1.
Healthy diet
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A healthy diet is one that helps to maintain or improve overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition, fluid, adequate essential amino acids from protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, the requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods. A healthy diet supports energy needs and provides for human nutrition without exposure to toxicity or excessive weight gain from consuming excessive amounts. Where lack of calories is not an issue, a balanced diet is also thought to be important for lowering health risks, such as obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension. Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate the public on what they should be eating to promote health, Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health. The idea of dietary therapy is quite old and thus has both modern forms and prescientific forms. For additional clarification, a five-word modifier helps, go easy on junk foods, although you may feel as though advice about nutrition is constantly changing, the basic ideas behind my four precepts have not changed in half a century. And they leave plenty of room for enjoying the pleasures of food, david L. Katz, who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted, The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power, limit intake of fats, and prefer unsaturated fats to saturated fats and trans fats. Increase consumption of plant foods, particularly fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, a 2003 report recommends less than 10% of calorie intake from simple sugars. Limit salt / sodium consumption from all sources and ensure that salt is iodized, other recommendations include, Essential micronutrients such as vitamins and certain minerals. Avoiding directly poisonous and carcinogenic substances, avoiding foods contaminated by human pathogens. WHO recommends an intake of less than 5 grams of salt per day for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, the Dietary Guidelines for American by the United States Department of Agriculture recommends three healthy patterns of diet, summarized in table below, for a 2000 kcal diet. S. Food group amounts per day, unless noted per week and this healthy diet is full of a wide range of various non-starchy vegetables and fruits, that provide different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange. They note that tomato cooked with oil, allium vegetables like garlic and this healthy diet is low in energy density, which may protect against weight gain and associated diseases. Finally, limiting consumption of drinks, limiting energy rich foods, including “fast foods” and red meat. Overall, researchers and medical policy conclude that this diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease. In children less than 25 gms of added sugar is recommended per day, other recommendations include no extra sugars in those under 2 years old and less than one soft drink per week
2.
Food and cooking hygiene
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Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards, in this way food safety often overlaps with food defense to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering market to consumer practices, the thought is that food ought to be safe in the market. Food can transmit disease from person to person as well as serve as a medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning. In theory, food poisoning is 100% preventable, the five key principles of food hygiene, according to WHO, are, Prevent contaminating food with pathogens spreading from people, pets, and pests. Separate raw and cooked foods to prevent contaminating the cooked foods, cook foods for the appropriate length of time and at the appropriate temperature to kill pathogens. Store food at the proper temperature, do use safe water and safe raw materials. This is a derivative of ISO9000. A2003 World Health Organization report concluded that about 30% of reported food poisoning outbreaks in the WHO European Region occur in private homes. According to the WHO and CDC, in the USA alone, annually, in 1963, the WHO and FAO published the Codex Alimentarius which serves as an guideline to food safety. Same for polysorbate E435, see 2012.0838 from Denmark, unauthorised polysorbates in coconut milk, only for the latter the EU amended its regulations with No 583/2012 per 2 July 2012 to allow this additive, already used for decades and absolutely necessary. Food Standards Australia New Zealand requires all businesses to implement food safety systems. These systems are designed to ensure food is safe to consume and halt the increasing incidence of food poisoning, potential problems associated with product packaging such as leaks in vacuum packs, damage to packaging or pest infestation, as well as problems and diseases spread by pests. Also covers potential causes of cross contamination, catering for customers who are particularly at risk of food-borne illness, as well as those with allergies or intolerance. Correct cleaning and sanitizing procedures, cleaning products and their use. Personal hygiene, hand washing, illness, and protective clothing, Food safety standards and requirements are set out at the national level in the Food Standards Code, and brought Into force in each state by state-based Acts and Regulations. Legislation means that people responsible for selling or serving unsafe food may be liable for heavy fines, Food safety is a growing concern in Chinese agriculture
3.
Fiqh
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Figuratively, fiqh means, knowledge about Islamic legal rulings from their sources. He must look deep down into a matter and not suffice himself with just the apparent meaning, a person who only knows the appearance of a matter is not a faqīh. Conceptually, the attempt to understand divine law. Whereas shariah is immutable and infallible, fiqh is fallible and changeable, fiqh is distinguished from usul al-fiqh, the methods of legal interpretation and analysis. Fiqh is the product of application of usul al-fiqh, the product of human efforts at understanding the divine will. A hukm is a ruling in a given case. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam, in the modern era, there are four prominent schools of fiqh within Sunni practice, plus two within Shia practice. A person trained in fiqh is known as a Faqih, the word fiqh is an Arabic term meaning deep understanding or full comprehension. Technically it refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources and this definition is consistent amongst the jurists. In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has come to mean jurisprudence in general and it is separated in Sunni, shia and others. Qiyas, i. e. analogy which is deployed if Ijma or historic collective reasoning on the issue is not available. For example, the Quran states one needs to engage in prayers and fast during the month of Ramadan. Details about these issues can be found in the traditions of Muhammad, so Quran, some topics are without precedent in Islams early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists try to arrive at conclusions by other means, Sunni jurists use historical consensus of the community, a majority in the modern era also use analogy and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics, and a plurality utilizes juristic preference. The conclusions arrived at with the aid of additional tools constitute a wider array of laws than the Sharia consists of. Thus, in contrast to the sharia, fiqh is not regarded as sacred and this division of interpretation in more detailed issues has resulted in different schools of thought. This wider concept of Islamic jurisprudence is the source of a range of laws in different topics that guide Muslims in everyday life, Islamic jurisprudence covers two main areas, Rules in relation to actions, and, Rules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions. The Sunni schools are Hanafi Maliki Shafii Hanbali see Wahhabism Zahiri Qurtubi No longer exists Laythi No longer exists, the schools of Shia Islam comprise, Jafari Zaydi Entirely separate from both the Sunni and Shia traditions, Khawarij Islam has evolved its own distinct school
4.
