1.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
2.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
3.
The Hague
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The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
4.
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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The Royal Academy of Art is an art academy in The Hague. Succeeding the Haagsche Teeken-Academie, the academy was founded on 29 September 1682 and it has been training ground for a number of significant artists of the Hague School. And it was part of the art movement of Dutch Impressionism and was also in the vicinity of the II. However, in the 19th century the training for a time was still strongly oriented towards the classic curriculum. At the end of the 19th century this academy had opened to Modernism, in the 18th century the Hague Academy was a thriving institution. The end of the 18th century were difficult due to the absence of any financial support. The low point was around 1800, when the academy was working less than ten students. Under William I of the Netherlands finally support returned and the old, in 1821 the drawing education was combined with the newly established School of Civil Engineering. After being housed in the Korenbeurs and Boterwaag in 1839, a new building was designed by city architect Zeger Reyers. In the 19th century the famous artists Johannes Bosboom, Isaac Israels, Willem Maris, Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, in 1937 on the site of the ancient temple completed a new academy building designed by J. H. Plantenga, J. W. E. In 1990 the Royal Academy merged with the Royal Conservatory of The Hague into the School of Visual Arts, Music, the academy every two years awards the Gerrit Noordzij Prize initial designs. After the year of 1821, she received more importance again, now she moved in the house of the Korenbeurs. This small building was important for the future of this school. Later they moved to the Boterwaag, there wasnt enough light for the painting classes. Finally in the year 1839 the Academy got their own house at the Prinsessegracht - it was built by Zeger Reyers in the style of the Neoclassicism. In the 20th-century the classes do grow and more place was needed, thus from 1934-1937 the academy got a new building at Prinsessegracht 4. The new building has been built in the style of the Bauhaus, at the end of the 19th century witnessed the Hague art scene flourished, which was also very well known abroad as Hague School. Many well-known artists like Breitner, the brothers Maris and Bosboom were trained in the academy, in the first half of the 20th century the academy has played a pioneering role in the Netherlands, too
5.
Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten
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The Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten was founded in 1870 in Amsterdam. It is an academy, a place where philosophers, academics and artists meet to test and exchange ideas. The school supports visual artists with a two-year curriculum, among its pioneers here were Georg Breitner, Jan Toorop, Piet Mondrian and Willem Arnoldus Witsen. Other artists connected with the academy were Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Willem Wiegmans, Constant Nieuwenhuijs, Karel Appel, Corneille, Ger Lataster, Willem Hofhuizen, the school provides an education academically comparable with a university. There are open each year, which provide an opportunity to see the work of young artists. From 1718 to 1819 Amsterdam had an art school, the Stadstekenacademie Amsterdam, in 1820, the Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten continued the artistic tradition. The prevailing style was panel painting in oil, landscape painting influenced by neoclassicism, in 1869, the Amsterdam school received its present name. The academy was a place for philosophers, scientists and artists to come together and share knowledge, early students included George Hendrik Breitner, Isaac Israëls and Willem Witsen, who were influenced by Amsterdam Impressionism. Under director August Allebé, the Saint Luke student movement was founded, allebés cosmopolitan attitude changed the schools method of instruction, emphasizing the avant-garde. Around 1985, the received the additional title of Instituut voor Praktijkstudie. In 1992 it moved into a cavalry barracks at Sarphatistraat 470 in Amsterdam. In November 1999, it became an independent art institution, the school is financed by the Ministry of Education and private sponsors. The institute offers workshops with specialized technical personnel and a library focusing on art and art history. Students receive a scholarship and are offered a studio in which to live, in recent years nearly 1,200 students have applied for a place at the academy, and each year about 20 are accepted. The artists come from all over the world, with less than half from the Netherlands, artists and art critics are often invited to visit student studios. The Academy awards a Prix de Rome to eligible artists and architects, the award originated with the French Prix de Rome in 1666. In 1808 Louis Bonaparte introduced the prize in the Netherlands to promote art, since 1870 the Rijksakademie has made the award, the oldest and most valuable art prize in the Netherlands. In 1985, the Prix de Rome was reorganised, prize money was increased, and there were more participating artists, new art categories were added, which change annually
6.
