1.
Toronto International Film Festival
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The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world, attracting over 480,000 people annually. Year-round, TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings, lectures, discussions, festivals, workshops, industry support, TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street in downtown Toronto. In 2015,397 films from 71 countries were screened at 28 screens in downtown Toronto venues, welcoming an estimated 480,000 attendees, TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day and lasts for eleven days. Founded in 1976, TIFF is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in the world, in 1998, Variety magazine acknowledged that TIFF is second only to Cannes in terms of high-profile pics, stars and market activity. In 2007, TIME noted that TIFF had grown from its place as the most influential film festival to the most influential film festival. This is partially the result of TIFFs ability and reputation for generating Oscar buzz, the Toronto International Festival’s Grolsch People’s Choice Award — which is based on popular vote by Festival filmgoers — has emerged as a beacon of awards-season success. Founded by Bill Marshall, Dusty Cohl and Henk Van der Kolk and that first year,35,000 filmgoers watched 127 films from 30 countries presented in ten programmes. Piers Handling has been the director and CEO since 1994. TIFF was once centred on the Yorkville neighbourhood, but the Toronto Entertainment District later gained a level of prominence. TIFF is known for the celebrity buzz it brings to the area with international media setting up near its restaurants and stores for photos and interviews with the stars. In 2010, TIFF opened its permanent headquarters, TIFF Bell Lightbox, TIFF has grown, steadily adding initiatives throughout the years. TIFF Cinematheque and the Film Reference Library opened in 1990, the TIFF Kids International Film Festival launched in 1998. Film Circuit began exhibiting independent and Canadian films in under-serviced cities across Canada in 1994, the festival was founded in 1976 at the Windsor Arms Hotel by Bill Marshall, Henk Van der Kolk and Dusty Cohl. Beginning as a collection of the films from film festivals around the world. Ironically, however, Hollywood studios withdrew their submissions from TIFF due to concerns that Toronto audiences would be too parochial for their products, in 1994, the decision was made to replace the name Festival of Festivals with Toronto International Film Festival. From 1994 to 2009, the organization running TIFF was named Toronto International Film Festival Group. In 2009, the umbrella organization TIFFG was renamed to TIFF, in 2001, Perspective Canada, the programme that had focused on Canadian films since 1984, was replaced by two programmes, Canada First. A forum for Canadian filmmakers presenting their first feature-length work, featuring eight to 15 films, and Short Cuts Canada, in 2004, TIFF was featured as the site of murder mystery in the film Jiminy Glick in Lalawood, a comedy film starring Martin Short
Toronto International Film Festival
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The festival is headquartered at TIFF Bell Lightbox, which opened in 2010.
Toronto International Film Festival
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Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF)
Toronto International Film Festival
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TIFF box office at the
Manulife Centre in 2006
Toronto International Film Festival
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TIFF Bell Lightbox
2.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
3.
Actress
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
Actress
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Actors from the
Comédie-Française c. 1720.
Actress
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Actors
Jim Brochu and
Steve Schalchlin performing in the
play The Big Voice: God or Merman
Actress
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Actress
Margaret Hughes c. 1670
Actress
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Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949),
Spaarnestad Photo
4.
Filmmaking
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Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period
Filmmaking
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Steven Spielberg with Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Filmmaking
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Sound recordist Curtis Choy (left) on location for "Dim Sum: a Little Bit of Heart," an indie film by Wayne Wang on Clement Street, San Francisco, California 1983
5.
Author
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An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
Author
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J. K. Rowling is a prominent British author
Author
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A copyright certificate certifying the authorship for a proof of the
Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.
Author
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Mark Twain was a prominent American author in multiple genres including fiction and journalism during the 19th century.
Author
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Ezra Pound (pictured as a young man in 1913) made significant editing suggestions to
T.S. Eliot 's "
The Waste Land," helping transform the original drafts into the work known today.
6.
Model (profession)
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A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
Model (profession)
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Model Posing on a Typical Studio Shooting Set
Model (profession)
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Fashion models on the
runway in 2008
Model (profession)
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Jean Shrimpton in 1965
Model (profession)
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Wilhelmina Cooper, founder of her agency
Wilhelmina Models, photographed by
Edgar de Evia in 1965.
7.
Philanthropist
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Philanthropy means etymologically, the love of humanity, in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing, and enhancing what it means to be human. In this meaning, it both the benefactor in their identifying and exercising their values, and the beneficiary in their receipt. A person who practices philanthropy is called a philanthropist, Philanthropy has distinguishing features from charity, not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa, though there is a recognized degree of overlap in practice. The literal, classical definitions and understandings of the term philanthropy derive from its origins in the Greek φιλανθρωπία, the most conventional modern definition is private initiatives, for public good, focusing on quality of life. This combines the social scientific aspect developed in the century with the humanistic tradition. These distinctions have been analyzed by Olivier Zunz, and others, instances of philanthropy commonly overlap with instances of charity, though not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa. The difference commonly cited is that charity relieves the pains of social problems, the first use of the noun form philanthrôpía came shortly thereafter, in the early Platonic dialogue Euthyphro. Socrates is reported to have said that his out of his thoughts freely to his listeners was his philanthrôpía. In the second century CE, Plutarch used the concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings and this Classically synonymous troika, of philanthropy, the humanities, and liberal education, declined with the replacement of the classical world by Christianity. During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded by Caritas charity, selfless love, Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s, who is largely credited with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture. Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with goodness, which correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue, then in the 1700s, an influential lexical figurehead by the name of Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as love of mankind, good nature. This definition still survives today and is cited more gender-neutrally as the love of humanity. However, it was Noah Webster who would more accurately reflect the usage in American English. The precise meaning of philanthropy is still a matter of some contention, nevertheless, there are some working definitions to which the community associated with the field of philanthropic studies most commonly subscribes. The Greeks adopted the love of humanity as an ideal, whose goal was excellence —the fullest self-development, of a body, mind, and spirit. The Platonic Academys philosophical dictionary defined Philanthropy as a state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity, just as Prometheus human-empowering gifts rebelled against the tyranny of Zeus, philanthropic was also associated with freedom and democracy. Both Socrates and the laws of Athens were described as philanthropic and democratic, gradually there emerged a non-religious agricultural infrastructure based on peasant farming organized into manors, which were, in turn, organized for law and order by feudalism. Francis Bacon in 1592 wrote in a letter that his vast contemplative ends expressed his philanthropic, Henry Cockeram, in his English dictionary, cited philanthropy as a synonym for humanity—thus reaffirming the Classical formulation
Philanthropist
–
The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.
Philanthropist
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Andrew Carnegie 's philanthropy.
Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903
Philanthropist
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John D. Rockefeller in 1885
Philanthropist
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Front building of the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in
Seattle
8.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray
Martin Scorsese
–
Scorsese at the 2010
Cannes Film Festival
Martin Scorsese
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From left:
Salvo Cuccia, Martin Scorsese and
Vittorio De Seta at the
2005 Tribeca Film Festival
Martin Scorsese
–
Scorsese at the
Gangs of New York screening at the
Cannes Film Festival with
Leonardo DiCaprio and
Cameron Diaz
Martin Scorsese
–
Martin Scorsese at the 65th Annual Peabody Awards
9.