Shahada
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The Shahada, is an Islamic creed declaring belief in the oneness of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as Gods prophet. The declaration, in its shortest form, reads, لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muḥammadur-rasūlu-llāh There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God. Audio audio The noun šahāda, from the verbal root šahida meaning to observe, witness, testify, the Islamic creed is also called, in the dual form, šahādatān. The expression al-šahāda is used in Quran as one of the titles of God, in Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts, la ilaha illallah, and Muhammadun rasul Allah, which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada. The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl, in the Quran, the first shahadah takes the form la ilaha illallah twice, and allahu la ilaha illa hu much more often. It appears in the form la ilaha illa Hu in many places. It appears in these forms about 30 times in the Quran, islams monotheistic nature is reflected in the first shahada, which declares belief in the oneness of God and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship. The second shahada indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings, the verse reminds Muslims that they accept not only the prophecy of Muhammad but also the long line of prophets who preceded him. While the first part is seen as a truth, the second is specific to Islam. Shahada is a statement of both ritual and worship, recitation of the shahādah is the most common statement of faith for Muslims. In Sunni Islam, it is counted as the first of the Five Pillars of Islam, while the Shii Twelvers and it is whispered by the father into the ear of a newborn child, and it is whispered into the ear of a dying person. The five canonical daily prayers include a recitation of the shahada. Recitation of the shahada in front of witnesses is also the first and this occasion often attracts more than the two required witnesses and sometimes includes a party-like celebration to welcome the convert into their new faith. In accordance with the importance played by the notion of intention in Islamic doctrine. Intention is what acts of devotion from mundane acts and a simple reading of the shahada from invoking it as a ritual activity. Though the two phrases of the shahada are both present in the Quran, they are not found there side by side as in the shahada formula. An inscription in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem reads There is no god but God alone, He has no partner with him, Muhammad is the messenger of God. Another variant appears in coins minted after the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, although it is not clear when the shahada first came into common use among Muslims, it is clear that the sentiments it expresses were part of the Quran and Islamic doctrine from the earliest period
5.
Salah
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Salah, called namāz in some languages, is one of the Five Pillars in the faith of Islam and an obligatory religious duty for every Muslim. It is a physical, mental, and spiritual act of worship that is observed five times every day at prescribed times, in this ritual, the worshiper starts standing, bows, prostrates themself, and concludes while sitting on the ground. During each posture, the worshiper recites or reads certain verses, phrases, the word salah is commonly translated as prayer but this definition might be confusing. Muslims use the words dua or supplication when referring to the definition of prayers which is reverent petitions made to God. Salah is preceded by ritual ablution, Salah consists of the repetition of a unit called a rakʿah consisting of prescribed actions and words. The number of obligatory rakaʿāt varies from two to four according to the time of day or other circumstances, prayer is obligatory for all Muslims except those who are prepubescent, are menstruating, or are experiencing bleeding in the 40 days after childbirth. Every movement in the salat is accompanied by the takbir except the standing between the ruku and sujud, and the ending which has a derivation of the Muslim greeting As-salamu alaykum, Salah is an Arabic word whose basic meaning is bowing, homage, worship, prayer. In its English usage, the reference of the word is almost always confined to the Muslim formal, Muslims themselves use several terms to refer to salah depending on their language or culture. In many parts of the world, including many non-Arab countries such as Indonesia, the other major term is the Persian word namāz, used by speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages, as well as Turkish, Russian, Chinese, Bosnian and Albanian. In North Caucasian languages, the term is lamaz in Chechen and this is a book, there is no doubt in it, a guidance for righteous. Those who believe in unseen and offer Salah and spend from what we have given to them, and those who believe in what We have revealed to thee and what We revealed before thee, and on hereafter they believe. They are on guidance from their lord and they are successful, and offer Salah and pay Zakah and bow along those who bow. Guard your Salah and middle Salah, and stand before God devoutly obedient, then if you fear on foot or riding, then when you become secure remember God as he has taught you that which you did not know previously. And offer Salah at the two ends of day and at the approach of night, indeed good deeds remove bad deeds, offer Salah at the decline of the day until the darkness of night, and Quran at dawn, indeed Quran at dawn ever is a witness. And at night pray Tahajjud an extra for thee, it is expected that your lord raise you to praised station. ) Say call God or call Merciful, by whomever you call, He has good names, and offer Salah and pay Zakah and obey Messenger so that you may receive mercy. And recite that is revealed to you as a book and offer Salah, indeed Salah prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and remembrance of God is great, ) The chief purpose of salah is to act as a persons communication with and remembrance of God. By reciting The Opening, the first sura of the Quran, as required in daily worship, the worshiper can stand before God, thank and praise Him, under the Hanbali School of thought, a person who doesnt pray five times a day is an unbeliever
6.
