1.
Hamilton, Ontario
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Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Residents of the old city are known as Hamiltonians, since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario. Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 94th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2015-16 and has a well-known medical school. Possibly because of its environment, numerous TV and film productions have been filmed in Hamilton, regulated by the Hamilton Film. A growing arts and culture community garnered media attention in 2006 when the Globe and Mail published an article called Go West, the article highlighted local art galleries, recording studios and independent film production. In pre-colonial times, the Neutral Indians used much of the land but were driven out by the Five Nations who were allied with the British against the Huron. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided the route and name for Mohawk Road, which originally included King Street in the lower city. In 1784, about 10,000 United Empire Loyalists settled in Upper Canada, chiefly in Niagara, around the Bay of Quinte, and along the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Montreal. They were soon followed by many more Americans, some of not so much ardent loyalists but attracted nonetheless by the availability of inexpensive. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois loyal to Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario. The town of Hamilton was conceived by George Hamilton, when he purchased farm holdings of James Durand, nathaniel Hughson, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamiltons property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site, Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly. Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District, a permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Princes Square. Subsequently, the first police board and the limits were defined by statute on February 13,1833. Official City status was achieved on June 9,1846, by an act of Parliament,9 Victoria Chapter 73, the city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co. Though suffering through the Hamilton Street Railway strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, allan Skyway in 1958, and the first Tim Hortons store in 1964. Since then, many of the industries have moved or shut down operations and the economy has shifted more toward the service sector, such as transportation, education
2.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
3.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games
4.
AstroTurf
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AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. The original AstroTurf product was a synthetic turf. The prime reason to incorporate AstroTurf on game fields was to avoid the cost of laying natural turf, the name AstroTurf has evolved into a generic trademark and is sometimes used to refer to all brands of artificial turf. The original AstroTurf brand product was co-invented in 1965 by Donald L. Elbert, James M. Faria and it was patented in 1965 and originally sold under the name ChemGrass. It was re-branded as AstroTurf by an employee named John A. Wortmann after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Early iterations of the short pile turf swept the major stadia, concerns over directionality and traction led Monsantos R&D department to implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, in 1987, Monsanto consolidated its AstroTurf management, marketing, and technical activities in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the stock of AstroTurf Industries. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. acquired the AstroTurf brand, in 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc. While AstroTurf was the leader throughout the late 20th century. FieldTurf, AstroTurfs chief competitor in the early 2000s and today and this third generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third generation turf product, increased competition, despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. Out of the proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. of Dalton, Georgia, acquired the AstroTurf brand. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand under the company AstroTurf, LLC, in 2006, General Sports Venue became TMAs marketing partner for the AstroTurf brand for the American market. AstroTurf, LLC handled the marketing of AstroTurf in the rest of the world, in 2009, TMA acquired GSV in order to enter the marketplace as a direct seller. AstroTurf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid growth, AstroTurf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect and field prefabrication. AstroTurf also introduced a product called RootZone consisting of crimped fibers designed to encapsulate infill and this product has been adopted by many professional organizations and colleges in the United States. In 2016, SportGroup Holding announced that it would purchase AstroTurf,1964 The Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, installs ChemGrass
5.
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
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The Hamilton Tiger-Cats are a professional Canadian football team based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1950 with the merger of the Hamilton Tigers and the Hamilton Wildcats. They are currently members of the East Division of the Canadian Football League, the Tiger-Cats play their home games at Tim Hortons Field. Since the 1950 merger, the team has won the Grey Cup championship eight times, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats Football Club also recognizes all Grey Cups won by Hamilton-based teams as part of their history, which would bring their win total to 15. However, the CFL does not recognize these wins under one franchise, neither of these teams won a championship in the first decade of the 21st century. In their first forty years of existence, the Tiger-Cats were a franchise, qualifying for the playoffs in all. They are one of six teams in the modern era to win the Grey Cup at home and were the first to accomplish this when they did it in 1972. However, since 1990, they have missed the playoffs on eleven occasions and have won just one Grey Cup in 1999 and their lowest moment came when they lost a Canadian Football League record 17 games in one season with just one win during their 2003 season. The franchise has started to return to prominence after qualifying for the post-season in four of the past five seasons, including a loss in the 101st Grey Cup, founded,1950, a merger of the Hamilton Tigers and the Hamilton Wildcats. Formerly known as, The Hamilton Tigers and Hamilton Wildcats, the owner/caretaker of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats Football Club is businessman Bob Young, who purchased the club on October 7,2003. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and graduated from Victoria College at the University of Toronto and his fortune was earned in the software industry and he is currently the owner and CEO of Lulu, a self-publishing website. As of 2011, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats Executive Committee consists of three people, Bob Young, Caretaker, Scott Mitchell, President, and Doug Rye, although the current Hamilton Tiger-Cats were only founded in 1950, football in Hamilton goes back much further than that. The history of Hamilton Tiger-Cats Football Club can be traced back to November 3,1869 in a room above George Lee’s Fruit Store, the Hamilton football club played their first game on December 18,1869 against the 13th Battalion. In 1872, the Hamilton Football club began play at the Hamilton AAA Grounds, the Hamilton Tigers began play in the Ontario Rugby Football Union in 1883 and won their first Canadian Dominion Football Championship in 1906 when the Tigers beat McGill University 29–3. The Tigers continued in the ORFU until 1907, when the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union was formed, the IRFU later became known as the Big Four and eventually, the IRFU became the East division of the modern CFL in the 1950s. In the following season, the Tigers won their first of five Grey Cups when they beat the Toronto Parkdale Canoe Club by the margin of 44–2. The Alerts were refused entry into the ORFU in 1913 with many of its players opting to join the Tigers, the Alerts gave way to a team under the name Hamilton Rowing Club from 1913–1915, who also played in the ORFU. 1914 saw the amalgamation of the Hamilton Alerts and the Hamilton Tigers. In 1915, in the final season, the Hamilton Tigers won their second Grey Cup
6.
Canadian Football League
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The Canadian Football League is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football and its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions, the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the features a 20-week regular season. The CFL was officially founded on January 19,1958, the league was formed from a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union founded in 1907 and the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded in 1936. Rugby football began to be played in Canada in the 1860s, the CRFU was reorganized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, and served as an umbrella organization for several provincial and regional unions. The Grey Cup was donated by Governor General Earl Grey in 1909 to the winning the Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada. By that time, the sport as played in Canada had diverged markedly from its rugby origins, in 1956, the IRFU and WIFU formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council. In 1958, the CFC left the CRU and became the Canadian Football League, as part of an agreement between the CRU and CFL, the CFL took possession of the Grey Cup, even though amateurs had not competed for it since 1954. The CRU remained the governing body for amateur play in Canada, initially, the two unions remained autonomous, and there was no intersectional play between eastern and western teams except at the Grey Cup final. This situation was analogous to how the American baseball leagues operated for years. The IRFU was renamed the Eastern Football Conference in 1960, while the WIFU was renamed the Western Football Conference in 1961, also in 1961, limited intersectional play was introduced. It was not until 1981 that the two agreed to a full merger, becoming the East and West Divisions of the CFL. With the merger came a full interlocking schedule of 16 games per season, Other team names had traditional origins. With rowing a national craze in the late 19th century, the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto formed a team for its members off-season participation. The football team name Toronto Argonauts still remains though it. After World War II, the two teams in Hamilton—the Tigers and the Flying Wildcats—merged both their organizations into the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, after the 1981 season, the Alouettes folded and were replaced the next year by a new franchise named the Concordes. In 1986 the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, the demise of the Alouettes forced the League to move its easternmost Western team, Winnipeg, into the East Division. In 1993, the league admitted its first United States-based franchise, after modest success, the league then expanded further in the U. S. in 1994 with the Las Vegas Posse, Baltimore Stallions, and Shreveport Pirates
7.