David Lynch
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David Keith Lynch is an American director, screenwriter, producer, painter, musician, and photographer. He has been described by The Guardian as the most important director of this era, allMovie called him the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking, while the success of his films has led to him being labelled the first popular Surrealist. He moved to Los Angeles, where he produced his first motion picture, meanwhile, Lynch embraced the Internet as a medium, producing several web-based shows, such as the animated DumbLand and the surreal sitcom Rabbits. Lynch has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director and a nomination for best screenplay. He has won Frances César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor, the countrys top civilian honor, as a Chevalier in 2002 and then an Officier in 2007. Blue Velvet and Mulholland Drive are widely considered by critics to be among the greatest films of their respective decades, Lynch was born in Missoula, Montana on January 20,1946. His father, Donald Walton Lynch, was a research scientist working for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lynchs maternal great-grandparents were Finnish, and had immigrated to the United States from Finland in the 19th century. The Lynch family often moved around according to where the USDA assigned Donald and it was here that Lynchs sister Martha was born. The family then moved to Durham, North Carolina, then Boise, Idaho, Lynch found this transitory early life relatively easy to adjust to, noting that he found it fairly easy to meet new friends whenever he started attending a new school. Commenting on much of his life, Lynch has remarked, Alongside his schooling, Lynch joined the Boy Scouts, although he would later note that he only became so I could quit. He rose to the highest rank of Eagle Scout and it was through being an Eagle Scout that he was present with other Boy Scouts outside of the White House at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, which took place on Lynchs birthday in 1961. They had some hopes that in Europe they could train with the expressionist painter Oskar Kokoschka at his school. Upon reaching Salzburg, however, they found that he was not available and, Back in the United States, Lynch returned to Virginia, but since his parents had moved to Walnut Creek, California, he stayed with his friend Toby Keeler for a while. He decided to move to the city of Philadelphia and enroll at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, after advice from Jack Fisk and it was here that he began a relationship with a fellow student, Peggy Reavey, and they were married in 1967. The following year, Peggy gave birth to their daughter Jennifer, later describing this situation, Peggy stated that definitely was a reluctant father, but a very loving one. Hey, I was pregnant when we got married, later describing living there, Lynch stated that We lived cheap, but the city was full of fear. A kid was shot to death down the street and we were robbed twice, had windows shot out and a car stolen. The house was first broken into three days after we moved in
David Lynch
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Lynch in 2009
David Lynch
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Screenshot from
Six Men Getting Sick (Six Times). The film was an animation based upon Lynch's paintings.
David Lynch
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Lynch's Eraserhead, featuring Henry Spencer (
Jack Nance)
David Lynch
–
Lynch at the 1990
Emmy Awards ceremony
10.
Gary Oldman
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Gary Leonard Oldman is an English actor, filmmaker, musician and author who has performed in theatre, film and television. He is known for his big acting style and on-screen diversity, Oldman began acting on stage in 1979, and gained his first starring film role in Meantime. Identified in the late 1980s with the Brit Pack, he was described by critic Roger Ebert as the best young British actor around and he meanwhile gave a critically acclaimed reading of Ludwig van Beethoven in Immortal Beloved. Motion pictures in which he has starred have grossed over $10.6 billion, in 2011, Empire readers voted Oldman the recipient of the Empire Icon Award. He will portray Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour, Oldman was born in New Cross, London, the son of Leonard Bertram Oldman, a former sailor who also worked as a welder, and Kathleen Cheriton. He has stated that Leonard was an alcoholic who left the family when Oldman was seven years old, Oldman attended West Greenwich School in Deptford, leaving school at the age of 16 to work in a sports shop. He was a pianist as a child, and later a singer, in a 1995 interview with Charlie Rose, Oldman said, Something about Malcolm just arrested me, and I connected, and I said, I wanna do that. Growing up in south London, Oldman supported his local football club Millwall, and I knew that my dad was involved somehow with the reserve team. But two weeks ago my mum said, Oh yeah, your dad played for Millwall, when he was young he had a couple of first team games. He later won a scholarship to attend the Rose Bruford College in Sidcup, Southeast London, Oldman describes himself as shy although a diligent worker during his time at Rose Bruford, where he performed roles such as Puck in the performance of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream. After leaving school, Oldman was the first in his class to receive professional work, Oldman stated on The South Bank Show that it had nothing to do with being better than someone else, rather his diligence and application. When asked by Charlie Rose if he had reminded RADA of this and he made his professional stage debut in 1979 as Puss, alongside Michael Simkins and Peter Howitt, in Dick Whittington and His Cat, at Yorks Theatre Royal. The play then ran in Colchester, then with Glasgows Citizens Theatre, Oldmans work ethic, from 1980 to 1981, he appeared in The Massacre at Paris, Desperado Corner, and Robert David MacDonalds plays Chinchilla and A Waste of Time. He performed in a 6-month West End run of MacDonalds Summit Conference, opposite Glenda Jackson, also that year, Oldman made his film debut in Colin Greggs Remembrance, and would have starred in Don Boyds Gossip if that film had not collapsed. The following year, he landed a role as a skinhead in Mike Leighs film Meantime. Afterwards, he went to Westcliffe to star in Saved, Saved proved to be a major breakthrough for Oldman. Max Stafford-Clark, artistic director of the Royal Court Theatre, had seen Oldmans performance and cast him as Scopey, Oldman was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company from 1985 to 1986. The 1984 production of The Popes Wedding had been seen by director Alex Cox and he twice turned down the role before accepting it, because, in his own words, I wasnt really that interested in Sid Vicious and the punk movement
Gary Oldman
–
Oldman in 2014.
Gary Oldman
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Oldman in 2000
Gary Oldman
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Oldman signing autographs at the Harry Potter premiere, 2007
11.
