminy-Massee House at 516 W. Central Avenue, the Holtzendorf Apartments at 105 W. Pine Street, Fitzgerald is located in south central Georgia at 31°42′56″N 83°15′23″W. U. S. Route 129 passes through the center of the city, leading north to Abbeville, Hawkinsville, and eventually Macon, and south to Ocilla, Nashville, and Lakeland. U. S. Route 319 also passes through Fitzgerald, leading northeast to McRae and Dublin and southwest to Tifton. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.0 square miles, of which 8.8 square miles is land and 0.15 square miles. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 9,053 people residing in the city. 51. 2% were African American,42. 1% White,0. 3% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 1% from some other race and 1. 1% from two or more races
37.
Suwannee River
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The Suwannee River is a major river that runs through South Georgia southward into Florida in the southern United States. It is a blackwater river, about 246 miles long. The Suwannee River is the site of the prehistoric Suwanee Straits which separated peninsular Florida from the panhandle, the headwaters of the Suwanee River are in the Okefenokee Swamp in the town of Fargo, Georgia. The river runs southwestward into the Florida Panhandle, then drops in elevation through limestone layers into a rare Florida whitewater rapid. Past the rapid, the Suwanee turns west near the town of White Springs, Florida, then connects to the confluences of the Alapaha River, starting at the confluences of those three rivers, that confluence forms the southern borderline of Hamilton County, Florida. The Suwanee then bends southward near the town of Ellaville, Florida followed by Luraville, Florida then joins together with the Santa Fe River from the east south of the town of Branford, Florida. The river ends and drains into the Gulf of Mexico on the outskirts of Suwannee, the Spanish recorded the native Timucua name of Guacara for the river that would later become known as the Suwannee. Different etymologies have suggested for the modern name. Brinton first suggested in his 1889 Notes on the Floridian Peninsula that Suwannee was a corruption of the Spanish San Juan. This theory is supported by Jerald Milanich, who states that Suwannee developed through San Juan-ee from the 17th-century Spanish mission of San Juan de Guacara, Shawnee, The migrations of the Shawnee throughout the South have also been connected to the name Suwannee. As early as 1820, the Indian agent John Johnson said the Suwaney river was named after the Shawanoese. Echo, In 1884, Albert S. Gatschet claimed that Suwannee derives from the Creek word sawani, meaning echo, gatschets etymology also survives in more recent publications, often mistaking the language of translation. For example, a University of South Florida website states that the Timucuan Indian word Suwani means Echo River, River of Reeds, Deep Water, or Crooked Black Water. In 2004, William Bright repeats it again, now attributing the name Suwanee to a Cherokee village of Sawani, the Suwannee River area has been inhabited by humans for thousands of years. By 1633, the Spanish had established the missions of San Juan de Guacara, San Francisco de Chuaquin, in the 18th century, Seminoles lived by the river. The steamboat Madison operated on the river before the Civil War, and this river is the subject of the Stephen Foster song Old Folks at Home, in which he calls it the Swanee Ribber. Foster had named the Pedee River of South Carolina in his first lyrics and it has been called Swanee River because Foster had used an alternative contemporary spelling of the name. Foster never actually saw the river he made world-famous, george Gershwins song, with lyrics by Irving Caesar, and made popular by Al Jolson, is also spelled Swanee and boasts that the folks up North will see me no more when I get to that Swanee shore
38.