U Sports
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U Sports is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports. The name until October 20,2016 was Canadian Interuniversity Sport, on that date, the organization rebranded as U Sports. The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955, composed only of universities from Ontario, with the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s, calls for a new, national governing body for university sport accelerated. Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer, in the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary, autonomous, educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast. In 1978, the CIAU changed its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, according to the organization, the name change to U Sports came about in part due to a desire for a brand that was instantly recognizable and identical in both French and English. The rebrand was accompanied by a new approach to presentation of Canadian University sports, its teams, and its players. The new, singular logo and name came with a new website to better present stories taking place throughout the athletics programs U Sports governs, bolstered by a new approach to social media. Source, On October 20,2016, CIS announced that it would be changing its name to U Sports, accompanied by a new logo, the name was chosen in part to better represent Canada as a bilingual nation with a united name as opposed to separate acronyms. The new name and look are also intended to increase the marketability of Canadian University sports through a more marketable presentation, signifying a major shift in the presentation of Canadian University sports, U Sports aims to better engage with Canadian sports fans and present the athletes it governs. The U Sports member institutions offer athletic scholarships known as Athletic Financial Awards, the AFAs are capped and may not exceed the value of the tuition and compulsory fees for the student-athlete. The University of Windsor has an Adopt-A-Lancer program, for example, U Sports has no regulations regarding how much each school can provide to teams through private support. The Université Lavals Rouge et Or football team, winner of seven the last 12 Vanier Cups, is so successful with fund raising, Hockey players who play in the CHL are ineligible for NCAA athletic scholarships, although many attend a CHL training camp. However, they can stay a max of 48 hours. Source, There are 56 member Universities in U Sports, the 56 member universities of U Sports are currently organized into the four following regional associations. In some of these sports, these associations are sometimes referred to as conferences, CWUAA has two divisions, Pioneer and Explorer, while the OUA has four, North, East, Central, and West. As of the 2016-2017 U Sports season,47 of the 56 member institutions have both mens and womens basketball teams, the U Sports mens and womens basketball teams are organized in the following way,27 of the 56 member schools participated in the 2016 CIS football season. The U Sports football teams are organized in the way, As of the 2017–18 academic year
8.
Vanier Cup
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The Vanier Cup is the championship of U Sports football and the name of the trophy awarded to the victorious team. It is currently played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. It is named after Georges Vanier, the former Governor General of Canada and was first awarded in 1965 to the winner of an event contested between two teams that were selected by a panel. In 1967, the trophy was declared the official CIAU National Football Championship, from its creation until 1982, it was known as the Canadian College Bowl. The game typically occurs in late November, although it is played in December. The Laval Rouge et Or have won the most Vanier Cups, seventeen teams have won the Vanier Cup, while three others have played for the championship but never won. There are seven teams that have never appeared in the championship game. The 52nd Vanier Cup was played on November 26,2016 at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, the Laval Rouge et Or defeated the Calgary Dinos 31–26 to win their ninth championship. The Vanier Cup was created in 1965 as the trophy of the Canadian College Bowl. For the first two years of competition, the Canadian College Bowl was an event, with a national panel selecting two teams to play, similar to other U. S. collegiate bowl games. The Vanier Cup was played in Toronto, Ontario, from its inception in 1965 through 2003, however, after the CIS opened the game to host conference bids in 2001, the possibility arose to have games held outside Toronto. As of 2016,41 of the 52 Vanier Cups have been played in Toronto, four in Hamilton, four in Québec City, one in Saskatoon, one in Vancouver, no games have been staged in the Atlantic region. Four times, the game has played in the same city and during the same weekend as the Grey Cup,1973,2007 and 2012 in Toronto. The Vanier Cup is played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl, the Uteck and Mitchell Bowls, in turn, are contested by the Loney Bowl, Hardy Cup, Dunsmore Cup, and Yates Cup champions. The Vanier Cups most valuable player is awarded the Ted Morris Memorial Trophy and it was first awarded at the first championship in 1965 and named in honour of Teddy Morris, who died the same year. Morris, a Hall of Fame former Toronto Argonauts player and coach, was an organizer of the first bowl, the Bruce Coulter Award was first awarded in 1992 and is dependent on what position the winner of the Ted Morris Trophy played. If the winner is from the offence, then the Bruce Coulter Award winner will be the most outstanding defensive player or vice versa and it was named after Bruce Coulter, long-time Head Coach at Bishops University and former offensive and defensive player with the Montreal Alouettes in the 1950s. Coulter was inducted as a builder in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1997, the Vanier Cup final game is regularly broadcast nationally
9.
Stadium
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Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word stadium originated. In modern times, a stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of the capacity is an actual building. If the majority of the capacity is formed by grasshills, the venue is not officially considered a stadium. Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for football, or soccer. A large amount of sports venues are also used for concerts. Stadium is the Latin form of the Greek word stadion, a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet, as feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion =600 ft, in a historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller. The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length — about 185 m -, the English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. The stadion, a measure of length, may be related to the Stadium, Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium hosted a version of the Olympic Games in 1870,1875,1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, the first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium and Anfield stadium. In the U. S. However, many of these caught fire. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some only a few years. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world, walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators
10.
Gage Avenue (Hamilton, Ontario)
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Gage Avenue is a Lower City arterial road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It starts off at Lawrence Road at the base of the Niagara Escarpment at the end of Gage Park. It is a arterial road that extends north through the citys North End industrial neighbourhood. Gage Avenue and Upper Gage Avenue are named after the park of the name whose western border is bounded by Gage Avenue. Together James and William had farms that were the site of the Battle of Stoney Creek during the War of 1812, the wounded were treated inside their homes and they were both awarded compensation for it by the government. Originally Gage Avenue was called Trolley Street, tim Hortons Field is the home of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. The stadium is now surrounded by housing in Hamiltons east side. The CFLs annual Eastern Division Labour Day Classic pits the Hamilton Tiger-Cats against perennial rivals the Toronto Argonauts and this particular weekend, typically the tenth or eleventh week in the season, is known for its fixtures that do not change from year to year. Oddly, for years before his death, Harold Ballard owned both the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Toronto Maple Leafs, the National Hockey League franchise in rival city Toronto. Grounds, is a park that was home to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats from 1872-1949 and that Park is still there today and can be found at Queen Street South, right before Charlton Avenue West. The Gage Park bandshell is dedicated to the memory of Lieut, bandmaster 13th Battalion Royal Canadian Militia, now Royal Hamilton Light Infantry from 1869 until his death. His life was devoted to the advancement of music and through his many tours with the band in North America, he brought great honour. Hamilton, Ontario has hosted cultural and craft fairs since the 1960s, notably Festival of Friends. The Festival of Friends, founded in 1975, is the largest annual music event in Canada. Burton Cummings, Lighthouse, Finger Eleven, and Bruce Cockburn have been among the main headliners at the George R. Robinson Bandshell at Gage Park. Note, Listing of Landmarks from North to South, blakeley/ The Delta, Gage Avenue is the division between these two neighbourhoods. Note, Listing of streets from North to South
11.
Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds
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The Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds is a park located on the north side of Charlton Avenue West, between Locke Street South and Queen Street South, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The park served as home to the Hamilton Tigers from 1872-1949, in 1950, the Tigers amalgamated with the Hamilton Wildcats to create the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. The new team became the permanent tenants of Civic Stadium, the Tiger-Cats joined the Canadian Football League as an inaugural member in 1958. A plaque outlining much of the history is located next to the main entrance on Charlton
12.
Tim Hortons Field
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Tim Hortons Field is a multi-purpose stadium in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. During the Pan American Games, it was referred to as CIBC Hamilton Pan Am Soccer Stadium, the stadium opened in September 2014. Its original anticipated completion date was June 30,2014, initial plans for the stadium were for it to be a principal Pan American stadium for soccer and track and field/athletics events. That, coupled with a process that had soccer and rugby sevens events on different days, had the potential to put the Hamilton stadium project in jeopardy. Nonetheless, the Hamilton stadium project went forward as planned, in July 2013, it was announced that Tim Hortons, the international restaurant chain that originated in Hamilton some fifty years earlier, had acquired naming rights to the stadium. The stadium currently seats approximately 24,000 spectators for Canadian football, the stadium field surface is FIFA- and CFL-approved artificial turf. The CFLs Toronto Argonauts played two games at Tim Hortons Field in 2015, due to clashes with the MLBs Toronto Blue Jays playoffs games. In January 2015, Canadian Interuniversity Sport awarded Tim Hortons Field hosting rights to the 52nd Vanier Cup, list of Canadian Football League stadiums Venues of the 2015 Pan American and Parapan American Games Official website
13.
Commonwealth Games
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The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, the games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation, which also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. A host city is selected for each edition,18 cities in seven countries have hosted the event. Apart from many Olympic sports, the also include some sports that are played predominantly in Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls. Although there are 52 members of the Commonwealth of Nations,70 teams participate in the Commonwealth Games, the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom—England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—also send separate teams. Only six countries have attended every Commonwealth Games, Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, Australia has been the highest achieving team for twelve games, England for seven, and Canada for one. The John Astley Cooper Committees worldwide helped Pierre de Coubertin to get his international Olympic Games off the ground, in 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of George V. In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games, eleven national teams and four hundred competitors took part in six sports. Women competed in the events only. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as took place at Civic Stadium. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to Johannesburg, but were given to London instead because of the potential for prejudiced treatment of black, seventeen national teams took part, including the Irish Free State. Once again, only six sports were featured in these particular Games, athletics took place at White City and three sports took place at Wembley, at the well established venue of the Empire Pool in Wembley Park, which later became Wembley Arena. The Empire Games flag was donated in 1931 by the British Empire Games Association of Canada, the year and location of subsequent games were added until the 1950 games. The name of the event was changed to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games. The first edition of the event was the 1930 British Empire Games in which 11 nations participated, the quadrennial schedule of the games was interrupted by the Second World War and the 1942 Games and the 1946 Games were abandoned. The games were revived in 1950 and underwent a name change four years later with the first British Empire, over 1,000 athletes participated in the 1958 Games as over thirty teams took part for the first time. The 1978 Games in Edmonton marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part, the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia saw the sporting programme grow from 10 to 15 sports as team sports were allowed for the first time. Participation also reached new levels as over 3500 athletes represented 70 teams at the event, at the Games in Melbourne in 2006, over 4000 athletes took part in sporting competitions
14.
Ivor Wynne Stadium
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Ivor Wynne Stadium was a Canadian football stadium located at the corner of Balsam and Beechwood Avenues, two blocks west of Gage Avenue North in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The stadium was the home of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL from 1950 until it closed on October 27,2012, the clubs previous home was the Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds. The stadium was replaced by Tim Hortons Field, with a capacity of 24,000. The stadium had a track where the Cap Cornelius secondary-school relays were held. The stadium, called simply the civic stadium, was built in 1928 to host the 1930 British Empire Games. However, playing fields had stood on the site since the city bought the land from a farmer in 1913. The stadium was rebuilt in 1970-71. In 1971, it was renamed for Ivor Wynne, a chairman of the city Parks Board who was Athletic Director. He was considered to be responsible for creating McMasters physical education course. From 1971 to 1975, Ivor Wynne was the largest stadium in the CFL with 34,500 seats, Ivor Wynne was the second facility in Canada to use Astroturf, after Empire Stadium in Vancouver. In the 1980s, the west endzone bleachers were removed so that a new scoreboard could be added and that dropped capacity to about 29,500. A later retrofit of the north stands lower east section for handicapped access in the 1990s dropped capacity further to just under 29,000. The stadium was renovated again after the 2002 football season and had a new second-generation AstroTurf playing surface installed, shortly after the 2003 season, a new scoreboard was erected in the west end of the stadium, owing to sponsorship, it is known as Dofasco TigerVision. Dofasco was bought out by Arcelor Steel in 2006 who was out by Mittal Steel now known as ArcelorMittal. In 2011, plans were announced to renovate the stadium again in 2012, with a date in 2014. On February 25,2011, the Toronto 2015 Pan Am board of directors approved stadium plans which would see the side stands demolished and rebuilt. However, that plan was not used and it would be a multi-function stadium, hosting concerts and football, soccer, and hockey games. In the 1996 game, temporary west and east end zone seating raised capacity to 40,000
15.
McMaster University
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McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 121 hectares of land near the neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale. The university operates six academic faculties, the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science and it is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Honourable William McMaster, a prominent Canadian Senator, McMaster University was incorporated under the terms of an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1887, merging the Toronto Baptist College with Woodstock College. It opened in Toronto in 1890, inadequate facilities and the gift of land in Hamilton prompted the institution to relocate in 1930. McMaster was controlled by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec until it became a privately chartered, the university is co-educational, and has over 25,000 undergraduate and over 4,000 post-graduate students. Alumni and former students of the university can be found all across Canada, notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, one Rhodes Scholar, and two Nobel laureates. The McMaster athletic teams are known as the Marauders, and are members of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport, McMaster University resulted from the outgrowth of educational initiatives undertaken by Baptists as early as the 1830s. It was founded in 1881 as Toronto Baptist College, in 1887 the Act to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College was granted royal assent, and McMaster University was officially incorporated. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies College, Toronto, were maintained in close connection, the new university, housed in McMaster Hall in Toronto, was sponsored by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec as a sectarian undergraduate institution for its clergy and adherents. The first courses—initially limited to arts and theology leading to a BA degree—were taught in 1890, as the university grew, McMaster Hall started to become overcrowded. By the 1920s, after previous proposals between various university staff, the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce launched a campaign to bring McMaster University to Hamilton, as the issue of space at McMaster Hall became more acute, the university administration debated the future of the university. The university nearly became federated with the University of Toronto, as had been the case with Trinity College, instead, in 1927, the university administration decided to transfer the university to Hamilton. The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec secured $1.5 million, the lands for the university and new buildings were secured through gifts from graduates. Lands were transferred from Royal Botanical Gardens to establish the campus area, the first academic session on the new Hamilton campus began in 1930. McMasters property in Toronto was sold to the University of Toronto when McMaster moved to Hamilton in 1930, McMaster Hall is now home to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Professional programs during the period were limited to just theology. By the 1940s the McMaster administration was under pressure to modernize, during the Second World War and post-war periods the demand for technological expertise, particularly in the sciences, increased
16.