Roberto Rossellini
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Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Rossellini was one of the directors of the Italian neorealist cinema and his mother was of part French descent, from immigrants who had arrived in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. He lived on the Via Ludovisi, where Benito Mussolini had his first Roman hotel in 1922 when Fascism obtained power in Italy. When his father died, he worked as a soundmaker for films and for a time he experienced all the accessory jobs related to the creation of a film. Rossellini had a brother, Renzo, who scored many of his films. On 26 September 1936, he married Marcella De Marchis, a designer with whom he collaborated even after their marriage was over. This was after a quick annulment from Assia Noris, a Russian actress who worked in Italian films, De Marchis and Rossellini had two sons, Marco Romano, and Renzo. Rossellini and De Marchis separated in 1950, in 1937, Rossellini made his first documentary, Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune. After this essay, he was called to assist Goffredo Alessandrini in making Luciano Serra pilota, in 1940 he was called to assist Francesco De Robertis on Uomini sul Fondo. His close friendship with Vittorio Mussolini, son of Il Duce, has interpreted as a possible reason for having been preferred to other apprentices. Some authors describe the first part of his career as a sequence of trilogies, to this period belongs his friendship and cooperation with Federico Fellini and Aldo Fabrizi. The Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 and just two months after the liberation of Rome, Rossellini was already preparing the anti-fascist Roma città aperta, Fellini assisted on the script and Fabrizi played the role of the priest, while Rossellini self-produced. Most of the came from credits and loans, and film had to be found on the black market. This dramatic film was an immediate success, since I do not have the desire to waste my energy in a battle like this, I only use professional actors occasionally. One of the reasons for success is supposed to be Rossellinis rewriting of the according to the non-professional actors feelings. Regional accent, dialect, and costumes were shown in the film as they were in real life, after his Neorealist Trilogy, Rossellini produced two films now classified as the Transitional films, LAmore and La macchina ammazzacattivi, on the capability of cinema to portray reality and truth. In 1948, Rossellini received a letter from a foreign actress proposing a collaboration, Dear Mr. Rossellini, I saw your films Open City and Paisan. Ingrid Bergman With this letter began one of the best known stories in film history, with Bergman
Roberto Rossellini
–
Rossellini posing for a photograph.
12.
Ingrid Bergman
–
Ingrid Bergman was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and the Tony Award for Best Actress. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca and as Alicia Huberman in Notorious, before becoming a star in American films, Bergman had been a leading actress in Swedish films. Her introduction to American audiences came with her role in the English-language remake of Intermezzo. Selznicks financial problems meant that Bergman was often loaned to other studios, apart from Casablanca, her performances from this period include Victor Flemings remake of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Gaslight, and The Bells of St. Marys. Her last films for Selznick were Alfred Hitchcocks Spellbound and Notorious and her final film for Hitchcock was Under Capricorn. After a decade in American films, she starred in Roberto Rossellinis Stromboli, many of her personal and film documents can be seen in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives. According to the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Bergman quickly became the ideal of American womanhood, in 2007, the American Film Institute ranked Bergman as the fourth-greatest female screen legend of classic American cinema. Bergman, named after Princess Ingrid of Sweden, was born on 29 August 1915 in Stockholm, to a Swedish father, Justus Bergman, when she was two years old, her mother died. Her father, who was an artist and photographer, died when she was 13, in the years before he died, he wanted her to become an opera star, and had her take voice lessons for three years. But she always knew from the beginning that she wanted to be an actress, sometimes wearing her mothers clothes and her father documented all her birthdays with a borrowed camera. After his death, she was sent to live with an aunt and she then moved in with her Aunt Hulda and Uncle Otto, who had five children. Another aunt she visited, Elsa Adler, first told Ingrid, when she was 11, that her mother may have had some Jewish blood, but her aunt also cautioned her about telling others about her possible ancestry as there might be some difficult times coming. Biographer Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, however, notes that the claim of Jewish blood was likely an embellishment, after being forced to do an in-depth genealogical investigation, Bergmans maternal cousin found there to be no Jewish ancestry on Bergmans mothers side. Later, she received a scholarship to the state-sponsored Royal Dramatic Theatre School, after several months she was given a part in a new play, Ett Brott, written by Sigfrid Siwertz. Chandler notes that this was totally against procedure at the school, during her first summer break, she was also hired by a Swedish film studio, which led to her leaving the Royal Dramatic Theatre after just one year, to work in films full-time. Her first film role after leaving the Royal Dramatic Theatre was a part in 1935s Munkbrogreven. She went on to act in a films in Sweden, including En kvinnas ansikte, which was later remade as A Womans Face with Joan Crawford
Ingrid Bergman
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Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman
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Ingrid Bergman at 14
Ingrid Bergman
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Her first film, Munkbrogreven (1935) at age 19.
Ingrid Bergman
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With Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca
13.
Italian neorealist
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Italian neorealism came about as World War II ended and Benito Mussolinis government fell, causing the Italian film industry to lose its centre. Neorealism was a sign of change and social progress in Italy. Its films presented contemporary stories and ideas and were shot in streets as the Cinecittà film studios had been damaged significantly during the war. Largely prevented from writing about politics, the critics attacked the Telefoni Bianchi films that dominated the industry at the time, as a counter to the popular mainstream films, some critics felt that Italian cinema should turn to the realist writers from the turn of the 20th century. Both Antonioni and Visconti had worked closely with Jean Renoir, in addition, many of the filmmakers involved in neorealism developed their skills working on calligraphist films. Elements of neorealism are also found in the films of Alessandro Blasetti, two of the most significant precursors of neorealism are Jean Renoirs Toni and Alessandro Blasettis 1860. In the spring of 1945, Mussolini was executed and Italy was liberated from German occupation and this period, known as the Italian Spring, was a break from old ways and an entrance to a more realistic approach when making films. Italian cinema went from utilizing elaborate studio sets to shooting on location in the countryside, the first neorealist film is generally thought to be Ossessione by Luchino Visconti. Neorealism became famous globally in 1946 with Roberto Rossellinis Rome, Open City, Italian neorealism rapidly declined in the early 1950s. Liberal and socialist parties were having difficulties presenting their message, the vision of the existing poverty and despair, presented by neorealist cinema, was demoralizing a nation anxious for prosperity and change. Additionally, the first positive effects of the Italian economic miracle period – such as rises in income levels – caused the themes of neorealism to lose their relevance. As a consequence, most Italians favored the optimism shown in many American movies of the time, italys move from individual concern with neorealism to the tragic frailty of the human condition can be seen through Federico Fellinis films. His early works La Strada and Il bidone are transitional movies, the larger social concerns of humanity, treated by neorealists, gave way to the exploration of individuals. Their needs, their alienation from society and their failure to communicate became the main focal point in the Italian films to follow in the 1960s. They are shot almost exclusively on location, mostly in cities as well as rural areas due to its forming during the post-war era. Neorealist films typically explore the conditions of the poor and the working class. Characters oftentimes exist within simple social order where survival is the primary objective, performances are mostly constructed from scenes of people performing fairly mundane and quotidian activities, devoid of the self-consciousness that amateur acting usually entails. Neorealist films often feature children in major roles, though their characters are frequently more observational than participatory, Vittorio De Sicas 1948 film The Bicycle Thief is also representative of the genre, with non-professional actors, and a story that details the hardships of working-class life after the war
Italian neorealist
–
A still shot from
Rome, Open City (1945).
Italian neorealist
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Bicycle Thieves (1948)
14.