Satilla River
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The Satilla River rises in Ben Hill County, Georgia, near the town of Fitzgerald, and flows in a mostly easterly direction to the Atlantic Ocean. Along its approximately 235-mile course are the cities of Waycross, Waynesville, the Satilla drains almost 4,000 square miles of land, all of it in the coastal plain of southeastern Georgia. It has white sandbars and is the largest blackwater river situated entirely within Georgia, the river derives its name from a Spanish officer named Saint Illa, and over a period of time the name was merged to form the word Satilla. The name St. Illa River was in use along side the name Satilla River in the nineteenth century. The Satilla enters the Atlantic Ocean about 10 miles south of Brunswick, Satilla River Marsh Island is one of the few places in Georgia for observing nesting sites of brown pelicans. In May 2010, the city of Waycross purchased the Bandalong Litter Trap and installed it in Tebeau Creek, the trap was invented in Australia, but is manufactured in the United States by Storm Water Systems. Governor Sonny Perdue said, “Water is one of Georgia’s most important, the litter trap installed by Waycross is a model of stewardship for the state and the nation. ”The Satilla River litter trap is the first in Georgia and only the second in the nation
39.
U.S. Route 129 in Georgia
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U. S. Route 129 is a 375-mile-long U. S. Highway in the U. S. state of Georgia. It travels south-to-north from the Florida state line, south of Statenville, to the North Carolina state line, US129 is signed concurrently with various state highways. Most of the highway is concurrent with State Route 11 at both the southern and northern termini as well as in part of the state. However, north of Hawkinsville, and into southern Macon, the highway travels along SR247, within Macon itself, it travels along parts of SR87, and later SR49, and from Macon to Gray, it also travels along SR22. S. U. S. Route 129 begins at the Florida state line south of Statenville at the terminus of Florida State Road 100. The first intersection within the state is a dirt road named Strickland Road. The route travels concurrent with SR11, and the rural surroundings that were found in northern Florida continue into Georgia. Aside from farmhouses and the fields they reside in, very little resemblance to development can be found until the routes reach downtown. A bi-directional connecting ramp can be found on the southwest corner of the intersection with Georgia State Route 94, not long after this intersection, US129 descends over the wetlands of Troublesome Creek, and curves to the northeast and re-enters farmland again. At a pair of fields, the road curves almost straight north. Along the way, the enter the community of Mayday and serves as the western terminus of Georgia State Route 187. Besides farms, forests and the church, this segment of US 129/SR11 passes over bridges for Cow Creek. The routes enter Stockton in the vicinity of Wayne Jones Honey Farm, shortly after this, it approaches the westbound lanes of US 84/SR38, which has turning ramps on the northeast and northwest corners. S. Route 221, which is shared by State Routes 31 and 122. For such a city, Lakeland hosts a large cluster of US and state highways. The first one is North College Street, which serves as the terminus of Georgia State Route 11 Bypass. Just two blocks later the concurrency with SR135 Bypass ends when that route makes a left turn onto Oak Street going south. A block and a later, SR122 branches off at a fork in the road to the southwest towards Thomasville, while US 129/SRs 11/37 branches off to the northwest
40.
U.S. Route 319
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U. S. Route 319 is a spur of U. S. Route 19. US319 has the unsigned SR261 designation between State Road 363/Woodville Highway and Capital Circles eastern terminus at State Road 61/Thomasville Road, US319 crosses I-10, before heading northeast out of the Tallahassee area. US319 again becomes a 4-lane divided highway at its intersection with County Road 0342 about 9 miles from I-10, US319 then continues northeast, passes through Coolidge, and crosses into Colquitt County, running as a bypass around the east of Moultrie. The route crosses into Tift County and intersects with I-75 just before running through Tifton, in Ocilla, SR35 comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with SR32, which now becomes concurrent with US319. US319 from Tifton to the Florida State Line is a GRIP corridor, the entire length of US319 in Franklin County was designated as Blue Star Memorial Highway by the Florida State Legislature in 1957. The section of US319 that is co-signed with US98, US319 does not make an appearance on Georgia road maps until October 1937, when the spur from the Florida state line to Thomasville is shown, co-signed with SR3. Prior to October 1937, US19 appears as the designation of this section of the route, since late in 1946, US319 follows its current route. The section of US319 that forms the Thomasville Bypass was designated as Will Watt Parkway in 1996 after a prominent resident of Thomasville, the section of US319 that forms the east bypass around Moultrie in Colquitt County was designated as Veterans Parkway in 2002. State Route 35 Connector is a 1. 2-mile-long connector route for SR35 in the part of the Thomasville area. Its southern terminus is at US19, US84, SR3, SR38 and its northern terminus is at US 319/SR35 northeast of the city. This highway used to be US319 Bus. /SR35 Bus. in Thomasville, the entire route is in Thomas County. State Route 35 Business served the area of Thomasville. The route was decommissioned in 2007, routes Endpoints of U. S. Highway 319
41.