2015 Pan American Games
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The games were held from July 10 to 26,2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, preliminary rounds in certain events began on July 7,2015. These were the third Pan American games hosted by Canada, the Games were held at venues in Toronto and seventeen other Golden Horseshoe communities. The Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games were organized by the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games. The Games hosted 6,132 athletes representing 41 National Olympic Committees in the Americas, marking the largest multi-sport event hosted in Canada, a record of 45% of competitors were women, the most ever for any multi-sport event. 364 events were contested in 36 sports, which included the 28 sports contested at the 2016 Summer Olympics, canoe slalom and golf made their Pan American Games debut, as well as womens competitions in baseball, C-1 canoe and rugby sevens. The Canadian Olympic Committee chose Toronto and the region as the Canadian candidate. No other Canadian city was given a chance to bid in a domestic race, Torontos interest in bidding came after failing to land the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta and Beijing respectively. On February 23,2009, Toronto City Council and Hamilton City Council approved the bid, the official bid book document was submitted to the Pan American Sports Organization on May 27,2009. PASO made a visit to Toronto between August 30 and 31,2009. The team analysed the candidate city features and provided its feedback back to voting members of PASO, the evaluation committee was headed by Julio Maglione, a member of the IOC representing Uruguay and the head of Fédération Internationale de Natation, the international swimming federation. After the visit Maglione said, Toronto has all the conditions to play host to the Pan American Games. Toronto won the bidding process to host the Pan and Parapan American Games by a vote of the Pan American Sports Organization on November 6,2009, at the PASO Session held in Guadalajara, the result was announced by PASO President Mario Vázquez Raña. Toronto faced two other finalists shortlisted Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia, Toronto earned 33 votes, while contesting candidate cities Lima and Bogotá received 11 and 7 votes, respectively. The 2015 Pan American Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and temporary facilities, after the Games, some of the new facilities will be reused in their games time form, while others will be resized. A total of 30 competition venues across 14 municipalities were used for competition, ten of these venues were newly built, while fifteen were renovated to stage the games. Toronto was one of the most populous cities in history to hold the Pan American Games, in July, Toronto has an average mean temperature of 22.3 °C and afternoon maximum average of 26. Torontos elevation is 112 m above sea level, the opening and closing ceremonies were held at Pan-Am Ceremonies Venue, or simply Pan-Am Dome, due to sponsorship rules. Some of the venues in the Toronto area included Exhibition Stadium, the Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields, the Exhibition Centre
17.
University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction among medium-sized universities in Canada by The Globe and Mail. It has held these rankings with its reputation, innovative research-intensive programs, according to Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the universitys Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canadas highest research index. The University of Guelph has also been ranked 50th by Times Higher Education in their list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old, the university has a key focus on life science and has ranked 76-100 in the world by ARWU. The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 39 Canada Research Chair positions in the areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, the Macdonald Institute was established in 1903 to house womens home economics programs, nature studies, and some domestic art and science. It was named after its financier, Sir William Macdonald, who worked to promote domestic sciences in rural Canada, the Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto in 1862, was moved to Guelph in 1922. Famous economist John Kenneth Galbraith was an undergraduate at the college, the Ontario Legislature amalgamated the three colleges into the single body of the University of Guelph on May 8,1964. The University of Guelph Act also brought about the Board of Governors to oversee operations and financial management. The non-denominational graduate and undergraduate institution was, and remains known especially for the agricultural, the Macdonald Institute would also be renamed the College of Family and Consumer Studies during the split. After this split, the University of Guelph started reorganizing into its present-day form, the College of Physical Science would be married to the OACs School of Engineering in 1989, creating the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences. The College of Social Science and the College of Family and Consumer Studies were joined to create the College of Social, finally, the College of Management and Economics would be established from the segregation of offered business, management and economic degrees and courses in 2006. The university is named after the city, Guelph comes from the Italian Guelfo and the Bavarian-Germanic Welf also known as Guelf. The main university campus spans 412 hectares, including the 165-hectare University of Guelph Arboretum, the campus also has a number of notable midcentury modernist buildings, mostly in the Brutalism style, which were constructed in the 1960s as part of the schools expansion plan. Complexes such as the MacKinnon arts building and the McLaughlin library, overseen by architect Josep Lluis Sert, the campus is well-populated with trees which line the main walkways, many of which are paved with red clay brick. Campus safety is provided by the University of Guelph Campus Community Police, First Response Team, at one time, courses were offered in English in Guelph, Kemptville and Ridgetown, and in French at Campus dAlfred near Ottawa. In 2014, the University of Guelph announced that academic programmes at the Alfred, in early 2017, the University of Guelph web site clearly indicated that this institution was no longer offering programs at either location
18.
Grey Cup
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The Grey Cup is the name of both the championship game of the Canadian Football League and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing Canadian football. It is contested between the winners of the CFLs East and West Divisional playoffs and is one of Canadian televisions largest annual sporting events, the Toronto Argonauts have 16 championships, more than any other team. The latest, the 104th Grey Cup, took place in Toronto, Ontario, on November 27,2016, the trophy was commissioned in 1909 by the Earl Grey, then Canadas governor general, who originally hoped to donate it for the countrys senior amateur hockey championship. After the Allan Cup was later donated for that purpose, Grey instead made his trophy available as the Canadian Dominion Football Championship of Canadian football. The trophy has a silver chalice attached to a base on which the names of all winning teams, players. The Grey Cup has been broken on several occasions, stolen twice and it survived a 1947 fire that destroyed numerous artifacts housed in the same building. The Grey Cup was first won by the University of Toronto Varsity Blues, play was suspended from 1916 to 1918 due to the First World War and in 1919 due to a rules dispute. The game has typically been contested in an east versus west format since the 1920s, the Edmonton Eskimos formed the Grey Cups longest dynasty, winning five consecutive championships from 1978 to 1982. While the Stanley Cup was created in 1893 as the Canadian amateur hockey championship, Grey instead offered an award to the Dominion amateur rugby football championship beginning in 1909. He initially failed to follow through on his offer, the trophy was not ordered until two weeks prior to the first championship game. The first Grey Cup game was held on December 4,1909, the trophy was not ready for presentation following the game, and the Varsity Blues did not receive it until March 1910. They retained the trophy in the two years, defeating the Hamilton Tigers in 1910 and the Toronto Argonauts in 1911. The University of Toronto failed to reach the 1912 Grey Cup, the Varsity Blues refused to hand over the trophy on the belief they could keep it until they were defeated in a title game. They kept the trophy until 1914 when they were defeated by the Argonauts, Canadas participation in the First World War resulted in the cancellation of the championship from 1916 to 1918, during which time the Cup was forgotten. Montreal Gazette writer Bob Dunn claimed that the trophy was later rediscovered as one of the heirlooms of an employee of the Toronto trust company where it had been sent for storage. Competition finally resumed in 1920 with the 8th Grey Cup game and it was the University of Torontos fourth, and final, championship. Competition for the Grey Cup was limited to member unions of the CRU, the Western Canada Rugby Football Union joined in 1921, allowing the Edmonton Eskimos to challenge. Facing the Argonauts in the 9th Grey Cup, the Eskimos became the first western team –, the Argonauts entered the game with an undefeated record, having outscored their opposition 226 to 55 during the season
19.