Blue Velvet (film)
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Blue Velvet is a 1986 American neo-noir mystery film, written and directed by David Lynch. Blending psychological horror film noir, the film stars Kyle MacLachlan, Isabella Rossellini, Dennis Hopper. The title is taken from Bobby Vintons 1963 song of the same name, the screenplay of Blue Velvet had been passed around multiple times in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with many major studios declining it because of its strong sexual and violent content. The independent studio De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, owned at the time by Italian film producer Dino De Laurentiis, Blue Velvet initially received a divided critical response, with many stating that its objectionable content served little artistic purpose. It nevertheless earned Lynch his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director, publications including Sight & Sound, Time, Entertainment Weekly and BBC Magazine have ranked it among the greatest American films of all time. In 2008, Blue Velvet was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the greatest American mystery films ever made, Jeffrey Beaumont returns to his logging home town of Lumberton, North Carolina, from Oak Lake College after his father suffers a near-fatal stroke. While walking home from the hospital, he cuts through a vacant lot, Jeffrey takes the ear to police detective John Williams and becomes reacquainted with the detectives daughter, Sandy. She tells him details about the ear case and a woman, Dorothy Vallens. Increasingly curious, Jeffrey enters Dorothys apartment by posing as an exterminator, Jeffrey and Sandy attend Dorothys nightclub act, in which she sings Blue Velvet, and leave early so Jeffrey can sneak into her apartment to snoop. He hurriedly hides in a closet when she returns home, however, Dorothy, wielding a knife, discovers him and threatens to kill him. Dorothy hides Jeffrey in the closet, from there he witnesses the visitor, Frank Booth, inflict his bizarre sexual proclivities—which include inhaling an unidentified gas, dry humping, and sadomasochism—upon Dorothy. Frank is an extremely foul-mouthed, violent sociopath whose orgasmic climax is a fit of both pleasure and rage and he continually refers to her as Mommy and to himself as both the Daddy and the Baby, who wants to fuck. Frank has kidnapped Dorothys husband and son to force her to sexual favors. When Frank leaves, a sad and desperate Dorothy tries to seduce Jeffrey again and demands that he hit her, when Jeffrey moves to leave, she asks him to stay, though he leaves anyway. Jeffrey relays his experience to Sandy, asking her why there are people like Frank, Sandy in turn tells him of a wonderful dream she had about robins that she interprets as a sign of hope for humanity. Jeffrey and Sandy find themselves attracted to other, though Sandy has a boyfriend. Jeffrey again visits Dorothys apartment and she tells him that although she knows nothing about him, Jeffrey attends another of Dorothys performances at the club, where she sings the same song. At the club, Jeffrey spots Frank in the audience fondling a piece of velvet fabric he cut from Dorothys robe
Blue Velvet (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
Blue Velvet (film)
–
"I guess it means there's trouble until the robins come": Throughout the film, a dream Sandy had is alluded to, in which the world was full of darkness and turmoil until a group of
robins were set free, unleashing blinding light and love.
Lighting is a strong symbolic aspect of the film, illustrated in this second shot which is saturated with light representing the return to normalcy and love.
Blue Velvet (film)
–
Lynch and Rossellini at the
Cannes Film Festival.
15.
Death Becomes Her
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The film focuses on a pair of rivals who drink a magic potion that promises eternal youth. Death Becomes Her won the Academy Award for Visual Effects, the film was a commercial success, grossing $149 million at the box office. In 1978, narcissistic, manipulative Madeline Ashton performs in a musical version of Sweet Bird of Youth on Broadway. She invites long-time rival Helen Sharp, a writer, backstage along with Helens fiancé. Ernest is smitten with Madeline, breaking off his engagement with Helen to marry her, Helen winds up in a psychiatric hospital after fixating upon Madeline. Obese and depressed, Helen feigns rehabilitation and is released, plotting revenge on Madeline, seven years later, Madeline lives in Beverly Hills with Ernest, but they are miserable. Madelines career has faded, and Ernest is an alcoholic reduced to working as a reconstructive mortician, receiving an invitation to a party celebrating Helens new book, Madeline rushes to a spa where she regularly receives facial treatments. Understanding Madelines situation, the spa owner gives her the card of Lisle von Rhoman. Madeline and Ernest attend the party for Helens novel, Forever Young, dumbfounded and depressed by Helens appearance, Madeline visits her young lover but discovers he is with a woman his age. Dejected, Madeline drives to Lisles home, Lisle is a mysterious, wealthy socialite claiming to be 71, but looks much younger. She reveals to Madeline the secret of her beauty, a potion that promises eternal life. Madeline purchases and drinks the potion and is rejuvenated, as a condition of purchase, Madeline must disappear from public life after ten years to keep the existence of the potion secret. Lisle warns Madeline to take care of her body. Helen seduces Ernest and convinces him to kill Madeline, when Madeline returns home, she and Ernest argue, during which Madeline falls down the stairs, breaking her neck. Believing Madeline dead, Ernest phones Helen for advice, not seeing Madeline stand, Ernest assumes she has a dislocated neck and drives her to the emergency room. Madeline is told she is dead and faints. She is taken to the due to her body having no pulse. After rescuing Madeline, Ernest takes the sign of her resurrection as a miracle, returns home with Madeline, Helen demands information about Madelines situation
Death Becomes Her
–
Theatrical release poster
Death Becomes Her
–
Death Becomes Her: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
16.
Golden Globe Award
–
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award
–
The Golden Globe statuette
17.
Pisa
–
Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its tower, the city of over 90,834 residents contains more than 20 other historic churches, several medieval palaces. Much of the architecture was financed from its history as one of the Italian maritime republics. The origin of the name, Pisa, is a mystery, while the origin of the city had remained unknown for centuries, the Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans, and the Ligurians had variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archaeological remains from the 5th century BC confirmed the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks, the presence of an Etruscan necropolis, discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991, confirmed its Etruscan origins. Ancient Roman authors referred to Pisa as an old city, strabo referred Pisas origins to the mythical Nestor, king of Pylos, after the fall of Troy. Virgil, in his Aeneid, states that Pisa was already a center by the times described. The Virgilian commentator Servius wrote that the Teuti, or Pelops, the maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the naval ram. Pisa took advantage of being the port along the western coast from Genoa to Ostia. Pisa served as a base for Roman naval expeditions against Ligurians, Gauls, in 180 BC, it became a Roman colony under Roman law, as Portus Pisanus. In 89 BC, Portus Pisanus became a municipium, Emperor Augustus fortified the colony into an important port and changed the name in Colonia Iulia obsequens. It is supposed that Pisa was founded on the shore, however, due to the alluvial sediments from the Arno and the Serchio, whose mouth lies about 11 kilometres north of the Arnos, the shore moved west. Strabo states that the city was 4.0 kilometres away from the coast, currently, it is located 9.7 kilometres from the coast. However it was a city, with ships sailing up the Arno. In the 90s AD, a complex was built in the city. During the later years of the Roman Empire, Pisa did not decline as much as the cities of Italy, probably thanks to the complexity of its river system. After Charlemagne had defeated the Lombards under the command of Desiderius in 774, Pisa went through a crisis, politically it became part of the duchy of Lucca
Pisa
–
Pisa
Pisa
–
Coat of arms
Pisa
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Hypothetical map of Pisa in the 5th century AD
Pisa
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Hypothetical map of Pisa in the 11th century AD
18.