Qibla
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The Qibla, also transliterated as Qiblah, Qibleh, Kiblah, Kıble or Kibla, is the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during salah prayers. It is fixed as the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, most mosques contain a wall niche, known as mihrab, that indicates the Qiblah. Most multifaith prayer rooms will also contain a Qibla, although usually less standardized in appearance than one would find within a mosque, Muslims all praying towards the same point is traditionally considered to symbolize the unity of the Ummah, or all Muslims worldwide, under Sharia. The Qiblah has importance beyond salaat and plays a part in various ceremonies, the head of an animal that is slaughtered using halal methods is usually aligned with the Qiblah. After death, Muslims are usually buried with the body at angles to the Qibla. Thus, archaeology can indicate an Islamic necropolis if no signs are present. According to the traditional Muslim view, the Qiblah originally faced the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem and this Qiblah was used for over 13 years, from 610 CE until 623 CE. Seventeen months after the Islamic prophet Muhammads 622 CE arrival in Medina – the date is given as 11 February 624 – the Qiblah became oriented towards the Kaaba in Mecca. According to traditional accounts from Muhammads companions, the change happened very suddenly during the prayer in Medina. Muhammad was leading the prayer when he received revelations from God instructing him to take the Kaaba as the Qiblah, there is also disagreement as to when the practice started and for how long it lasted. Some sources say the Jerusalem Qiblah was used for a period of sixteen and eighteen months. The Jewish custom of facing Jerusalem for prayer may have influenced the Muslim Qiblah, others surmise that the use of Jerusalem as the direction of prayer was to either induce the Jews of Medina to convert to Islam or to win over their hearts. When relations with the Jews soured, Muhammad changed the Qiblah towards Mecca, another reason given why the Qiblah was changed is that Jews viewed the use of Jerusalem as signalling the Muslims intention of joining their religion. It was changed to discredit this assumption, others state that it was changed because Muhammad was angered by that city or its people, and not because of his conflict with the Jews. In Medieval times, Muslims travelling abroad used an astrolabe to find the Qiblah, cheraman Juma Masjid is a mosque in the south Indian state of Kerala. Believed to be built in 7th century CE by Malik Bin Deenar, it is thought to be the oldest mosque in India, and it was constructed during the lifetime of Muhammad, and the bodies of some of his original followers are said to be buried there. Unlike other mosques in Kerala state, which face westwards, this mosque faces eastwards, from whencesoever Thou startest forth, turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque, that is indeed the truth from the Lord. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do, such are the people of truth, the Allah-fearing
7.
Turbah
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A turbah is a small piece of soil or clay, often a clay tablet, used during salat to symbolize earth. The use of a turbah is compulsory in most Shia schools of Islam, the most favoured soil is that of Karbala, the site of the death of Husayn ibn Ali, however, soil from anywhere may be used. In the absence of soil, plants or items made from plants may be substituted and this provision has been extended to include the use of paper. Following the instruction from the Quran, Shi’ah Ja’fari stated that prostration must be performed on earth or what grows on it. For example, prostration on paper is permissible because it is made of natural elements grown on earth. According to Abu Said al-Khudri, “I saw Allah’s Apostle prostrating in mud and water and saw the marl of mud on his forehead. ”Though Mohammed prayed on the ground, the hadith Sahih al-Bukhari states that Allah’s Apostle used to pray on Khumra. The idea of absolute consideration states that some kinds of soil, for example, places, buildings, and structures related to Allah and Mohammed are held in the highest regard when it comes to places in which to hold prayer. Karbala is recognized by Shia Muslims as a place, this is contrary to Sunni Islam. The events of Karbala resonate within the vast Islamic world, the grandson of the Prophet of Allah, swas, was martyred during the Islamic holy month of Muharram. Husayn, as, was the brother of Hasan, the son of Ali, as, and Fathima, as, the soil from Karbala is considered holy. Since there are Muslims located all over the world, Shi’ah Muslims have created small clay tablets called mohr or Turbah from the ground of Karbala, however, since it is an issue of honor and respect, Muslims are allowed to prostrate on other earthen materials. Turbah has a meaning of dirt, earth or soil. --Turbah is the ground on which one prostrates oneself for prayer, additionally, clean dirt or dust can serve as a substitute for someone who is performing ablutions in the absence of clean water. The use of turbah in this process is known as tayammum, Turbah is also used in connection with funerals because of death’s association with dust—a dead body eventually turns to earth after death. --Turba or Türbe in Turkish is an Islamic funerary building in a variety of contexts, sunnis reject the use of Turbah as bidah, noting that neither Muhammad nor his companions ever carried a clay tablet with which to place their foreheads upon while in prostration. Sunnis also note that many Turbah used by Shia have inscribed invocations to their figures, such as Ya Hussein. In Majmoo al-Fatawa, Sunni scholar Ibn Taymiyyah issued a fatwa that prayer on a Turbah from the site of Al-Husseins martyrdom is an innovation, in a nutshell, Why do the Shiah prostrate on Turbah
8.
Sunnah prayer
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Sunnah prayer is an optional salah that can be performed by Muslims at almost any time of the day. These prayers are performed in addition to the five daily prayers, all of these optional prayers were originally performed by Muhammad. Tahajjud prayer is performed at night time, and it is recommended that it Should be performed after first going to sleep for some part of the evening, scholars have different opinions about whether sleeping first is absolutely required or not. Others simply stay in the mosque and perform these optional prayers before going home, the time for the Tahajjud prayers falls between the prayer times of the ishaa prayers and the fajr prayers. It is also recommended that the prayers be done in the last third of the night, Muslims believe that the reward is greater for those who do this prayer at a later time. Each prayer for a Muslim is made up with repeated actions, from standing, to bowing on the floor, the Tahajjud prayer consists of a minimum of two rakaah and the maximum number is unlimited. Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-As relates that the Messenger of Allah said to him, O Abdullah, do not be like so-and-so, a narration attributed to Aisha reports, Allahs Apostle used to offer eleven Rakat and that was his prayer. He used to prolong the prostration to such an extent that one could recite fifty verses before he would lift his head. He used to pray two Rakat before the Fajr prayer and then used to lie down on his right side till the call-maker came and informed him about the prayer. It is recommended that tahajjud be prayed during the last third of the night, Tarawih is an optional prayer in that can be done only during the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan. This prayer can be alone, in a group, at home. Typically, Muslims gather together and perform tarawih as a group, others may meet in their local mosque, a meeting hall, or even in an outdoor field. Depending on the country, the tarawih prayers might be done in mosque by men only, the number of rakaah of Tarawih salah is Twenty. Prophet was afraid that if he continued to perform the prayers in the mosque, then his followers come to think that they were compulsory. After the death of Prophet Muhammad, the number of rakaah was increased to twenty instead of eight by the second Caliph, Muslims now choose for themselves how many rakaah to perform. In the main mosque in Mecca, the Imam performs twenty rakaah followed by a further three rakaah known as witr prayers, the total number of people joining the tarawih prayers in the main mosque in Mecca may reach 3-4 million. They fill up all levels inside the mosque, the roof, outside in the courtyard, some nearby streets. It is also customary for the Imam in Meccas main mosque to recite the contents of the Quran during the fasting month by reading approximately one section per day
9.