84th Grey Cup
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The Argonauts won the game by a score of 43-37 in controversial fashion. Toronto Argonauts - TDs, Jimmy Cunningham, Robert Drummond, Doug Flutie, Adrion Smith, FGs, Mike Vanderjagt, Edmonton Eskimos - TDs, Eddie Brown, Jim Sandusky, Henry Gizmo Williams, Eric Blount, Marc Tolbert, cons. Tractors had to remove snow from the prior to the game. It is considered to be of the most memorable plays in Grey Cup history, in the second quarter, Torontos Mike Vanderjagt kicked a field goal and Jimmy Cunningham returned a punt 80 yards for a touchdown. Another Vanderjagt field goal put Toronto up 13-9, Edmonton regained the lead with a 75-yard pass and run from McManus to Jim Sandusky but lost it again when Robert Drummond scored for Toronto from the one. Two Vanderjagt field goals were all the scoring in the first 23 minutes of the half as Toronto receiver Cunningham dropped certain touchdown passes in the third. Edmonton cut the Toronto lead to 33-30 on Eric Blounts five-yard touchdown run with seven minutes remaining. But Flutie marched Toronto 71 yards, including a controversial third-down gamble in which Flutie fumbled the snap but was ruled not only to have retained possession and their drive thus extended, the Argonauts increased their lead to 36-30 on Vanderjagts 27-yard field goal at 13,26. Torontos Adrion Smith iced the win, returning a Danny McManus interception 49 yards for a touchdown with 1,22 remaining, McManus hit Marc Tolbert with a seven-yard touchdown pass at 14,51 to round out the scoring at 43-37. An onside kick attempt was recovered by Toronto to end any Edmonton comeback threat, the dismal weather did not dampen the enthusiasm of the raucous gathering of 38,595, which was the biggest ever at Ivor Wynne Stadium but still 1,805 short of a sellout. It was also the smallest announced Grey Cup attendance since 32,454 attended the 1975 game in Calgary, before the game, many people believed that Flutie could not play well in cold weather. Flutie, who was the CFLs Most Outstanding Player this season, was named the games top performer. It was the second-highest scoring Grey Cup game, next to Saskatchewans 43-40 win over Hamilton in 1989 and it was the Argonauts first Cup win since 1991. Ironically, they did it in the stadium that had often been called Never Win by the Argo fans due to the consistent failure to beat the Hamilton Tiger-Cats at that venue. Torontos 27 points in the quarter came close to tying the Grey Cup record of 28 points in one quarter. Edmonton head coach Ron Lancaster was livid with the officials over the call in the fourth quarter. In reality, the act for the contest was The Nylons
20.
Doug Flutie
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Douglas Richard Flutie is a former quarterback in the National Football League, Canadian Football League, and United States Football League. He first rose to prominence during his football career at Boston College, where he received the Heisman Trophy. His Hail Flutie touchdown pass in a game against Miami on November 23,1984 is considered among the greatest moments in college football and American sports history. Flutie was selected as the 285th pick in the 11th round of the 1985 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams, making him the lowest drafted Heisman Award winner among those who were drafted. Flutie played that year for the New Jersey Generals of the upstart USFL, in 1986 he signed with the NFLs Chicago Bears, and later played for the New England Patriots, becoming their starting quarterback in 1988. Flutie signed with the BC Lions of the CFL in 1990 and he played briefly with his brother Darren, a wide receiver, before being traded to the Calgary Stampeders, whom he led to victory in the 1992 Grey Cup. In 1994, he threw a record 48 touchdown passes, Flutie played for the Stampeders until 1996, when he signed with the Toronto Argonauts, leading them to back-to-back Grey Cup victories in 1996 and 1997. Flutie was named the CFLs Most Outstanding Player a record six times and he returned to the NFL in 1998 with the Buffalo Bills, where he earned Pro Bowl and NFL Comeback Player of the Year honors. He played for the San Diego Chargers from 2001 to 2004, in 2006, he was ranked No.1 in a list of the top 50 CFL players. He was named to the College Football Hall of Fame and Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 2007, after retiring in 2006, Flutie served as a college football analyst for ESPN and ABC. In 2009, he joined Versus as a broadcaster for United Football League games, since 2011, he has worked for NBC Sports and NBCSN and in 2014 became the color commentator for Notre Dame Football on NBC. Flutie was born in Manchester, Maryland to Dick and Joan Flutie and his grandfather was the son of a Lebanese immigrant. His family moved to Melbourne Beach, Florida when he was 6, while there Doug Flutie led Hoover Junior High Schools football team to two Brevard County Championships. After the dramatic slow-down of the program in the mid-1970s. Flutie graduated from Natick High School, where he played for the now Redhawks and he was an All-League performer in football, basketball, and baseball. Flutie became the first quarterback to win the Heisman since Pat Sullivan in 1971, Flutie left school as the NCAA’s all-time passing yardage leader with 10,579 yards and was a consensus All-American as a senior. He earned Player of the Year awards from UPI, Kodak, The Sporting News, the quarterback coach for Boston College from 1981 -1983 was Tom Coughlin. Flutie gained national attention in 1984 when he led the Eagles to victory in a high-scoring, the game was nationally televised on CBS the day after Thanksgiving and thus had a huge audience
21.
Toronto Argonauts
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The Toronto Argonauts are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the team was founded in 1873, the teams origins date back to a modified version of rugby football that emerged in North America in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The Argonauts played their games at Rogers Centre from 1989 until 2016 when the team moved to BMO Field. The Argonauts have won the Grey Cup a record 16 times and have appeared in the final 22 times, Most recently they defeated the Calgary Stampeders 35–22 at home in the 100th Grey Cup in 2012. The Argonauts hold the best winning percentage in the game and have the longest active winning streak in games in which they have appeared. The Argonauts have faced every current western CFL team at least once in the Grey Cup, the team was owned by the Argonaut Rowing Club for its first 83 years, and has been owned by a series of business interests since 1956. The Argonauts were a fixture on the Toronto sports scene for decades, in May 2015 it was announced that a consortium of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainments Larry Tanenbaum and Bell Canada would acquire the team. Given the length of history, dozens of players, coaches. Since the teams foundation in 1873, the Argonauts name has been in continuous use, the Chicago Cubs and the Atlanta Braves franchises of Major League Baseball are older, but both teams have changed their name more than once, and the Braves have also changed cities. The Argonauts also claim to be the oldest professional team in North America. The claim is debatable, as the Hamilton Tigers date to 1869, given its nautical theme, the name Argonaut was adopted by a group of amateur rowers in Toronto in 1872. The Argonaut Rowing Club, which exists today, went on to found the football club with the same name a year later. Given their roots in a squad, the team is often referred to as the boatmen. In the 19th century, the most renowned rowing teams in the world were from the University of Oxford, the Toronto rowers, many of whom had associations with the English schools, adopted uniforms incorporating the light blue of Cambridge and the dark blue of Oxford. In turn, the footballers adopted the colours and the double blue would become synonymous with the team. Blue has become the traditional colour of top-level teams in Toronto, the teams other official colour is white. Its current helmet design features an Oxford blue background, with an Oxford blue and Cambridge blue round shield inscribed with a white, for most of the teams history, the logo featured some form of a boat, often incorporating a football. The first recorded game of what would become known as Canadian football was played in Toronto on November 9,1861, the game at the time was a modified version of English rugby and it gained popularity throughout the 1860s
22.
Edmonton Eskimos
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The Edmonton Eskimos are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton, Alberta, competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League. The Eskimos play their games at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium and are the third-youngest franchise in the CFL. The Eskimos were founded in 1949, although there were clubs with the name Edmonton Eskimos as early as 1895 and this includes a three-peat between 1954 and 1956 and an unmatched five consecutive wins between 1978 and 1982, and most recently in 2015. The Eskimos hold a North American professional sports record by qualifying for the playoffs for 34 consecutive years between 1972 and 2005, Edmonton has had the most regular season division championships in the modern era with 21, with their most recent coming in 2015. The team has a rivalry with the Calgary Stampeders and are one of the three community owned teams currently operating in the CFL. Founded,1949, although other teams named the Edmonton Eskimos existed 1895 to 1923 and 1929 to 1939 Formerly known as, The Esquimaux 1897 to 1910 and this was once the most common type of ownership in the CFL. In 2006 the Ottawa Sun reported that shares cost $10 each and this contrasts with the Saskatchewan Roughriders, one of the other community owned teams in the CFL, who have offered shares to the public. The Winnipeg Blue Bombers are the community owned team. Edmonton Eskimos, Inc. is governed by a board of directors. The board consists of a chairman, treasurer, secretary six directors, the clubs president and CEO is Len Rhodes, he is not currently a member of the board. The story of teams name back to stories in the press from at least 1903 and possibly as far back as 1892. It is a legacy of the rivalry between the cities of Edmonton and Calgary, the so-called Battle of Alberta. In the early years of competition between the cities, the press in each town used colourful nicknames to insult the rival teams home. Edmontonian writers called Calgary the cow camp, horse country, or the village beside the Bow. Likewise Calgarys responded with insults about Edmontons northern latitude and frigid weather, the name remained an unofficial nickname, however until the arrival in Edmonton of American baseball coach and sports promoter William Deacon White in 1907. White founded the Edmonton Eskimos baseball team in 1909, the football Eskimos in 1910, of the three, only the football teams name has survived. Edmonton played its first series of organized games with the formation of the Alberta Rugby Football Union in 1895, in 1897 the name Esquimaux was adopted. In 1910 the club was named the Edmonton Eskimos
23.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
24.
Rush (band)
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Archives is a compilation album by Rush, released in April 1978. The compilation was a repackaging of the bands first three albums. Originally released with a grey cover, it was later repackaged with a darker. The minimalist cover art recycles the image of the Man in the Star from the 2112 album, on the original, vinyl Fly By Night album, the chimes at the end of By-Tor and the Snow Dog were printed into the fadeout groove of side one. This meant that on older turntables the chimes would play on forever, on the Archives version, By-Tor is 28 seconds longer as these additional chimes were included. Although Archives has never officially released on CD, it managed simultaneous gold
25.
The Tragically Hip
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They have released 14 studio albums, two live albums,1 EP, and 54 singles. Nine of their albums have reached No.1 in Canada and they have received numerous Canadian Music awards, including 14 Juno Awards. Following Downies diagnosis with terminal cancer in 2016, the band undertook a tour of Canada in support of their thirteenth album Man Machine Poem. The Tragically Hip formed in 1983 in Kingston, Ontario, Gord Sinclair and Rob Baker were students at Kingston Collegiate and had performed together at the KCVI Variety Show as The Rodents. Baker and Sinclair joined with Downie and Fay in 1984 and began playing gigs around Kingston with some memorable stints at a Queens University pub called Alfies, guitarist Paul Langlois joined in 1986, saxophonist Davis Manning left that same year. They took their name from a skit in the Michael Nesmith movie Elephant Parts, by the mid-1980s they performed in small music venues across Ontario until being seen by then-MCA President Bruce Dickinson at the Horseshoe Tavern in Toronto. They were then signed to a record deal with MCA. The album produced two singles, Small Town Bring-Down and Highway Girl and they followed up with 1989s Up to Here. This album produced four singles, Blow at High Dough, New Orleans Is Sinking, Boots or Hearts, all four of these songs found extensive rotation on modern rock radio play lists in Canada. Road Apples followed in 1991, producing three singles and reaching No.1 on Canadian record charts, during the Road Apples tour, Downie became recognized for ranting and telling fictional stories during songs such as Highway Girl and New Orleans is Sinking. The sound on these first two albums is sometimes characterized as blues-tinged, although there are definite acoustic punctuations throughout both discs. The Hip released another album, Fully Completely in 1992, which produced the singles Locked in the Trunk of a Car, Courage and At the Hundredth Meridian, the sound on this album displayed less of a blues influence than previous albums. The Hip created and headlined the first Another Roadside Attraction tour at this time, many songs from Day For Night were first performed prior to their release during the 1993 Another Roadside Attraction Tour. Day for Night was then released in 1994, producing six singles, including Nautical Disaster and Grace, Too. Trouble at the Henhouse followed in 1996, producing five singles, including Ahead by a Century and Butts Wigglin, which would also appear on the soundtrack to the Kids in the Hall movie Brain Candy. Live Between Us, was recorded on the subsequent tour at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan The band developed a sound and ethos. Downies vocal style changed while the band experimented with song structures, songs explored the themes of Canadian geography and history, water and land, all motifs that became heavily associated with the Hip. While Fully Completely began an exploration of themes, many critics consider Day for Night to be the Hips artistry most fully realized
26.
Gordie Howe
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Gordon Gordie Howe, OC was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. From 1946 to 1980, he played seasons in the National Hockey League and six seasons in the World Hockey Association. Nicknamed Mr. Hockey, Howe is considered the most complete player to play the game. A 23-time NHL All-Star, he held many of the scoring records until they were broken in the 1980s by Wayne Gretzky. He continues to hold NHL records for most games and seasons played, on January 1,2017, in a ceremony prior to the Centennial Classic, Howe was part of the first group of players to be named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. Howe was recruited by the Red Wings and made his NHL debut in 1946 and he led the league in scoring each year from 1950 to 1954, then again in 1957 and 1963. He ranked among the top ten in scoring for 21 consecutive years. He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times, won six Hart Trophies as the leagues most valuable player, Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year. He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year, however, he came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA. Although in his mid-40s, he scored over 100 points twice in six years and he made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80, playing one season with the Hartford Whalers, then retired at the age of 52. His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success and forced the NHL to expand their recruitment to European talent, Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess, physical strength, and career longevity, and redefined the ideal qualities of an ice hockey forward. He is the player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades. Although he only achieved the feat twice in his own career, he became the namesake of the Gordie Howe hat trick, a goal, an assist, and he was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008. Howe was born in a farmhouse in Floral, Saskatchewan, the son of Katherine and he was one of nine siblings. When Gordie was nine days old, the Howes moved to Saskatoon, in the summers, Howe would work construction with his father. He was mildly dyslexic growing up, but was physically beyond his years at an early age, already six feet tall in his mid-teens, doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups. He began playing organized hockey at eight years old, Howe quit school during the Depression to work in construction, then left Saskatoon at sixteen to pursue his hockey career. Howe was a player, one of just a few skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed
27.
Canadian Red Cross
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The Canadian Red Cross Society is a Canadian humanitarian charitable organization, and one of 190 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The mission of the Canadian Red Cross is to improve the lives of people in Canada. The Society trains volunteers in response, disaster response, and disaster assistance. The Society, through the network of the Red Cross, helps the world’s vulnerable populations, including victims of armed conflicts. The current Secretary General and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Red Cross is Conrad Sauvé, the Canadian Red Cross was established in the fall of 1896 as an affiliate of the British Red Cross Society. Colonel Dr. George Ryerson, who had founded Canadas St. John Ambulance Association in 1895, the Canadian Red Cross Society Act legally established the Red Cross as the corporate body in Canada responsible for providing volunteer aid in accordance with the Geneva Conventions. It is a society and a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The Canadian Red Cross had its centennial celebration in May 2009, the building was donated in memory of Flight Sergeant William Dewey Hagyard R. C. A. F. Who was missing in action February 11,1942, the organization works in partnership with government, first responders, emergency management, and other organizations to support their response activities. The goal of these programs is to support in maintaining quality of life, independence. The availability of these programs varies, the program operates in British Columbia, Alberta, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Yukon territory. Home Care Services The Canadian Red Cross offers personal support and homemaking services to support the independent living of seniors and these services include, personal care, home management, and respite and companion care. Home care services are available in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the organization provides independent monitoring to promote a protective environment in which detainees are treated humanely and their human rights and inherent dignity are respected. As of 2014 this includes visiting federal immigration holding facilities and some provincial correctional facilities in Québéc, Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba. The organization is a provider of first aid and CPR programs and has been offering first aid. In an average year, more than 600,000 Canadians were trained in first aid, in 1946 the Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety programs were introduced as a result of a large number of drownings that occurred in Canada in the 1940s. Since then, more than 30 million Canadians, in more than 3,500 communities across Canada were to taught to swim, emergencies and Disasters The Canadian Red Cross responds to the needs to vulnerable communities affected by conflict, disasters, and health emergencies. The organization delivers primary healthcare programs, relief supplies, water, International programming promotes cost-effective, community-based programs that target large numbers of people with rapid, effective, and large-scale humanitarian aid
28.
American Hockey League
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The American Hockey League is a 30-team professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League. Twenty-seven AHL teams are located in the United States and the three are in Canada. The league offices are located in Springfield, Massachusetts, and its current president is David Andrews, the annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup, named for Frank Calder, the first President of the NHL. The reigning champions are the Lake Erie Monsters, the AHL traces its origins directly to two predecessor professional leagues, the Canadian-American Hockey League, founded in 1926, and the first International Hockey League, established in 1929. With both leagues down to the minimum in membership, the governors of each recognized the need for action to assure their member clubs long-term survival. Their solution was to play an interlocking schedule, while the Can-Am was based in the Northeast and the IHL in the Great Lakes and Midwest, their footprints were close enough for this to be a viable option. The two older leagues eight surviving clubs began joint play in November 1936 as a new circuit of mutual convenience known as the International-American Hockey League. The four Can-Am teams became the I-AHL East Division, with the IHL quartet playing as the West Division. The IHL also contributed its former championship trophy, the F. G. Teddy Oke Trophy, the Oke Trophy is now awarded to the regular-season winners of the AHLs Northeast Division. A little more than a month into that first season, the balance, the makeshift new I-AHL played out the rest of its first season with just seven teams. At the end of the 1936–37 season, a modified playoff format was devised and a new championship trophy. The Syracuse Stars defeated the Philadelphia Ramblers in the final, three-games-to-one, the Calder Cup continues on today as the AHLs playoff championship trophy. After two seasons of interlocking play, the governors of the two leagues seven active teams met in New York City on June 28,1938, maurice Podoloff of New Haven, the former head of the Can-Am League, was elected the I-AHLs first president. The former IHL president, John Chick of Windsor, Ontario, the Bears remain the only one of these eight original I-AHL/AHL franchises to have been represented in the league without interruption since the 1938–39 season. The newly merged circuit also increased its schedule for each team by six games from 48 to 54. After the 1939–40 season the I-AHL renamed itself the American Hockey League and it generally enjoyed both consistent success on the ice and relative financial stability over its first three decades of operation. The number of teams competing for players rose from six to thirty in just seven years. Player salaries at all levels shot up dramatically with the increased demand and this did not seem to affect the AHL at first, as it expanded to 12 teams by 1970
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Toronto Marlies
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The Toronto Marlies are a Canadian professional ice hockey team playing in the American Hockey League. The top affiliate of the National Hockey League s Toronto Maple Leafs, the Marlies trace their history back to the New Brunswick Hawks, which were founded in 1978 and jointly operated by the Chicago Black Hawks and the Toronto Maple Leafs as their farm team. Maple Leaf Gardens Limited and the Black Hawks each owned half of the franchise, the St. Johns Maple Leafs were established in 1991, becoming the first professional ice hockey team in Newfoundland and Labrador. The team played their games at Memorial Stadium until 2001. The AHL had a presence in Atlantic Canada in the 1980s and 1990s. The team is named after the former Toronto Marlboros junior hockey team, to avoid any potential association with the similarly named cigarette brand, MLSE uses the abbreviated form as the teams official nickname. Their major rivals are the Rochester Americans, located south along the Queen Elizabeth Way, the Maple Leafs also have a rivalry with the Bulldogs former parent club, the Montreal Canadiens, and a rivalry with the Americans parent club, the Buffalo Sabres. In 2015-16 season, the Marlies moved from the Western Conference to the Eastern Conference due to the relocation of five teams to California and this market was home to the Toronto Roadrunners in the 2003–04 season. Records as of the end of the 2015–16 season.04 SV%, Rochester Americans 8, Marlies 5 First Home Game and First Win, October 12,2005. Franchise First Goal, October 7,2005, Goal scored by Colin Murphy Franchise First Shutout, December 14,2005. Marlies 5, Grand Rapids Griffins 0, Franchise First Hat Trick, January 2,2006. Most goals scored in a game,10, February 8,2009, Marlies 10, Grand Rapids Griffins 5
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Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL)
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The Hamilton Bulldogs were a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Hamilton, Ontario, at FirstOntario Centre, nicknamed The Dog Pound and they were the AHL affiliate of the NHLs Montreal Canadiens. The team won the Calder Cup once in its history, in 2007, the Hamilton Bulldogs Hockey Club was first established in 1996 following the relocation of the Cape Breton Oilers. The team was nicknamed the Bulldogs as it was determined to best suit the City of Hamilton, the name Hamilton Havoc was runner-up. On the ice, the club has reached the Calder Cup Finals three times, firstly in 1997, the clubs first year, and again in 2003 only to lose in both cases. The 2003 game 7 final was played June 12,2003, the attendance at Copps Coliseum was 17,428, making it the largest playoff crowd in the history of the AHL. Houston won the game 3–0 and the series 4–3, the Bulldogs finally won the Calder Cup Final in 2007 against the Hershey Bears. This series was a rematch of the 1997 Calder Cup Final which Hershey won 4 games to 1, the Bulldogs reversed that in 2007 – Hamilton 4 games to Hersheys 1. The campaign was a success and resulted in the club remaining in the Steel City with a bolstered fan base. In spite of a high in attendance in 2001, the Edmonton Oilers announced plans to move their AHL franchise to Toronto. After the 2002–03 season, the Oilers officially relocated their franchise to Toronto, as part of the merger agreement, the Bulldogs were able to retain much of their team and staff that had been affiliated with the Canadiens to keep team continuity for the following season. Fans voted to keep the Bulldogs name which won over the Hamilton Canadiens, in the summer of 2004, Burlington businessman Michael Andlauer bought out much of the minority shares of the franchise to become majority owner, governor, and chairman of the Hamilton Bulldogs. Andlauer was part of the group of local business people who purchased the Bulldogs team from the Edmonton Oilers. By 2011, Andlauer owned 100% of the franchise, in 2010, fans saw the Bulldogs under coach Guy Boucher advance to the Western Conference finals against the Texas Stars only to lose a hard fought series in game seven. The existing True North Sports and Entertainment-owned IceCaps, which are affiliated with the Winnipeg Jets, concurrently, Andlauer announced his acquisition of the Ontario Hockey Leagues Belleville Bulls, and that the team would be moved to Hamilton and adopt the Bulldogs name. List of timelines for the two separate franchises known as the Hamilton Bulldogs, st. Johns IceCaps – Canadiens ownership group repurchased franchise license from Michael Andlauer. Laval Rocket List of Hamilton Bulldogs alumni who played more than 100 games in Hamilton and 100 or more games in the National Hockey League. Goals, Paul Healey,39 Assists, Daniel Cleary,52 Points, David Desharnais,78 Penalty minutes, Dennis Bonvie,522 GAA, Cedrick Desjardins,2.00 SV%, Steve Passmore & Jaroslav Halak
