1.
Amsterdam
–
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
2.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
Netherlands
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The Netherlands in 5500 BC
Netherlands
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Flag
Netherlands
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The Netherlands in 500 BC
Netherlands
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An oak figurine found in
Willemstad, North Brabant (4500 BC).
3.
The Hague
–
The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
The Hague
The Hague
The Hague
The Hague
4.
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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The Royal Academy of Art is an art academy in The Hague. Succeeding the Haagsche Teeken-Academie, the academy was founded on 29 September 1682 and it has been training ground for a number of significant artists of the Hague School. And it was part of the art movement of Dutch Impressionism and was also in the vicinity of the II. However, in the 19th century the training for a time was still strongly oriented towards the classic curriculum. At the end of the 19th century this academy had opened to Modernism, in the 18th century the Hague Academy was a thriving institution. The end of the 18th century were difficult due to the absence of any financial support. The low point was around 1800, when the academy was working less than ten students. Under William I of the Netherlands finally support returned and the old, in 1821 the drawing education was combined with the newly established School of Civil Engineering. After being housed in the Korenbeurs and Boterwaag in 1839, a new building was designed by city architect Zeger Reyers. In the 19th century the famous artists Johannes Bosboom, Isaac Israels, Willem Maris, Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, in 1937 on the site of the ancient temple completed a new academy building designed by J. H. Plantenga, J. W. E. In 1990 the Royal Academy merged with the Royal Conservatory of The Hague into the School of Visual Arts, Music, the academy every two years awards the Gerrit Noordzij Prize initial designs. After the year of 1821, she received more importance again, now she moved in the house of the Korenbeurs. This small building was important for the future of this school. Later they moved to the Boterwaag, there wasnt enough light for the painting classes. Finally in the year 1839 the Academy got their own house at the Prinsessegracht - it was built by Zeger Reyers in the style of the Neoclassicism. In the 20th-century the classes do grow and more place was needed, thus from 1934-1937 the academy got a new building at Prinsessegracht 4. The new building has been built in the style of the Bauhaus, at the end of the 19th century witnessed the Hague art scene flourished, which was also very well known abroad as Hague School. Many well-known artists like Breitner, the brothers Maris and Bosboom were trained in the academy, in the first half of the 20th century the academy has played a pioneering role in the Netherlands, too
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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Building of the Royal Academy of Art at the Prinsessegracht 4 in The Hague.
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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Entrance area of the Royal Academy of Art, Prinsessegracht 3-4, 1930.
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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The Boterwaag at the Prinsegracht belonged temporarily to the art academy.
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
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The Korenbeurs at Schiedam belonged to the Academy, too.
5.
Rijksakademie
–
The Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten was founded in 1870 in Amsterdam. It is an academy, a place where philosophers, academics and artists meet to test and exchange ideas. The school supports visual artists with a two-year curriculum, among its pioneers here were Georg Breitner, Jan Toorop, Piet Mondrian and Willem Arnoldus Witsen. Other artists connected with the academy were Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Willem Wiegmans, Constant Nieuwenhuijs, Karel Appel, Corneille, Ger Lataster, Willem Hofhuizen, the school provides an education academically comparable with a university. There are open each year, which provide an opportunity to see the work of young artists. From 1718 to 1819 Amsterdam had an art school, the Stadstekenacademie Amsterdam, in 1820, the Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten continued the artistic tradition. The prevailing style was panel painting in oil, landscape painting influenced by neoclassicism, in 1869, the Amsterdam school received its present name. The academy was a place for philosophers, scientists and artists to come together and share knowledge, early students included George Hendrik Breitner, Isaac Israëls and Willem Witsen, who were influenced by Amsterdam Impressionism. Under director August Allebé, the Saint Luke student movement was founded, allebés cosmopolitan attitude changed the schools method of instruction, emphasizing the avant-garde. Around 1985, the received the additional title of Instituut voor Praktijkstudie. In 1992 it moved into a cavalry barracks at Sarphatistraat 470 in Amsterdam. In November 1999, it became an independent art institution, the school is financed by the Ministry of Education and private sponsors. The institute offers workshops with specialized technical personnel and a library focusing on art and art history. Students receive a scholarship and are offered a studio in which to live, in recent years nearly 1,200 students have applied for a place at the academy, and each year about 20 are accepted. The artists come from all over the world, with less than half from the Netherlands, artists and art critics are often invited to visit student studios. The Academy awards a Prix de Rome to eligible artists and architects, the award originated with the French Prix de Rome in 1666. In 1808 Louis Bonaparte introduced the prize in the Netherlands to promote art, since 1870 the Rijksakademie has made the award, the oldest and most valuable art prize in the Netherlands. In 1985, the Prix de Rome was reorganised, prize money was increased, and there were more participating artists, new art categories were added, which change annually
Rijksakademie
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Unreacted competition design for the new Rijsksakademe van beeldende kunsten by Michel de Klerk from the year 1917.
Rijksakademie
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Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten - courtyard.
Rijksakademie
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Students of the Rijksakademie in 1882/83.
Rijksakademie
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Willem I., King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, who has continued the idea of the Prix de Rome.
6.
Amsterdam Impressionism
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Amsterdam Impressionism was an art movement in late 19th-century Holland. It is associated especially with George Hendrik Breitner and is known as the School of Allebé. The innovative ideas about painting of the French Impressionists were introduced into the Netherlands by the artists of the Hague School and this new style of painting was also adopted in Amsterdam by the young generation of artists of the late 19th century. Like their French colleagues, these Amsterdam painters put their impressions onto canvas with rapid and they focused on depicting the everyday life of the city. Nevertheless his painting style was too free to be realist in nature. In 1884 he moved briefly to Paris, coming into contact with impressionism, also included in the movement are a group of late-impressionist woman artists called the Amsterdamse Joffers, whose members included Lizzy Ansingh and Suze Bisschop-Robertson. This artists belong to the 2, the Influence of their work was important on the subsequent movement of modern art in the 20th century
Amsterdam Impressionism
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Students of the Rijksacademie Amsterdam (1882/83).