Georgia State Route 11
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State Route 11 is a 376-mile-long state highway in the U. S. It travels the length of the state from south to north, connecting the Florida state line with the North Carolina state line. It is the longest route in the state, the portion from the southeastern city limits of Monticello to the Jasper–Newton county line is included in the Monticello Crossroads Scenic Byway. The route begins at the Florida state line south of Statenville, the route travels north concurrent with US129 through Statenville, Lakeland, Nashville, Ocilla, Fitzgerald, and Abbeville, before arriving in Hawkinsville. In Hawkinsville, SR11 departs US129 and runs concurrent with US341 northwest to Perry, there, SR11 departs and runs concurrent with US41, and eventually, US129 again, north to Macon. SR11 leaves Macon concurrent with US129 and SR22, in Gray, SR11 departs, and travels north, without being concurrent with a U. S. Highway. In Jefferson, the route runs concurrent with US129. The two routes north, passing through Gainesville. Further north, SR11 and US129 are joined by US19, the three routes climb over and descend the mountains, and continues north to the North Carolina state line, where SR11 meets its northern terminus. 6-mile-long bypass for SR11 in Lakeland. It consists of West Church Avenue and East Church Street and then south onto North College Road. It also travels concurrently with SR135 between North Center Street and North Temple Street, the entire route is in Lakeland, Lanier County. State Route 11 Connector is a segment of North Pecan Street between SR122 and US 129/SR 11/SR37 in Lakeland. The entire route is in Lakeland, Lanier County, State Route 11 Business is a business route of SR11 in Hawkinsville. It also travels in a concurrency with US129 Bus. /US341 Bus. State Route 11 Business is a business route and former mainline of SR11. It begins at the Perry Parkway, and travels concurrently with US341 into downtown Perry, at Houston Lake Road, the highway joins a concurrency with SR127, until it reaches Ball Street, where US 341/SR11 Bus. turns right towards the northwest. The concurrency with US341 comes to an end two blocks later at the intersection with US41, and it turns right. US 41/SR11 Bus. is carried by Commerce Street until that street terminates at Macon Road, and the concurrency make a left turn, following that street north until it reaches the Perry Parkway again. SR11 Bus. ends at this segment of Perry Parkway, SR11 travels concurrent with US41 north of the parkway and it also has an interchange with I-75
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Georgia State Route 32
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The highway connects Dawson with Sterling, via Leesburg, Ashburn, Fitzgerald, Douglas, and Alma. SR32 begins at an intersection with SR 45/SR520 in Dawson, approximately 3,500 feet later, it meets the western terminus of SR118. Then, it leaves town, heading east, on the eastern city limits is Chickasawhatchee Cemetery. Farther to the east is Bethel Cemetery, after the highway enters Lee County, it curves to the south-southeast. Then, it curves to the southeast. Just before entering Leesburg, SR32 curves to the northeast, crosses over Kinchafoonee Creek, in town, it intersects US19 Byp. /SR3 Byp. The three highways travel concurrent to the southeast for just over 1,000 feet, to an intersection with US 19/SR3. At this intersection, US19 Byp. /SR3 Byp. meet their southern terminus, at 4th Street East, SR32 departs the concurrency to the east northeast. One block later, it meets the terminus of SR195. At this intersection, it turns to the south-southeast and curves to the east, just before leaving town, the highway passes Leesburg Cemetery. Farther to the east, it crosses over Muckalee Creek, then, it meets the northern terminus of SR91 before crossing over the Flint River into Worth County. Just under 2 miles into the county, it intersects SR300 and it curves southeast to an intersection with SR313 in Doles. Continuing to the southeast, it intersects SR33, just over 0.5 miles later, it enters Turner County. The highway curves back to the northeast and enters Ashburn, in the city, it intersects SR112. The two highways begin a concurrency to the part of the city. At the intersection with US 41/SR7, SR112 continues to the northeast, the three highways head concurrent into Sycamore. Just outside Ashburn, they pass the Turner County Airport, in Sycamore, SR32 splits off to the east-northeast and immediately meets the eastern terminus of SR32 Conn. Just to the east is an interchange with Interstate 75, then, it passes Pleasant Hill Cemetery and curves to the east
