1.
Disneyland
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
2.
Geographical coordinates
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Magic Kingdom
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Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle seen in the 1950 film, Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney. And to the talents, the dedication, and the loyalty of the entire Disney organization that made Walt Disneys dream come true, may Walt Disney World bring Joy and Inspiration and New Knowledge to all who come to this happy place. A Magic Kingdom where the young at heart of all ages can laugh and play, although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning the Florida Project, Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967 after his death. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland Park in California, there are several anecdotes relating to reasons for some of the features of Walt Disney World, and Magic Kingdom specifically. According to one story, Walt Disney once saw a Frontierland cowboy walking through Tomorrowland at Disneyland and he disliked that the cowboy intruded on the futuristic setting of Tomorrowland and wanted to avoid situations like this in the new park. The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, the utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks, future World at Epcot and Pleasure Island each have a smaller network of utilidors. Magic Kingdom opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1,1971, commencing concurrently with Disneys Contemporary Resort, the Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates. The first, and as of today, only added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickeys Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouses 60th birthday, later the land was renovated as Mickeys Starland and eventually to Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land was home to such as Mickeys Country House, Minnies Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofys Wiseacre Farm. It closed on February 12,2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland, the Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickeys Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickeys Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickeys Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a called the Storybook Circus. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini, since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of six hurricanes, Floyd, Frances, Charley, Jeanne, Wilma, and Matthew. It was also closed in the middle of the day on September 11,2001, in addition, there are four phases of park closure when Magic Kingdom exceeds capacity, ranging from restricted access for most guests to full closure for everyone, even cast members
4.
FastPass
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Disneys Fastpass, FastPass+, and MaxPass are virtual queuing systems created by the Walt Disney Company. Disneys Fastpass and FastPass+ services are available at no charge to all park guests. Each attraction inside a Disney theme park has a number of guests that attraction can handle in a given operating day. For example, a ride-through attraction like the Haunted Mansion may be able to carry 2,000 guests per operating hour, during a 12-hour operating day,24,000 guests can experience this attraction. Similarly, a theatrical show with a theatre capacity of 3,000 guests that has five shows during the day has a capacity of 15,000 guests. When Fastpass is installed on the attraction, a number of those seats are set aside. The remainder are available on a stand-by basis to other park guests. At the beginning of the day, the enabled attractions wait is pre-set at a given time. The number of Fastpasses available is divided into time intervals. As guests obtain Fastpasses for the attraction, time intervals are depleted, for an average attraction, the Fastpass wait will generally stay near this initial pre-set time. In the case of very popular attractions, such as Splash Mountain or other thrill rides, time intervals are depleted quickly. Sometimes, all the time intervals will be depleted early in the day, Disney currently operates a paper ticket Fastpass system at its parks in Anaheim, Paris, Hong Kong, and Tokyo. Walt Disney World in Florida has eliminated the paper ticket system to implement a FastPass+ system of reservations made in advance via computer, paper Fastpass tickets are dispensed by machines outside each attraction that uses them. The guest inserts their park ticket into a reader on the machine, the machine then returns the admission ticket and a Fastpass ticket will be printed. This ticket will show the window at which the guest may enter the special priority line at that attraction. The return time period given is one hour for rides. It will also show when another Fastpass can be obtained, in normal practice, only one Fastpass ticket can be held at a time. Another Fastpass ticket can be obtained either at the start of the current Fastpass tickets return time or after two hours, whichever is earlier
5.
Tokyo Disneyland
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Tokyo Disneyland is a 115-acre theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, near Tokyo. Its main gate is adjacent to both Maihama Station and Tokyo Disneyland Station. It was the first Disney park to be built outside the United States, the park was constructed by Walt Disney Imagineering in the same style as Disneyland in California and Magic Kingdom in Florida. It is owned by The Oriental Land Company, which licenses the theme from The Walt Disney Company, Tokyo Disneyland and its companion park, Tokyo DisneySea, are the only Disney parks not wholly or partly owned by the Walt Disney Company. The park has seven themed areas, the World Bazaar, the four classic Disney lands, Adventureland, Westernland, Fantasyland and Tomorrowland, many of these areas mirror those in the original Disneyland as they are based on American Disney films and fantasies. Fantasyland includes Peter Pans Flight, Snow Whites Scary Adventures, Dumbo the Flying Elephant, based on classic Disney films, the park is noted for its extensive open spaces, to accommodate the large crowds that visit the park. In 2013, Tokyo Disneyland hosted 17.2 million visitors, to all of you who come to this happy place, welcome. Here you will discover enchanted lands of Fantasy and Adventure, Yesterday, may Tokyo Disneyland be an eternal source of joy, laughter, inspiration, and imagination to the people of the world. And may this magical kingdom be a symbol of the spirit of cooperation. The initial contract for the construction of Disneyland in Tokyo was signed in April 1979, Japanese engineers and architects visited California to tour Disneyland and prepare to construct the new park. The construction of the park began a year later and was covered by hundreds of reporters as an indication of the expectations for the park in the future. The final cost of Disneyland Tokyo was 180 billion yen rather than the projected 100 billion yen, despite this, Disneyland Tokyo has been a constant source of pride since opening day over 30 years ago. With a few exceptions, Tokyo Disneyland features the same found in Disneyland. World Bazaar is the entry corridor and primary shopping area of Tokyo Disneyland. World Bazaar has a permanent canopy covering the Main Street and Center Street areas, Adventureland consists of two distinct yet complementary areas, A New Orleans-themed area and a jungle-themed area. It is roughly a combination of the New Orleans Square and Adventureland areas found in Disneyland Park in the United States, Westernland is an old west themed area, the counterpart of Frontierland in other Magic Kingdom-style parks. Critter Country is an area of the park and is dominated by a single major attraction. Like other Magic Kingdom theme parks, Fantasylands central entryway is a castle, in this case Cinderella Castle, like its counterparts in other Disney theme parks, Toontown is heavily inspired by the movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit
6.
Disneyland Park (Paris)
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Disneyland Park, originally Euro Disneyland, is a theme park found at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France. The park opened on 12 April 1992 as the first of the two built at the resort. Designed and built by Walt Disney Imagineering, its layout and attractions are similar to Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California and Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, spanning 56.656 ha, it is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 10.43 million visitors, making it the theme park in Europe. The park is represented by Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant, in order to make things more distinct and not be a mere copy of the original, modifications were made to the parks concepts and designs. Among the changes was the change of Tomorrowland to Discoveryland, giving the area a retrofuturistic theme, other altered elements include the Haunted Mansion, which was redesigned as Phantom Manor and a retro, more intense version of Space Mountain. The parks location brought forth its own challenges, Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant is said by its designers to have been necessarily reevaluated for a continent on which authentic castles stand. Modifications to the park were made to protect against changes in weather in the Parisian climate, covered walkways referred to as arcades were added, and Michael Eisner ordered the installation of 35 fireplaces in hotels and restaurants. The park was known as Euro Disneyland until May 1994, Euro Disneyland Paris until September 1994, Disneyland Paris until February 2002, as Michael Eisner noted, As Americans, the word Euro is believed to mean glamorous or exciting. For Europeans it turned out to be a term associated with business, currency. Renaming the park Disneyland Paris was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic, Disneyland Park is divided into five themed lands, which house 49 attractions. Designed like a wheel with the hub on Central Plaza before Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant, pathways spoke out across the 140 acres of the park and lead to the lands. The 3 ft narrow gauge Disneyland Railroad runs along the perimeter of the park and stops in Main Street, from 1 April 2012, Disneyland Paris celebrates its 20th anniversary. Disneyland Park hosts a range of daytime and nighttime entertainment throughout the year, frozen, A Royal Welcome 2015–present Royal Christmas Wishes - 2015–present Mickeys Magical Christmas Lights - 2015–present Disney Dreams. Once Upon a Dream Parade 2007–2012, rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Official website
7.