Amsterdam Impressionism
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Floris Arntzenius (undated): Marktet with flower stalls, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.
Amsterdam Impressionism
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Floris Arntzenius (undated): Spuistraat in Den Haag, privat collection.
Amsterdam Impressionism
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Johan Coenraad Braakensiek (1926): Hartjesdag, Amsterdam Museum.
7.
1928 Summer Olympics
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The 1928 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Amsterdam had bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but had to give way to wartorn Antwerp, Belgium, the only other candidate city for the 1928 Games was Los Angeles, which would host the Olympics four years later. The United States Olympic Committee measured the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games in preparation for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million for a loss of US$18 and these Olympics were the first to be organised under the IOC presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour. For the first time, the Olympic Flame was lit during the Olympics, the torch relay, however, would not occur until the 1936 Summer Olympics. For the first time, the parade of nations started with Greece, which holds the origins of the Olympics, and ended with the host country, the Games were officially opened by Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized him to deputise for her. This was the time a head of state had not personally officiated at an Olympic opening ceremony. The first at the games of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, in opposition he had refused offers by heads of state to do this, whereas the Queen refused as she was on holiday in Norway and did not want to disrupt her trip. The Queen was furious at the committee for not consulting with her about the opening date. Athletics events were held on a 400-meter track, later becoming the standard for athletics tracks and these games were the first to feature a standard schedule of 16 days, which is still followed. Previously, competition had been stretched out several months. Johnny Weissmuller, who appeared in several Tarzan movies, won two gold medals in swimming. Paavo Nurmi of Finland won his ninth and final medal in the 10,000 m race. Canadas Percy Williams surprised everyone by winning both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events, south American football made a definite breakthrough, as Uruguay retained its title by defeating Argentina. India took its first ever gold in the sport of field hockey, mikio Oda of Japan won the triple jump event with a result of 15.21 meters, becoming the first gold medalist from an Asian country. The then Crown Prince Olav, later King of Norway, was amongst the participants and he won a gold medal in sailing. Pat OCallaghan won newly independent Irelands first ever medal, taking gold in the hammer throw, the first appearance of the sponsor Coca-Cola at the Olympic Games. These games were the first to bear the name Summer Olympic Games, germany returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1912, after being banned from the 1920 and 1924 Games
1928 Summer Olympics
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Logo of the 1928 Summer Olympics
1928 Summer Olympics
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The Olympisch Stadion in 1928
1928 Summer Olympics
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Prince Hendrik watching the football-match Netherlands–Uruguay (0–2)
1928 Summer Olympics
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Eight Dutch stamps from 1928, showing different sports of the 1928 Summer Olympics
8.
Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics
–
Art competitions were held as part of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Medals were awarded in five categories, for works inspired by sport-related themes, the art exhibition was held at the Stedelijk Museum from 12 June to 12 August, and displayed 1150 works of art from 18 different countries. Additionally, the competition attracted 40 entries from 10 countries. The art competitions at the 1928 Games was larger in scope than for previous Games, instead of a single competition in each of the five artistic categories, awards were presented in multiple subcategories. The judges of the music competition declined to award any medals in two of the three subcategories, and only presented a bronze medal in the third. Art competitions were part of the Olympic program from 1912 to 1948, since 1952, a non-competitive art and cultural festival has been associated with each Games. At the time, medals were awarded to artists. These events do not appear in the IOC medal database, and these totals are not included in the IOCs medal table for the 1928 Games
Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics
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Jan Wils won the gold medal for the design of the
Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam
9.
Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
Painting
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The
Mona Lisa, by
Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.
Painting
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Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (
Ming Dynasty)
Painting
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Circus Sideshow (
French: Parade de cirque),
Georges Seurat, 1887–88
Painting
–
Cave painting of aurochs, (
French: Bos primigenius primigenius),
Lascaux,
France,
prehistoric art
10.
Hague School
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The Hague School is a group of artists who lived and worked in The Hague between 1860 and 1890. Their work was influenced by the realist painters of the French Barbizon school. The painters of the Hague school generally made use of relatively somber colors, after the great periods of Dutch art in the Golden Age of the 17th century, there were economic and political problems which diminished activity in art. The fine arts in the Netherlands enjoyed a revival around 1830, the style was an imitation of the great 17th-century artists. The most widely accepted paintings of this period were landscapes and paintings which reflected national history, Andreas Schelfhout was a painter of landscapes, especially winter scenes, but also woodlands and the dunes between The Hague and Scheveningen. His best known pupils included Wijnand Nuyen, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Wijnand Nuyen was one of the best of the romantic artists of the time and he had a great influence on Weissenbruch and Johannes Bosboom. Art training at that time was usually in the form of drawing schools, many young artists who later became members of the Hague School were frustrated by this and scattered to various places to receive the training they desired. Gerard Bilders left the Hague Academy of Drawing and completed training with the Swiss animal painter, paul Gabriël went to Kleve, just over the German border, to study with the landscape painter Barend Cornelis Koekkoek. Jozef Israëls, unsatisfied with the academies at Groningen and Amsterdam, Jacob Maris left the Hague Academy for the corresponding institution in Antwerp and from there he went to study with Ernest Hébert in Paris. His brother Matthijs Maris studied with Nicaise de Keyser in Antwerp, Hendrik Willem Mesdag left Groningen to perfect his skills in Brussels under Willem Roelofs. He also received instructions from Lawrence Alma-Tadema, who would later move to England. In the 1830s artists like Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet, Charles-François Daubigny, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot found their way to Barbizon, the emphasis of their work here was on painting nature as they saw it - Barbizon was not a school but a community of artists. This gave rise to the well known Barbizon school and their example was followed in the 1850s by a few Dutch painters who gathered in Oosterbeek in order to work in the surrounding countryside. These painters had been influenced by the artists of the Barbizon School, some of these artists, such as Jozef Israëls, Jacob Maris and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch visited Barbizon to paint there. In those times it came to the contact and even to study travelling from Düsseldorf to the Netherlands, later, in the Düsseldorf art association an exhibition took place on the subject Fishing place of Scheveningen. It concerned such names like Carl Hilgers, Hermann Mevius, Carl Adloff, the call of the Düsseldorf painters school attracetd artists of the Hague school, such Johannes Bosboom and J. W. Bilders. At the beginning of his career Jozef Israëls proceeded to a trip to Düsseldorf. Also Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen and Philip Sadée came to Düsseldorf, the Düsseldorf academy was famous as a training centre for her scenery and histories painting
Hague School
–
Morning Ride on the Beach by Anton Mauve.