Tahajjud
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Tahajjud, also known as the night prayer, is a voluntary prayer performed by followers of Islam. And they who pass the night prostrating themselves before their Lord, the following acts are recommended for one who wishes to perform the Tahajjud prayer, Upon going to sleep, one should make the intention to perform the prayers. And when he woke up from his sleep, he would say, (All the Praises are for Allah Who has made us alive after He made us die, One should begin with two quick rakahs and then one may pray whatever one wishes after that. Aisha said, When the Prophet prayed during the late-night, he would begin his Prayers with two quick rakahs. And may Allah bless the woman who gets up during the night to pray and wakes up her husband and who, if he refuses, sprinkles water on his face. Tahajjud may be performed in the part of the night, the middle part of the night, or the later part of the night. Commenting on this subject, Ibn Hajar says, There was no time in which the Prophet would perform his late night Prayer. Amr ibn Absah claimed that he heard Muhammad sallā llāhu ʿalay-hiwa-sallam saying, if you can be among those who remember Allah the Exalted One at that time, then do so. Tahajjud Prayer does not entail a number of rakahs that must be performed
10.
Tarawih
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Tarawih refers to extra prayers performed by Sunni Muslims at night in the Islamic month of Ramadan. Tarawih prayers are prayed in pairs of two and can be prayed in at least 11/13/21/23 raka‘āt according to the Hanafi and Shafii schools of Sunni Islam, a break is taken after every 4 raka‘āt. This prayer is performed only during Ramadan of the Islamic calendar after salat of Isha, Muslims believe it is customary to attempt a khatm complete recitation of the Quran as one of the religious observances of Ramadan by reciting at least one juz per night in tarawih. Tarawih prayers are considered optional, not obligatory, in all the Sunni hadith scriptures, the prayer Tarawih has been mentioned as Qiyamul Layl min Ramadan and Qiyam-ar-Ramadan. A majority of Sunni Muslims regard the Tarawih prayers as Sunnat Muakkadah, however and he consistently offered every night 11 rakaat tahajjud which consisted of eight Nafal and 3 vitr every single day of the year. He did not offer any additional prayer in Ramadan, Sunni Muslims believe tarawih is a nafil salat and may be performed at home if one is unable to attend a mosque. Contrary to common belief that, Prophet Muhammad initially prayed the tarawih in congregation during Ramadan and he prayed in congregation for three consecutive nights. During the time when Umar was the caliph, he reinstated the praying of Tarawih in congregation, the Shia view differs among the three main schools of thought, Ismaili, Twelvers and Zaydis. Alevi Muslims in Turkey, Twelvers and Ismailies have no Tarawih prayer, Twelvers believe in the Tahajjud prayer or Salatul layl which Muhammad recommended. It is recommended throughout the year, especially during nights of Ramadan, Salat al-Layl or Tahajjud prayer is made up of eleven rak’ats. The first eight rak’ats are prayed as normal in pairs of two each with the niyyah of Nawafilat al-Layl. The next two rak’ats are prayed with the niyyah of Salat al-Shaf’a, the remaining rak’at is prayed with the niyyah of Salat al-Witr. In the last rak’at, Qunut is recited before or after ruku, Shia Ismaili Muslims believe Tahajjud prayer or Bayt al-Khayal prayer is recommended throughout the year particularly on Friday or Chand Rat. John L. Esposito, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press US2004, ISBN 978-0-19-512559-7, p.276 Dua during Tarawih and other Ramadhan related information
11.
Fasting in Islam
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Fasting in Islam, known as Sawm or siyam صيام, the Arabic words for fasting, is abstaining from eating and drinking. In the terminology of Islamic law, sawm means to abstain from eating and drinking during daylight hours, the observance of sawm during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, but is not confined to that month. Sawm is a cognate to Syriac, ܨܘܡܐ ṣawmā. Literally, it means to abstain, cognates to Hebrew tsom, fasting is not unique to the Muslims. It has been practiced for centuries in connection with religious ceremonies by Christians, Jews, Confucianists, Hindus, Taoists, for example, the Muslims of Central Asia, Afghanistan, India, Iran, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey use the words roza/rozha/roja/oruç, which comes from Farsi. While the Malay community in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore call it puasa, Muslims are prohibited from eating, drinking and engaging in conjugal sexual relationships from dawn to sunset. Fasting helps Muslims develop self-control, gain an understanding of God’s gifts. Fasting in Islam involves abstaining from all bodily pleasures between dawn and sunset, not only is food forbidden, but also any sexual activity. All things which are regarded as prohibited is even more so in this month, each and every moment during the fast, a person suppresses their passions and desires in loving obedience to God. This consciousness of duty and the spirit of patience helps in strengthening ones faith, fasting helps a person gain self-control. A person who abstains from permissible things like food and drink is likely to feel conscious of his sins, a heightened sense of spirituality helps break the habits of lying, staring with lust at the opposite sex, gossiping, and wasting time. Fasting is also viewed as a means of controlling ones desires, Sawm also carries a significant spiritual meaning. It teaches one the principle of God Consciousness, because when one observes fasting, it is out of deep love for God. Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, the month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Quran, a guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of the guidance, and the Criterion. And whosoever of you is present, let him fast the month, and whosoever of you is sick or on a journey, number of other days. God desireth for you ease, he desireth not hardship for you, and that ye should complete the period, and that ye should magnify God for having guided you, the intention means resolving to fast. It is essential to have the intention the night before, night by night, throughout the duration of the fast itself, Muslims will abstain from certain provisions that the Quran has otherwise allowed, namely eating, drinking and sexual intercourse. This is in addition to the standard obligation already observed by Muslims of avoiding that which is not permissible under Quranic or sharia law, without observing this standard obligation, sawm is rendered useless and is seen simply as an act of starvation
12.
