1.
Jacob Huysmans
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Jacob Huysmans was a Flemish portrait painter. He moved to England during the reign of Charles II where he became one of the painters of the court. His chief portraits are those of Izaak Walton and Catherine of Braganza and he was born into a family of artists in Antwerp. He was the uncle of Jan-Baptiste and Cornelis Huysmans and he learned to paint from Gilles Backereel and Frans Wouters and moved to England, where he later influenced David des Granges. His first works were pastiches of work from Anthony van Dyck, as a Roman Catholic he was favoured by Catharine of Braganza. When Samuel Pepys visited his workshop in Westminster on 26 August 1664, which is said to exceed Lilly. Huysmanss most important portrait of Catharine of Braganza, Queen Catharine as a Shepherdess, was one of the pictures Pepys saw on that occasion, painting his subjects as sheperdesses with clothing embellished with embroidery and jewellery were typical of his style. Huysmans died in Jermyn Street, London, in 1696, and was buried in St. Jamess Church in Piccadilly
2.
Stafford
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Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately 16 miles north of Wolverhampton,18 miles south of Stoke-on-Trent and 24 miles north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the borough of Stafford 122,000. Stafford means ford by a staithe, the original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still an area of marshland northwest of the town. It is thought Stafford was founded in about 700 AD by a Mercian prince called Bertelin who, according to legend, the tree-trunk coffin may have been placed there as an object of commemoration or veneration of St Bertelin. This new burh was fortified and provided with an area for the centralised production of Roman-style pottery which was supplied to the chain of West Midlands burhs. Anglo-Saxon women could play powerful roles in society, Æthelflæds death effectively ended the independence of Mercia. Edward the Elder of Wessex took over her fortress at Tamworth and accepted the submission of all who were living in Mercia, in late 918 Aelfwynn, Æthelflæds daughter, was deprived of her authority over Mercia and taken to Wessex. The project for the unification of England took another step forward, the Lady of Mercia, Æthelflæd, ruled Mercia for five years after the death of her father and husband, dying in Tamworth in 918. At around this time the county of Staffordshire was formed, Stafford lay within the Pirehill hundred. In 1069, a rebellion by Eadric the Wild against the Norman conquest culminated in the Battle of Stafford, two years later another rebellion, this time led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia, culminated in Edwins assassination. This meant his lands were distributed amongst the followers of William the Conqueror, robert de Tonei was granted the manor of Bradley and one third of the kings rents in Stafford. Stafford Castle was built by the Normans on the hilltop to the west in about 1090. It was first made of wood, and later rebuilt of stone and it has been rebuilt twice since, and the ruins of the 19th century gothic revival castle on the earthworks incorporate much of the original stonework. A motte was constructed on the side of the peninsula, overlooking a ford. In 1206 King John granted a Royal Charter which created the borough of Stafford, in the Middle Ages Stafford was a market town, mainly dealing in cloth and wool. In spite of being the town, Stafford required successive surges of external investment from the time of Æthelflæd to that of Queen Elizabeth I
3.
Winchester
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Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a government district. It is situated 61 miles south-west of London and 13.6 miles from Southampton, at the time of the 2011 Census, Winchester had a population of 45,184. The wider City of Winchester district which includes such as Alresford. Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum, which in turn developed from an Iron Age oppidum. Winchesters major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The city is home to the University of Winchester and Winchester College, the area around Winchester has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with three Iron Age hillforts, Orams Arbour, St. Catherines Hill, and Worthy Down all in the nearby vicinity. In the Late Iron Age, an urban settlement type developed, known as an oppidum. It was overrun by the confederation of Gaulish tribes known as the Belgae sometime during the first century BCE and it seems to have been known as Wentā or Venta, from the Brittonic for town or meeting place. After the Roman conquest of Britain, the settlement served as the capital of the Belgae and was distinguished as Venta Belgarum, Venta of the Belgae. Although in the years of the Roman province it was of subsidiary importance to Silchester and Chichester. At the beginning of the century, Winchester was given protective stone walls. At around this time the city covered an area of 144 acres, there was a limited suburban area outside the walls. Like many other Roman towns however, Winchester began to decline in the fourth century. Ford identifies the community as the Cair Guinntguic listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains, amid the Saxon invasions of Britain, cemeteries dating to the 6th and 7th centuries suggest a revival of settlement. The city became known as Wintan-ceastre in Old English, in 648, King Cenwalh of Wessex erected the Church of SS Peter and Paul, later known as the Old Minster. This became a cathedral in the 660s when the West Saxon bishopric was transferred from Dorchester-on-Thames, the citys first mint appears to date from this period. In the early tenth century there were two new establishments, the convent of Nunnaminster, founded by Alfreds widow Ealhswith
4.
Chebsey
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Chebsey is a small village in Staffordshire 2.5 miles southeast of Eccleshall on a confluence of Eccleshall water and the River Sow some 5 miles northwest of Stafford. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 566. It comprises a number of houses and cottages and a church dedicated to All Saints. Standing above the village on a mound of higher ground. The west tower dates from the 15th century, and is constructed from mostly grey with red sandstone blocks. The external staircase turret at Chebsey, is quite an unusual feature, though it is very common in the churches of the South of England and especially those of Devon and Somerset, yet it is rarely seen in churches of the English Midlands and North of England. Parts of the wall of the church show signs of extensive repairs. The churchyard contains an Anglo-Saxon cross shaft, inside the church can be found late Victorian stained glass windows by Charles Eamer Kempe, and a 13th-century stone coffin. The church was renovated in 1897 under the supervision of Staffordshire ecclesiastical architect Andrew Capper. The churchyard contains the war graves of a soldier of World War I, media related to Chebsey at Wikimedia Commons Photograph of Chebsey Church, c.1925
5.