Hong Kong Disneyland
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Hong Kong Disneyland is a theme park located on reclaimed land in Pennys Bay, Lantau Island. It is the first theme park located inside the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and it is, together with Ocean Park Hong Kong, one of the two large theme parks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Disneyland opened to visitors on Monday,12 September 2005 at 13,00 HKT, for instance, a bend was put in a walkway near the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort entrance so good qi energy wouldnt flow into the South China Sea. The park consists of seven themed areas, Main Street, U. S. A, Fantasyland, Adventureland, Tomorrowland, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point, and Toy Story Land. The theme parks cast members speak Cantonese, English, and Mandarin, guide maps are printed in traditional and simplified Chinese as well as English, Japanese, Thai, Malay and Indonesian. The park has a capacity of 34,000 visitors — the fewest of all Disneyland parks. The park attracted 5.2 million visitors in its first year, visitor numbers fell 20% in the second year to 4 million, inciting criticisms from local legislators. However, the park attendance jumped by 8% in the third year, in 2009, the park attendance again increased by 2% to 4.8 million visitors. The attendance continued to surge and received 5.23 million guests in the 2009/2010 fiscal year, since the opening of Hong Kong Disneyland, the theme park has hosted over 25 million guests. According to AECOM and TEA, Hong Kong Disneyland is the 13th most visited park in the world in 2013. The park also turned a net profit of HK$109 million for the year ended 29 September 2012, Hong Kong Disneyland currently occupies 27.5186 hectares and hosts 7.92 million to 8.92 million visitors annually. The park capacity will increase to handle up to 10 million visitors annually over a 15-year expansion period, to all who come to this happy place, welcome. Many years ago, Walt Disney introduced the world to enchanted realms of fantasy and adventure, yesterday and tomorrow, today that spirit of imagination and discovery comes to life in Hong Kong. Pennys Bay was filled in to land for the construction of Hong Kong Disneyland. The bay was previously undeveloped except for the Cheoy Lee Shipyard, Chief Executive of Hong Kong Tung Chee Hwa was instrumental in introducing the Disneyland project to Hong Kong. When the SARS epidemic devastated the economy in 2003, it was hoped that the new Disneyland would help boost confidence in Hong Kongs tourism industry. Hong Kong Disneyland had one of the shortest construction periods of any Disneyland-style theme park, on 12 January 2003, more than 400 guests celebrated the groundbreaking of Hong Kong Disneyland after the finishing of land reclamation in Pennys Bay. On 23 September 2004, a special castle topping ceremony was held in the park to commemorate the placing of the tallest turret on Sleeping Beauty Castle, Beijing declared its significant support by sending Zeng Qinghong as Vice President of the Peoples Republic of China
8.
1964 New York World's Fair
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The 1964/1965 New York Worlds Fair was the third major worlds fair to be held in New York City. However, the fair did not receive official sanctioning from the Bureau of International Expositions, hailing itself as a universal and international exposition, the fairs theme was Peace Through Understanding, dedicated to Mans Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe. American companies dominated the exposition as exhibitors, the theme was symbolized by a 12-story high, stainless-steel model of the earth called the Unisphere. The fair ran for two seasons, April 22 – October 18,1964, and April 21 – October 17,1965. Admission price for adults was $2 in 1964 but $2.50 in 1965, the fair is noted as a showcase of mid-20th-century American culture and technology. The nascent Space Age, with its vista of promise, was well represented, more than 51 million people attended the fair, though fewer than the hoped-for 70 million. Most major American manufacturing companies from pen manufacturers to auto companies had a major presence and this fair gave many attendees their first interaction with computer equipment. The site, Flushing Meadows Corona Park in the borough of Queens, was previously Manhattans Corona Ash Dumps featured prominently in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby as the Valley of Ashes. Prior to that, the site had been a natural wetland — literally wetland meadows that would flush the nearby runoff entering the adjacent bay, Flushing Meadows had been a Dutch settlement, named after the village of Vlissingen. Subsequently, the site was reclaimed for the 1939/1940 New York Worlds Fair, one of the largest worlds fairs to be held in the United States, the 1939 fair also occupied space that was filled in for the 1964/1965 exposition. The 1964/1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who remembered their experiences at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Thoughts of a boom to the city as the result of increased tourism was a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939/1940 extravaganza. Then-New York City mayor, Robert F. Wagner, Jr and he was joined by Austrian architect Victor Gruen in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission to award the worlds fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities. Organizers turned to financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage them. The organizers hired New Yorks Master Builder Robert Moses, to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects, Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades. In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens tidal marsh/garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939/1940 Worlds Fair, called Flushing Meadows Park, it was Moses grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some 1,300 acres of land, easily accessible from Manhattan, when the 1939/1940 Worlds Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project
9.
Old Mill (ride)
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An old mill is a type of amusement park ride with unaccompanied boats floated on guideways through dark tunnels. These themed dark rides originated in the late 19th century and are known by a variety of names, including tunnel of love and river cave. While generally considered a ride, a variation that ends with a climatic splashdown. In its earliest incarnations, riders were taken by boats through dark passages. There were two themes, a relaxing romantic ride encouraging the couple to cuddle, or a spooky horror ride encouraging the couple to cling to one another. The boats drift along on a current, typically generated by a paddle wheel. This type of amusement ride became relatively common at amusement parks across the UK, the concept of the river cave is also very similar to those of the early scenic railways in that they attempt to be both educational and entertaining. Once a popular feature of amusement parks, river caves are now relatively rare and can be found in only a few locations, mainly in the UK. A mill chute is a variation of the old mill, featuring roller coaster-like drops at the end, the major difference between the old mill and the mill chute is that the mill chute contains a drop at the end. Mill chutes have the same-styled grottos and caverns as old mills, Mill chutes were mainly manufactured in the 1920s and 1930s, while old mills were mainly manufactured in the late 19th century through the 1930s. Though old mills have drops, they are not as steep as the last drop on a mill chute. The last drop on a mill chute ride is typically steeper than its first drop, though it is typical on roller coasters to have the steepest first drop, the mill chute is considered the predecessor to the modern-day log flume. In the 1928 film The Crowd, a tunnel of love is featured in which the sides are pulled down at a place where couples are likely to be kissing. The 1951 Alfred Hitchcock film Strangers on a Train features a tunnel of love ride that becomes the scene of a murder. The tunnel of love has also used in Disney cartoons, mainly a jealous Donald Duck storming the tunnel by foot and ruining the ride for a rival suitor. In 1980, Dire Straits released a single entitled Tunnel of Love from their album Making Movies, bruce Springsteen recorded an album called Tunnel of Love in 1987 and a song of the same name. A1990 episode of the TV series 21 Jump Street was called Tunnel of Love, a tunnel of love is seen in a 1996 episode of Hey Arnold. A tunnel of love is seen in a 2008 episode of The Simpsons called Love, Springfieldian Style
10.
Walt Disney Imagineering
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Imagineering is responsible for designing and building Disney theme parks, resorts, cruise ships, and other entertainment venues at all levels of project development. Imagineering also manages various properties held by units within the Walt Disney Company including Disneys Burbank Studios, New Amsterdam Theater, when Disney was in the sports team ownership that included Edison Field and the Mighty Ducks Disney Ice practice rink in Anaheim. Disney filed for a copyright for the term in 1967, claiming first use of the term in 1962, Walt Disney Inc. was formed by Walt Disney in 1953 with the Disneyland designing engineering division. In light of objections from Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, in 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park, the site of the former Grand Central Air Terminal, in 1961. The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering, in 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerates real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering. Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U. S. traveling attraction, with poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects Inc. a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, by 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings, the additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices. Imagineers are governed by a few key principles when developing new concepts, often, new concepts and improvements are created to fulfill specific needs. Many solutions to problems are designed in this way, such as the vehicle of the attraction Soarin Over California. An Imagineer found an Erector set in his attic, and was able to envision, Imagineers are also known for returning to ideas for attractions and shows that, for whatever reason, never came to fruition. These ideas are often reworked and appear in a different form – like the Museum of the Weird, finally, there is the principle of blue sky speculation, a process where Imagineers generate ideas with no limitations. The custom at Imagineering has been to start the process with what is referred to as eyewash--the boldest, wildest, best idea one can come up with. Many Imagineers consider this to be the beginning of the design process and operate under the notion that if it can be dreamt. Imagineers are always seeking to improve upon their work--what Walt Disney called plussing and he firmly believed that Disneyland will never be completed as long as theres imagination left in the world, meaning there is always room for innovation and improvement. During an Imagineering workshop in 1991, Marty Sklar presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg, WDI is responsible for technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system. The idea sprang from Disney’s fascination with a bird he purchased in New Orleans
11.