Hajj
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It is one of the five pillars of Islam, alongside Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, and Sawm. The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world, the state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istitaah, and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, the word Hajj means to intend a journey, which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions. The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah, because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year. This is sometimes called the lesser pilgrimage, or Umrah, the present pattern of Hajj was established by Muhammad. However, according to the Quran, elements of Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham, according to Islamic tradition, Abraham was ordered by God to leave his wife Hagar and his son Ishmael alone in the desert of ancient Mecca. In search of water, Hagar desperately ran seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwah but found none, returning in despair to Ishmael, she saw the baby scratching the ground with his leg and a water fountain sprang forth underneath his foot. Later, Abraham was commanded to build the Kaaba and to people to perform pilgrimage there. The Quran refers to incidents in verses 2, 124-127 and 22. It is said that the archangel Gabriel brought the Black Stone from Heaven to be attached to the Kaaba, in pre-Islamic Arabia, a time known as jahiliyyah, the Kaaba became surrounded by pagan idols. In 630 CE, Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, cleansed the Kaaba by destroying all the pagan idols, in 632 CE, Muhammad performed his only and last pilgrimage with a large number of followers, and instructed them on the rites of Hajj. It was from this point that Hajj became one of the five pillars of Islam. During the medieval times, pilgrims would gather in big cities of Syria, Egypt and this was done in order to protect the caravan from Bedouin robbers or natural hazards, and to ensure that the pilgrims were supplied with the necessary provisions. Muslim travelers like Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta have recorded detailed accounts of Hajj-travels of medieval time, the caravans followed well-established routes called in Arabic darb al-hajj, lit. Pilgrimage road, which usually followed ancient routes such as the Kings Highway, the date of Hajj is determined by the Islamic calendar, which is based on the lunar year. Every year, the events of Hajj take place in a period, starting on 8 and ending on 12 Dhu al-Hijjah
13.
Ihram
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Ihram is, in Islam, a sacred state which a Muslim must enter in order to perform the major pilgrimage or the minor pilgrimage. A pilgrim must enter into this state before crossing the boundary, known as Miqat, by performing the cleansing rituals. A man in the state of Ihram must not tie any knots or wear any stitched items, sandals and flip flops must not be stitched either and should allow the ankle and back of foot to be exposed. Whilst in the state of Ihram, a Muslim must not use any scents on the body or on the robes. If the robe has been fouled by najas material or has been wiped, rubbed or touched by scented liquids, then a new iḥrām clothing must be worn, during ihram, women must have their faces uncovered, they are forbidden to wear the Burqa or Niqab. However, the Hijab or Dupatta is obligatory, there is also no gender segregation during the Hajj. Unlike in mosques, men and women together, not just in the same area. This is to everyone that on the Day of Judgment. Aside from being as clean as they are for prayer, male Muslims are expected to refrain from cutting their nails and they must also not wear any scent, including deodorant. They have to wear Ihram clothing, which is a white, many also shave their head as this is considered hygienic. Most will wait to shave their heads until after they have finished Umrah or Hajj, female Muslims are also expected to be clean. During the pilgrimage, sexual activity, smoking and swearing are also forbidden, other forbidden activities include killing animals, using profane language, quarrelling or fighting, and taking oaths, in addition to any other regularly prohibited acts. Males should also refrain from looking at women, women must exercise strict modesty in their appearance and should not apply make-up, perfume or any other cosmetics. Also, Muslims are not allowed to use scented soap, unscented soap is available for pilgrims during hajj. All flirtatious, arrogant and rude thoughts are to be put aside, Muslims must forget about studies, business and relationships, and focus on God. When flying on pilgrimage, appropriate measures are taken to assure that the pilgrim will be in the state of ihram when flying above or alongside the stations of miqat. For this reason some airports in Muslim areas have dedicated ihram rooms, ghanim Saleh Al-Sadlan, professor of Higher Islamic Studies at the Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University
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Ihram clothing
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Ihram clothing includes mens and womens garments worn by Muslim people during the Ihram pilgrimage and or. The main objective is to avoid attracting attention, mens garments often consist of two white un-hemmed sheets and are universal in appearance. The top is draped over the torso and the bottom is secured by a belt, womens clothing, however, varies considerably and reflects regional as well as religious influences, but they often dont wear special clothing or cover their faces. White ihram clothing is intended to make everyone appear the same, Ihram also contributes to a feeling of unity that pilgrims have when they are in the city of Mecca. They are all brothers and sisters joined to worship God, there are also certain behaviours that are expected and forbidden once ihram is donned. Ihram is typically worn during Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month in the Islamic calendar, although it is simply an item of clothing to be worn during the pilgrimage, there are many competing views on the proper wearing of ihram. For example, the number of days a pilgrim is required to wear ihram varies according to the type of pilgrimage the individual is performing. Ihram is also a state a pilgrim is in during the Hajj pilgrimage, before entering Ihram, they bathe, trim their nails and hair, make wudu, and pronounce a formal intention to perform Hajj. While they are in state, pilgrims are not allowed to hunt or kill any living thing, participate in sexual intercourse, cut hair or nails. Islam and clothing sarong a waist-wrap similar to the izar
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Tawaf