Staffordshire
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Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It adjoins Cheshire to the north west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south east, West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority, Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford, Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek, smaller towns include Stone, Uttoxeter, and Rugeley, and large villages Eccleshall, Wombourne, Kinver, Penkridge, Tutbury and Stretton. Cannock Chase AONB is within the county as well as parts of the National Forest, Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich, and Smethwick were historic Staffordshire towns until local government reorganisation created the West Midlands county in 1974. Historically, Staffordshire was divided into the five hundreds of Cuttlestone, Offlow, Pirehill, Seisdon, the historic boundaries of Staffordshire cover much of what is now the metropolitan county of West Midlands. The Act also saw the towns of Tamworth and Burton upon Trent united entirely in Staffordshire, in 1553 Queen Mary made Lichfield a county separate from the rest of Staffordshire. Handsworth and Perry Barr became part of the county borough of Birmingham in the early 20th century, Burton, in the east of the county, became a county borough in 1901, and was followed by Smethwick, another town in the Black Country in 1907. In 1910 the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries, including Hanley, a major reorganisation in the Black Country in 1966, under the recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England led to the creation of an area of contiguous county boroughs. Meanwhile, the county borough of Dudley, historically a part of Worcestershire, expanded. County boroughs were abolished, with Stoke becoming a district in Staffordshire. On 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, in July 2009 the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever found in Britain was discovered in a field near Lichfield. The artefacts, known as The Staffordshire Hoard have tentatively dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Some nationally and internationally known companies have their base in Staffordshire. They include the Britannia Building Society which is based in Leek, JCB is based in Rocester near Uttoxeter and bet365 based in Stoke-on-Trent. The theme park Alton Towers is in the Staffordshire Moorlands and several of the worlds largest pottery manufacturers are based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire has a completely comprehensive system with eight independent schools. Most secondary schools are from 11–16 or 18, but two in Staffordshire Moorlands and South Staffordshire are from 13–18, there are two universities in the county, Keele University in Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire University, which has campuses in Stoke-on-Trent, Stafford, Lichfield and Shrewsbury. The modern county of Staffordshire currently has three football clubs – Stoke City and Port Vale, both from Stoke-on-Trent, and Burton Albion, who play in Burton upon Trent. They were among the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888, in 1972, the club finally won a major trophy when they lifted the Football League Cup, but after relegation from the First Division in 1985 they would not experience top flight football for 23 years
6.
The Compleat Angler
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The Compleat Angler is a book by Izaak Walton. It was first published in 1653 by Richard Marriot of St Dunstan-in-the-West, Walton continued to add to it for a quarter of a century. It is a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse, Walton was born in Stafford and moved to London when he was in his teens. The book was dedicated to John Offley of Madeley, Staffordshire, however, the work begins with Londoners making a fishing trip to the Lea Valley in Hertfordshire. The first edition featured dialogue between veteran angler Piscator and student Viator, while later editions change Viator to hunter Venator, Walton drew on an earlier work. 6 verses were quoted from John Dennyss 1613 work The Secrets of Angling, there were a number of editions during the authors lifetime. There was an edition in 1655, a third in 1661, a fourth in 1668. Starting with the first edition, which had anonymous illustrations, the work has inspired artists and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Walton, Izaak
7.
Chancery Lane
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Chancery Lane is a one-way street situated in the ward of Farringdon Without in the City of London. It has formed the boundary of the City since 1994. Chancery Lane, numbered the B400 in the British road numbering scheme and it gives its name to Chancery Lane tube station which lies at the junction of Holborn and Grays Inn Road, a short distance from Chancery Lanes northern end. Lincolns Inn occupies most of the side north of Carey Street. Chancery Lane takes its name from the historic High Court of Chancery, which started its association with the area when Robert de Chesney, the Bishop of Lincoln acquired the old Temple in 1161. In later centuries the Court convened in Lincolns Inn Old Hall and other buildings there for the Courts purposes, in the 14th century it became the estate of the Master of the Rolls, which included an official residence and storage for court records. The site later became the Public Record Office, the present Grade II* listed, in 1907 it became the museum of the Public Record Office and throughout the latter half of the 20th century records gradually moved to a new site located in Kew. In 2001 it underwent renovation and became the Maughan Library, the largest academic library of Kings College London, just to the south of the Maughan Library is the site of the former Serjeants Inn. The principal building of The Law Society, the body for solicitors in England. Ede and Ravenscroft, the oldest tailors in London, have their main outlet,93, which is also their outlet for legal dress. The London Silver Vaults are located at the end of Chancery Lane
8.