World peace
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World peace or peace on Earth is an ideal state of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and people. This ideal of world non-violence provides a basis for peoples and nations to willingly cooperate, for example, since 1945, the United Nations and the 5 permanent members of its Security Council have worked to resolve conflicts without war or declarations of war. However, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since that time, many theories as to how world peace could be achieved have been proposed. Several of these are listed below, main article, Peace through strength The term is traced back to the Roman Emperor Hadrian but the concept is as old as the recorded history. In fact, near the entrance to the headquarters of the SAC at Offutt Air Base stands a large sign with a SAC emblem and its motto, realize a principled and peaceful and prosperous future. And play the role only America can play, World peace is sometimes claimed to be the result of a certain political ideology. Leon Trotsky, a Marxist theorist, assumed that a world revolution would lead to world peace. Proponents of the democratic peace theory claim that strong empirical evidence exists that democracies never or rarely wage war against each other. There are, however, several wars between democracies that have taken place, historically, a good example of this is World War I, during which both Britain and Germany became partially self-sufficient. This is particularly important because Germany had no plan for creating a War economy, thus, a powerful lobby—unless there are only national companies—will argue against wars. Mutual assured destruction is a doctrine of military strategy in which a use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both belligerents. Hinckley saw a trend in national politics by which city-states and nation-states have unified, non-interventionism should not be confused with isolationism. Isolationism, like non-interventionism, advises avoiding interference into other nations internal affairs but also emphasizes protectionism and restriction of international trade, non-interventionism, on the other hand, advocates combining free trade with political and military non-interference. Nations like Japan are perhaps the best known for establishing isolationist policies in the past, the Japanese Shogun Tokugawa initiated the Edo Period, an isolationist period where Japan cut itself off from the world as a whole. World peace has been depicted as a consequence of local, self-determined behaviors that inhibit the institutionalization of power, similar collaborative mechanisms are emerging from the Internet around open-source projects, including Wikipedia, and the evolution of other social media. Through most of human societies have been based on personal relations, individuals in groups know each other. Today in most lower-income societies hierarchies of groups distribute wealth based on relationships among group leaders. This creates loyalty to a state that enforces the rule of law and contracts impartially and reliably and provides equal protection in the freedom to contract – that is, liberal democracy
12.
Sherman Brothers
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The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history, Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include Mary Poppins, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Jungle Book, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Charlottes Web and The Aristocats. Sons of Russian Jewish immigrants, Robert and Richard Sherman began writing together in 1951 on a challenge from their father. The brothers wrote together and with different songwriting partners throughout the rest of the decade and they wrote the title song for Doris Days album Bright and Shiny, recorded in 1960 and released a year later. In 1958, Robert founded the publishing company Music World Corporation. That same year, the Sherman Brothers had their first top-ten hit with Tall Paul, sung by Mouseketeer Judy Harriet on the Surf Records label and then covered by Mouseketeer Annette Funicello. The success of this song yielded the attention of Walt Disney, the first song they wrote on personal assignment by Walt Disney was Strummin Song in 1961. It was used in the Annette Funicello made-for-television movie called The Horsemasters and they also wrote what is perhaps their best-known song, Its a Small World, for the 1964 New York Worlds Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for Mary Poppins, which includes the songs Feed The Birds, Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious, and the Oscar-winning Chim Chim Cher-ee. Since Mary Poppins premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R, in 1970, the Shermans returned to Disney for a brief stint where they completed work on The Aristocats and Bedknobs and Broomsticks. The latter film garnered the brothers their fourth and fifth Oscar nominations,1972 saw the release of Snoopy Come Home, for which the brothers received a Grammy nomination. In 1973, the Sherman Brothers also made history by becoming the only Americans ever to win First Prize at the Moscow Film Festival for Tom Sawyer, in 1976, “The Slipper and the Rose” was picked to be the Royal Command Performance of the year. The performance was attended by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, a modern musical adaptation of the classic Cinderella story, Slipper, also featured songs, score, and screenplay by the Sherman Brothers. Two further Academy Award nominations were garnered by the brothers for the film and that same year the Sherman Brothers received their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame directly across from Graumans Chinese Theater. Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit Over Here, was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. Other top-ten hits include Pineapple Princess, Lets Get Together, in 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for the Disney film The Tigger Movie. This film marked the brothers first major picture for the Disney company in over 28 years
13.
Water
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Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earths streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen, Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance, that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often refers also to its solid state or its gaseous state. It also occurs in nature as snow, glaciers, ice packs and icebergs, clouds, fog, dew, aquifers, Water covers 71% of the Earths surface. It is vital for all forms of life. Only 2. 5% of this water is freshwater, and 98. 8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0. 3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, a greater quantity of water is found in the earths interior. Water on Earth moves continually through the cycle of evaporation and transpiration, condensation, precipitation. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land, large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals. Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. There is a correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in developing regions of the world. Water plays an important role in the world economy, approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a variety of chemical substances, as such it is widely used in industrial processes. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, Water is a liquid at the temperatures and pressures that are most adequate for life. Specifically, at atmospheric pressure of 1 bar, water is a liquid between the temperatures of 273.15 K and 373.15 K
14.
Dark ride
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The size of each room containing a scene or scenes is thus concealed, and the set designer is able to use forced perspective and other visual tricks to create the illusion of distance. Typically, these experiences also use a series of opaque doors between scenes to control the views of the audience within a space-constrained building. The first dark rides appeared in the late 19th century and were called scenic railways, a popular type of dark ride, commonly referred to as an old mill or tunnel of love, used small boats to carry riders through water-filled canals. A Trip to the Moon began operation at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, leon Cassidy of the Pretzel Amusement Ride Company patented the first single-rail electric dark ride in 1928. Historically notable dark rides include Futurama at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, modern attractions in this genre vary widely in their use of technology. To improve the effect and give a sense of journey, passages in dark rides frequently change direction, sudden curves give a sense of surprise and allow new scenes to surprise the rider. The rides may also feature sudden ascents or descents to further the excitement, Dark rides have a number of variations that are not necessarily mutually exclusive. In the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia, dark rides with a theme are called ghost trains. This name is reserved for travelling funfair-type dark rides. The first ride to use the name ghost train was that of Blackpool Pleasure Beach and it was rebuilt in 1936 and has remained unchanged since. Blackpool Pleasure Beach is also home to Valhalla, the worlds largest indoor dark ride, known for its many complicated effects, also, Derren Browns Ghost Train at Thorpe Park, despite containing the phrase ghost train in its name, is not actually a ghost train per se. In Australia, a ride is named The Ghost Train at Luna Park, Melbourne. As the name suggests, interactive dark rides feature a component that allows the riders to be involved directly in the story of the attraction, the vast majority of interactive dark rides are shooting dark rides, with a small number featuring different forms of interaction. A shooting dark ride requires riders to aim and shoot at targets throughout the ride, each vehicle is equipped with hand-held or vehicle-mounted light guns. Successfully shooting a target usually triggers special animation such as flashing lights or moving the target, the more targets riders hit, the higher their scores at the end of the ride. The ride systems used for conventional dark rides allow for the conversion into shooting dark rides. This conversion is evident in Duel, The Haunted House Strikes Back. at Alton Towers, the latter uses facilities that previously housed If You Had Wings, Delta Dreamflight, and Take Flight. A recent dark ride, Wonder Mountains Guardian based at Canadas Wonderland, has the worlds longest interactive screen, aside from shooting dark rides, other interactive dark rides do exist
15.