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Tawaf is one of the Islamic rituals of pilgrimage. The circling is believed to demonstrate the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God, as they move in harmony together around the Kaaba, the circle begins from the Black Stone on the corner of the Kaaba. They are also to make the Takbir prayer each time they approach, for men, it is recommended to make the first three circuits at a hurried pace, followed by four times, more closely, at a leisurely pace. Muslims are generally advised to make ṭawāf at least twice – once as part of the Hajj, however, on some occasions when it is especially humid or crowded, respiration may become more difficult due to excess carbon dioxide in the air around the Kaaba. There are several types of ṭawāf that can be performed, Ṭawāf al-Qudūm is performed by those not residing in Mecca once reaching the Holy City, Ṭawāf aṭ-Ṭaḥīyah is performed after entering the Masjid al-Haram at any other times and is mustahab. Ṭawāf al-cUmrah refers to the ṭawāf performed specifically for Umrah, Ṭawāf al-Wadāc is performed before leaving Mecca. Ṭawāf az-Zīyārah, Ṭawāf al-Ifāḍah or Ṭawāf al-Ḥajj is performed after casting stones, attempts have been made to establish a connection between the act of ṭawāf and orbiting motions of heavenly bodies. It has been proposed, for example, that the act of ṭawāf closely resembles the shape of a galaxy when viewed from above, but this view has not been verified by qualified ulama. As above, so below is the precept of sacred geometry, the ancients observed the 7 Classical Planets/Seven Heavens and 4 dont cast shadows on Earth,4 cant be easily seen during the day. The 4 Lunar phases are roughly 7 days each, the Lunar Year +7 day week +4 days = Solar Year. Orion the Hunter is 7 stars with 4 making up his shoulders, etc. Therefore, Tawaf has 7 circumambulations around a meteorite encased in the 4-sided Kaaba with three rounds at a fast pace and 4 rounds at a leisurely pace. Mohamed, Mamdouh N. Hajj to Umrah, From A to Z. Mamdouh Mohamed, Hajj Leaflet The Hajj according to the Five Schools Hajj, The Pilgrimage Denny, Frederick Mathewson
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Umrah
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The ʿUmrah is a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year, in contrast to the Hajj. In Arabic, Umrah means to visit a populated place and it is sometimes called the minor pilgrimage or lesser pilgrimage, the Hajj being the major pilgrimage and which is compulsory for every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it. The Umrah is not compulsory but highly recommended, the pilgrim performs a series of ritual acts symbolic of the lives of Ibrahim and his second wife Hajar, and of solidarity with Muslims worldwide. These acts of faith are, Perform a tawaf طواف, which consists of circling the Kaaba seven times in an anticlockwise direction, men are encouraged to do this three times at a hurried pace, followed by four times, more closely, at a leisurely pace. Perform a sai سعي, which means rapidly walking seven times back and this is a re-enactment of Hajars frantic search for water. The baby Ishmael cried and hit the ground with his foot and this source of water is today called the Well of Zamzam. Perform a halq or taqsir, meaning a shaving of the hair, a taqsir is a partial shortening of the hair typically reserved for women who cut a minimum of one inch or more of their hair. A halq is a complete shave of the head, usually performed on men, both of these signify the submission of will to God over glorifying physical appearances. The head shaving/cutting is reserved until the end of Umrah and these rituals complete the Umrah, and the pilgrim can choose to go out of ihram. Although not a part of the ritual, most pilgrims drink water from the Well of Zamzam, various sects of Islam perform these rituals with slightly different methods. The peak times of pilgrimage are the days before, during and after the Hajj, there are two types of Umrah, depending on whether one wishes to combine the Umrah with Hajj, al-Umrat al-mufradah al-mustaqillah an al-Hajj and al-Umrat al-mundammah ila al-Hajj. Al-Umrat al mufradah refers to Umrah that is performed independently of Hajj, umrat al-tammatu refers to Umrah that is performed in conjunction with Hajj. More precisely, the rituals of the Umrah are performed first, both are Islamic pilgrimages, the main difference is their level of importance and the method of observance. Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam and it is obligatory for every Muslim once in their lifetime, provided they are physically fit and financially capable. Hajj is performed during a designated Islamic month, however, Umrah can be performed at any time. Both seem similar in the start, Umrah can be performed in less than a few hours while Hajj is more time consuming, and involves more rituals. Throughout Muhammads era the Muslims wanted to establish the right to perform Umrah, during that time Mecca was occupied by Arab Pagans who used to worship idols inside Mecca. The first military campaign related to the Umrah was the Nakhla Raid ordered by Muhammad, when the Quraysh saw the shaven head of Ukkash, they thought that the group was on its way for pilgrimage and they felt relieved and began to set up camp
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Caliphate
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A caliphate is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph —a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many Muslim states, the Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt, before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title malik, or another from the same root. The term caliph, derives from the Arabic word khalīfah, which means successor, steward, however, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was successor selected by God. There was no specified procedure for this shura or consultation, candidates were usually, but not necessarily, from the same lineage as the deceased leader. Capable men who would lead well were preferred over an ineffectual heir, Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was chosen by the community and that this was the proper procedure. Sunnis further argue that a caliph should ideally be chosen by election or community consensus, the Shia believe that Ali, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, was chosen by Muhammad as his spiritual and temporal successor as the Mawla of all Muslims in the event of Ghadir Khumm. The caliph was often known as Amir al-Muminin, Muhammad established his capital in Medina, after he died, it remained the capital during the Rashidun Caliphate, before Kufa was reportedly made the capital by Caliph Ali. At times there have been rival claimant caliphs in different parts of the Islamic world, according to Sunni Muslims, the first caliph to be called Amir al-Muminin was Abu Bakr, followed by Umar, the second of the Rashidun. Uthman and Ali also were called by the title, while the Shia consider Ali to have been the only truly legitimate caliph. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially abolished the system of Caliphate in Islam as part of his secular reforms, the Kings of Morocco still label themselves with the title Amir al-Muminin for the Moroccans, but lay no claim to the Caliphate. Some Muslim countries, including Somalia, Indonesia and Malaysia, were never subject to the authority of a Caliphate, with the exception of Aceh, consequently, these countries had their own, local, sultans or rulers who did not fully accept the authority of the Caliph. Abu Bakr, the first successor of Muhammad, nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, Umar, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian named Piruz Nahavandi. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors, Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. Ali then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt and he faced two major rebellions and was assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Khawarij. Alis tumultuous rule lasted only five years and this period is known as the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war. The followers of Ali later became the Shia minority sect of Islam, the followers of all four Rashidun Caliphs became the majority Sunni sect. Under the Rashidun each region of the Caliphate had its own governor, Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman and governor of Syria, succeeded Ali as Caliph