Baptism
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Baptism is a Christian sacrament of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally. The canonical Gospels report that Jesus was baptized—a historical event to which a degree of certainty can be assigned. Baptism has been called a sacrament and an ordinance of Jesus Christ. In some denominations, baptism is also called christening, but for others the word christening is reserved for the baptism of infants, Baptism has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the candidate to be immersed, in v.16, Matthew will speak of Jesus coming up out of the water. The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus head may therefore be based on later Christian practice, other common forms of baptism now in use include pouring water three times on the forehead, a method called affusion. Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as baptism by blood, later, the Catholic Church identified a baptism of desire, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved. Today, some Christians, particularly Christian Scientists, Quakers, The Salvation Army, and Unitarians, do not see baptism as necessary, among those that do, differences can be found in the manner and mode of baptizing and in the understanding of the significance of the rite. Most Christians baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, much more than half of all Christians baptize infants, many others hold that only believers baptism is true baptism. Some insist on submersion or at least partial immersion of the person who is baptized, others consider that any form of washing by water, as long as the water flows on the head, is sufficient. The term baptism has also used to refer to any ceremony, trial, or experience by which a person is initiated, purified. The Greek verb baptō, dip, from which the verb baptizo is derived, is in turn hypothetically traced to a reconstructed Indo-European root *gʷabh-, the Greek words are used in a great variety of meanings. John the Baptist, who is considered a forerunner to Christianity, the apostle Paul distinguished between the baptism of John, and baptism in the name of Jesus, and it is questionable whether Christian baptism was in some way linked with that of John. Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism, though whether Jesus intended to institute a continuing, the earliest Christian baptisms were probably normally by immersion, complete or partial. Though other modes may have also been used, at the hour in which the cock crows, they shall first pray over the water. When they come to the water, the water shall be pure and flowing, that is, then they shall take off all their clothes. The children shall be baptized first, all of the children who can answer for themselves, let them answer. If there are any children who cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer for them, after this, the men will be baptized
9.
Inn
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Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, Inns in Europe were possibly first established when the Romans built their system of Roman roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travelers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. Historically, inns in Europe provided not only food and lodging, famous London examples of inns include the George and the Tabard. There is however no longer a distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use the name inn, either because they are established and may have been formerly coaching inns. Inns were like bed and breakfasts, with a community dining room which was used for town meetings or rented for wedding parties. The front, facing the road was ornamental and welcoming for travelers, the back also usually had at least one livery barn for travelers to keep their horses. There were not lobbies as in modern inns, but the innkeeper would answer the door for each visitor, many inns were simply large estates that had extra rooms for renting. During the 19th century the inn played a role in the growing transportation system of England. Industry was on the rise and people were traveling more in order to keep, the English Inn was considered an important part of English infrastructure as it helped maintain a smooth flow of travel throughout the country. As modes of transport have evolved, tourist lodging has adapted to each generation of traveller. A stagecoach made frequent stops at roadside coaching inns for water, food, a passenger train stops only at designated stations in the city centre, around which were built grand railway hotels. The lodging aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, the Inns of Court in London were once accommodations for members of the legal profession. Other forms of inn exist throughout the world, among them are the honjin and ryokan of Japan, and caravanserai of the Ottoman Empire. In Asia Minor, during the periods of rule by the Seljuq and Ottoman Turks and these inns provided accommodation for people and their vehicles or animals and served as a resting place for people, whether travelling on foot or by other means. These inns were built between towns if the distance between them was too far for one days travel and these structures were called caravansarais which were inns with large courtyards with ample supplies of water for both drinking and other uses. They would also contain a café in addition to supplies of food
10.
Tavern
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A tavern is a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food, and in most cases, where travelers receive lodging. An inn is a tavern which has a license to put up guests as lodgers, the word derives from the Latin taberna whose original meaning was a shed, workshop, stall, or pub. In the English language, a tavern was once an establishment which served wine whilst an inn served beer, over time, the words tavern and inn became interchangeable and synonymous. In England, inns started to be referred to as houses or pubs. Wowser was a term for Christian moralists in Australia, especially activists in temperance groups such as the Womans Christian Temperance Union. Historian Stuart Macintyre argues, the achievements of the wowsers were impressive, until the late 18th century, the only places for common people to eat out were inns and taverns, not restaurants. This chaotic system was enforced by an army of tax collectors, the resultant opposition took many forms. Wine growers and tavern keepers concealed wine and falsified their methods of selling it to advantage of lower tax rates. The retailers also engaged in clandestine refilling of casks from hidden stocks, wine merchants stealthily circumvented inspection stations to avoid local import duties. When apprehended, some defrauders reacted with resignation, while others resorted to violence. Taverns symbolized opposition to the regime and to religion, in 1765 in Paris was founded the first restaurant in the modern sense of the term. However, the first Parisian restaurant worthy of the name was the one founded by Beauvilliers in 1782 in the Rue de Richelieu, Émile Zolas novel LAssommoir depicted the social conditions typical of alcoholism in Paris among the working classes. The drunk destroyed not only his own body, but also his employment, his family, the characters Gervaise Macquart and her husband Coupeau exemplified with great realism the physical and moral degradation of alcoholics. Zolas correspondence with physicians reveal he used authentic medical sources for his depictions in the novel. A common German name for German taverns or pubs is Kneipe, Drinking practices in 16th-century Augsburg, Germany, suggest that the use of alcohol in early modern Germany followed carefully structured cultural norms. Drinking was not a sign of insecurity and disorder, Taverns were popular places used for business as well as for eating and drinking - the London Tavern was a notable meeting place in the 18th and 19th centuries, for example. However, the tavern is no longer in popular use in the UK as there is no distinction between a tavern and an inn. Both establishments serve wine and beer/ale, the term pub is now used to describe these houses
11.
Parish register
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Along with these vital details, church goods, terriers, the parish’s response to briefs, and notes on various happenings in the parish were also recorded. These elaborate records existed for the purpose of preventing bigamy and consanguineous marriage, the information recorded was also considered significant for State records, resulting in the Church supplying it with a copy of all parish registers. A good register permits the family structure of the community to be reconstituted as far back as the sixteenth century, thus, these records were distilled for the definitive study of the history of several nations’ populations. They also provide insight into the lives and interrelationships of parishioners, before this, a few Roman Catholic religious’ houses and parish priests had kept informal notes on the baptisms, marriages and burials of the prominent local families. This injunction was addressed to the rector or vicar of every parish in England, however, this order had nothing to do with religious doctrine or the papacy and rather indicated the desire of the central government to have full knowledge of the population of the country. The book was to be kept in a coffer with two locks and keys. A fine of 3 sols,4 deniers was to be levied for failure to comply, many parishes ignored this order as it was commonly thought that it presaged a further tax. Finally, in 1597, both Queen and Convocation reaffirmed the injunction, adding that the registers were of ‘permagnus usus’, previous records had to be copied into the new books and copies of each year’s entries had to be sent to the bishop’s registrar. The parish clerk was paid to copy the old records into a new parchment book in order to keep the record up to date. During the English Civil War and in the following Commonwealth period, records were poorly kept and this parsimony and neglect was remedied by depositing the registers in county record offices where they were safeguarded and made accessible. On the other hand, the parish registers of New France were rarely damaged by external events such as war, revolution. Thus,300,00 entries were available for the time period 1621 to 1760, separate, printed registers were to be supplied by the Kings Printer, and used for baptisms, marriages and burials. These are more or less unchanged to this day, in the United States, at least the parishes in the Roman Catholic dioceses maintained a similar practice of recording baptisms, marriages, burials, and often also confirmations and first communions. From the earliest pioneer churches ministered by itinerant priests, the records were written in ecclesiastical Latin, but after the Second Vatican Council and its reforms that included translating the Mass into local languages, most register entries gradually came to be written in English. In Protestant communions with stronger similarities to Roman Catholicism, parish registers are also important sources that document baptisms, marriages, in Protestant and Evangelical churches, individual ministers often kept records of faith-related events among the congregation, but under much less guidance from any central governing body. Prior to 1563, the oldest registers of baptisms are preserved since 1379 in Gemona del Friuli,1381 in Siena,1428 in Florence or 1459 in Bologna, in France, parish registers had been in use since the Middle Ages. The oldest surviving registers date back to 1303 and are posted in Givry, other existing registers prior to orders of civil legislation in 1539 reside in Roz-Landrieux 1451, Paramé1453, Lanloup 1467, Trans-la-Forêt 1479 and Signes 1500. They had to be sent every year to the bailiwick or sénéchaussée in the south of France, in April 1667, the Ordinance of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ordered a copy to be kept by the parish clergy as before the ordinance
12.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
13.
Ironmongery
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Ironmongery originally referred, first, to the manufacture of iron goods and, second, to the place of sale of such items for domestic rather than industrial use. In both contexts, the term has expanded to include items made of steel, aluminium, brass, or other metals, the term ironmonger as a supplier of consumer goods is still widely used in Great Britain, the US equivalent being hardware store. Many architectural ironmongery items are manufactured for wholesale and commercial use in offices. The second half of the 20th century saw the decline of ironmongers’ shops. Although every small town in Britain used to have at least one, there has even been renewed use of “blacksmith nails” – four-sided hand-made rosehead nails. In some areas, ironmonger is also slang for an arms dealer, giving rise to numerous fictional characters by the name
14.
Worshipful Company of Ironmongers
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The Worshipful Company of Ironmongers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The Ironmongers, who were known as the Ferroners, were incorporated under a Royal Charter in 1463. The Company today is primarily a charitable institution, the Company ranks tenth in the order of precedence of the City of Londons livery companies, it is therefore one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies. The Companys motto is God Is Our Strength, Ironmongers Hall is the home of the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers. It is located in Aldersgate Street in the City of London, the first hall, dating back to 1457, was in Fenchurch Street, it was rebuilt in 1587 and rebuilt again in 1745 on the same site. The third hall was destroyed on 7 July 1917 by a bomb dropped during World War I. The present Hall stands on land which was bought in 1922, construction work, which was undertaken by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts, started that year and the Hall was opened on 17 June 1925
15.
Thomas Gresham
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Sir Thomas Gresham, Thomas Gresham the Elder, was an English merchant and financier who acted on behalf of King Edward VI and Edwards half-sisters, queens Mary I and Elizabeth I. In 1565 Gresham founded the Royal Exchange in the City of London, the Government sought Greshams advice in all their money difficulties, and also frequently employed him in various diplomatic missions. He had no stated salary, but in reward of his services received from King Edward various grants of lands, on the accession of Queen Mary in 1553 Gresham fell out of favour at Court for a short time with Alderman William Dauntsey displacing him. His enterprises made him one of the richest men of his generation in England, in the Rialto there, called Saint Marks, tis but a bauble, if compared to this. The nearest, that which most resembles this, is the great Burse in Antwerp, yet no comparable either in height or wideness, oh my Lord Mayor, this Gresham hath much graced your City of London, his fame will long outlive him. In 1544 he married Anne Ferneley, widow of Sir William Read, by his wife he had an only son who predeceased him. He also had a daughter who married Sir Nathaniel Bacon, half-brother of Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, becoming Anne. Gresham died suddenly, apparently of apoplexy, on 21 November 1579 and was buried at St Helens Church, thus, Gresham College, the first institution of higher learning in London, came to be established in 1597. Greshams Law takes its name from him because he urged Queen Elizabeth to restore the debased currency of England. However, Sir Thomas never formulated anything like Greshams Law, which was the 1857 conception of Henry Dunning Macleod, the Faneuil Hall at Boston, Massachusetts, has also borrowed this heraldic device. The Gresham coat of arms is blazoned, Argent, a Chevron Erminés between three Mullets pierced Sable, although a beautiful story, it is more likely that the grasshopper is simply a canting heraldic crest playing on the sound grassh- and Gresh-. The Gresham family uses as its motto Fiat Voluntas Tua, Gresham appears as a background figure in a series of fictional mystery novels by the British author Valerie Anand writing under the pen-name of Fiona Buckley. The fictional heroine of the stories, Ursula Blanchard, lived in Antwerp with her first husband while he worked as one of Greshams agents, Gresham also features as the central character of Herbert Strangs book On London River, A Story of the Days of Queen Elizabeth. List of multiple discoveries Titsey Place This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Gresham. The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham by J. W. Burgon Sir Thomas Gresham by F. R. Salter Baynes, john William Burgon, The life and times of Sir Thomas Gresham comp. Chiefly from his correspondence preserved in Her Majestys state-paper office, including notices of many of his contemporaries, published 1839 by R. Jennings in London. John William Burgon The life and times of Sir Thomas Gresham Volume II, the Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham Gresham and Antwerp, Gresham College Magna Carta Ancestry, Douglas Richardson
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Royal Exchange, London
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The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as a centre of commerce for the City of London. The site was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers and it is trapezoidal in shape and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street, which converge at Bank junction in the heart of the City. The design was inspired by a bourse Gresham had seen in Antwerp and was Britains first specialist commercial building and it has twice been destroyed by fire and subsequently rebuilt. The present building was designed by William Tite in the 1840s, the site was notably occupied by the Lloyds insurance market for nearly 150 years. Today the Royal Exchange contains offices, luxury shops, and restaurants, traditionally, the steps of the Royal Exchange is the place where Royal Proclamations are read out by either a herald or a crier. The Royal Exchange was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I who awarded the building its royal title, only the exchange of goods took place until the 17th century. Stockbrokers were not allowed into the Royal Exchange because of their manners, hence they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity. Greshams original building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, a second complex was built on the site, designed by Edward Jarman and opened in 1669, but that also burned down, on 10 January 1838. It had been used by the Lloyds insurance market, which was forced to move temporarily to South Sea House following the 1838 fire, the internal works, designed by Edward IAnson in 1837, made use of concrete—an early example of this modern construction method. It features pediment sculptures by Richard Westmacott, and ornamental cast ironwork by Henry Grissells Regents Canal Ironworks and it was opened by Queen Victoria on 28 October 1844 though trading did not commence until 1 January 1845. In June 1844, just before the reopening of the Royal Exchange, the bronze used to cast it was sourced from enemy cannons captured during Wellingtons continental campaigns. Paul Julius Reuter established the Reuters news agency at No,1, Royal Exchange Buildings in 1851. It later moved to Fleet Street, the western end of the building consists of a portico of eight Corinthian columns topped by a pediment containing a tympanum with a sculptured frieze by Richard Westmacott. The central figure represents Commerce, above an inscription from the Bible, The Earth is the Lords, the Latin inscription states that the Exchange was founded in the thirteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, and restored in the seventh of Queen Victoria. Two statues stand in niches in the central courtyard, Charles II a copy of 1792 by John Spiller after Grinling Gibbons statue in the centre of the C17 courtyard, and Queen Elizabeth I by M. L. The Charles II statue survived the fire of 1838 that destroyed the previous Exchange, the Elizabeth I statue was commissioned as she was the monarch who had conferred the status ‘Royal’ on the Exchange. From 1892, twenty-four scenes from Londons history were painted on the walls by artists including Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Frank Brangwyn. The murals run as a sequence, at the wars end, the building had survived the Blitz, albeit with some near misses
17.
Cornhill, London
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Cornhill is a ward and street in the City of London, the historic nucleus and financial centre of modern London. The street runs between Bank junction and Leadenhall Street, the hill from which it takes its name is one of the three ancient hills of London, the others are Tower Hill, site of the Tower of London, and Ludgate Hill, crowned by St Pauls Cathedral. The highest point of Cornhill is at 17.7 metres above sea level, Cornhill is one of the traditional divisions of the City. At its other end it meets Threadneedle Street, Poultry, Lombard Street, the mechanism, a force pump driven by a water wheel under the northernmost arch of London Bridge, transferred water from the Thames through lead pipes to four outlets. The service was discontinued in 1603 and this became the mark from which many distances to and from London were measured and the name still appears on older mileposts. In 1652, Pasqua Rosée, possibly a native of Ragusa, Italy, opened Londons first coffeehouse, the publishers Smith, Elder and Co, based at No. 65, published the literary journal Cornhill Magazine from 1860 to 1975. The magazine was first edited by William Makepeace Thackeray, in Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, Bob Cratchit slides down Cornhill 20 times in honour of it being Christmas Eve. Today, the street is associated with opticians and makers of optical apparatus such as microscopes and telescopes. A statue of the engineer James Henry Greathead was erected in 1994 in the road beside the Royal Exchange, underneath the modern pavement is the worlds first underground public toilet, which opened in 1855. Users were charged a fee of 1d, reputedly giving rise to the saying to spend a penny. Cornhill formed part of the course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens Olympic marathon on 12 August, the four Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. The postcode for the street is EC3V, Cornhill is one of 25 wards in the City of London, and each elects an Alderman to the Court of Aldermen, and Commoners to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are Freeman of the City of London are eligible to stand, the current Alderman is Robert Howard and the current Members of Common Council are Reverend Stephen Haines, Peter Dunphy and Ian Seaton. Cornhill Ward The Official Ward Website City of London Corporation Map of Cornhill ward The English coffee houses Cornhill, after a London map of 1750
18.
Fleet Street
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Fleet Street is a major street in the City of London. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall, having been an important through route since Roman times, businesses were established along the road during the Middle Ages. Senior clergy lived in Fleet Street during this period there are several churches including Temple Church. Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping, the term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular. The street is mentioned in works by Charles Dickens and is where the legendary fictitious murderous barber Sweeney Todd lived. Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet, which runs from Hampstead to the River Thames at the edge of the City of London. It is one of the oldest roads outside the city and was established by the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, the street runs east from Temple Bar, the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster, as a continuation of the Strand from Trafalgar Square. It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall, the road ahead is Ludgate Hill. The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side and it links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The nearest London Underground stations are Temple, Chancery Lane, and Blackfriars tube/mainline station, London Bus routes 4,11,15,23,26,76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane. Fleet Street was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison, the Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what is now Aldwych and the Strand. Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids, tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as the 14th century, records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal. An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, by the 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a Royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber, Prince Henrys Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I, who did not survive to succeed his father
19.
Parish
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A parish is a church territorial unit constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the care and clerical jurisdiction of a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or more curates. Historically, a parish often covered the same area as a manor. By extension the term refers not only to the territorial unit. In England this church property was technically in ownership of the parish priest ex-officio, the eighth Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus appended the parish structure to the Anglo-Saxon township unit, where it existed, and where minsters catered to the surrounding district. In the wider picture of ecclesiastical polity, a parish comprises a division of a diocese or see, parishes within a diocese may be grouped into a deanery or vicariate forane, overseen by a dean or vicar forane, or in some cases by an archpriest. Some churches of the Anglican Communion have deaneries as units of an archdeaconry, in the Roman Catholic Church, each parish normally has its own parish priest, who has responsibility and canonical authority over the parish. These are called assistant priests, parochial vicars, curates, or, in the United States, associate pastors, each diocese is divided into parishes, each with their own central church called the parish church, where religious services take place. An example is that of personal parishes established in accordance with the 7 July 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum for those attached to the form of the Roman Rite. Most Catholic parishes are part of Latin Rite dioceses, which cover the whole territory of a country. There can also be overlapping parishes of eparchies of Eastern Catholic Churches, the Church of England geographical structure uses the local parish church as its basic unit. The parish system survived the Reformation with the Anglican Churchs secession from Rome remaining largely untouched, Church of England parishes nowadays all lie within one of 44 dioceses divided between the provinces of Canterbury,30 and York,14. A chapelry was a subdivision of a parish in England. It had a status to a township but was so named as it had a chapel which acted as a subsidiary place of worship to the main parish church. In England civil parishes and their parish councils evolved in the 19th century as ecclesiastical parishes began to be relieved of what became considered to be civic responsibilities. Thus their boundaries began to diverge, the word parish acquired a secular usage. Since 1895, a council elected by public vote or a parish meeting administers a civil parish and is formally recognised as the level of local government below a district council. The parish is also the level of church administration in the Church of Scotland
20.
St Dunstan-in-the-West
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The Guild Church of St Dunstan-in-the-West is in Fleet Street in the City of London. It is dedicated to a former Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury, the church is of medieval origin, although the present building, with an octagonal nave, was constructed in the 1830s to the designs of John Shaw. It is not known exactly when the church was built. It was first mentioned in records in 1185. The House of Converts was eventually transformed into the Court of the Master of the Rolls, William Tyndale, the celebrated translator of the Bible, was a lecturer at the church and sermons were given by the poet John Donne. Samuel Pepys mentions the church in his diary, the church narrowly escaped the Great Fire of London in 1666. The Dean of Westminster roused 40 scholars from Westminster School in the middle of the night, the medieval church underwent many alterations before its demolition in the early 19th century. Small shops were built against its walls, St Dunstans Churchyard becoming a centre for bookselling and publishing, in 1701 the churchs old vaulted roof was replaced with a flat ceiling, ornamented with recessed panels. The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers has been associated with the church since the 15th century, in the early 19th century the medieval church of St Dunstan was removed to allow the widening of Fleet Street and a new church was built on its burial ground. An Act of Parliament was obtained authorising the demolition of the church in July 1829, in December 1829 and September 1830 there were auctions of some of the materials of the old church. The first stone of the new building, to the design of John Shaw, Sr. was laid in July 1831, in August 1832 the last part of the old church, which had been left as a screen between Fleet Street and the new work, was removed. Shaw dealt with the site by designing a church with an octagonal central space. Seven of the eight sides open into arched recesses, the one containing the altar. The eighth side opens into a corridor, leading beneath the organ to the lowest stage of the tower. Above the recesses Shaw designed a clerestory, and above that a groined ceiling, the tower is square in plan, with an octagonal lantern, resembling those of St Botolph, Boston, and St Helens York. George Godwin Jr suggested that the form of the lantern might have been inspired by that of St Georges church in Ramsgate. John Shaw Sr. died in 1833, before the church was completed, the communion rail is a survivor of the old church, having been carved by Grinling Gibbons during the period when John Donne served as vicar. Some of the monuments from the building were reinstituted in the new church
21.
John Donne
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John Donne was an English poet and cleric in the Church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets and his works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, Donnes style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of English society, another important theme in Donnes poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and about which he often theorized. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems and he is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits. Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years and he spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes, and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More, with whom he had twelve children, in 1615, he became an Anglican priest, although he did not want to take Anglican orders. He did so because King James I persistently ordered it, in 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Pauls Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of Parliament in 1601 and in 1614, Donne was born in London, into a recusant Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children and his father, also named John Donne, was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donnes father was a respected Roman Catholic who avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of persecution and his father died in 1576, when Donne was four years old, leaving his son fatherless and his widow, Elizabeth Heywood, with the responsibility of raising their children alone. Heywood was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood and she was a great-niece of the Roman Catholic martyr Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom would continue among Donnes closer relatives, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons, Donne was educated privately, however, there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits. Donnes mother married Dr. John Syminges, a widower with three children, a few months after Donnes father died. Two more of his sisters, Mary and Katherine, died in 1581, Donnes mother lived her last years in the Deanery after Donne became Dean of St Pauls, and died just two months before Donne, in January 1631. In 1583, the 11-year-old Donne began studies at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, after three years of studies there, Donne was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years. However, Donne could not obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, in 1591 Donne was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592 he was admitted to Lincolns Inn, one of the Inns of Court, Donnes brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom he betrayed under torture
22.
Thomas Cranmer
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Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henrys marriage to Catherine of Aragon, along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. During Cranmers tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury, he was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal and liturgical structures of the reformed Church of England, under Henrys rule, Cranmer did not make many radical changes in the Church, due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformers. However, he succeeded in publishing the first officially authorised vernacular service, when Edward came to the throne, Cranmer was able to promote major reforms. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a liturgy for the English Church. Cranmer promulgated the new doctrines through the Prayer Book, the Homilies, after the accession of the Roman Catholic Mary I, Cranmer was put on trial for treason and heresy. Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from Church authorities, he made several recantations and apparently reconciled himself with the Roman Catholic Church. However, on the day of his execution, he withdrew his recantations, to die a heretic to Roman Catholics, Cranmer was born in 1489 in Aslockton in Nottinghamshire, England. His parents, Thomas and Agnes Cranmer, were of modest wealth and were not members of the aristocracy and their oldest son, John, inherited the family estate, whereas Thomas and his younger brother Edmund were placed on the path to a clerical career. Today historians know nothing definite about Cranmers early schooling and he probably attended a grammar school in his village. At the age of fourteen, two years after the death of his father, he was sent to the newly created Jesus College, Cambridge. It took him a surprisingly long eight years to reach his Bachelor of Arts degree following a curriculum of logic, classical literature, during this time, he began to collect medieval scholastic books, which he preserved faithfully throughout his life. For his masters degree he took a different course of study, concentrating on the humanists, Jacques Lefèvre dÉtaples and this time he progressed with no special delay, finishing the course in three years. Shortly after receiving his Master of Arts degree in 1515, he was elected to a Fellowship of Jesus College, sometime after Cranmer took his MA, he married a woman named Joan. Although he was not yet a priest, he was forced to forfeit his fellowship, to support himself and his wife, he took a job as a reader at Buckingham Hall. When Joan died during her first childbirth, Jesus College showed its regard for Cranmer by reinstating his fellowship and he began studying theology and by 1520 he had been ordained, the university already having named him as one of their preachers. He received his Doctor of Divinity degree in 1526, not much is known about Cranmers thoughts and experiences during his three decades at Cambridge. Traditionally, he has been portrayed as a humanist whose enthusiasm for biblical scholarship prepared him for the adoption of Lutheran ideas, however, a study of his marginalia reveals an early antipathy to Martin Luther and an admiration for Erasmus
23.
Thomas Ken
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Thomas Ken was an English cleric who was considered the most eminent of the English non-juring bishops, and one of the fathers of modern English hymnology. Ken was born in 1637 at Little Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire and his father was Thomas Ken of Furnivals Inn, of the Ken family of Ken Place, in Somerset, his mother was the daughter of little known English poet, John Chalkhill. In 1646 Kens stepsister, Anne, married Izaak Walton, author of The Compleat Angler, in 1652 Ken entered Winchester College, and in 1656 became a student of Hart Hall, Oxford. He gained a fellowship at New College in 1657, and proceeded B. A. in 1661, ordained in 1662, he successively held the livings of Little Easton in Essex, St. He remained there for years, acting as curate in one of the lowest districts, preparing his Manual of Prayers for the use of the Scholars of Winchester College. The latter is made to begin with the line All praise to Thee, my God, this night, but in the earlier editions over which Ken had control. Both of these end with a doxology beginning Praise God, from whom all blessings flow. In 1674 Ken paid a visit to Rome in company with his nephew, the young Izaak Walton, in 1679, Ken was appointed by Charles II chaplain to the Princess Mary, wife of William of Orange. He was once more residing at Winchester in 1683 when Charles came to the city with his slightly disreputable court and his residence was chosen as the home of Nell Gwynne, the Kings official mistress. Ken stoutly objected and succeeded in making the favourite find quarters elsewhere, the fleet returned in April 1684, and a few months after, upon a vacancy occurring in the see of Bath and Wells, Ken was appointed bishop. In this year he published his Exposition on the Church Catechism, perhaps better known by its sub-title, in 1688, when James reissued his Declaration of Indulgence, Ken was one of the Seven Bishops who refused to publish it. Along with his six brethren, Ken was committed to the Tower on 8 June 1688, Ken was put on trial with the others on 29 and 30 June, which resulted in a verdict of acquittal. Accordingly, he took his place among the non-jurors, and, as he stood firm to his refusal, he was, in August 1691, superseded in his bishopric by Dr Richard Kidder and he did however persuade George Hooper to accept and made a cession to him. At Hoopers instigation, Queen Anne granted Ken a pension of £200, taking up residence on the top floor at Longleat for a period of some twenty years, he exerted a profound influence upon Thomas Thynne, becoming what some might describe as his conscience. An example of such benevolence, In 1707, Thynne, influenced by Ken, founded a school for boys in the nearby market town of Warminster. Originally The Lord Weymouth School, in 1973 this school merged with St Monicas School for Girls to become the co-educational Warminster School, Ken is remembered at Warminster School by the naming of a competitive house after him. Notable too is the fact that a portion of the West Wing of Longleat was transformed into a chapel for the daily worship. While living in the house at Longleat, Ken wrote many of his famous hymns, including Awake my soul, and, as a hymnwriter he has had few equals in England, he wrote Praise God from whom all blessings flow
24.