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Georgia State Route 90
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The route connects Willacoochee and Talbotton, via Fitzgerald and Ocilla. SR90 begins at an intersection with US 82/SR520 in Willacoochee and it heads north-northeast on North Vickers Street and curves to the northwest. Just outside the limits, it meets the southern terminus of SR149. It continues to the northwest and crosses into Coffee County, the highway doesnt intersect with any major highways in Coffee County, except for SR158 on the Coffee–Irwin county line. In Irwin County, the passes through rural areas of the county. There, it intersects US 129/SR11, the three routes head concurrent to the north, past Cumbee Park to an intersection with US 319/SR 32/SR35. At this intersection, US319 joins the concurrency, while SR35 meets its northern terminus and they pass Irwin County Hospital and Ocilla Country Club. They also enters Ben Hill County just before passing Lake Beatrice, in the southern part of Fitzgerald, they meet SR107, which acts as a partial bypass of the city. At Central Avenue, US319 departs to the east, concurrent with SR107, at Sultana Drive, SR90 splits off to the west. Then, at Dewey McGlamry Road, it turns to the north, the highway heads to the north-northwest and meets the southern terminus of SR215, which takes on the Dewey McGlamry Road name, while SR90 heads west on Salem Church Road. The route intersects the terminus of SR233 and curves to the southwest. In town, it meets SR112 and they run concurrent through town until SR112 departs to the north on Sylvester Road, while SR90 heads to the northwest on North Railroad Street. West-northwest of town is a concurrency with SR159 and this concurrency ends at the Turner–Wilcox county line. SR90 heads west along the county line and briefly enters Wilcox County proper, after that, it enters Crisp County. On the southeastern edge of Cordele, it intersects the terminus of SR33 Connector. Approximately 1 mile later is the terminus of SR300. Another mile later is US 280/SR30, the three highways head concurrent to the west, into the main part of town. Almost immediately is an interchange with Interstate 75, in downtown is an intersection with US 41/SR7
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Georgia State Route 107
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Georgia State Route 107 is a route in southern Georgia that runs from Interstate 75 in Ashburn to U. S. Route 221 in rural Jeff Davis County. From its western terminus with Interstate 75 in Ashburn, State Route 107 travels east toward Fitzgerald, the route begins with a brief concurrency with State Route 112 for approximately three miles before departing State Route 112. The route then goes through rural Turner and Irwin counties before its intersection with State Route 125 just west of Fitzgerald, once in Fitzgerald, State Route 107 has an intersection with U. S. Route 129 and U. S. Route 319. State Route 107 shares a concurrency with U. S.319 as the route leaves Fitzgerald, the route has intersections with State Route 206 and State Route 182 before entering Coffee County. Soon after entering Coffee County, the route intersects with U. S. Route 441, State Route 107 shares a brief concurrency with U. S.441 before turning east into rural Coffee and Jeff Davis counties. State Route 107 has an intersection with State Route 268 in Snipesville before reaching its terminus with U. S. Route 221 north of Denton. Roads portal Media related to Georgia State Route 107 at Wikimedia Commons
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Georgia State Route 125