Hague School
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Shipwreck on a Rocky Coast by Wijnand Nuyen.
Hague School
–
Forest View near Barbizon by Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch.
Hague School
–
Cows at a Pond by Gerard Bilders.
11.
George Hendrik Breitner
–
George Hendrik Breitner was a Dutch painter and photographer. An important figure in Amsterdam Impressionism, he is noted especially for his paintings of street scenes and he painted en plein air, and became interested in photography as a means of documenting street life and atmospheric effects – rainy weather in particular – as reference materials for his paintings. George Hendrik Breitner was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from 1876–1880 he attended the Art Academy in The Hague where his extraordinary talent was rewarded on various occasions. From October 1878 till April 1879 he worked as an art teacher at the Leiden academy Ars Aemula Naturae, in 1880 he was expelled from the Art Academy of The Hague for misconduct, because he had destroyed the regulations-board. In the same year he lived at landscapist Willem Mariss place at Loosduinen and was accepted as a member of Pulchri Studio, later, he distanced himself from the Hague School and today he is generally regarded as an Amsterdam Impressionist. During 1880–1881 he worked at the famous Panorama Mesdag together with Hendrik Mesdag, S. Mesdag-van Houten, Theophile de Bock, in 1882 he met and worked together with Vincent van Gogh, with whom he often went sketching in the poorer areas of The Hague. Breitner preferred working-class models, labourers, servant girls and people from the lower class districts, interest in the lot of the common people, which many artists felt in that period, was nurtured by the social conscience of French writers such as Émile Zola. He was associated with the Dutch literary group known as the Tachtigers and this was a group that championed impressionism and naturalism against romanticism, influencing other painters such as Isaac Israëls, Willem Witsen, and poets like Willem Kloos. In 1886 he entered the Rijksakademie of Amsterdam, but soon it became clear that Breitner was far beyond the level of education offered there, Breitner saw himself as le peintre du peuple, the peoples painter. He was the painter of city views par excellence, wooden foundation piles by the harbour, demolition work and construction sites in the old centre, horse trams on the Dam, with his nervous brush strokes, he captured the dynamic street life. By 1890, cameras were affordable, and Breitner had a better instrument to satisfy his ambitions. He became very interested in capturing movement and illumination in the city and it is not impossible that Breitners preference for cloudy weather conditions and a greyish and brownish palette resulted from certain limitations of the photographic material. Breitner also painted female nudes, but just like Rembrandt he was criticized because his nudes were painted too realistically, in his own time Breitners paintings were admired by artists and art lovers, but often despised by the Dutch art critics for their raw and realistic nature. By the turn of the century Breitner was a painter in the Netherlands. Breitner travelled frequently in the last decades of his life, visiting Paris, London, and Berlin, among other cities, in 1909 he went to the United States as a member of the jury for the Carnegie International Exhibition in Pittsburgh. Although Breitner exhibited abroad early on, his fame never crossed the borders of the Netherlands, at the time foreign interest was more for anecdotal and picturesque works, the typical Dutchness of the Hague School. As time went by critics lost interest in Breitner, the younger generation regarded impressionism as too superficial. They aspired to an elevated and spiritual form of art
George Hendrik Breitner
–
George Hendrik Breitner photographed by
Willem Witsen
George Hendrik Breitner
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The Dam, Amsterdam (c.1895) Watercolor 40 x 51 cm
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
George Hendrik Breitner
–
Reclining woman oil on canvas, 95 x 146 cm
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
George Hendrik Breitner
–
George Hendrik Breitner - Street View in The Hague (?),
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (SK-A-3547).
12.
Hendrik Willem Mesdag
–
Hendrik Willem Mesdag was a Dutch marine painter. He was born in Groningen, the son of the banker Klaas Mesdag, Mesdag was encouraged by his father, an amateur painter, to study art. He married Sina van Houten in 1856, and when they inherited a fortune from her father and he studied in Brussels with Willem Roelofs and in 1868 moved to The Hague to paint the sea. In 1870 he exhibited at the Paris Salon and won the medal for The Breakers of the North Sea. In 1880 he received a commission from a Belgian company to paint a panorama giving a view over the village of Scheveningen on the North Sea coast near The Hague. With the help of Sina and students he completed the enormous painting —14 m high and 120 m around — by 1881 and he joined the art society of The Hague and in 1889 was elected chairman. In 1903 he gave his house at Laan van Meerdervoort and his collection of paintings to the Netherlands,1903, Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau. Works by or about Hendrik Willem Mesdag at Internet Archive Mesdag documentation society Museum Mesdag
Hendrik Willem Mesdag
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Portrait of Hendrik Willem Mesdag by Hendrik Johannes Haverman
Hendrik Willem Mesdag
–
Preparations for departure
Hendrik Willem Mesdag
–
Pinks in the breakers, c. 1880
13.