Tuscany
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Tuscany is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. Tuscany is known for its landscapes, traditions, history, artistic legacy, Tuscany produces wines, including Chianti, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino. Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is considered a nation within a nation. Tuscany is traditionally a popular destination in Italy, and the main tourist destinations by number of tourist arrivals are Florence, Pisa, Montecatini Terme, Castiglione della Pescaia and Grosseto. The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is also the most visited destination in the region. Additionally, Siena, Lucca, the Chianti region, Versilia and Val dOrcia are also internationally renowned, Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves, making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year. In 2012, the city of Florence was the worlds 89th most visited city, roughly triangular in shape, Tuscany borders the regions of Liguria to the northwest, Emilia-Romagna to the north and east, Umbria to the east and Lazio to the southeast. The comune of Badia Tedalda, in the Tuscan Province of Arezzo, has an exclave named Ca Raffaello within Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany has a western coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea, containing the Tuscan Archipelago, of which the largest island is Elba. Tuscany has an area of approximately 22,993 square kilometres, surrounded and crossed by major mountain chains, and with few plains, the region has a relief that is dominated by hilly country used for agriculture. Hills make up nearly two-thirds of the total area, covering 15,292 square kilometres, and mountains. Plains occupy 8. 4% of the total area—1,930 square kilometres —mostly around the valley of the River Arno, many of Tuscanys largest cities lie on the banks of the Arno, including the capital Florence, Empoli and Pisa. The pre-Etruscan history of the area in the late Bronze and Iron Ages parallels that of the early Greeks, following this, the Villanovan culture saw Tuscany, and the rest of Etruria, taken over by chiefdoms. City-states developed in the late Villanovan before Orientalization occurred and the Etruscan civilization rose, the Etruscans created the first major civilization in this region, large enough to establish a transport infrastructure, to implement agriculture and mining and to produce vibrant art. The Etruscans lived in Etruria well into prehistory, throughout their existence, they lost territory to Magna Graecia, Carthage and Celts. Despite being seen as distinct in its manners and customs by contemporary Greeks, the cultures of Greece, one reason for its eventual demise was this increasing absorption by surrounding cultures, including the adoption of the Etruscan upper class by the Romans. Soon after absorbing Etruria, Rome established the cities of Lucca, Pisa, Siena, and Florence, endowed the area with new technologies and development, and ensured peace. These developments included extensions of existing roads, introduction of aqueducts and sewers, however, many of these structures have been destroyed by erosion due to weather. The Roman civilization in the West collapsed in the 5th century AD, in the years following 572, the Longobards arrived and designated Lucca the capital of their Duchy of Tuscia
Tuscany
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Hilly landscape in
Val d'Orcia
Tuscany
–
Tuscany Toscana
Tuscany
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Tuscan landscape near
Siena
Tuscany
–
Cinerary urns of the
Villanovan culture
19.
Isotta Ingrid Rossellini
–
Ingrid Bergman was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and the Tony Award for Best Actress. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca and as Alicia Huberman in Notorious, before becoming a star in American films, Bergman had been a leading actress in Swedish films. Her introduction to American audiences came with her role in the English-language remake of Intermezzo. Selznicks financial problems meant that Bergman was often loaned to other studios, apart from Casablanca, her performances from this period include Victor Flemings remake of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Gaslight, and The Bells of St. Marys. Her last films for Selznick were Alfred Hitchcocks Spellbound and Notorious and her final film for Hitchcock was Under Capricorn. After a decade in American films, she starred in Roberto Rossellinis Stromboli, many of her personal and film documents can be seen in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives. According to the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Bergman quickly became the ideal of American womanhood, in 2007, the American Film Institute ranked Bergman as the fourth-greatest female screen legend of classic American cinema. Bergman, named after Princess Ingrid of Sweden, was born on 29 August 1915 in Stockholm, to a Swedish father, Justus Bergman, when she was two years old, her mother died. Her father, who was an artist and photographer, died when she was 13, in the years before he died, he wanted her to become an opera star, and had her take voice lessons for three years. But she always knew from the beginning that she wanted to be an actress, sometimes wearing her mothers clothes and her father documented all her birthdays with a borrowed camera. After his death, she was sent to live with an aunt and she then moved in with her Aunt Hulda and Uncle Otto, who had five children. Another aunt she visited, Elsa Adler, first told Ingrid, when she was 11, that her mother may have had some Jewish blood, but her aunt also cautioned her about telling others about her possible ancestry as there might be some difficult times coming. Biographer Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, however, notes that the claim of Jewish blood was likely an embellishment, after being forced to do an in-depth genealogical investigation, Bergmans maternal cousin found there to be no Jewish ancestry on Bergmans mothers side. Later, she received a scholarship to the state-sponsored Royal Dramatic Theatre School, after several months she was given a part in a new play, Ett Brott, written by Sigfrid Siwertz. Chandler notes that this was totally against procedure at the school, during her first summer break, she was also hired by a Swedish film studio, which led to her leaving the Royal Dramatic Theatre after just one year, to work in films full-time. Her first film role after leaving the Royal Dramatic Theatre was a part in 1935s Munkbrogreven. She went on to act in a films in Sweden, including En kvinnas ansikte, which was later remade as A Womans Face with Joan Crawford
Isotta Ingrid Rossellini
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Ingrid Bergman
Isotta Ingrid Rossellini
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Ingrid Bergman at 14
Isotta Ingrid Rossellini
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Her first film, Munkbrogreven (1935) at age 19.
Isotta Ingrid Rossellini
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With Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca
20.
Italian literature
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Italian literature is written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italians or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, an early example of Italian literature is the tradition of vernacular lyric poetry performed in Occitan, which reached Italy by the end of the 12th century. In 1230, the Sicilian School is notable for being the first style in standard Italian, Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest of Italian poets, is notable for his Divine Comedy. Petrarch did classical research and wrote lyric poetry, Renaissance humanism developed during the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries. Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence, early humanists, such as Petrarch, were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Lorenzo de Medici shows the influence of Florence on the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci wrote a treatise on painting. The development of the drama in the 15th century was very great, the fundamental characteristic of the era following Renaissance is that it perfected the Italian character of its language. Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini were the originators of the science of history. Pietro Bembo was a figure in the development of the Italian language. In 1690 the Academy of Arcadia was instituted with the goal of restoring literature by imitating the simplicity of the ancient shepherds with sonnets, madrigals, canzonette and blank verse. In the 18th century, the condition of Italy began to improve. Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio are two of the figures of the age. Carlo Goldoni, a Venetian, created the comedy of character, the leading figure of the literary revival of the 18th century was Giuseppe Parini. The ideas behind the French Revolution of 1789 gave a direction to Italian literature in the second half of the 18th century. Love of liberty and desire for equality created a literature aimed at national object, patriotism and classicism were the two principles that inspired the literature that began with Vittorio Alfieri. Other patriots included Vincenzo Monti and Ugo Foscolo, the romantic school had as its organ the Conciliatore established in 1818 at Milan. The main instigator of the reform was Manzoni, the great poet of the age was Giacomo Leopardi. History returned to its spirit of learned research, after the Risorgimento, political literature becomes less important
Italian literature
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A depiction of Boetius teaching his students (1385). Boetius, a 6th-century Christian philosopher, helped keep alive the classic tradition in post-Roman Italy.