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State Route 125 is a 73-mile-long state highway that runs south-to-north in an S-shape through the southern part of the U. S. state of Georgia. It travels through Lowndes, Lanier, Berrien, Tift, Irwin, SR125 begins at an intersection with U. S. Route 41 and SR7 on the north side of Valdosta. The route runs north-northeast, past Freedom Park and passes through Moody Air Force Base and intersects SR122 at the point of Lowndes, Berrien. It travels to the north along the Berrien–Lanier county line and then slightly to the northeast. In Berrien County, it curves to the north-northwest before entering Ray City, here, it meets US 129/SR 11/SR37. At this intersection, US 129/SR11 begin a concurrency, the three highways head north-northwest to Nashville. In town, SR76 joins the concurrency through Nashville, in the central part of town, the four concurrent routes intersect SR168. Just after that SR76 departs to the east on East Marion Avenue and it heads northwest through rural areas of the county and enters Tift County. In Tift County, it intersects US 41/SR7 next to the Henry Tift Myers Airport, US 41/SR 7/SR125 head concurrent to the north. In Tifton, the highway meets US 82/US 319/SR 35/SR520, farther into town, SR125 splits off to the northeast and enters Irwin County. It runs northeast until it joins SR32 and they run concurrent to the northeast, through Irwinville, and to the east-southeast until SR32 splits off to the southeast. SR125 curves to the northeast and continues in that direction until it meets its northern terminus, Roads portal Media related to Georgia State Route 125 at Wikimedia Commons Georgia Roads
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Georgia State Route 158
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SR158 begins at an intersection with US 129/SR11, north-northwest of Alapaha, Georgia. It heads east, along part of the Berrien–Irwin county line, along the Coffee–Irwin county line stretch, it intersects SR90. To the east, in Coffee County, is a concurrency with SR149. The road curves to the northeast, until it enters Douglas, SR158 heads east to US 441/SR31. Then, it heads southeast to US 221/SR135, SR158 continues to the southeast, and intersects SR64, before crossing the southeast corner of the county into Ware County. Then, it continues to the southeast, until it meets is eastern terminus, SR158 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nations economy, defense, and mobility. State Route 158 Truck is a route around Douglas, Georgia running south of mainline SR158. It is named Bowens Mill Road Southwest, and Bowens Mill Road Southeast, the route begins as it joins Truck Route 32/State Route and former State Route 353. All routes run along the side of the Douglas Municipal Airport. SR206 ends at US 221/441/SR31, and US221 joins the route, Truck Route 158 ends at SR158, but US 221/Truck Route 32/SR135 continues northeast to SR32, Higgston, and South Carolina. Roads portal Media related to Georgia State Route 158 at Wikimedia Commons Georgia Roads
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Georgia State Route 206
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State Route 206 is a state highway in the southeastern part of U. S. state of Georgia. It runs southeast–northwest through portions of Ben Hill, Irwin, the routes southern terminus is in Douglas, and its northern terminus is just east of Fitzgerald. SR206 begins at an intersection with US 221/US 441/SR 31/SR135 in Douglas and it is part of a bypass around town. SR135 and SR206 run concurrent from SR 206s eastern terminus to a point approximately 0.5 miles farther to the west, at this intersection, SR135 turns to the southwest on Willacoochee Highway, and SR335 begins a concurrency to the northwest. Just before leaving town is an intersection with SR32, northwest of Douglas is SR206 Connector. The highway continues to the northwest until it reaches its northern terminus, SR206 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nations economy, mobility and defense. State Route 206 Connector exists entirely within the part of Coffee County. It is located north of Douglas as a connector between the SR206 northwest of Douglas and US 221/SR135 northeast of town and it is a nearly west-east route. SR206 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the economy, mobility. The entire route is in Coffee County, Roads portal Georgia Roads Georgia State Route 206 on State-Ends. com
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Irwin County, Georgia