1928 Summer Olympics
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The 1928 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Amsterdam had bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but had to give way to wartorn Antwerp, Belgium, the only other candidate city for the 1928 Games was Los Angeles, which would host the Olympics four years later. The United States Olympic Committee measured the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games in preparation for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million for a loss of US$18 and these Olympics were the first to be organised under the IOC presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour. For the first time, the Olympic Flame was lit during the Olympics, the torch relay, however, would not occur until the 1936 Summer Olympics. For the first time, the parade of nations started with Greece, which holds the origins of the Olympics, and ended with the host country, the Games were officially opened by Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized him to deputise for her. This was the time a head of state had not personally officiated at an Olympic opening ceremony. The first at the games of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, in opposition he had refused offers by heads of state to do this, whereas the Queen refused as she was on holiday in Norway and did not want to disrupt her trip. The Queen was furious at the committee for not consulting with her about the opening date. Athletics events were held on a 400-meter track, later becoming the standard for athletics tracks and these games were the first to feature a standard schedule of 16 days, which is still followed. Previously, competition had been stretched out several months. Johnny Weissmuller, who appeared in several Tarzan movies, won two gold medals in swimming. Paavo Nurmi of Finland won his ninth and final medal in the 10,000 m race. Canadas Percy Williams surprised everyone by winning both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events, south American football made a definite breakthrough, as Uruguay retained its title by defeating Argentina. India took its first ever gold in the sport of field hockey, mikio Oda of Japan won the triple jump event with a result of 15.21 meters, becoming the first gold medalist from an Asian country. The then Crown Prince Olav, later King of Norway, was amongst the participants and he won a gold medal in sailing. Pat OCallaghan won newly independent Irelands first ever medal, taking gold in the hammer throw, the first appearance of the sponsor Coca-Cola at the Olympic Games. These games were the first to bear the name Summer Olympic Games, germany returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1912, after being banned from the 1920 and 1924 Games
7.
Hague School
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The Hague School is a group of artists who lived and worked in The Hague between 1860 and 1890. Their work was influenced by the realist painters of the French Barbizon school. The painters of the Hague school generally made use of relatively somber colors, after the great periods of Dutch art in the Golden Age of the 17th century, there were economic and political problems which diminished activity in art. The fine arts in the Netherlands enjoyed a revival around 1830, the style was an imitation of the great 17th-century artists. The most widely accepted paintings of this period were landscapes and paintings which reflected national history, Andreas Schelfhout was a painter of landscapes, especially winter scenes, but also woodlands and the dunes between The Hague and Scheveningen. His best known pupils included Wijnand Nuyen, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Wijnand Nuyen was one of the best of the romantic artists of the time and he had a great influence on Weissenbruch and Johannes Bosboom. Art training at that time was usually in the form of drawing schools, many young artists who later became members of the Hague School were frustrated by this and scattered to various places to receive the training they desired. Gerard Bilders left the Hague Academy of Drawing and completed training with the Swiss animal painter, paul Gabriël went to Kleve, just over the German border, to study with the landscape painter Barend Cornelis Koekkoek. Jozef Israëls, unsatisfied with the academies at Groningen and Amsterdam, Jacob Maris left the Hague Academy for the corresponding institution in Antwerp and from there he went to study with Ernest Hébert in Paris. His brother Matthijs Maris studied with Nicaise de Keyser in Antwerp, Hendrik Willem Mesdag left Groningen to perfect his skills in Brussels under Willem Roelofs. He also received instructions from Lawrence Alma-Tadema, who would later move to England. In the 1830s artists like Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet, Charles-François Daubigny, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot found their way to Barbizon, the emphasis of their work here was on painting nature as they saw it - Barbizon was not a school but a community of artists. This gave rise to the well known Barbizon school and their example was followed in the 1850s by a few Dutch painters who gathered in Oosterbeek in order to work in the surrounding countryside. These painters had been influenced by the artists of the Barbizon School, some of these artists, such as Jozef Israëls, Jacob Maris and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch visited Barbizon to paint there. In those times it came to the contact and even to study travelling from Düsseldorf to the Netherlands, later, in the Düsseldorf art association an exhibition took place on the subject Fishing place of Scheveningen. It concerned such names like Carl Hilgers, Hermann Mevius, Carl Adloff, the call of the Düsseldorf painters school attracetd artists of the Hague school, such Johannes Bosboom and J. W. Bilders. At the beginning of his career Jozef Israëls proceeded to a trip to Düsseldorf. Also Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen and Philip Sadée came to Düsseldorf, the Düsseldorf academy was famous as a training centre for her scenery and histories painting
8.
