Islamic music may refer to religious music, as performed in Islamic public services or private devotions, or more generally to musical traditions of the Muslim world. The heartland of Islam is the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Balkans, and West Africa,
Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia. Due to Islam being a multi-ethnic religion, the musical expression of its adherents is vastly diverse. Indigenous traditions of various part have influenced the musical styles popular among Muslims today. The word "music" in Arabic, the language of Islam, is defined more narrowly than in English or some other languages, and "its concept" was at least originally "reserved for secular art music; separate names and concepts belonged to folk songs and to religious chants".
A Musical Gathering – Ottoman, 18th century
Qawwali in India
"Al-Ushyaaq" Arab-Indonesian Gambus musical ensemble in Jakarta, 1949
Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy".
al-Farabi on the currency of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation of Kitab ihsa' al-'ulum ("Enumeration of the Sciences")
Pages from a 17th-century manuscript of al-Farabi's commentary on Aristotle's metaphysics