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Islamic marital jurisprudence
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In Islamic law, marriage is a legal and social contract between a man and a woman. Islam is totally opposed to monasticism and celibacy, Marriage is an act of Sunnah in Islam and is strongly recommended, the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally. Polygyny is permitted in Islam under some conditions, but polyandry is forbidden, Nikah is the first—and most common—form of marriage for Muslims. It is described in the Quran in Surah 4,4, regulations, While intended to be a permanent state, it can be terminated by the husband engaging in the Talaq process or the wife seeking a Khula. The couple inherit from each other, a legal contract is signed when entering the marriage. However it is not a requirement that the contract be in writing, if an agreed end-date is specified in the Nikah contract, In Sunni jurisprudence, the contract is invalid. In Shia jurisprudence, the contract defines a temporary marriage, nikah mutah, requirement of witnesses, Sunni, either two adult Muslim males or one adult Muslim male and two adult Muslim females. Shia, two adult Muslim males Permission from Wali, Sunni, Compulsory or Strongly recommended Shia, Depending on the scholar, Nikah mut‘ah, often referred as fixed-time marriage. Many of these marriages have a limit, and is the second form of marriage. Nikah mut‘ah has a time period to the marriage which is stated during the initiation of the contract. Traditionally the couple do not inherit each other. The man usually is not responsible for the welfare of the woman. For these reasons Sunnis frequently compare this type of marriage to adultery or prostitution, Nikah mut‘ah also does not count toward a maximum of wives. This is to ensure there is no pregnancy from the ex-husband. Shia justification for Mutah, Quran 4,24 - And all married women save those whom your right hands possess and it is a decree of Allah for you. Lawful unto you are all beyond those mentioned, so that ye seek them with your wealth in honest wedlock, and those of whom ye seek content, give unto them their portions as a duty. And there is no sin for you in what ye do by mutual agreement after the duty, Muslim males may marry a non-Muslim female, specifically, one from the People of the Book, which includes Judaism and Christianity. Conversion is optional for the woman, but she is charged with having a proper understanding of her respective faith as well as engaging in its true
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Marriage in Islam
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‹See Tfd› In Islam, marriage is a legal contract, between two people. Both the groom and the bride are to consent to the marriage of their own free wills, a formal, binding contract is considered integral to a religiously valid Islamic marriage, and outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom and bride. There must be two Muslim witnesses of the marriage contract, divorce can be effected through husband or through khula is permitted and can be issued by both the bride and groom with equal rights as per Islamic laws and Shariah. In addition to the marriage until death or divorce, there is a different fixed-term marriage known as zawāj al-mutʻah permitted only by the Twelver branch of Shia Islam for a pre-fixed period. Islam is totally opposed to monasticism and celibacy, Marriage is an act of Sunnah in Islam and is strongly recommended. In Pre-Islamic Arabia a variety of different marriage practices existed, the most common and recognized types of marriage at this time consisted of, marriage by agreement, marriage by capture, marriage by mahr, marriage by inheritance and Mota or temporary marriage. Prior to Islam, in the Arab world, women could not make decisions based on their own beliefs and they were never bound by contract for marriage or custody of children and their consent was never sought. Women were seldom allowed to divorce their husbands and their view was not regarded for either a marriage or divorce, if they got divorced, women were not legally allowed to go by their maiden name again. They could not own or inherit property or objects, even if they were facing poverty or harsh living conditions, women were treated less like people and more like possessions of men. They, however, could be inherited and moved home to home depending on the wants and needs of their husband. Essentially, women were slaves to men and made no decisions on anything, if their husband died, his son from a previous marriage was entitled to his wife if the son wanted her. The woman had no choice in the matter unless she was able to pay him for freedom, one of the most extraordinary practices that took place was that if a husband died, his son could inherit his wife to be his own wife. Marriage by inheritance, and incestuous relationships between a son and his own mother was a widespread custom throughout Arabia, including Medina and Mecca. If the son of a deceased husband did not want his wife, the hut that the women lived in was kept dark with very poor air circulation. After one year, the woman was allowed to come out of the hut, People in Makka would blame her for refusing to sleep with her own son. In 586 AD women were acknowledged to be human, although this appears to be a change in the status of women in Arabia, they were only acknowledged as human with the sole purpose of serving men. They were considered human, but were not given the rights as men and were not treated equally in respect to men. In fact, it was common for a new father to be outraged upon learning that his baby was a female and it was believed that the birth of a girl was a bad omen, and men thought that daughters would bring disgrace to the family
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Islamic marriage contract