Italian literature
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Profile portrait of Dante, by
Sandro Botticelli.
Italian literature
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First page of an early printed edition of Dante's
Divine Comedy.
Italian literature
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Statue outside the
Uffizi, Florence
21.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
22.
Roberto Benigni
–
Roberto Remigio Benigni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI is an Italian actor, comedian, screenwriter and director. He co-wrote, directed and acted in the 1997 film Life Is Beautiful, which garnered him the Academy Award for Best Actor and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He also portrayed Inspector Clouseaus son in Son of the Pink Panther and has collaborated with filmmaker Jim Jarmusch in three of his films, Down by Law, Night on Earth and Coffee and Cigarettes. Benigni was born in Manciano La Misericordia, the son of Isolina Papini, a maker, and Luigi Benigni, a bricklayer, carpenter. He was raised Catholic and served as a boy, he still considers himself a believer. His first experiences as an actor took place in 1971. During that autumn he moved to Rome where he took part in experimental theatre shows. In 1975, Benigni had his first theatrical success with Cioni Mario di Gaspare fu Giulia, written by Giuseppe Bertolucci. Benigni became famous in Italy in the 1970s for a series called Onda Libera, on RAI2, produced by Renzo Arbore. A great scandal for the time, the series was suspended due to censorship and his first film was 1977s Berlinguer, I Love You, also by Bertolucci. His popularity increased with Laltra domenica, another TV show of Arbores in which Benigni portrayed a film critic who never watches the films hes asked to review. Bernardo Bertolucci then cast him in a speechless role as a window upholsterer in the film La Luna which had limited American distribution due to its subject matter. In 1980 he met Cesenate actress Nicoletta Braschi, who was to become his wife and it was an unprecedented act, given that until that moment Italian politicians were proverbially serious and formal. Benigni was censored again in the 1980s for calling Pope John Paul II something impolite during an important live TV show, Benignis first film as director was Tu mi turbi in 1983. This film was also his first collaboration with Braschi, in 1984, he played in Non ci resta che piangere with comic actor Massimo Troisi. The story was a fable in which the protagonists are suddenly back in time to the 15th century. They start looking for Christopher Columbus in order to him from discovering the Americas. Beginning in 1986, Benigni starred in three films by American director Jim Jarmusch, in Down By Law he played Bob, an innocent foreigner living in the United States, convicted of manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him to escape and find love
Roberto Benigni
–
Benigni receiving a prize in
Terni, February 2006
Roberto Benigni
–
Benigni and wife
Nicoletta Braschi at the
1998 Cannes Film Festival.
23.
Bruce Weber (photographer)
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Bruce Weber is an American fashion photographer and occasional filmmaker. Webers fashion photography first appeared in the late 1970s in GQ magazine, Nan Bush, his longtime companion and agent, was able to secure a contract with Federated Department Stores to shoot the 1978 Bloomingdales mail catalog. He came to the attention of the public in the late 1980s and early 1990s with his advertising images for Calvin Klein. His photograph for Calvin Klein of Olympic athlete Tom Hintnaus in white briefs is an iconic image and he photographed the winter 2006 Ralph Lauren Collection. Some of Webers other earliest fashion photography appeared in the SoHo Weekly News, the photos became the center of controversy and Weber was told by some that he would never find work as a fashion photographer again. This reputation stuck with him, as he says, I don’t really work editorially in a number of magazines because a lot of magazines don’t want my kind of photographs. After doing photo shoots for and of people, Weber made short films of teenage boxers, his beloved pet dogs, and later. He directed Lets Get Lost, a 1988 documentary about jazz trumpeter Chet Baker, Webers photographs are occasionally in color, however, most are in black and white or toned shades. They are gathered in limited edition books, including A House is Not a Home and Bear Pond, Weber began collaborating with crooner Chris Isaak in the mid-1980s, photographing Isaak in 1986 for his second album, Chris Isaak. In 1988, Weber photographed a shirtless Isaak in bed for a spread in Rolling Stone. Isaak appeared in Lets Get Lost and Weber has directed a video for Isaak. Weber photographed Harry Connick, Jr. for his 1991 album Blue Light, in 1993, Weber photographed singer-songwriter Jackson Browne for his 1993 album Im Alive. Weber is married to Nan Bush, with whom he sometimes collaborates and he has lived in Miami since 1998. Weber created the fashion label Weberbilt in 2003, his first line, eat, swim, sex, sleep, went on sale in boutiques in London and Miami Beach, Florida, in 1990, Weber directed the music video for the Pet Shop Boys single Being Boring. He filmed a party with a group of models. The video was filmed in one day by two crews in a house on Long Island. Content including male and female nudity prevented the video from being played on MTV in the United States, in 1996 he directed the video for the Pet Shop Boys single Se a vida é on location in a Wet n Wild, a water park near Orlando, Florida. In 2002, he directed a Pet Shop Boys video
Bruce Weber (photographer)
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Weber in September 2011
Bruce Weber (photographer)
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A Weber photograph in the background on display at an
Abercrombie and Fitch store
Bruce Weber (photographer)
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Bruce Weber at Condé Nast publishing house in Milan, photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto
Bruce Weber (photographer)
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Brands
24.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
Vogue (magazine)
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The January 2010 issue of Vogue USA, featuring
Rachel McAdams.
Vogue (magazine)
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Cover of the May 1917 issue. (American Vogue)
Vogue (magazine)
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Models
Toni Garrn and brother Niklas Garrn wearing
Google Glass during the 2013 September issue fashion photo shoot in
Ransom Canyon, Texas (25 June 2013).
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue Brasil/Brazil cover with
Madonna photographed by
Steven Klein; Vogue France/Paris cover with
Penélope Cruz,
Meryl Streep,
Julianne Moore,
Gwyneth Paltrow,
Kate Winslet and
Naomi Watts in a special edition by Penélope Cruz.
25.