George Hendrik Breitner
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George Hendrik Breitner was a Dutch painter and photographer. An important figure in Amsterdam Impressionism, he is noted especially for his paintings of street scenes and he painted en plein air, and became interested in photography as a means of documenting street life and atmospheric effects – rainy weather in particular – as reference materials for his paintings. George Hendrik Breitner was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from 1876–1880 he attended the Art Academy in The Hague where his extraordinary talent was rewarded on various occasions. From October 1878 till April 1879 he worked as an art teacher at the Leiden academy Ars Aemula Naturae, in 1880 he was expelled from the Art Academy of The Hague for misconduct, because he had destroyed the regulations-board. In the same year he lived at landscapist Willem Mariss place at Loosduinen and was accepted as a member of Pulchri Studio, later, he distanced himself from the Hague School and today he is generally regarded as an Amsterdam Impressionist. During 1880–1881 he worked at the famous Panorama Mesdag together with Hendrik Mesdag, S. Mesdag-van Houten, Theophile de Bock, in 1882 he met and worked together with Vincent van Gogh, with whom he often went sketching in the poorer areas of The Hague. Breitner preferred working-class models, labourers, servant girls and people from the lower class districts, interest in the lot of the common people, which many artists felt in that period, was nurtured by the social conscience of French writers such as Émile Zola. He was associated with the Dutch literary group known as the Tachtigers and this was a group that championed impressionism and naturalism against romanticism, influencing other painters such as Isaac Israëls, Willem Witsen, and poets like Willem Kloos. In 1886 he entered the Rijksakademie of Amsterdam, but soon it became clear that Breitner was far beyond the level of education offered there, Breitner saw himself as le peintre du peuple, the peoples painter. He was the painter of city views par excellence, wooden foundation piles by the harbour, demolition work and construction sites in the old centre, horse trams on the Dam, with his nervous brush strokes, he captured the dynamic street life. By 1890, cameras were affordable, and Breitner had a better instrument to satisfy his ambitions. He became very interested in capturing movement and illumination in the city and it is not impossible that Breitners preference for cloudy weather conditions and a greyish and brownish palette resulted from certain limitations of the photographic material. Breitner also painted female nudes, but just like Rembrandt he was criticized because his nudes were painted too realistically, in his own time Breitners paintings were admired by artists and art lovers, but often despised by the Dutch art critics for their raw and realistic nature. By the turn of the century Breitner was a painter in the Netherlands. Breitner travelled frequently in the last decades of his life, visiting Paris, London, and Berlin, among other cities, in 1909 he went to the United States as a member of the jury for the Carnegie International Exhibition in Pittsburgh. Although Breitner exhibited abroad early on, his fame never crossed the borders of the Netherlands, at the time foreign interest was more for anecdotal and picturesque works, the typical Dutchness of the Hague School. As time went by critics lost interest in Breitner, the younger generation regarded impressionism as too superficial. They aspired to an elevated and spiritual form of art
9.
Salon (Paris)
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The Salon, or rarely Paris Salon, beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Between 1748 and 1890 it was arguably the greatest annual or biennial art event in the Western world, at the 1761 Salon, thirty-three painters, nine sculptors, and eleven engravers contributed. From 1881 onward, it has been managed by the Société des Artistes Français, in 1667, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salons original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, exhibition at the Salon de Paris was essential for any artist to achieve success in France for at least the next 200 years. Exhibition in the Salon marked a sign of royal favor, in 1725, the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions, held from 18 August 1737 to 5 September 1737 at the Grand Salon of the Louvre and they were held, at first, annually, and then biennially, in odd-numbered years. They would start on the feast day of St. Louis, once made regular and public, the Salons status was never seriously in doubt. In 1748 a jury of awarded artists was introduced, from this time forward, the influence of the Salon was undisputed. The Salon exhibited paintings floor-to-ceiling and on every inch of space. The jostling of artwork became the subject of other paintings. Printed catalogues of the Salons are primary documents for art historians, critical descriptions of the exhibitions published in the gazettes mark the beginning of the modern occupation of art critic. The French revolution opened the exhibition to foreign artists, the vernissage of opening night was a grand social occasion, and a crush that gave subject matter to newspaper caricaturists like Honoré Daumier. Charles Baudelaire, Denis Diderot and others wrote reviews of the Salons, the 1848 revolution liberalized the Salon. The amount of refused works was greatly reduced, the increasingly conservative and academic juries were not receptive to the Impressionist painters, whose works were usually rejected, or poorly placed if accepted. The Salon opposed the Impressionists shift away from traditional painting styles, in 1863 the Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. An uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected, in order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refusés, containing a selection of the works that the Salon had rejected that year. It opened on 17 May 1863, marking the birth of the avant-garde, the Impressionists held their own independent exhibitions in 1874,1876,1877,1879,1880,1881,1882 and 1886. In 1881, the government withdrew official sponsorship from the annual Salon, in December 1890, the leader of the Société des Artistes Français, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, propagated the idea that Salon should be an exhibition of young, not-yet awarded, artists
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