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An Islamic marriage contract is an Islamic prenuptial agreement. In Sunni Islam, a contract must have two male witnesses, or, in the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, one man and two women, if a second male is unavailable. Proper witnessing is critical to the validation of the marriage, also acting as a protection against suspicions of adulterous relationships, had I been the first to come upon it, I would have ordered them to be stoned. In Shia Islam, witnesses to a marriage are deemed necessary, marriages are usually not held in mosques, and men and women are separated during the ceremony and reception. Islam doesnt authorize any official clergy, so any Muslim who understands the Islamic tradition can be the official for the wedding. However, if a Muslim wedding is held in a mosque, then a marriage officiant, known as qadi, qazi or madhun, among the stipulations that can be included in the contract include giving up, or demanding, certain responsibilities. The contract may also be used to regulate the physical relationship. One important purpose of the contract is that which makes sexual intercourse legal, the Prophet, The most deserving of conditions to be fulfilled are those by means of which sexual intercourse becomes permissible for you. الخ, Mahr, Shabkah, Sadaq-, whereas, all of these examples attributed and affected by the culture, beena marriage, a pre-Islamic form of marriage. Islamic views on slavery and concubinage, Mahr, a mandatory payment, paid or promised to be paid by the groom or his father to the bride at the time of marriage. Marriage in Islam Minangkabau marriage, marriage practices of West Sumatra, nikah Halala, the marriage of a woman to a second man after a triple talaq. Nikah Ijtimah, a form of marriage. Nikah Misyar, a practice in Sunni Islam. Nikah mut‘ah, a form of marriage in Shia Islam. Nikah urfi, a customary Sunni Muslim marriage contract, rights and obligations of spouses in Islam. Articles / Knowledge on Marriage within Islam at muslimwedding. org
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Polygyny in Islam
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Under Islamic marital jurisprudence, Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four. Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband, Polygyny for Muslims, in practice and in law, differs greatly throughout the Islamic world. In some Muslim countries, polygyny is common, while in others. Azerbaijan, Tunisia and Turkey, for example, are predominantly Muslim countries that have not adopted Islamic law for marital regulations, the verse most commonly referred to with the topic of polygyny is Verse 3 of Surah 4. At first glance, this can be interpreted in different ways. However, it is important to understand the verse in context of both the Quran as well as the context when it was revealed. These Verses were revealed after the Battle of Uhud, in which many Muslim men were killed, leaving widows and it is a verse about compassion towards women and their children, it is not about men or their sexuality. That will be nearer to prevent you from doing injustice, an orphan girl under the guardianship of her guardian who is attracted by her wealth and beauty and intends to marry her with a Mahr less than what other women of her standard deserve. So they have been forbidden to them unless they do justice to them and give them their full Mahr. The Qur’anic context can be explained by Surah 4,2, which states To orphans restore their property, nor substitute worthless things for good ones, for this is indeed a great sin. Therefore, the first part of verse 4,3 is dealing with women who are under the protection of a male guardian. If a man cannot deal justly with more than one wife and it is clear that this quote was revealed out of compassion towards women, and not as a means to please male sexuality, which is a common modern interpretation of such verses. Putting the verses regarding polygyny into the broader Quranic context by examining the nature of marriage in Islam helps understanding them. The Quran refers to marriage as a mithaq, i. e. a solemn covenant or agreement between husband and wife, and enjoins that it be put down in writing, love and mercy are very much a part of marriage as described in the Quran. It is thus clear that there is more to polygyny in the basis of the Quran then simply the citation of Verse 4,3. Ash-Shirbeeni from the Shaafi’i School of jurisprudence, said, It is a Sunnah not to marry more than one if there is no apparent need. Their opinion was derived from performing ijtihad which determined their belief that it is to be deemed preferable to refrain from joining more than one wife in the marital bond. Ibn Qudaamah from the Hanbali School of jurisprudence, said in Ash-Sharh Al-Kabeer, the author of Al-Muharrar said this, based on the saying of Allaah
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Zina
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Zināʾ or zina is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. According to traditional jurisprudence, zina can include adultery, fornication, prostitution, bestiality, classification of homosexual intercourse as zina differs according to legal school. Four witnesses are required to prove the offense, Zina thus belong to the class of hadd crimes which have Quranically specified punishments. The offenders must have acted of their own free will, according to traditional jurisprudence, zina must be proved by testimony of four eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, or a confession repeated four times and not retracted later. These requirements made zina virtually impossible to prove in practice, Rape was traditionally prosecuted under different legal categories which used normal evidentiary rules. Making an accusation of zina without presenting the required eyewitnesses is called qadhf, aside from a few rare and isolated instances from the pre-modern era and several recent cases, there is no historical record of stoning for zina being legally carried out. Zina became a pressing issue in modern times, as Islamist movements and governments employed polemics against public immorality. Iran witnessed several highly publicized stonings for zina in the aftermath the Islamic revolution, in Nigeria local courts have passed several stoning sentences, all of which were overturned on appeal or left unenforced. Although these laws were amended in 2006, they still blur the distinction between rape and consensual sex. According to human rights organizations, stoning for zina has also carried out in Saudi Arabia. Muslim scholars have historically considered zināʾ a hudud sin, or crime against God and it is mentioned in both Quran and in the Hadiths. The Quran deals with zināʾ in several places, the public lashing and public lethal stoning punishment for zina are also prescribed in Hadiths, the books most trusted in Islam after Quran, particularly in Kitab Al-Hudud. Hadith Sahih al Bukhari, another source of sunnah, has several entries which refer to death by stoning. For example, Other hadith collections on zina between men and woman include, The stoning of a Jewish man and woman for having committed illegal sexual intercourse, few hadiths have been found regarding rape in the time of Muhammad. The most popular transmitted hadith given below indicates the order of stoning for the rapist, the hadiths declare rape of a free or slave woman as zina. If a confession or the four witnesses required to prove a crime are not available, but rape can be proved by other means. According to the eleventh-century Maliki jurist Ibn Abd al-Barr, Islamic teachings presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention, Quran forbids homosexual relationships, in Al-Nisa, Al-Araf (, and other surahs. For example, We also sent Lot, He said to his people, for ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women, ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds