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AHL Outdoor Classic
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Sometimes referred to as the Outdoor Classic, teams in the American Hockey League first hosted games outdoors in 2010. Paralleling the National Hockey Leagues Winter Classic and Heritage Classic, these outdoor games frequently pit two regional rivals in a game in an outdoor venue. The Mirabito Outdoor Classic was the outdoor hockey game in the 74-year history of the American Hockey League as well as the first minor league outdoor game. The game was put on by the Syracuse Crunch and played at the New York State Fairgrounds in Syracuse, the game took place on February 20,2010, with the Crunch beating the Binghamton Senators 2–1. The game set an AHL attendance record with 21,508 people making history, the game was held one day before the NHLs 2011 Heritage Classic and Hockey Day in America celebrations, and took place as part of USA Hockeys Hockey Weekend Across America promotions. 28,600 ticket were in the market,21,673 tickets were sold for the feature event, the Providence Bruins defeated the Connecticut Whale in a shootout, 5–4. AHL teams scheduled two games for the 2011-12 season, one in the United States and another in Canada. The first of the two was scheduled for January 6,2012 at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Adirondack Phantoms, faced the Hershey Bears. The Phantoms scored with 20.8 seconds left in regulation to send it to overtime before Shane Harper scored 58 seconds into overtime giving the Phantoms a 4–3 victory. The game was held in conjunction with the 2012 NHL Winter Classic, the game set an AHL attendance record with 45,653 fans attending, more than double the previous record of 21,673. Another outdoor game was held at Ivor Wynne Stadium in Hamilton, Ontario, a crowd of 20,565 spectators watched the Marlies beat the Bulldogs, 7–2. The event was known as the Steeltown Showdown in reference to Hamiltons steel mills, the game was played at Hersheypark Stadium in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Hershey took the lead in the period but the Penguins scored a goal in the third to send the game to overtime. Paul Thompson would score in overtime, winning the game 2–1 for the Penguins, the game was played before a crowd of 17,311 spectators. The Rochester Americans hosted the Frozen Frontier on December 13,2013, the Americans announced their participation on March 21,2013. Each team wore throwback uniforms for the event, with the Monsters donning a jersey worn by their predecessors, the Marlies won in a shootout, 4-3, to become the first team ever to win two AHL outdoor games. In lieu of a game, the stadium showcase for the 2014-15 season was the Toyota Frozen Dome. This game was played at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse and featured the Crunch defeating the Utica Comets 2–1 in front of 30,175 fans on November 22,2014
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Hamilton AAA Grounds
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The Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds is a park located on the north side of Charlton Avenue West, between Locke Street South and Queen Street South, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The park served as home to the Hamilton Tigers from 1872-1949, in 1950, the Tigers amalgamated with the Hamilton Wildcats to create the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. The new team became the permanent tenants of Civic Stadium, the Tiger-Cats joined the Canadian Football League as an inaugural member in 1958. A plaque outlining much of the history is located next to the main entrance on Charlton
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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian crown corporation that serves as the national public radio and television broadcaster. Although some local stations in Canada predate CBCs founding, CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada, Radio services include CBC Radio One, CBC Radio 2, Ici Radio-Canada Première, Ici Musique and the international radio service Radio Canada International. Television operations include CBC Television, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, CBC News Network, Ici RDI, Ici Explora, Documentary Channel, the CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord. The radio service employed commercials from its inception to 1974, since then, its primary radio networks, like the BBC, have been commercial-free. However, in the fall of 2013, CBCs secondary radio networks Radio 2, in 1929, the Aird Commission on public broadcasting recommended the creation of a national radio broadcast network. A major concern was the influence of American radio broadcasting as U. S. -based networks began to expand into Canada. Meanwhile, Canadian National Railways was making a network to keep its passengers entertained and give it an advantage over its rival. This, the CNR Radio, is the forerunner of the CBC, Graham Spry and Alan Plaunt lobbied intensely for the project on behalf of the Canadian Radio League. In 1932 the government of R. B. Bennett established the CBCs predecessor, the CRBC took over a network of radio stations formerly set up by a federal Crown corporation, the Canadian National Railway. The network was used to broadcast programming to riders aboard its passenger trains, with coverage primarily in central, on November 2,1936, the CRBC was reorganised under its present name. While the CRBC was a company, the CBC was a Crown corporation on the model of the BBC. Leonard Brockington was the CBCs first chairman, for the next few decades, the CBC was responsible for all broadcasting innovation in Canada. This was in part because, until 1958, it was not only a broadcaster and it used this dual role to snap up most of the clear-channel licences in Canada. It began a separate French-language radio network in 1937 and it introduced FM radio to Canada in 1946, though a distinct FM service wasnt launched until 1960. Television broadcasts from the CBC began on September 6,1952, with the opening of a station in Montreal, Quebec, the CBCs first privately owned affiliate television station, CKSO in Sudbury, Ontario, launched in October 1953. From 1944 to 1962, the CBC split its English-language radio network into two known as the Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network. The latter, carrying lighter programs including American radio shows, was dissolved in 1962, on July 1,1958, CBCs television signal was extended from coast to coast. The first Canadian television show shot in colour was the CBCs own The Forest Rangers in 1963, colour television broadcasts began on July 1,1966, and full-colour service began in 1974
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
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Alumni Stadium (Guelph)
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Alumni Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It is home to the Guelph Gryphons varsity football team and it was built in 1970, and has a fixed seating capacity of approximately 8,500, including fixed seating and the grass hill on the east side of the stadium. On October 27,2011, it was announced that the stadium would undergo an $18 million expansion and renovation that will bring fixed seating capacity up to 7,500 and it was also announced that an eight-lane track would be installed as well as synthetic turf for the field. The stadium underwent an expansion to accommodate the CFL team. The Tiger-Cats played 9 of 10 home games at Alumni Stadium during their 2013 season, including the 2013 East Final against the Montreal Alouettes, which they won in overtime 19-16. The Tiger-Cats would eventually go on to be the runners-up of the 101st Grey Cup at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field in Regina, Saskatchewan, a 8.5 million dollar,14,000 square foot Football Pavilion addition to Alumni Stadium is planned for completion by December 2016. The new facility will feature a state-of-the-art locker room, players’ lounge with kitchen, therapy room with cold and hot tubs, equipment room, coaches offices, meeting rooms, the two largest meeting rooms and the roof top will double as licensed, game-day viewing areas for alumni. This facility will allow for better support to football officials
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Ron Joyce Stadium
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Ron Joyce Stadium is a football stadium owned by McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The stadium is the home of the McMaster Marauders football team, the stadium features 6,000 permanent seats and temporary seating for an additional 6,000 on the other side of the field when needed for national events. An underground parking garage is below the grounds that will serve visitors to the stadium plus daily campus parking needs. The Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League also use the stadium for training during the spring, there is also a satellite sports medicine clinic for players to receive taping and treatments. Multi-purpose rooms are used for video review of game tape. The Marauders played their Ontario University Athletics games in 2005,2006, inversely, the Tiger-Cats began their 2014 season at Ron Joyce Stadium after Tim Hortons Field fell behind schedule in construction. McMaster receives historic donation of $10-million for new stadium Ron Joyce Stadium