Paris Salon
–
The Salon, or rarely Paris Salon, beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Between 1748 and 1890 it was arguably the greatest annual or biennial art event in the Western world, at the 1761 Salon, thirty-three painters, nine sculptors, and eleven engravers contributed. From 1881 onward, it has been managed by the Société des Artistes Français, in 1667, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salons original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, exhibition at the Salon de Paris was essential for any artist to achieve success in France for at least the next 200 years. Exhibition in the Salon marked a sign of royal favor, in 1725, the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions, held from 18 August 1737 to 5 September 1737 at the Grand Salon of the Louvre and they were held, at first, annually, and then biennially, in odd-numbered years. They would start on the feast day of St. Louis, once made regular and public, the Salons status was never seriously in doubt. In 1748 a jury of awarded artists was introduced, from this time forward, the influence of the Salon was undisputed. The Salon exhibited paintings floor-to-ceiling and on every inch of space. The jostling of artwork became the subject of other paintings. Printed catalogues of the Salons are primary documents for art historians, critical descriptions of the exhibitions published in the gazettes mark the beginning of the modern occupation of art critic. The French revolution opened the exhibition to foreign artists, the vernissage of opening night was a grand social occasion, and a crush that gave subject matter to newspaper caricaturists like Honoré Daumier. Charles Baudelaire, Denis Diderot and others wrote reviews of the Salons, the 1848 revolution liberalized the Salon. The amount of refused works was greatly reduced, the increasingly conservative and academic juries were not receptive to the Impressionist painters, whose works were usually rejected, or poorly placed if accepted. The Salon opposed the Impressionists shift away from traditional painting styles, in 1863 the Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. An uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected, in order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refusés, containing a selection of the works that the Salon had rejected that year. It opened on 17 May 1863, marking the birth of the avant-garde, the Impressionists held their own independent exhibitions in 1874,1876,1877,1879,1880,1881,1882 and 1886. In 1881, the government withdrew official sponsorship from the annual Salon, in December 1890, the leader of the Société des Artistes Français, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, propagated the idea that Salon should be an exhibition of young, not-yet awarded, artists
Paris Salon
–
Formally dressed patrons at the Salon in 1890
Paris Salon
–
This portrait by
John Singer Sargent of
Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau depicting her
cleavage caused considerable controversy when it was displayed at the 1884 Salon.
Paris Salon
–
Salon of 1932, Grand Palais, Paris.
Paris Salon
–
Salon of 1753
14.
Borinage
–
The Borinage is an area in the Walloon province of Hainaut in Belgium. The provincial capital Mons is located in the east of the Borinage, in French the inhabitants are called Borains, but there was a great sociological difference between Mons and the Borains of all the villages around Mons. From the 18th century to 1850, the economy of thirty municipalities in the Borinage was founded on coal mining, between 1822 and 1829, production more than doubled in that region i. e. from 602,000 to 1,260,000 tons. That was more than the production of France and Germany at the time. The Borinage exported its coal mostly to France and Flanders, in 1957, out of 64,800 people recorded as being in employment in the Borinage,23,000 worked in the coal industry. Only 7,000 people in services, although in Belgium as a whole,49 percent of employment was in the tertiary sector. In the 1960s, because of the end of the collieries, Ladrière, Meynaud, in his mid-twenties, the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh spent several years living there, ca. First, he preached to and lived with the coal miners, then, he had a breakdown and decided to become an artist, while living there. His first masterpiece, The Potato Eaters, of Dutch land peasants, was inspired by the bad conditions of miners. Dutch-born Belgian painter Henry Luyten resided in the Borinage during 1886 and 1887 and he witnessed the great strike and its bloody suppression. In response, he painted the triptych The Strike on which he worked until 1893, the painting measures 3 to 5 meters. The painting on the panel is called After the uprising. This region was emblematic of the whole Sillon industriel in Wallonia, for instance the Belgian general strike of 1893 was initiated by the Borains according to Marcel Liebman. The area is best known for its former coalmining industry, the living conditions of the miners were featured in the famous documentary film Misère au Borinage made by Henri Storck and Joris Ivens. It is one of the most important references in the documentary genre, in 1932, a great strike paralysed the coalmines of Wallonia and the response of employers and the police had been merciless. Throughout it all the population was ill-informed and largely indifferent. André Thirifays, Pierre Vermeylen and all the indignant young people involved in the Club de lécran, decided to bear witness to this dire poverty using their weapon, the camera. With the aid of a doctor and a lawyer, with little funding, hiding from the police but supported by the whole population
Borinage
–
The Borains (from
Jemappes) killed by the Civic guard of
Mons on 17 April 1893 (
Le Petit Journal May 1893)
Borinage
–
This giant
mining lamp of the Heribus
colliery. It now stands on the square of
Cuesmes
Borinage
–
Gallow frame of the Crachet in
Frameries (after renovation)
15.
Tachtigers
–
This article deals with literature written in Dutch during the 19th century in the Dutch-speaking regions. The last years of the 18th century, which had seen decline in the Republic, including the arts and international politics, were marked by a general revival of intellectual force. Bilderdijk had no time for the new style of poetry, but its fervour found its way into the Netherlands nevertheless. Van Alphen is best remembered for the verses he wrote for children, Van Alphen was an exponent of the more sentimental school along with Rhijnvis Feith, whose romances are steeped in Weltschmerz. In Hendrik Tollens some the power of Bilderdijk and the sweetness of Feith were combined and he is best known for celebrating the great deeds of Dutch history in a series of lyrical romances. Today, Tollens is best known for his poem Wien Neêrlands Bloed, an effort that, set to music, was the Dutch national anthem until 1932. A poet of talent, whose powers were awakened by personal intercourse with Tollens. Staring first published at the age of only, but continued to write till past his seventieth year. His poems are a blend of romanticism and rationalism, during this period, the Low Countries had gone through major political upheaval. The Spanish Netherlands had first become the Austrian Netherlands before being annexed by France in 1794 and this transition period removed many old habits and institutions and provided for unitary government, the first constitution and uniform orthography. In scientific and religious men of letters showed themselves cognizant of the newest shades of opinion. At the same time, no very great genius arose in the Netherlands in any branch of literature, for the thirty or forty years preceding 1880 the course of literature in Holland was smooth and even sluggish. The Dutch writers had slipped into a conventionality of treatment and a limitation of form from which even the most striking talents among them could scarcely escape. Poetry and a part of prose was dominated by the so-called school of ministers. As a result, many of their products emphasized Biblical and bourgeois domestic values, a poet of power and promise was lost in the early death of P. A. de Genestet. His narrative poem De Sint-Nicolaasavond appeared in 1849 and attained great popularity, another poet who among others wrote verse for children was Jan Pieter Heije, whose songs are sung to this day. A poet who left no large contemporary impression but who is considered one of the few readable 19th-century poets is Piet Paaltjens. Paaltjens personifies the pure Romantic vein exemplified in German literature by Heine, criticism was best represented by W. J. A. Jonckbloet, who was the first to write a comprehensive history of Dutch literature
Tachtigers
–
Hendrik Conscience.
Tachtigers
–
Willem Bilderdijk.
Tachtigers
–
E. Douwes Dekker (Multatuli).
Tachtigers
–
Jacques Perk.
16.
Willem de Zwart
–
Willem De Zwart was born in The Hague on 16 May 1862, the eldest of eight children. His youngest brother, Pieter, would become a painter. His father painted carriages for a living, and in 1875 the fourteen-year-old Willem was apprenticed to a maker to learn the same trade. In his spare time, he copied prints he found in magazines, the following year, he was admitted at the studio of Jacob Maris. In the three years that he remained here, it is probable that he got to know many of the lights of the Hague School. Maris also sent De Zwart on a journey to the coast, without drawing materials, De Zwart made several copies of works by 16th and 17th century masters in the Mauritshuis. He was most interested in the works of Johannes Vermeer, Paulus Potter, and Rembrandt, sometimes he produced copies on commission. In this period, he made detailed studies of animals, concentrating particularly on their legs, heads. De Zwart developed a painting style with a sober, predominantly brown palette. Willem de Zwart lived and worked until 1894 in The Hague and his work has a wide range of subjects, landscapes, cityscapes, portraits and still life, rendered in a naturalistic or impressionist style. His work shows affinity with the people and city-oriented Amsterdam Impressionism, in his choice of subjects belonged to the Hague School and in his style and his exuberant use of color to the school of Amsterdam Impressionism. He is also known as the Hague Breitner because of the similarity of his work to that of George Hendrik Breitner and he painted his landscapes, figure paintings and still lifes with smooth, bold brushstrokes
Willem de Zwart
–
Self-portrait (c.1910)
Willem de Zwart
–
The Sandpit, black chalk and watercolor
Willem de Zwart
–
The Haywagon
Willem de Zwart
–
Carriages with Waiting Coachmen
17.
Scheveningen
–
Scheveningen, is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict of that city. Scheveningen is a seaside resort with a long, sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier. The beach is popular for sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. The harbour is used for fishing and tourism. Some local politicians are trying to re-brand Scheveningen to The Hague Beach and this has created problems with the local population that is proud of the name Scheveningen. Initiatives have been launched to teach people all over the world how to pronounce the name properly and it has its own dialect, which is different from The Hague dialect. The earliest reference to the name Sceveninghe goes back to around 1280, the first inhabitants may have been Anglo-Saxons. Other historians favour a Scandinavian origin, fishing was the main source of food and income. The Battle of Scheveningen was fought between English and Dutch fleets off the coast of the village on 10 August 1653, thousands of people gathered on the shore to watch. A road to neighbouring The Hague was constructed in 1663, in 1470, a heavy storm destroyed the church and half the houses. The village was hit by storms in 1570,1775,1825,1860,1881. After this last storm, the decided to build a harbour. Until then, the boats had had a flat bottom. By around 1870, over 150 of these boats were in use, once the harbour had been constructed in 1904, more modern ships replaced the bomschuiten. In 1818, Jacob Pronk constructed a building on a dune near the sea. It marked the start of Scheveningen as a bathing resort, since then, Scheveningen has attracted numerous tourists from all over Europe, notably from Germany. The hotel and restaurant Kurhaus was opened in 1886, the village attracted a number of Dutch artists over the centuries, who painted the bomschuiten drawn up on the beach, or fishermen at work in the North Sea. The International Skating Union was founded in Scheveningen in 1892, nevertheless, Scheveningen always had a strong identity of its own
Scheveningen
–
Scheveningen pier
Scheveningen
–
Scheveningen pier in the background, view from the harbour's breakwater
Scheveningen
–
The engraving by
William van der Gouwen shows a 20-m-long (70 ft) whale, stranded on the Dutch coast between Scheveningen and
Katwijk on February 3, 1598.
Scheveningen
–
The beach at Scheveningen by
Adriaen van de Velde, painted 1658
18.
Max Liebermann
–
Max Liebermann was a German-Jewish painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany. The son of a Jewish fabric manufacturer turned banker from Berlin and he first studied law and philosophy at the University of Berlin, but later studied painting and drawing in Weimar in 1869, in Paris in 1872, and in the Netherlands in 1876–77. During the Franco-Prussian War, Liebermann served as a medic with the Order of St. John near Metz, after living and working for some time in Munich, he finally returned to Berlin in 1884, where he remained for the rest of his life. He was married in 1884 to Martha Marckwald and he used his own inherited wealth to assemble an impressive collection of French Impressionist works. He later chose scenes of the bourgeoisie, as well as aspects of his garden near Lake Wannsee, in Berlin, he became a famous painter of portraits, his work is especially close in spirit to Édouard Manet. In his work he steered away from religious subject matter, with one exception being an early painting. His painting of a Semitic-looking boy Jesus conferring with Jewish scholars sparked debate, at the International Art Show in Munich it stirred up a storm for its supposed blasphemy, with one critic describing Jesus as the ugliest, most impertinent Jewish boy imaginable. Noted for his portraits, Liebermann also painted himself from time to time, on the occasion of his 50th birthday, Liebermann was given a solo exhibition at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, and the following year he was elected to the academy. From 1899 to 1911 he led the premier avant-garde formation in Germany, in his various capacities as a leader in the artistic community, Liebermann spoke out often for the separation of art and politics. In the formulation of arts reporter and critic Grace Glueck he pushed for the right of artists to do their own thing and his interest in French Realism was offputting to conservatives, for whom such openness suggested what they thought of as Jewish cosmopolitanism. He did contribute regularly to a put out by artists during World War I. Beginning in 1920 he was president of the Prussian Academy of Arts, in 1933 he resigned when the academy decided to no longer exhibit works by Jewish artists, before he would have been forced to do so under laws restricting the rights of Jews. While watching the Nazis celebrate their victory by marching through the Brandenburg Gate, Liebermann was reported to have commented, Ich kann gar nicht soviel fressen, wie ich kotzen möchte. In 1909 Liebermann bought property in Wannsee, a suburb of summer homes on the outskirts of Berlin. From the 1910s until his death, images of the gardens dominated his work, together with Lovis Corinth and Max Slevogt, Liebermann became an exponent of German Impressionism. On his 80th birthday, in 1927, Liebermann was celebrated with an exhibition, declared an honorary citizen of Berlin. Liebermann died on February 8,1935, at his home on Berlins Pariser Platz, according to Käthe Kollwitz, he fell asleep about 7 p. m. and was gone. However, despite official strictures by the Gestapo, more than 100 friends, among the mourners were Kollwitz, Hans Purrmann, Otto Nagel, Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Bruno Cassirer, Georg Kolbe, Max J. Friedländer and Adolph Goldschmidt
Max Liebermann
–
Max Liebermann in 1904
Max Liebermann
–
Jesus in the Temple (detail), 1879.
