1.
Nambour, Queensland
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Nambour is a town and locality in South East Queensland, Australia,101 kilometres north of the state capital, Brisbane. The town lies in the hinterland of the Sunshine Coast at the foot of the Blackall Range and has a population of 10,221. It was the centre and capital of the Maroochy Shire and is now the administrative centre of the Sunshine Coast Region. The greater Nambour region includes surrounding suburbs such as Burnside, Coes Creek, and Perwillowen, the name is derived from the Aboriginal word naamba, referring to the red-flowering bottle brush Callistemon viminalis. The area now known as Nambour, was first settled in 1870, the town was then called Petries Creek. In 1890 the Maroochy Divisional Board was established, in 1891, the rail link with Brisbane was completed, and at its opening Petries Creek was renamed Nambour, after the Nambour cattle station. A fire in 1924 destroyed many of the buildings along the main street. Petries Creek Post Office opened on 1 June 1888 and was renamed Nambour by 1890, along the middle of the roadway of Mill, Currie and Howard Streets, a piece of Queensland Rail history is still on display - the Nambour to Coolum Tramline. The Tramline was used to transport passengers and sugar cane in the early 1920s, the Tramline forms part of the Moreton Central Sugar Mill Cane Tramway, The tramway closed at the end of 2001. Much of the track and signal lighting still remains, the town was bypassed by the Bruce Highway on 16 October 1990. This alleviated most of the traffic congestion. The Nambour & District Historical Museum, more known as the Nambour Museum. 2% of the population were males. The median age was 39 and 14. 1% were born overseas, aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders comprised 3. 2% of the population. Nambour is represented by the politicians, Nambours primary industry has been sugar, with extensive cane fields surrounding the town. The mill itself began operating in 1897 until it was closed in 2003, the long-term future of the sugar industry in the area is in doubt. Other industries in the area include tourism, and the growing of tropical fruits, the Big Pineapple tourist attraction on the southern outskirts of the town reflects both of these pursuits. The Big Pineapple Music Festival attracts thousands of visitors to Nambour, other tourist attractions include Thrill Hill Waterslide Park, the Big Cow, and the Big Macadamia nut. Situated near Nambour is the Queensland Governments Maroochy Research Station which is a subtropical fruit and nut research
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Gamilaraay
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The Kamilaroi is one of the four largest indigenous nations in Australia. The Kamilaroi language is classified in the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian languages, the Kamilaroi Highway, Sydney Ferries Limiteds vehicular ferry Kamilaroi, and a cultivar of Durum wheat have all been named after the Kamilaroi people. The language is no longer spoken, though parts have bneen reconstructed by late field work. Robert M. W. Dixon and his student Peter Austin recorded some around Moree, while Corinne Williams wrote a thesis on the Yuwaaliyaay dialect spoken at Walgett, the Gamilaroi were hunters and gatherers with a band-level social organization. Important vegetable foods were yams and other roots, as well as a sterculia grain, insect larvae, frogs, and eggs of several different animals were also gathered. Various birds, kangaroos, emus, iguanas, possums, echidnas, dingo pups were regarded as a delicacy. Fish were also consumed, as were crayfish, mussels, men typically hunted, cleaned, and prepared the game for cooking. Women did the cooking, in addition to fishing and gathering. Individual Kamilaroi did not eat animals that were their totems, the Gamilaroi or Gomilaroi from the word Kamil or Gamil meaning no, are a large nation of Aborigines consisting of many tribes. The Gamilaroi are the second largest Aboriginal nation on the side of Australia. The nation was made up of smaller family groups who had their own parcels of land to sustain them. One of the great Kings of this tribe was Red Chief, the last link with tribal law and custom in Mungindi would be the forebear of the present Cubby family, who was the last known Respected Elder in the tribe. The Kamilaroi were regarded as fierce warriors and there is evidence of intertribal warfare. The Northern Gamilaroi people have a cultural connection with the Bigambul people. Kamilaroi tradition includes Baiame, the ancestor or patron god, the Baiame story tells how Baiame came down from the sky to the land, and created rivers, mountains, and forests. He then gave the people their laws of life, traditions, songs and he also created the first initiation site. This is known as a bora, a place where boys were initiated into manhood, when he had finished, he returned to the sky, and people called him the Sky Hero or All Father or Sky Father. He is said to be married to Birrahgnooloo, who is identified as an emu
4.