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
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Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. also known informally as Walt Disney Parks and Resorts or Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Companys four major business segments and a subsidiary. It was founded in 1971, after the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida, joining the original Disneyland in California, which opened in 1955. It is by far the largest Disney business segment by employee headcount, the chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is Bob Chapek, formerly president of Disney Consumer Products. Chapek reports to Disney CEO Bob Iger, in 1949, Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances. Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney, originally, entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself. With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia, Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres agreed to the Disneyland, Inc. investment. Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions, Western Publishing, Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney, WED and Western Publishing shares by May 1,1959 for $562,500. With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Disneyland, changed from Disneylandia, was announced in April 1954 by Walt to be opened in July 1955. On July 17,1955, the Disneyland park with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests, WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too. On June 29,1957, Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all and this allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits, $511K. The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963, beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates to find a location for another Disney resort, Disney Productions moved beyond a single park. ERA recommended Florida, another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations, in 1963, Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres, which was carried out in 1964, amassing 27,443 acres by October 1965. Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965. Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12,1967, ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30. In Roy O. Disneys last act as CEO in 1968, the next year, The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park. In 1959, the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland, disneylands first new themed land, New Orleans Square, opened in 1966. Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions, the design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation, renamed as Retlaw Enterprise. Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances
16.
Anaheim
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Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
17.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
18.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties
19.
Lake Buena Vista, Florida
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Lake Buena Vista is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is one of two Florida municipalities controlled by The Walt Disney Company, the other being Bay Lake, the permanent residential population of Lake Buena Vista was 10 at the 2010 census. Lake Buena Vista is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area and it was located fully inside the Reedy Creek Improvement District. The city was controlled by the Walt Disney Company and allowed it powers that other area attractions had not had, chapter 69-1527, which became a law on July 3,1969, without the governors approval, redefined the city boundaries. The city was moved, taking over some land that had been part of the City of Bay Lake. Soon after, the City of Reedy Creek was renamed to the City of Lake Buena Vista to better reflect its new location, Buena Vista comes from the name of the street in Burbank, California, where the Walt Disney Company is headquartered. The Reedy Creek Improvement District had all the powers of the city and more, Walt Disneys original plans for the site included at least one futuristic living area, a planned community of the future. This was never built, but some of the ideas were incorporated into the EPCOT theme park and later Celebration, the only residents of the city are Disney employees and their immediate family members who live in a small community on Royal Oak Court, north of Disney Springs. The only landowners are fully owned subsidiaries of Disney, and rights-of-way for state, Lake Buena Vista is located at 28°22′39″N 81°31′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.1 square miles. Lake Buena Vista is a body of water located east of the Buena Vista Golf Course, west of the crossing of State Road 535. The lake, which was called Blake Lake before its acquisition by Disney, was named for Buena Vista Street in Burbank, California, several Walt Disney Company business entities had names containing Buena Vista, a Spanish phrase that means good view. Both the actual lake and the lake are connected via a stream. As of the census of 2000, there were 16 people,9 households, the population density was 3.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11 housing units at a density of 2.3 per square mile. There were 9 households out of one had children under the age of 18 living with them, four are married couples living together. Four are households are made up of individuals, one of whom is 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.78 and the average family size was 2.40. The age distribution was two under 18, none between 18 and 24, three from 25 to 44, six from 45 to 64, and five who were 65 or older, the median age was 53 years
20.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
21.
Disneyland Paris
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It is owned and operated by Euro Disney S. C. A. A publicly traded company in which The Walt Disney Company owns a controlling stake, Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex, opening with the resort on 12 April 1992. A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened in 2002, the resort is the second Disney park to open outside of the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983. Following the success of Walt Disney World in Florida, plans to build a theme park in Europe emerged in 1972. Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker, Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success, in late 1984 the heads of Disneys theme park division, Dick Nunis and Jim Cora, presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park. By March 1985, the number of locations for the park had been reduced to four. Both nations saw the economic advantages of a Disney theme park. Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean Sea and offered a climate similar to Disneys parks in California. Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France, the pleasing landscape of that region, as well as its climate, made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland. However, shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site, which would have rendered construction too difficult, finally, a site in the rural town of Marne-la-Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe. This location was estimated to be no more than a drive for 68 million people. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company, construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named Espace Euro Disney was opened to show the public what was being constructed.3 billion. In order to provide lodging to patrons, it was decided that 5,200 Disney-owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex. In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects decided on an exclusively American theme in each hotel would depict a region of the United States. At the time of the opening in April 1992, seven hotels collectively housing 5,800 rooms had been built, an entertainment, shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney Worlds Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry. With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze-coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights, for a projected daily attendance of 55,000, Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park. In order to accomplish this,29 restaurants were built inside the park, menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disneys precedent of serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park. 2,300 patio seats were installed to satisfy Europeans expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather, in test kitchens at Walt Disney World, recipes were adapted for European tastes
22.
Audio-Animatronics
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The robots move and make noise, but are usually fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand but usually cannot walk, an Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created a version of the technology called Autonomatronics. Animatronics has become a name for similar robots created by firms other than Disney. Audio-Animatronics were originally a creation of Walt Disney employee Lee Adams, one of the first Disney Audio-Animatrons was a toy bird Walt Disney got in New Orleans. It was a mechanical bird, and Walt decided to improve the device that moved it. Another was a man, created by Roger Broggie and Wathel Rogers. The dancing man was modeled after a tap dancing routine by actor Buddy Ebsen, the term Audio-Animatronics was first used commercially by Disney in 1961, was filed as a trademark in 1964, and was registered in 1967. Perhaps the most impressive of the early Audio-Animatronics efforts was The Enchanted Tiki Room and it was a room full of tropical creatures with eye and facial actions synchronized to a musical score entirely by electromechanical means. The movements of the birds, flowers, and tiki idols are triggered by sound. Figures movements have a natural resting position that the limb or part returns to when there is no electric pulse present. Other than this, the animation is a system, with only on/off moves. Other early Audio-Animatrons were at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, pneumatic actuators were not powerful enough to move heavier objects like simulated limbs, so hydraulics were used for large figures. On/off type movement would cause an arm to be lifted either up over a head or down next to its body. To create more movement in large figures, an analog system was used. This gave the body parts a full range of fluid motion. The digital system was used with small pneumatic moving limbs, to permit a high degree of freedom, the control cylinders resemble typical miniature pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, but mount the back of the cylinder on a ball joint and threaded rod. This ball joint permits the cylinders to float freely inside the frame, Disneys technology is not infallible however, the oil-filled cylinders do occasionally drip or leak
23.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
24.
Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)
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The Walt Disney Studios, in Burbank, California, United States, serves as the corporate headquarters for The Walt Disney Company media conglomerate. The Studios are one of two major studios that do not currently offer backlot tours to the general public, the other being 20th Century Fox. For several years, Adventures by Disney has offered tours of the studio, the other way to tour the studio is to join the official Disney D23 fan club, which offers tours to members every few months. The studio used to open to the once a year in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving for its annual Magical Holiday Faire craft sale. As an aid to visitors, many buildings on the Disney lot are marked with identifying signs that include historical information. The Studio is a part of the Walt Disney Studios Disney Studio Services unit – along with Golden Oak Ranch, The Prospect Studios, prior to the official opening of the Burbank lot in 1940, the Walt Disney Studios was situated at several different locations in Los Angeles. During summer 1923, Walt Disney created The Disney Bros, cartoon Studio in his uncle Robert Disneys garage, which was located at 4406 Kingswell Avenue, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles. This garage has been on display at the Stanley Ranch Museum in Garden Grove since the 1980s and his brother Roy O. Disney was also in Los Angeles at the time. During October 1923, the brothers leased office space on the side of a real estate agencys office at 4651 Kingswell Avenue. On October 16,1923, Walt Disney accepted an offer from Margaret Winkler of Universal Studios to distribute the new Alice Comedies starring Virginia Davis. It was also at this site where on January 14,1924, Walt Disney met his future wife Lillian Bounds, in February 1924, the studio moved next door to an office of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue. The late Robert Disneys residence and the office building that is home to 4649 and 4651 Kingswell Avenue have survived to the present and are still in use. In 1925, Walt Disney placed a deposit on a new, considerably larger lot at 2719 Hyperion Avenue, and it was here where, after a train journey with his wife Lillian, Walt fully created the character of Mickey Mouse in 1928. The first color animated film, the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees, in 1937, the Hyperion studio produced the worlds first full-length animated feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Disneys staff began to grow to a size at the Hyperion studio. The current Walt Disney Studios, located at 500 South Buena Vista Street, Burbank, was possible by the revenue from the 1937 release of Snow White. Walt Disney and his staff began the move from the old studio at Hyperion Avenue in Silver Lake on December 24,1939, a bungalow and other small buildings that were located at the Hyperion Avenue location were moved to Burbank. Disney purposely planned his new Burbank studio around the animation process, underground tunnels linked some of the buildings, and the lot also included a movie theatre, a sound stage, and a commissary
25.
Burbank, California
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Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States,12 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340, Entertainment, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, NBC, Cartoon Network Studios with the West Coast branch of Cartoon Network, and Insomniac Games. The city is home to Bob Hope Airport. Burbank consists of two areas, a downtown/foothill section, in the foothills of the Verdugo Mountains. Burbank is the easternmost city in the San Fernando Valley, Burbanks neighbor, Glendale, is the westernmost city in the San Gabriel Valley. The city was referred to as Beautiful Downtown Burbank on Laugh-In, the city was named after David Burbank, a New Hampshire-born dentist and entrepreneur who established a sheep ranch there in 1867. Historically, this area was the scene of a skirmish which resulted in the unseating of the Spanish Governor of California. Remnants of the battle reportedly were found many years later in the vicinity of Warner Bros. Studio when residents dug up cannonballs, by 1876, the San Fernando Valley became the largest wheat-raising area in Los Angeles County. But the droughts of the 1860s and 1870s underlined the need for water supplies. A professionally trained dentist, Dr. Burbank began his career in Waterville and he joined the great migration westward in the early 1850s and, by 1853 was living in San Francisco. At the time the American Civil War broke out he was well established in his profession as a dentist in Pueblo de Los Angeles. In 1867, he purchased Rancho La Providencia from David W. Alexander and Francis Mellus, Dr. Burbanks property reached nearly 9,200 acres at a cost of $9,000. Dr. Burbank wouldnt acquire full titles to both properties until after a decision known as the Great Partition was made in 1871 dissolving the Rancho San Rafael. Dr. Burbank also later owned the Burbank Theatre, which opened on November 27,1893, though the theater was intended to be an opera house, instead it staged plays and became known nationally. The theatre featured famous actors of the time including Fay Bainter and Marjorie Rambeau, when the area that became Burbank was settled in the 1870s and 1880s, the streets were aligned along what is now Olive Avenue, the road to the Cahuenga Pass and downtown Los Angeles. These were largely the roads the Indians traveled and the settlers took their produce down to Los Angeles to sell. At the time, the primary long-distance transportation methods available to San Fernando Valley residents were stagecoach, stagecoaching between Los Angeles and San Francisco through the Valley began in 1858
26.
UNICEF
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The United Nations Childrens Fund is a United Nations programme headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group, the Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and served as its first chairman from 1946. On Rajchmans suggestion, the American Maurice Pate was appointed its first executive director, in 1950, UNICEFs mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere. UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors, UNICEFs total income for 2008 was US$3,372,540,239, governments contribute two-thirds of the organizations resources. Private groups and some six million individuals contribute the rest through national committees and it is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to programme services. UNICEFs programmes emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children, UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. Most of UNICEFs work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories, more than 200 country offices carry out UNICEFs mission through programmes developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed, a 36-member executive board establishes policies, approves programmes and oversees administrative and financial plans. The executive board is made up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, there are national committees in 34 countries, each established as an independent local non-governmental organization. The national committees raise funds from the private sector, UNICEF is funded entirely by voluntary contributions, and the National Committees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEFs annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations around six million individual donors worldwide, UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world, but not involved in nine others. Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEFs work through the activities of one of the 36 National Committees for UNICEF, the US Fund for UNICEF is the oldest of the national committees, founded in 1947. On 19 April 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil, China, and Burundi. In 2009, the British retailer Tesco used Change for Good as advertising and they went on to call on the public who have children’s welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices. As part of the agreement, FC Barcelona will wear the UNICEF logo on the front of their uniform and this was the first time a football club sponsored an organization rather than the other way around. It was also the first time in FC Barcelonas history that they have had another organizations name across the front of their uniform, in January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canadas national tent pegging team. The team was officially re-flagged as UNICEF Team Canada, its riders wear UNICEFs logo in competition, the Swedish club Hammarby IF followed the Spanish and Canadian lead on 14 April 2007, also raising funds for UNICEF and displaying the UNICEF name on their sportswear. The Danish football club Brøndby IF participated in an arrangement from 2008 to 2013
27.
Pepsi
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Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 and introduced as Brads Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola on August 28,1898 and it is currently known in North America alternatively as Pepsi-Cola as of 2014. The drink Pepsi was first introduced as Brads Drink in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and it was renamed Pepsi Cola in 1898 after the root of the word dyspepsia and the kola nuts used in the recipe. The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla, Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse and that year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in bottles. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as A bully drink. refreshing, invigorating, the advertising theme Delicious and Healthful was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again, assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Megargel was unsuccessful, and soon Pepsis assets were purchased by Charles Guth, Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores fountains after Coke refused to him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Lofts chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula, on three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. The original trademark application for Pepsi-Cola was filed on September 23,1902 with registration approved on June 16,1903, in the applications statement, Caleb Bradham describes the trademark and indicated that the mark was in continuous use for his business since August 1,1901. The Pepsi-Colas description is a syrup for soda water. The trademark expired on April 15,1904, a second Pepsi-Cola trademark is on record with the USPTO. The federal status for the 1905 trademark is registered and renewed and is owned by PepsiCo of Purchase, in 2014, the 1940 wordmark was used again and replacing the current wordmark on many cans. During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle, coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsis status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Colas profits doubled, Pepsis success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering
28.
Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
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Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln is a stage show featuring an Audio-Animatronic version of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, best known for being presented at Disneyland since 1965. It was originally showcased as the feature of the State of Illinois Pavilion at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair. One year after its debut at the Worlds Fair, the opened at Disneyland. Today Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln is an element of the Disneyland attraction The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, which opened in 2009. Walt Disney originally conceived of a show that would pay tribute to all U. S. Presidents as part of an extension of Main Street. However, the technology at the time would not permit a show on the scale Disney wanted, Disneys Imagineers opted to focus instead on creating a tribute to Lincoln, Disneys boyhood hero. In 1962, Robert Moses visited Disney seeking ideas for attractions for the upcoming Worlds Fair, Moses was intrigued by a prototype of the Audio-Animatronic Lincoln, and Disney agreed to build it. It ran for the entirety of both of the Worlds Fairs 6-month seasons, and closed on October 17,1965, during the second season of the Worlds Fair, a duplicate version of the show opened at Disneyland on July 18,1965. The show ran until 1973, when it was replaced by The Walt Disney Story, Disneyland was criticized for this move, and in 1975 the show was replaced by The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, a hybrid of the two shows. The 1975 version of The Walt Disney Story Featuring Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln underwent several changes over the years. In 2001, it was replaced with an attraction of the same name, the main show features a short biographical film on Lincoln and an updated version of the original show. The original version of the attraction opened with the rest of the New York Worlds Fair on April 22,1964, the overall theme of the show dealt with inspiration, justice, and the meaning of the United States Constitution. Guests then entered the theater where the curtains opened to reveal an audio-animatronic figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in a chair. He then stood up and gave a measured, dignified address, lasting 5 minutes and 15 seconds, Royal Dano was also the voice of Lincoln. The show concluded with the curtains opening further to reveal the Rotunda of the United States Capitol Building, an abstract image of the American Flag was revealed behind the Rotunda as a backdrop, and a rendition of The Battle Hymn of the Republic could be heard. Lincolns face was created by sculptor Blaine Gibson using a copy of a mask of Lincoln made by Leonard Volk in Chicago in 1860. Lincolns speech was compiled by James Algar, who was also the writer and producer of the show. At the end of the Fair, the State of Illinois Pavilion was completely demolished, only valuable cultural artifacts and collections were returned to Illinois or elsewhere around the world
29.