Max Liebermann
–
Max Liebermann - Flachsscheuer in Laren
Max Liebermann
–
Im Schwimmbad, late 1870s,
Dallas Museum of Art
19.
Leidseplein
–
The Leidseplein is a square in central Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Lying in the southwest of the Grachtengordel district of Amsterdam, the Leidseplein is immediately northeast of the Singelgracht canal and it is situated on the crossroads of the Weteringschans, the Marnixstraat, and the Leidsestraat. The Leidseplein is one of the busiest centres for nightlife in the city, historically, the square was the end of the road from Leiden, and served as a parking lot for horse-drawn traffic. Today, modern traffic travels through the square and side streets are packed with restaurants, the Stadsschouwburg, a theater, is the most notable architectural landmark on the square, and the American Hotel is close by
Leidseplein
–
Besides the square itself, several streets around it, such as the Korte Leidsedwarsstraat (pictured) are named after the city of
Leiden.
20.
Haute couture
–
Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
Haute couture
–
Pierre Balmain adjusting a dress on model
Ruth Ford in 1947 (photographed by
Carl Van Vechten)
Haute couture
–
Haute couture on the
runway, by
Christian Lacroix
Haute couture
–
Chanel Haute Couture Fall-Winter 2011-2012 Fashion Show by
Karl Lagerfeld
21.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
22.
Montmartre
–
Montmartre is a large hill in Pariss 18th arrondissement. It is 130 m high and gives its name to the surrounding district, Montmartre is primarily known for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit and as a nightclub district. The other, older, church on the hill is Saint Pierre de Montmartre, Montmartre is also the setting for several hit films. This site is served by metro, with line 2 stations at Anvers, Pigalle, and Blanche and line 12 stations at Pigalle, Abbesses, Lamarck - Caulaincourt, texts from the 8th century cite the name of mons Mercori, and a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the Church of Saint-Pierre found coins from the 3rd century, earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But found vestiges of Roman baths from the 2nd century. According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as the fontaine Saint-Denis, then descended the slope of the hill. Hilduin wrote that a church had built in the place formerly called Mont de Mars. In 1134, king Louis VI purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre and he also founded The Royal Abbey of Montmartre, a monastery of the Benedictine order, whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a chapel, called the Martyrium, at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called abbaye den bas was built at that site, the abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the French Revolution, and the convent demolished to make place for gypsum mines. The church of Saint-Pierre was saved, at the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located, an oratory was built in 1855. By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of peach. The first mills were built on the slope in 1529, grinding wheat, barley. The siege eventually failed when a relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw. In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris and that year, under the revolutionary government of the National Constituent Assembly, it became the commune of Montmartre, with its town hall located on place du Tertre, site of the former abbey. The main businesses of the commune were wine making, stone quarries, the mining of gypsum had begun in the Gallo-Roman period, first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground, sold as montmartarite, it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water
Montmartre
–
Montmartre, dominated by the
Basilica of the Sacré Cœur
Montmartre
–
Saint-Pierre de Montmartre (1133) seen from the dome of the Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur.
Montmartre
–
The Moulin de la Galette, painted by
Vincent Van Gogh in 1887 (Carnegie Museum of Art).
Montmartre
–
The Chapel of the Martyrs of Monmartre Abbey in the 17th century
23.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
–
Toulouse-Lautrec is among the best-known painters of the Post-Impressionist period, with Cézanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin. In a 2005 auction at Christies auction house, La Blanchisseuse, his painting of a young laundress, sold for US$22.4 million. The last part of his name means he was a member of an aristocratic family and his younger brother was born in 1867, but died the following year. After the death of his brother, Henris parents separated and a nanny ended up taking care of him, at the age of eight, Henri went to live with his mother in Paris where he drew sketches and caricatures in his exercise workbooks. The family quickly realised that Henris talents lay in drawing and painting, a friend of his father, René Princeteau, visited sometimes to give informal lessons. Some of Henris early paintings are of horses, a speciality of Princeteau, in 1875, Toulouse-Lautrec returned to Albi because his mother had concerns about his health. He took thermal baths at Amélie-les-Bains and his mother consulted doctors in the hope of finding a way to improve her sons growth, Toulouse-Lautrecs parents, the Comte and Comtesse, were first cousins, and he suffered from congenital health conditions sometimes attributed to a family history of inbreeding. At age 13, Toulouse-Lautrec fractured his right femur, at age 14, he fractured his left. The breaks did not heal properly, modern physicians attribute this to an unknown genetic disorder, possibly pycnodysostosis, or a variant disorder along the lines of osteopetrosis, achondroplasia, or osteogenesis imperfecta. Rickets aggravated by praecox virilism has also been suggested, afterwards, his legs ceased to grow, so that as an adult he was extremely short. He developed an adult-sized torso, while retaining his child-sized legs, additionally, he is reported to have had hypertrophied genitals. Physically unable to participate in many activities enjoyed by males his age and he became an important Post-Impressionist painter, art nouveau illustrator, and lithographer, and, through his works, recorded many details of the late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle in Paris. Toulouse-Lautrec contributed a number of illustrations to the magazine Le Rire during the mid-1890s, after initially failing college entrance exams, he passed his second attempt and completed his studies. Toulouse-Lautrecs mother had high ambitions and, with the aim of her son becoming a fashionable and respected painter and he was drawn to Montmartre, the area of Paris famous for its bohemian lifestyle and the haunt of artists, writers, and philosophers. Studying with Bonnat placed Toulouse-Lautrec in the heart of Montmartre, an area he rarely left over the next 20 years. After Bonnat took a new job, Toulouse-Lautrec moved to the studio of Fernand Cormon in 1882 and studied for a five years. At this time he met Émile Bernard and Vincent van Gogh, Cormon, whose instruction was more relaxed than Bonnats, allowed his pupils to roam Paris, looking for subjects to paint. During this period, Toulouse-Lautrec had his first encounter with a prostitute, which led him to paint his first painting of a prostitute in Montmartre, a woman rumoured to be Marie-Charlet
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
–
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
–
La Toilette (fr), oil on board, 1896
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
–
Woman at the Tub from the Portfolio Elles (Femme au Tub) (1896)
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
–
Toulouse-Lautrec's grave in
Verdelais
24.
Edgar Degas
–
Edgar Degas was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance, more than half of his works depict dancers and he is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. He was a draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his rendition of dancers, racecourse subjects. His portraits are notable for their complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation. At the beginning of his career, Degas wanted to be a history painter, in his early thirties, he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life. Degas was born in Paris, France, into a wealthy family. He was the oldest of five children of Célestine Musson De Gas, a Creole from New Orleans, Louisiana, and Augustin De Gas and his maternal grandfather Germain Musson, was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti of French descent and had settled in New Orleans in 1810. Degas began his schooling at age eleven, enrolling in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and his mother died when he was thirteen, and his father and grandfather became the main influences on him for the remainder of his youth. Degas began to paint early in life, by the time he graduated from the Lycée with a baccalauréat in literature in 1853, at age 18, he had turned a room in his home into an artists studio. Upon graduating, he registered as a copyist in The Louvre Museum, Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but applied little effort to his studies. In April of that year Degas was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts and he studied drawing there with Louis Lamothe, under whose guidance he flourished, following the style of Ingres. In July 1856, Degas traveled to Italy, where he would remain for the three years. In 1858, while staying with his aunts family in Naples and he also began work on several history paintings, Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah in 1859–60, Sémiramis Building Babylon in 1860, and Young Spartans around 1860. In 1861 Degas visited his childhood friend Paul Valpinçon in Normandy and he exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1865, when the jury accepted his painting Scene of War in the Middle Ages, which attracted little attention. The change in his art was influenced primarily by the example of Édouard Manet, upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas enlisted in the National Guard, where his defense of Paris left him little time for painting. During rifle training his eyesight was found to be defective, after the war, Degas began in 1872 an extended stay in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his brother René and a number of other relatives lived. Staying at the home of his Creole uncle, Michel Musson, on Esplanade Avenue, Degas produced a number of works, many depicting family members. One of Degass New Orleans works, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, garnered favorable attention back in France, Degas returned to Paris in 1873 and his father died the following year, whereupon Degas learned that his brother René had amassed enormous business debts
Edgar Degas
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Self-portrait (Degas au porte-fusain), 1855
Edgar Degas
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Edgar Degas c. 1850s
Edgar Degas
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A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873
Edgar Degas
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The Dance Class (La Classe de Danse), 1873–1876, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas
25.
Jeanne Paquin
–
Jeanne Paquin was a leading French fashion designer, known for her resolutely modern and innovative designs. She was the first major female couturier and one of the pioneers of the fashion business. Jeanne Paquin was born Jeanne Marie Charlotte Beckers in 1869, sent out to work as a young teenager, Jeanne trained as a dressmaker at Rouff. She quickly rose through to ranks becoming première, in charge of the atelier, in 1891, Jeanne Marie Charlotte Beckers married Isidore René Jacob, who was also known as Paquin. Isidore owned Paquin Lalanne et cie, a house which had grown out of a menswear shop in the 1840s. The couple renamed the company Paquin and set about building the business, in 1890, Jeanne and Isidore Paquin opened their Maison de Couture at 3 Rue de la Paix in Paris, next to the celebrated House of Worth. Jeanne was in charge of design, while Isidore ran the business, initially, Jeanne favored the pastels in fashion at the time. Eventually, she moved on to stronger colors like black and her signature red, black had been traditionally the color of mourning. Jeanne made the color fashionable by blending it with vividly colorful linings, Jeanne Paquin was the first couturier to send models dressed in her apparel to public events such operas and horse races for publicity. Paquin also frequently collaborated with the illustrators and architects such as Léon Bakst, George Barbier, Robert Mallet-Stevens, in 1913, a New York Times reporter described Jeanne as the most commercial artist alive. A London branch of The House of Paquin was opened in 1896 and this shop employed a young Madeleine Vionnet. The company later expanded with shops in Buenos Aires and Madrid, in 1900, Jeanne was instrumental in organizing the Universal Exhibition and she was elected president of the Fashion Section. Her designs were featured prominently at the Exhibition and Jeanne created a mannequin of herself for display, Isidore Paquin died in 1907 at the age of 45, leaving Jeanne a widow at 38. Over 2,000 people attended Isidores funeral, after Isidores death, Jeanne dressed mostly in black and white. In 1912, Jeanne and her half-brother opened a furrier, Paquin-Joire, the same year, Jeanne signed an exclusive illustraion contract with La Gazette du Bon Ton. La Gazette du Bon Ton featured six other leading Paris designers of the day – Louise Chéruit, Georges Doeuillet, Jacques Doucet, Paul Poiret, Redfern & Sons, and the House of Worth. In 1913, Jeanne accepted France’s prestigious Legion d’Honneur in recognition of her contributions to the country – the first woman designer to receive the honor. A year later, Jeanne toured the United States, for five dollars, attendees saw The House of Paquins latest designs
Jeanne Paquin
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Caricature of Jeanne Paquin by
Sem, 1910.
Jeanne Paquin
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1903. Chincilla fur stole and muff by Paquin.
Jeanne Paquin
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1906. 'Five Hours at Paquin' by
Henri Gervex
Jeanne Paquin
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1907. 'La Rue de la Paix' by
Jean Béraud. Paquin's salon is on the far right.
26.
First World War
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
First World War
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Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
First World War
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Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
First World War
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This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
First World War
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
27.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
28.
Rotten Row
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Rotten Row is a broad track running for 1,384 metres along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a way to travel to St. Jamess Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain, the lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi, French for Kings Road, in the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row, the adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a base covered by sand. The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and it is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public. Michael Crichtons 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, a Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990. ROTTEN ROW - The Kings Old Road, Completed 1690 This ride originally formed part of King William IIIs carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its Construction was supervised by the Serveyor of their Majesties Roads, Captain Michael Studholme, designated as a public bridleway in the 1730s, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world. Rotten Row is a location in at least 15 places in England and Scotland, such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats and dates to the 14th century or earlier. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran, Ratten Row, the Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park—description of 18th century parading on Rotten Row. Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row. Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park
Rotten Row
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Rotten Row from Hyde Park Corner.
Rotten Row
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Rotten Row and the South Carriage Drive (1894).
Rotten Row
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A view of Rotten Row, painted by Thomas Blinks, circa 1900
29.
Mata Hari
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Margaretha Zelle was born in Leeuwarden, in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. She was the eldest of four children of Adam Zelle and his first wife Antje van der Meulen, despite rumours, Zelle had no Asian or Middle Eastern ancestry and both her parents were Dutch, with her mother additionally being of Frisian descent. Soon after Margarethas father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced and her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove, by whom he had no children. The family fell apart, and Margaretha moved to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, subsequently, she studied to be a kindergarten teacher in Leiden, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her offended godfather. A few months later, she fled to her uncles home in The Hague. At 18, Zelle answered an advertisement in a Dutch newspaper placed by Dutch Colonial Army Captain Rudolf MacLeod, Zelle married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod and Dina Louisa, the marriage enabled her to move into the Dutch upper class, and her finances were placed on a sound footing. They moved to Malang on the east side of the island of Java, traveling out on SS Prinses Amalia in May 1897, the marriage was an overall disappointment. MacLeod was an alcoholic and regularly beat his wife, who was twenty years younger and he also openly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Dutch East Indies at that time. The disenchanted Zelle abandoned him temporarily, moving in with Van Rheedes and she studied the Indonesian traditions intensively for several months and joined a local dance company during that time. In 1897, she revealed her name of Mata Hari, Malay for sun. At MacLeods urging, Zelle returned to him, but his behavior did not change and she escaped her circumstances by studying the local culture. In 1899, their children fell violently ill from complications relating to the treatment of syphilis contracted from their parents, some sources maintain that one of MacLeods enemies may have poisoned a supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to the Netherlands, the couple separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final in 1906, Zelle was awarded custody of Jeanne. MacLeod was legally required to pay support, which he never did, making very difficult for Zelle. During a visit of Jeanne with her father, MacLeod decided not to return Jeanne to her mother, Zelle did not have resources to fight the situation and accepted it, believing that while McLeod had been an abusive husband, he had always been a good father. Jeanne later died at the age of 21, also possibly from complications relating to syphilis, in 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider using the name Lady MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods
Mata Hari
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Mata Hari on a 1906 postcard
Mata Hari
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Her children Louise Jeanne and Norman-John, with his father
Mata Hari
Mata Hari
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Mata Hari performing in 1905
30.
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Johanna Gezina Jo van Gogh-Bonger was the wife of Theo van Gogh, art dealer, and the sister-in-law of the painter Vincent van Gogh and key player in the growth of Vincents fame. Johanna Gezina Bonger was born on 4 October 1862 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands and she was the fifth of seven children, the daughter of an insurance broker. The family was musical, holding evening performances of quartets, and she stayed some months in London, working in the library of the British Museum. From the age of seventeen she kept a diary, which was to become a source of much information about Vincent van Gogh. At this time she came under the influence of the non-conformist writer Multatuli. At the age of twenty-two she became a teacher of English at a school for girls at Elburg. About this time while in Amsterdam she was introduced by her brother Andries to Theo van Gogh, one of the Van Gogh sisters described her as smart and tender. Theo became preoccupied with Johanna, and the following year paid a visit to Amsterdam to declare his love, surprised and annoyed that a man she hardly knew should wish to marry her, she rejected him. However, she accepted his proposal the following year, and they were married in Amsterdam on 17 April 1889 and their son Vincent Willem, was born on 31 January 1890. Following Theos death in January 1891, Johanna was left a widow with her infant son to support and she was left with only an apartment in Paris filled with a few items of furniture and about 200 then valueless works of her brother-in-law Vincent. She had not kept her diary during her marriage, but resumed it, to earn extra income she translated short stories from French and English into Dutch. In 1905, to the evident disapproval of her family, she was one of the members of a womens socialist movement. It is schoolgirlish twaddle, nothing more, in August 1901, she married Johan Cohen Gosschalk, a Dutch painter who was born in Amsterdam. She was widowed again in 1912, in 1914, she moved Theos body from Utrecht to Auvers-sur-Oise and interred it next to Vincents grave. A sprig of ivy taken from the garden of Dr Paul Gachet carpets both graves to this day, after the death of Vincent and her husband, she worked assiduously on editing the brothers correspondence, producing the first volume in Dutch in 1914. She also played a key role in the growth of Vincents fame and she wrote a Van Gogh family history as well. Johanna van Gogh stayed in contact with Vincent van Goghs friend Eugène Boch to whom she offered the portrait of Eugene Boch in July 1891. She also stayed in touch with Émile Bernard, who helped her to promote Vincent van Goghs paintings, the legacy and renown of Vincent van Gogh the long-suffering artist began to spread in the years after his death, first in the Netherlands, and Germany and then throughout Europe
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Johanna van Gogh-Bonger in 1889
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Johanna Bonger, by her second husband Johan Cohen Gosschalk, 1905
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Jo with son Vincent Willem at the studio of photographer Raoul Saisset, 4 Rue Frochot, Paris, 1890
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