Tamworth, New South Wales
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Tamworth is a city in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. Straddling the Peel River, Tamworth is the regional centre for the New England region and is in the local government area of Tamworth Regional Council. Approximately 318 km from the Queensland border, the city is located almost midway between Brisbane and Sydney, the two largest cities on the Australian east coast, the city had an estimated population of 42,255 people at 30 June 2015. The city is known as the First City of Lights, being the first place in Australia to use electric lights in 1888. Tamworth is also famous as the Country Music Capital of Australia, annually hosting the Tamworth Country Music Festival in late January, the Kamilaroi people, from whose language comes the word budgerigar, inhabited the area before European contact. In the 1830s, a town began to develop on the Peels southwest bank. In 1850, a town was gazetted on the opposite side of the river from the existing settlement. This town became the town, called Tamworth after Tamworth, Staffordshire. The town prospered, and was reached by the railway in 1878, on 9 November 1888, Tamworth became the first location in Australia to have electric street lighting powered by a municipally owned power station, giving the city the title of First City of Light. The first streetlights used in Australia were commercially owned in Waratah Tasmania in 1886,1818 – Explorer John Oxley passes through the area on his exploration mission. Names the river now runs through the town, Peel River, after British Prime Minister Robert Peel. 1831 – First sheep and cattle stations, namely Joseph Browns Wallamoul, the exploring expedition led by Major Mitchell visited Wallamoul in December 1831 on its way to the north-west. 1834 –6000 sheep of the Australian Agriculture Company were the first to be brought to the Tamworth region,1851 – The white population of the village of Tamworth was 254. 1852 – John Barnes built the Royal Oak Hotel,1866 – Tamworth Mechanics Institute opened. 1882 - Tamworth railway station opened,1883 - Tamworth base hospital opened. 1888 – Power station opened and enables beginning of street lighting. The first electric streetlights in Australia,1918 – An anchor is unveiled as a memorial to the discovery of Tamworth district. 1947 – East-West Airlines was established in Tamworth, flying Tamworth to Sydney,1947 – Institution for Boys home for criminal youth opened
5.
Stolen Generations
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Documentary evidence, such as newspaper articles and reports to parliamentary committees, suggest a range of rationales. A minority of historians dispute that substantial numbers of mixed-blood Aboriginal children were taken from their families. They contend that some children were removed mainly to protect them from neglect, given their catastrophic population decline after white contact, whites assumed that the full-blood tribal Aboriginal population would be unable to sustain itself, and was doomed to extinction. The idea expressed by A. O. Euro-Australians believed that their civilisation was superior to that of Aborigines, the Northern Territory Chief Protector of Aborigines, Dr. Cecil Cook, argued that everything necessary to convert the half-caste into a white citizen. The Victorian Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 included the earliest legislation to authorise child removal from Aboriginal parents, the Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines had been advocating such powers since 1860. Passage of the Act gave the colony of Victoria a wide suite of powers over Aboriginal and half-caste persons, including the removal of children. As a result of legislation, states arranged widespread removal of mixed-race children from their Aboriginal mothers. In addition, appointed Aboriginal protectors in each state exercised wide-ranging guardianship powers over Aborigines up to the age of 16 or 21, often determining where they could live or work. Policemen or other agents of the state were given the power to locate and transfer babies and children of mixed descent from their mothers, families, the exact number of children removed is unknown. Estimates of numbers have been widely disputed, the Bringing Them Home report says that at least 100,000 children were removed from their parents. This figure was estimated by multiplying the Aboriginal population in 1994, the report stated that between one in three and one in ten children were separated from their families, not one in three persons in the total population. Given differing populations over a period of time, different policies at different times in different states. Australian historian Robert Manne suggests approximately 20,000 to 25,000 were removed between 1910 and 1970, based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics report of 1994, keith Windschuttle and other historians have argued for a much lower figure. In certain regions and in periods the figure was undoubtedly much greater than one in ten. In that time not one family has escaped the effects of forcible removal, most families have been affected, in one or more generations, by the forcible removal of one or more children. The report closely examined the distinctions between forcible removal, removal under threat or duress, official deception, uninformed voluntary release, Aboriginal Protection Officers often made the judgement to remove certain children. In some cases, families were required to sign documents to relinquish care to the state. In Western Australia, the Aborigines Act 1905 removed the legal guardianship of Aboriginal parents and it made all their children legal wards of the state, so the government did not require parental permission to relocate the mixed-race children to institutions
6.
Inverell
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Inverell is a town in northern New South Wales, Australia, situated on the Macintyre River. It is also the centre of Inverell Shire, Inverell is located on the Gwydir Highway on the western slopes of the Northern Tablelands. In the 2011 census, the population of Inverell was 9,347, in 1848, Alexander Campbell held the 50, 000-acre Inverell Station on the Macintyre River. The name derives from the name of Mr. MacIntyres estate, the word is of Gaelic origin, and signifies meeting place of the swans, from Inver, a meeting place, and Ell, a swan. The MacIntyre River and Swanbrook Creek join here, the area was also known as Green Swamp in the 1850s. Wheat growers, Colin and Rosanna Ross established a store there in 1853, in 1858 this was done and in the following years the plan was approved and the first land sale was held. Byron Post Office was replaced by the Inverell Post Office on 15 September 1859, the municipality was proclaimed in March 1872. The last section of the Inverell branchline, from Delungra to Inverell, was opened on 10 March 1902, the last train ran to Inverell on 22 June 1987, and the Delungra to Inverell section of the line was closed on 2 December 1987. In 1871, the population of Inverell was 509, this increased to 1,212 in 1881, after Federation, the population of Inverell was 1,230 in 1911, and grew to 6,530 and 8,209. Diamonds were discovered at Copes Creek in 1875 and were mined at Copeton from 1883-1922, commercial sapphire mining was commenced in 1919 at Frazers Creek near Inverell. Rich alluvial deposits in streams were worked initially by hand miners, the Inverell district is in a fertile agricultural region which produces a wide range of crops, including wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, wine grapes and maize. There are also some mining activities with tin, sapphires, zircons, Inverell is known as the ‘Sapphire City’ because of the sapphires that found throughout the local district, contributing to a major part of Australias sapphire production. Copeton Dam, the main water supply, was completed in 1976. While being smaller than Sydney Harbour, it can hold nearly 2 times the capacity of Port Jackson, the Inland Fishing Festival is held there every year. The Grafton to Inverell Cycle Classic is a one day cycling event. Beginning in Grafton, passing through Glen Innes and finishing in Inverell, the race starts at 23 metres above sea level and climbs to 1260 metres, before finishing in Inverell at 630 metres. The race is six to seven long, depending on weather conditions. There are two schools in Inverell, Ross Hill School and Inverell Public School
7.
Griffith University
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Griffith University is a public research university in South East Queensland on the east coast of Australia. Formally founded in 1971, Griffith opened its doors in 1975, introducing Australias first degrees in environmental science, the University is named after Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, who was twice Premier of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia. Sir Samuel Griffith played a role in the Federation of Australia and was the principal author of the Australian constitution. The Mount Gravatt and South Bank campuses are located in Brisbane. Griffith is a verdant university and a member of the IRU, in 1965174 hectares of natural bushland at Nathan were set aside for a new campus. Initially the site was to be part of the University of Queensland, by 1970 a new institution was being mooted, and Theodor Bray was asked by the Queensland Government to establish a second for Brisbane and the third for the state. After several months of discussion, the Queensland Government announced on 24 December 1970 that Bray would head a committee charged with establishing Griffith University, the Mount Gravatt site was renamed Nathan and set to become Griffith’s first campus. On 30 September 1971, the Queensland Government officially created and recognised Griffith University with the passing of the Assent to Griffith University Act 1971. On 5 March 1975, Griffith University began teaching 451 students in four schools, Australian Environmental Studies, Humanities, Modern Asian Studies, the university was distinguished by its problem-based rather than disciplinary approach to course design and research. In the 1990s, the Dawkins Revolution saw a number of education reforms in Australia. In 1990, the Mount Gravatt Teachers College and Gold Coast College of Advanced Education became official campuses of Griffith University, the Queensland Conservatorium of Music continued the higher education mergers and became an official part of Griffith University in 1991. Originally established in 1957, the new entity known as Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University. Griffith’s fifth campus, Logan, opened in 1998, located in the suburb of Meadowbrook, on an area of green fields south of Brisbane, the Logan campus was established to specifically address the interests and needs of the Logan City area. Griffith University’s campuses are distinctive for their nature-based settings within urban environments, the Gold Coast campus is located in the Gold Coast suburb of Southport. Set in native bushland, on the land of the Aboriginal Yugambeh and Kombumerri peoples, this campus plays host to over 18,200 students from all over Australia and it is Griffith Universitys largest campus. The campus is serviced by two Gold Coast light rail stations, and is an interchange for bus routes. Logan is Griffith University’s community-focused campus, hosting almost 2500 students, the campus offers degrees in human services and social work, nursing and midwifery, business and commerce, and education. The campus has strong connections with the community, hosting numerous sorting
8.
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