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress
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Walt Disneys Carousel of Progress is an attraction located at the Magic Kingdom park at the Walt Disney World Resort. It was replaced in Disneyland by America Sings in 1974, to keep it up with the times, the attraction has been updated five times and has had two different theme songs, both written by the Sherman Brothers. Various sources say Walt Disney himself proclaimed that the Carousel of Progress was his favorite attraction and this can be somewhat supported by family and friends, who knew of his constant work on the attraction. Of all the attractions he presented at the 1964–1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Carousel of Progress holds the record as the longest-running stage show, with the most performances, in the history of American theater. It is one of the oldest attractions in the whole Walt Disney World Resort and it is also one of the only attractions at Walt Disney World to have been touched by Walt Disney himself. Even though the Carousel of Progress does not typically have long queue, the video talks about the history and development of the attraction, and even includes clips of Walt explaining the attraction on his television show. The video lasts about four minutes, after which guests can enter the theater for the next show. On the stage in the room, is a large Carousel of Progress logo. The attraction’s narrator tells guests more history about the attraction and he focuses in on the fact that the attraction was Walts idea, and that he loved the show. As the scene opens, robins chirp in the background and the music fades, the father of the family, John, is sitting in a wooden rocking chair inside his home. On his right, his dog Rover is happily laying on the floor, John tells guests that it is right around the turn of the century and also that it is Valentine’s Day. He then claims that things could not get any better than they are at time, before giving a list of the new inventions. As John highlights the new pieces of technology, a spotlight shines on them and he then comments that problems such as chopping wood, sour milk and having to get water from a well are all things of the past. After he is showing off the new technology he calls to his wife, Sarah. The two discuss how Thomas Edison is working on an idea for snap on electric lights, which the Sarah says will mean no more kerosene and no more gas. She also shows guests her new wash-day marvel, and comments that now she can do the laundry in five hours instead of two days. As John is explaining that Sarah now has time for other things, Sarah then excuses herself, commenting that she needs to get the laundry off the line before it starts raining cats and dogs. After it begins to rain, the familys son begins to talk from the right room, the sons name is James, and he is scolded for using his father’s Stereoscope without permission
30.
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
31.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
32.
Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
33.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
34.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
35.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
36.
Mary Blair
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Several of her illustrated childrens books from the 1950s remain in print, such as I Can Fly by Ruth Krauss. Blair was inducted into the group of Disney Legends in 1991. Born on October 21,1911, in McAlester, Oklahoma, Mary Browne Robinson moved to Texas while still a small child and she graduated from Chouinard in 1933. In 1934 shortly after college, she married another artist, Lee Everett Blair and she was the sister-in-law of animator Preston Blair. Along with her husband Lee, she became a member of the California School of Watercolor and quickly became known for being an imaginative colorist, marys first professional job in the animation industry was as an animator with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. She would soon leave and join Lee Blair at the Ub Iwerks studio before moving to Disney, after leaving the studio for a short time in 1941, Mary travelled to various South American countries with Walt Disney, Lillian Disney and other artists on a research tour. The watercolors that Mary painted, lead Walt to assign her as an art supervisor for the feature films Saludos Amigos. Mary first began animation and color design on major films in 1943, the early 1950s were a busy time for the Disney studio, with an animated feature released nearly every year. She also illustrated several Little Golden Books for publisher Simon & Schuster, some of which remain in print today, Blair not only worked in graphic design and animation but also as a designer for Bonwit Teller and created theatrical sets. At the request of Walt Disney, who regarded highly her innate sense of color styling, Blair began work on Disneys new attraction, Mary Blair created murals that would be showcased in Disney parks, hotels and other Disney attractions from California to Florida. These murals were not only painted but some would be tile decor, in 1967, Blair created mural art for the Tomorrowland Promenade. Two similar tile murals flanked the entrance corridor and her design of a 90-foot-high mural remains a focal point of the Disneys Contemporary Resort hotel at Walt Disney World, which was completed for the resorts opening in 1971. Mary Blair would also go on to make sets of Walt Disney note cards for Hallmark, in 1968, Blair was credited as color designer on the film version of How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying. Blair would eventually move out to Washington for Lee Blairs military career and then return to her in home studio located in Long Island, a Google doodle was created on Friday, October 21,2011, to commemorate the centennial of her birth. The Doodle featured an image of an illustrator as Mary might have drawn herself, surrounded by the simple patterns, Simon & Schuster will publish Pocket Full of Colors, a picture book biography about Mary Blair, in August 2017. The book is written by Amy Guglielmo and Jacqueline Tourville, and illustrated by Brigette Baranger, in 1991, Blair was recognized with a posthumous Disney Legend award. Also posthumously, she received the Windsor McCay Award from ASIFA-Hollywood in 1996 along with two other Disney animators. In 1966, Philanthropist Dr. Jules Stein hired Walt Disney to create a mural for his newly opened Eye Institute, located at the University of California
37.
Walt Disney Animation Studios
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Founded on October 16,1923, it is a division of The Walt Disney Studios. The studio has produced 56 feature films, from Snow White and it was founded as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in 1923 and incorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. The studio was dedicated to producing short films until it expanded into feature production in 1934. In 1983, Walt Disney Productions named its film studio Walt Disney Pictures. In 2006, Walt Disney Feature Animation took on its current name, the studio also pioneered the art of storyboarding, which is now a standard technique used in both animated and live-action filmmaking. Walt Disney Animation Studios continues to produce films using both traditional animation and computer-generated imagery, at the present, Andrew Millstein is the general manager of the studio for day-to-day business affairs, under the direction of Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter who also oversee Pixar. Kansas City, Missouri, natives Walt Disney and Roy O, in February 1924, the studio moved next door to office space of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue. Disney refused, and as Universal owned the rights to Oswald rather than Disney, most of Disneys staff was hired away by Mintz to move over, once Disneys Oswald contract was done in mid-1928. The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho, were previewed in limited engagements during the summer of 1928, the Mickey Mouse series of sound cartoons, distributed by Powers through Celebrity Productions, quickly became the most popular cartoon series in the United States. A second Disney series of cartoons, the Silly Symphonies. Powers in return signed away Ub Iwerks, who began producing cartoons at his own studio, columbia distributed Disneys shorts for two years before the Disney studio entered a new distribution deal with United Artists in 1932. The result was the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees, the first film released in full Technicolor. Flowers and Trees was a success, and all Silly Symphonies were subsequently produced in Technicolor. In 1934, Walt Disney gathered several key members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film. In the course of teaching the classes, Graham and the created or formalized many of the techniques and processes that became the key tenets. During the production of Snow White, work had continued on the Mickey Mouse, Mickey Mouse switched to Technicolor in 1935, by which time the series had added several major supporting characters, among them Mickeys dog Pluto and their friends Donald Duck and Goofy. Donald, Goofy, and Pluto would all be appearing in series of their own by 1940, the Silly Symphonies, which garnered seven Academy Awards, ended in 1939. The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new, larger studio on Buena Vista Street in Burbank, Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering on April 2,1940, with Walt Disney as president and chairman and Roy Disney as CEO
38.
Cinderella (1950 film)
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Cinderella is a 1950 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the fairy tale Cendrillon by Charles Perrault, it is the twelfth Disney animated feature film, directing credits go to Clyde Geronimi, Hamilton Luske, and Wilfred Jackson. Songs were written by Mack David, Jerry Livingston, and Al Hoffman, songs in the film include Cinderella, A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes, Sing Sweet Nightingale, The Work Song, Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo, and So This is Love. It features the voices of Ilene Woods, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Rhoda Williams, James MacDonald, Luis van Rooten, Don Barclay, Mike Douglas, at the time, however, the studio was over $4 million in debt and was on the verge of bankruptcy. Walt Disney and his animators turned back to film production in 1948 after producing a string of package films with the idea of adapting Charles Perraults Cendrillon into a motion picture. It is the first Disney film in all of Disneys Nine Old Men worked together as directing animators. After two years in production, Cinderella was finally released on February 15,1950 and it became the greatest critical and commercial hit for the studio since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and helped reverse the studios fortunes. It is considered one of the best American animated films ever made and it received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Music, Original Song for Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo. Decades later, it was followed by two direct-to-video sequels—Cinderella II, Dreams Come True and Cinderella III, A Twist in Time—and a 2015 live-action remake directed by Kenneth Branagh. Despite this, Cinderella is a kind and gentle young woman and is friends with mice and birds live in. Meanwhile, at the palace, the King is frustrated that his son. He and the Grand Duke organize a ball in an effort to find a wife for the Prince. Upon receiving notice of the ball, Tremaine agrees to let Cinderella go if she finishes her chores, Cinderella finds a gown that belongs to her mother and decides to refashion it for the ball, but her step family impedes this by giving her extra chores. Cinderellas animal friends, including Jaq and Gus, refashion it for her, completing the design with a necklace and sash discarded by Drizella and Anastasia, a heartbroken Cinderella runs out into the garden in tears, where her Fairy Godmother appears before her. As Cinderella leaves for the ball, the Fairy Godmother warns her the spell will break at the stroke of midnight, at the ball, the Prince rejects every girl until he sees Cinderella, who agrees to dance with him. The two fall in love and go out for a stroll together in the castle gardens, as they are about to kiss, Cinderella hears the clock start to chime midnight and flees. As she leaves the castle, one of her slippers falls off, the palace guards give chase as Cinderella flees in the coach before the spell breaks on the last stroke of midnight. Cinderella, her pets, and the hide in a wooded area as the guards pass
39.
Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)
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Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy-comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll. The 13th of Disneys animated features, the film premiered in New York City, the film features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice, Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat, Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts, and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter. Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Alice into a feature film during the 1930s. However, he revived the idea in the 1940s. The film was intended to be a live-action/animated film, however. The theme song of the name has since become a jazz standard. On a riverbank, Alice spots a White Rabbit in a passing by. She gives chase, following him into a rabbit hole. She sees him leave through a door, whose speaking knob instructs her to shrink to an appropriate height by drinking from a bottle marked Drink Me. She does so and floats out through the keyhole in a sea of her own tears, as she continues to follow the Rabbit, she meets numerous characters, including Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who recount the tale of The Walrus and the Carpenter. Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house, he sends her to retrieve his gloves after mistaking her for his housemaid, while searching for them, she eats another cookie marked “Eat Me” from his cookie canister and grows large again, getting stuck in the house. Thinking she is a monster, he brings the Dodo over to him get rid of her. When the Dodo decides to burn the house down, Alice escapes by eating a carrot from the Rabbits garden, before leaving, he instructs her to eat a piece of his mushroom to alter her size. She does so and manages to return to her original height, in the woods, Alice meets the Cheshire Cat, who instructs her to visit the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to find out where the Rabbit is. She encounters both, along with the Dormouse, at the Hares house having a mad tea party and they celebrate her unbirthday too, but she becomes frustrated at them interrupting her every time she tries to speak. The Rabbit laments that his watch was a present. Fed up with the nonsense, Alice decides to go home, fearing she is lost forever, she sits on a rock sobbing. The Cheshire Cat reappears and instructs Alice to ask the Queen of Hearts for directions home, showing her a shortcut to the King, the animals and card guards rig the game in favor of the Queen
40.
Peter Pan (1953 movie)
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Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney and based on the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldnt Grow Up by J. M. Barrie. It is the 14th Disney animated feature film and was released on February 5,1953. Peter Pan is the final Disney animated feature released through RKO before Walt Disneys founding of his own company, Buena Vista Distribution. Peter Pan is also the final Disney film in all nine members of Disneys Nine Old Men worked together as directing animators. It is also the second Disney animated film starring Kathryn Beaumont, Heather Angel, the film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival. A sequel titled Return to Never Land was released in 2002, and their father, who is fed up with the stories that have made his children less practical, angrily declares that Wendy has gotten too old to continue staying in the nursery with them. That night, they are visited in the nursery by Peter Pan himself, who teaches them to fly with the help of his friend, Tinker Bell. A ship of pirates is anchored off Never Land, commanded by Captain Hook with his sidekick, Mr. Smee. Hook boldly plots to take revenge upon Peter Pan for cutting off his hand, but trembles at the presence of a crocodile, the crews restlessness is interrupted by the arrival of Peter and the Darlings. Tinker Bell, who is jealous of Pan’s attention to Wendy, persuades the Lost Boys that Pan has ordered them to shoot down Wendy. Tinker Bells treachery is soon out, and Peter banishes her. John and Michael set off with the Lost Boys to find the islands Indians, meanwhile, Peter takes Wendy to see the mermaids. The mischievous mermaids delight in tormenting Wendy but flee in terror at the sight of Hook, Peter and Wendy see that Hook and Smee have captured Tiger Lily so that they might persuade her to disclose Peters hideout. Peter and Wendy free her, and Peter is honored by the tribe, Hook then plots to take advantage of Tinker Bells jealousy of Wendy, tricking her into revealing the location of Peters lair. Wendy and her brothers eventually grow homesick and plan to return home and they invite Peter and the Lost Boys to return to London and be adopted by the Darling parents. The Lost Boys agree, but Peter is so set against growing up that he refuses, the pirates lie in wait and capture the Lost Boys and the Darlings as they exit, leaving behind a time bomb to kill Peter. Tinker Bell learns of the plot just in time to snatch the bomb from Peter as it explodes, Peter rescues Tinker Bell from the rubble and together they confront the pirates, releasing the children before they can walk the plank. Peter engages Hook in single combat as the fight off the crew
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Alice Estes Davis
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Alice Estes Davis is an American costume designer. She is most famous for her work with Walt Disney, who employed her to develop costumes for films, television and she was married to Marc Davis, a Disney animator and Imagineer. Alice was named a Disney Legend in 2004, Alice was born Alice Estes in Escalon, California. She was a talented artist in school and received a scholarship from the Long Beach Art Association to study at the prestigious Chouinard Art Institute. Alice wanted to study animation at Chouinard Art Institute but due to the timing, so Chouinard, herself, got her in the school in the only opening they had for the next semester and that was in costume design. She met Marc Davis, her husband and fellow Disney Legend. Though the class was full, Chouinard told her that she could attend the class if she called the roll and they did not start dating at this time but they did develop a respect for one another. After graduation, Alice began her career designing womens lingerie for the Beverly Vogue & Lingerie House in Los Angeles, because of her skill, she quickly rose through the ranks to head designer. She designed two lines of fashion lingerie herself, Alice earned a reputation within the fashion community for her pattern-making skills and her expertise with different types of exotic fabrics. In the mid-1950s, Alice received a call from Marc Davis, during this project, she and Marc grew closer and eventually married in June 1956. Walt Disney saw the two newlyweds at a Los Angeles restaurant one night and immediately took a liking to Alice, Walt hired her as a costume designer for the 1960 Disney feature Toby Tyler. Alice also aided in the design of costumes for various other Disney television shows, Alice researched the different cultures and regions being represented and translated the attire customs into over 150 different costumes. Her other work for the Fair included the costumes for the General Electric Carousel of Progress. During the small project, Alice established an AA figure costume manufacturing area, quality control system. These systems and techniques are used today by Imagineers and maintenance staff at the Disney theme parks worldwide. In 1965, Alice says she went from sweet little children, Walt assigned her to create the costumes for the AA characters that would inhabit the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction. Alice created 47 different costumes - each one period-specific to the 17th and 18th centuries, Pirates of the Caribbean opened in 1967, and remains a Disney theme park favorite to this day. Because of her versatility, she designed the costumes for the Mission Control AA figures in the revamped Flight to the Moon attraction the same year as Pirates
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Arrow Development
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Arrow Development was an amusement park ride and roller coaster design and manufacturing company, incorporated in California on November 16,1945, and based in Mountain View. Arrow was founded by Angus Andy Anderson, Karl Bacon, William Hardiman, originally located at 243 Moffett Boulevard, they relocated to a larger facility at 1555 Plymouth Street after Walt Disney Productions purchased one third of Arrow in 1960. They also had offices at 820 Huff Avenue, walter and his wife had been doing accounting for several small companies in the Bay Area, including Duro-Bond Bearing, where he likely heard of Arrow. Schulze left Arrow after its sale to Rio Grande Industries, similarly named Arrow Dynamics, eventual successor to Arrow Development, was incorporated in Delaware on January 10,1986 by Ron Toomer, Otis Hughes, David Klomp, Ray Crandall and Brent Meikle. Andy, Bill, Ed and Karl met while working at the Hendy Iron Works in Sunnyvale, the Hendy company had a contract with the US Navy to build torpedo launchers and marine steam engines. By 1942, Hendy was building hundreds of marine engines for Liberty ships, the number of employees increased to over 11,500 to meet demand. In June 1943, the union began enforcing a ban on overtime, during which all machinists were to quit work after eight hours. Hendy responded by announcing that all machinists who refused to work overtime would be discharged, both Karl and Ed would recall later that being told to be on the picket line motivated them to start their own company. Neither Bacon nor Morgan saw active duty in the military, although Ed, Ed was given a deferment based on his employment at Hendy. During the early years, Arrow Development sold used machine tools and made replacement parts for trucks and their first big job was building test run-in furnaces for the US Navy. Ed Morgan read an article about Disneyland and wrote to Disney about a small stern wheel paddle boat named “Lil’ Belle”. Disney wasn’t interested in the boat, but became interested in the vehicles that Arrow was creating for other amusement parks, imagineer Bruce Bushman gave Ed Morgan a sketch of the Mr. Toad vehicle, and a prototype body was quickly fabricated. Morgan would later recall that Arrow landed their contract with Disney through the recommendation of Stanford Research Institute which did the site, Walt and Roy Disney had consulted with Harrison Price of SRI’s Los Angeles office on a proposal to build Disneyland in Burbank, California. Between 1953 and 1971 Arrow would be instrumental in designing and developing over a dozen ride systems and vehicles for Disney, the tram cars which carried guests from the parking lot to the parks entrance at Disneyland and Disney World were another Arrow Product. They also designed and built the systems for Its a Small World, Pirates of the Caribbean, Adventure Through Inner Space. Arrow has also credited for improving the guidance system for the Submarine Voyage. Arrow was building small merry-go-rounds, playground equipment and rides for amusement parks, including Alum Rock Parks Happy Hollow. Karl and Ed set up a company called Easbey which won a contract with the city of Oakland, California to put rides in the Childrens Fairyland at Lake Merritt
43.
Robert B. Sherman
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Robert Bernard Sherman was an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song Its a Small World, according to Time. com, this song is the most performed song of all time. Robert Bernard Sherman was born on December 19,1925, in New York City, to Russian Jewish immigrants, Rosa, Al Sherman, a songwriter, paid for Roberts hospital delivery costs with a royalty check that had arrived that day for the song Save Your Sorrow. His brother and later songwriting partner, Richard, was born in 1928, Shermans father later became a well known Tin Pan Alley songwriter. As a youth, Robert Sherman excelled in intellectual pursuits, taking up the violin and piano, following seven years of frequent cross-country moves, the Shermans finally settled down in Beverly Hills, California. Some of the primary schools Robert attended in Manhattan included PS241 and the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, in California, throughout his years at Beverly Hills High School, he wrote and produced radio and stage programs for which he won much acclaim. The play yielded thousands of dollars for War Bonds and earned a special citation from the War Department, in 1943, Sherman obtained permission from his parents to join the army a year early, at age 17. On April 12,1945, Sherman was shot in the knee, for being wounded during battle, Sherman was awarded the Purple Heart medal. While recuperating from his injury in Taunton and Bournemouth in England, Sherman first became curious about British culture. Once back on his feet, Sherman met and became friends with many British citizens, attaining first-hand knowledge of the United Kingdom, its customs and people. Years later, Sherman credited this time in his life as the origin of his fascination with England, many of his best-known works center around English stories, authors and subject matter. On his return to the United States, Sherman attended Bard College in upstate New York where he majored in English Literature, Sherman also served as the editor-in-chief of The Bardian which is the campus newspaper. At Bard, Sherman completed his first two novels, The Best Estate and Music, Candy and Painted Eggs and he graduated in the class of 1949. On May 12,1990, Sherman received a doctorate from Lincoln College. Within two years, Sherman and his brother Richard began writing together on a challenge from their father, Al Sherman. In 1958, Sherman founded the publishing company, Music World Corporation. That same year, the Sherman Brothers had their first Top Ten hit with Tall Paul, the success of this song yielded the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song, since Mary Poppins premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations,2 Grammy Awards,4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums
44.
Richard M. Sherman
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Richard Morton Sherman is an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Robert Bernard Sherman. Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song Its a Small World, according to Time. com, this song is the most performed song of all time. Richard Morton Sherman was born in New York City to Russian Jewish immigrants, Rosa, Together with his older brother Robert, The Sherman Brothers eventually followed in their songwriting fathers footsteps to form a long-lasting songwriting partnership. Following seven years of frequent cross-country moves, the Sherman family finally settled down in Beverly Hills, during Richards years at Beverly Hills High School, he became fascinated with music and studied several instruments, including the flute, piccolo, and piano. At his 1946 graduation from Beverly Hills High School, Sherman and classmate André Previn played a duet with Previn on piano. Coincidentally, in 1965 both composers won Oscars in music categories for different films, in 1953 Sherman was drafted into United States Army, being assigned to the Army Band and glee club. Serving as musical conductor for both groups from 1953 until his discharge in 1955, he was stationed solely in the United States during his time in the service. During this time, his brother Robert worked with other songwriters, as a student at Bard College, Sherman majored in music, writing numerous sonatas and art songs. His ambition to write the great american symphony eventually led him to write songs, within two years of graduating, Sherman and his brother began writing songs together, answering a challenge from their father. Within two years, Sherman and his brother Robert began writing together on a challenge from their father, Al Sherman. In 1958, Sherman founded the publishing company, Music World Corporation. That same year, the Sherman Brothers had their first Top Ten hit with Tall Paul, the success of this song yielded the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song, since Mary Poppins premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations,2 Grammy Awards,4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney until Disneys death in 1966, after leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccolis motion picture production Chitty Chitty Bang Bang in 1968 which garnered the brothers their third Academy Award Nomination. In 1973, the Sherman Brothers made history by becoming the only Americans ever to win First Prize at the Moscow Film Festival for Tom Sawyer for which they also authored the screenplay. The Slipper and the Rose was picked to be the Royal Command Performance of the year and was attended by Queen Elizabeth, a modern musical adaptation of the classic Cinderella story, Slipper also features both song-score and screenplay by the Sherman Brothers. That same year the Sherman Brothers received their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame directly across from Graumans Chinese Theater, outside the motion picture realm, their Tony-nominated Over Here
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. An agreement was reached during a meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. The 1962 midterm elections were under way in the United States and these missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missile facilities. The United States established a blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba. It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, after a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between U. S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U. S. -built Jupiter MRBMs, when all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 20,1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, as a result, the Moscow–Washington hotline was established. A series of sharply reduced U. S. –Soviet tensions during the following years. The United States had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, afterward, former President Eisenhower told Kennedy that the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do. U. S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the similarly unsuccessful Operation Mongoose, in addition, Khrushchevs impression of Kennedys weakness was confirmed by the Presidents response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall. He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba, Kennedy would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, CIA agents or pathfinders from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts. When Kennedy ran for president in 1960, one of his key election issues was a missile gap with the Soviets leading. In fact, the U. S. led the Soviets by a margin that would only increase. In 1961, the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles, by October 1962, they may have had a few dozen, with some intelligence estimates as high as 75. The U. S. on the hand, had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more. It also had eight George Washington– and Ethan Allen–class ballistic missile submarines with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles each, the Soviet Union did have medium-range ballistic missiles in quantity, about 700 of them, however, these were very unreliable and inaccurate. The U. S. had an advantage in total number of nuclear warheads at the time. The U. S. also led in missile defensive capabilities, naval and air power, Khrushchev faced a strategic situation where the U. S. was perceived to have a splendid first strike capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage
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