Richard Avedon
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Richard Avedon was an American fashion and portrait photographer. An obituary published in The New York Times said that his fashion and portrait photographs helped define Americas image of style, beauty, Avedon was born in New York City, to a Jewish family. His father, Jacob Israel Avedon, was a Russian-born immigrant who advanced from work to starting his own successful retail dress business on Fifth Avenue. His mother, Anna, from a family owned a dress-manufacturing business, encouraged Richards love of fashion. Avedon’s interest in photography emerged when, at age 12, he joined a Young Men’s Hebrew Association Camera Club and he would use his family’s Kodak Box Brownie not only to feed his curiosity about the world, but also to retreat from his personal life. His father was a critical and remote disciplinarian who insisted that physical strength, education, the photographers first muse was his younger sister, Louise. During her teen years she struggled through psychiatric treatment, and, eventually, becoming increasingly withdrawn from reality, was diagnosed with schizophrenia. These early influences of fashion and family would shape Avedons life and career, Avedon attended DeWitt Clinton High School in Bedford Park, Bronx, where he worked on the school paper, The Magpie, with James Baldwin from 1937 until 1940. As a teen, he won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award. After graduating from DeWitt that year, he enrolled at Columbia University to study philosophy and poetry and he then started as a photographer for the Merchant Marines, taking ID shots of the crewmen with the Rolleiflex camera his father had given him as a gift. From 1944 to 1950, Avedon studied photography with Alexey Brodovitch at his Design Laboratory at The New School for Social Research. In 1944, Avedon began working as a photographer for a department store, but was quickly endorsed by Alexey Brodovitch. Lillian Bassman also promoted Avedons career at Harpers, in 1945 his photographs began appearing in Junior Bazaar and, a year later, in Harpers Bazaar. In 1946, Avedon had set up his own studio and began providing images for magazines including Vogue and he soon became the chief photographer for Harpers Bazaar. From 1950 he also contributed photographs to Life, Look and Graphis and in 1952 became Staff Editor, Avedon did not conform to the standard technique of taking studio fashion photographs, where models stood emotionless and seemingly indifferent to the camera. Instead, Avedon showed models full of emotion, smiling, laughing, however, towards the end of the 1950s he became dissatisfied with daylight photography and open air locations and so turned to studio photography, using strobe lighting. When Diana Vreeland left Harpers Bazaar for Vogue in 1962, Avedon joined her as a staff photographer and he proceeded to become the lead photographer at Vogue and photographed most of the covers from 1973 until Anna Wintour became editor in chief in late 1988. Notable among his fashion advertisement series are the recurring assignments for Gianni Versace and he also photographed the Calvin Klein Jeans campaign featuring a fifteen-year-old Brooke Shields, as well as directing her in the accompanying television commercials
Richard Avedon
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Richard Avedon, 2004
Richard Avedon
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The cover of Avedon's book In the American West (1985)
26.
Helmut Newton
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Helmut Newton was a German-Australian photographer. He was a prolific, widely imitated fashion photographer whose provocative, erotically charged black-and-white photos were a mainstay of Vogue, Newton was born in Berlin, the son of Klara Claire and Max Neustädter, a button factory owner. Newton attended the Heinrich-von-Treitschke-Realgymnasium and the American School in Berlin, interested in photography from the age of 12 when he purchased his first camera, he worked for the German photographer Yva from 1936. Newtons parents fled to South America and he was issued with a passport just after turning 18 and left Germany on 5 December 1938. At Trieste he boarded the Conte Rosso, intending to journey to China, after arriving in Singapore he found he was able to remain there, first briefly as a photographer for the Straits Times and then as a portrait photographer. Newton was interned by British authorities while in Singapore and was sent to Australia on board the Queen Mary, internees travelled to the camp at Tatura, Victoria by train under armed guard. He was released from internment in 1942 and briefly worked as a fruit picker in Northern Victoria, in April 1942, he enlisted with the Australian Army and worked as a truck driver. After the war in 1945, he became a British subject, in 1948, he married actress June Browne, who performed under the stage name June Brunell. She later became a photographer under the ironic pseudonym Alice Springs. In 1946, Newton set up a studio in fashionable Flinders Lane in Melbourne and worked on fashion and he shared his first joint exhibition in May 1953 with Wolfgang Sievers, a German refugee like himself who had also served in the same company. The exhibition of New Visions in Photography was displayed at the Federal Hotel in Collins Street and was probably the first glimpse of New Objectivity photography in Australia, the studio was renamed Helmut Newton and Henry Talbot. Newtons growing reputation as a photographer was rewarded when he secured a commission to illustrate fashions in a special Australian supplement for Vogue magazine. He won a 12-month contract with British Vogue and left for London in February 1957, Newton left the magazine before the end of his contract and went to Paris, where he worked for French and German magazines. He returned to Melbourne in March 1959 to a contract for Australian Vogue, Newton settled in Paris in 1961 and continued to work as a fashion photographer. His images appeared in including the French edition of Vogue. He established a style marked by erotic, stylised scenes. Newton also worked in portraiture and more fantastical studies, Newton shot a number of pictorials for Playboy, including pictorials of Nastassja Kinski and Kristine DeBell. In 2009, June Browne Newton conceptualised a tribute exhibition to Newton, all three had been photography students at The Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California in 1979 when they became Newtons longtime assistants, and all three went on to independent careers
Helmut Newton
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image of Newton from his gravesite
Helmut Newton
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Plaque of his birthhouse in
Schöneberg, Berlin. Translation: At this spot used to stand the birthhouse of HELMUT NEUSTÄDTER (1920–2004), son of Jewish parents. After his emigration in 1938 he became known as HELMUT NEWTON, one of the most famous photographers worldwide.
Helmut Newton
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Helmut Newton's 1952 portrait of
Laurel Martyn,
National Library of Australia
Helmut Newton
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Helmut Newton's grave
27.
Peter Lindbergh
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Peter Lindbergh is a German photographer and film director. Lindbergh is known for his cinematic images, Lindbergh was born on November 23,1944 in Leszno, Poland. He spent his childhood in Duisburg, as a teenager, he worked as window dresser for the Karstadt and Horten department stores in Duisburg. Coming from a part of Germany close to the Dutch border, North Rhine-Westphalia, the vast beaches and the industrial settings of his hometown Duisburg, have influenced his work strongly over the years. In the early 1960s, he moved to Lucerne and months later to Berlin where he enrolled in the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts and he hitchhiked to Arles in the footsteps of his idol, Vincent van Gogh. Lindbergh remembers these years, I preferred actively seeking out van Gogh’s inspirations, my idol, rather than painting the mandatory portraits, after several months in Arles, he continued through to Spain and Morocco, a journey that took him two years. Returning to Germany, he studied Abstract Art at the College of Art in Krefeld, influenced by Joseph Kosuth and the Conceptual art movement, he was invited in 1969, before graduating, to present his work at the avant-garde Galerie Denise René. These works were exhibited in the Objets ludiques exhibition at the Tinguely Museum in Basel in 2014, after moving to Düsseldorf in 1971, he turned his attention to photography and worked for two years assisting German photographer Hans Lux, before opening his own studio in 1973. Becoming well known in his country, he joined the Stern magazine family along with photographers Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin. He changed the standards of photography in times of excessive retouching, in considering there to be something else that makes a person interesting. In 2014 he said that This should be the responsibility of photographers today to free women, in 2016, Lindbergh declared that A fashion photographer should contribute to defining the image of the contemporary woman or man in their time, to reflect a certain social or human reality. How surrealistic is today’s commercial agenda to retouch all signs of life and of experience and he photographs his subjects in their natural state, with hardly any make-up. In 1988, Lindbergh gained international acclaim by showing a new generation of models all dressed in white shirts that he had discovered and launched their careers. In a 2008 interview with art historian Charlotte Cotton, he explained that, every time I tried to shoot them in colour, because their beauty was close to perfection, it ended up looking like a bad cosmetics advert. With black and white, you can see who they are. It toned down the commercial interpretation that colour gives, what’s so striking about black and white is how it really helps a sense of reality to come through. Lindberghs first book,10 Women, sold more than 100,000 copies as of 2008 and he twice photographed the Pirelli calendar, in 1996 and 2002. Lindbergh is the first photographer in the history of the Pirelli calendar to be invited to photograph it for a third time
Peter Lindbergh
28.
Norman Parkinson
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Norman Parkinson, CBE was a celebrated English portrait and fashion photographer. Parkinson was born in London, and educated at Westminster School and he began his career in 1931 as an apprentice to the court photographers, Speaight and Sons Ltd. In 1934 he opened his own together with Norman Kibblewhite. From 1935 to 1940 he worked for Harpers Bazaar and Bystander magazines, during the Second World War he served as a reconnaissance photographer over France for the Royal Air Force. He first married in 1935 in Hampstead to Margaret Mitchell-Banks and his second marriage was to another fashion model Thelma Woolley in 1942. In 1947 he first met the actress his most important muse, from 1945 to 1960 he was employed as a portrait and fashion photographer for Vogue. From 1960 to 1964 he was an Associate Contributing Editor of Queen magazine, in 1963 he moved to Tobago, although frequently returned to London, and from 1964 until his death he worked as a freelance photographer. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1981 New Year Honours and he was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1983 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. Parkinson always maintained he was a craftsman and not an artist, from his early days as a photographer up to his death he remained one of the foremost British portrait and fashion photographers. Humour played a role in many of his photographs which often included himself. As well as magazine work he also created celebrated calendars featuring glamorous young women, when royal photographer, Cecil Beaton, died in 1980, Parkinson took over. Notable portraits included Princess Anne in 1971 and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1980 and he received a Google Doodle on 21 April 2013, in honour of his work. He spotted Nena von Schlebrügge, the mother of Uma Thurman at age 16 when she left her school in Stockholm. In 1960 he also photographed Von Schlebrügge for Jaeger in New York for The Queen Magazine and his photo of Jerry Hall sparked Bryan Ferrys interest to invite her over to star as the cover model for Roxy Musics fifth studio album, Siren. He also discovered model Celia Hammond for the magazine Queen in 1959
Norman Parkinson
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Norman Parkinson
Norman Parkinson
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32 Landford Road, Putney
Norman Parkinson
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Blue plaque, 32 Landford Road
29.
Eve Arnold
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Eve Arnold, OBE, Hon. FRPS was an American photojournalist. She joined Magnum Photos agency in 1951, and became a member in 1957. Eve Arnold was born Eve Cohen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the middle of nine born to immigrant Russian-Jewish parents, William Cohen, a rabbi. Her interest in photography began in 1946 while working in a New York City photo-finishing plant, over six weeks in 1948, she learned photographic skills from Harpers Bazaar art director Alexey Brodovitch at the New School for Social Research in Manhattan. She married Arnold Schmitz in 1941. ”For Arnold, there was no dichotomy, “I dont see anybody as either ordinary or extraordinary, she said in a 1990 BBC interview, I see them simply as people in front of my lens. ”Arnold was particularly noted for her work using light, concentrating on the image in the lens and eschewing extensive use of photographic lighting. Of this she said By the time you set up lights the image is gone in a Guardian interview in 2000, Arnolds images of Marilyn Monroe on the set of The Misfits were perhaps her most memorable, but she had taken many photos of Monroe from 1951 onwards. Her previously unseen photos of Monroe were shown at a Halcyon Gallery exhibition in London during May 2005 and she also photographed Queen Elizabeth II, Malcolm X, and Joan Crawford, and traveled around the world, photographing in China, Russia, South Africa and Afghanistan. Arnold left the United States and moved permanently to England in the early 1970s with her son, while working for the London Sunday Times, she began to make serious use of color photography. In 1980, she had her first solo exhibition, which featured her work done in China at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. In the same year, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Magazine Photographers, in 1993, she was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society, and elected Master Photographer by New Yorks International Center of Photography. She did a series of portraits of American First Ladies, in 1997, she was appointed a member of the Advisory Committee of the National Media Museum in Bradford, West Yorkshire. She was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 and she lived in Mayfair for many years until her last illness, when she moved to a nursing home in St Georges Square, Pimlico. When Anjelica Huston asked if she was doing photography, Arnold replied. I cant hold a camera any more and she said she spent most of her time reading such writers as Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Thomas Mann and Leo Tolstoy. Arnold died in London on January 4,2012, aged 99, jacqueline Kennedy arranging flowers with daughter Caroline,1961. Horse Training for the Militia in Inner Mongolia,1979, All in a Days Work,1989. Handbook,2005 Marilyn Monroe 2005 Eve Arnolds People 2010 All About Eve 2012 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, University of St. Andrews, Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters, Staffordshire University. Doctor of Humanities, Richmond, the American International University in London, Master Photographer, International Center of Photography, NYC
Eve Arnold
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Eve Arnold
30.
Francesco Scavullo
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Francesco Scavullo was an American fashion photographer best known for his work on the covers of Cosmopolitan and his celebrity portraits. Born in Staten Island, Scavullo began to pursue his fascination with images of beauty by picking up his fathers camera and taking snapshots, after graduating from high school in 1945, Scavullo began working for a studio that produced fashion catalogs. He soon moved on to Vogue, Scavullo spent three years as Horst P. Horsts assistant, studying Horsts techniques. In 1948, he created a cover for Seventeen that won him a contract with the magazine, Scavullos soon opened his own studio in Manhattan. In 1969, Scavullo painted singer Janis Joplin, with a cigarette in her hand, the museum poster refers to Joplin, who died in 1970, as having a free-spirited fervor of the counterculture revolution. Some of Scavullos more controversial work included a Cosmospolitan centerfold of a nude Burt Reynolds and he also befriended a young teenager from Philadelphia, future supermodel Gia Carangi, whose career he was largely responsible for launching. In 1981, Scavullo was commissioned by Mikhail Baryshnikov to photograph the dancers of the American Ballet Theatre which formed the basis of an exhibition that was shown in a nationwide tour. Scavullos work has also used in the covers of Seventeen, Harpers Bazaar. He also published books, from 1976s Scavullo on Beauty to 2000s Scavullo Nudes. Scavullo died of heart failure at the age of 82, while on his way to a shoot with a then up-and-coming CNN news anchor. He died in New York on January 6,2004, and is survived by his partner in life, Francesco Scavullo at the Internet Movie Database Francesco Scavullo at the Internet Broadway Database Francesco Scavullo at Find a Grave
Francesco Scavullo
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Francesco Scavullo
Francesco Scavullo
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Good Housekeeping cover from July 1967. Cover photo of Alana Collins (later
Alana Stewart) by Francesco Scavullo.
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