Bishop of Bath and Wells
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The Bishop of Bath and Wells heads the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells in the Province of Canterbury in England. The present diocese covers the vast majority of the county of Somerset, the Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells in Somerset. The current bishop, since his confirmation of election on 4 March 2014, is Peter Hancock, the seventy-eighth Bishop and he fully took up his duties upon his installation in a service at Wells Cathedral on 7 June 2014. The see had been vacant since Peter Prices retirement on 30 June 2013, the Bishops residence is The Palace, Wells. In late 2013 the Church Commissioners announced that they were purchasing the Old Rectory, however this decision was widely opposed, including by the Diocese, and in May 2014 was overturned by a committee of the Archbishops Council. Somerset originally came under the authority of the Bishop of Sherborne and he planned and began a much larger church as his cathedral, to which was attached a priory, with the bishops palace beside it. In 1197 Bishop Savaric FitzGeldewin officially moved his seat to Glastonbury Abbey with the approval of Pope Celestine III. However, the monks there would not accept their new Bishop of Glastonbury and his successor, Jocelin of Wells, then returned to Bath, again under the title, Bishop of Bath. The official episcopal title became Bishop of Bath and Wells under a Papal ruling of 3 January 1245, by the 15th century Bath Abbey was badly dilapidated. Oliver King, Bishop of Bath and Wells, decided in 1500 to rebuild it on a smaller scale, the new abbey-church was completed just a few years before Bath Priory was dissolved in 1539. Then Henry VIII considered this new church redundant, and it was offered to the people of Bath to form their parish church, but they did not buy it, and it was stripped of its glass and lead. The last bishop in communion with Rome was deprived in 1559, the diocese and the episcopate are today part of the Anglican Communion. Fictional bishops of this title appear in the BBC television comedy Blackadder, in which the bishop is portrayed as an obese, blasphemous. Others are mentioned in at least two skits by Monty Python and yet another in the BBC radio comedy Absolute Power. Neil Gaimans 2008 work The Graveyard Book features a character named the Bishop of Bath, official Diocese of Bath & Wells Website Episcopal succession, Wells
25.
Cavalier
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It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles Is cavalry, is considered to be an archetypal Cavalier. Cavalier derives from the same Latin root as the French word chevalier, Cavalier is chiefly associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament in the English Civil War. Charles, in the Answer to the Petition 13 June 1642 speaks of Cavaliers as a word by what mistake soever it seemes much in disfavour, Cavalier was not understood at the time as primarily a term describing a style of dress, but a whole political and social attitude. Most Parliamentarian generals wore their hair at much the length as their Royalist counterparts. The best patrons in the nobility of Charles Is court painter Sir Anthony van Dyck, probably the most famous image identified as of a cavalier, Frans Hals Laughing Cavalier, shows a gentleman from the strongly Calvinist Dutch town of Haarlem, and is dated 1624. These derogatory terms also showed what the typical Parliamentarian thought of the Royalist side – capricious men who cared more for vanity than the nation at large. Although they did not share the same outlook on how to worship God as the English Independents of the New Model Army, if I forget Thee, do not forget me. However, the word was coined by the Roundheads as a propaganda image of a licentious, hard drinking and frivolous man. It is this image which has survived and many Royalists, for example Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, fitted this description to a tee. Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece, in which he so much excelled and this sense has developed into the modern English use of cavalier to describe a recklessly nonchalant attitude, although still with a suggestion of stylishness. Likewise during Exclusion Bill crisis the term Roundhead was replaced with Whig, an example of the Cavalier style can be seen in the painting Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles by Anthony van Dyck. The mascot of Cavalier has been commonly used in the sports world. Most prominently it has been that of the professional Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA since 1970 and it has also been adopted by smaller organizations such as Johnson County Community College, Kankakee Community College, St. Gregorys University, and the University of Virginias College at Wise. Cavaliers have been represented as a class and subclass of role-playing character since 1983 in Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, Cavalier Generals, King Charles I and His Commanders in the English Civil War, 1642–46. Going to the Wars, The Experience of the British Civil Wars 1638-1651, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Goring, George Goring, Lord. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st earl of, the history of the rebellion and civil wars in England. The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution 1688, the Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660
26.
Battle of Marston Moor
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The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644, during the First English Civil War of 1642–1646. During the summer of 1644, the Covenanters and Parliamentarians had been besieging York, Rupert had gathered an army which marched through the northwest of England, gathering reinforcements and fresh recruits on the way, and across the Pennines to relieve the city. The convergence of these made the ensuing battle the largest of the civil wars. On 1 July, Rupert outmanoeuvred the Covenanters and Parliamentarians to relieve the city, the next day, he sought battle with them even though he was outnumbered. He was dissuaded from attacking immediately and during the day both sides gathered their strength on Marston Moor, an expanse of wild meadow west of York. Towards evening, the Covenanters and Parliamentarians themselves launched a surprise attack, on 30 June 1643, the Royalists commanded by the Marquess of Newcastle defeated the Parliamentarian army of Lord Fairfax at the Battle of Adwalton Moor near Bradford. Fairfax and his son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, fled with their forces to the port of Hull. Newcastle sent some of his army south into Lincolnshire, as part of a planned three-pronged advance on London, in late 1643, the English Civil War widened. Early in 1644, a Covenanter army under the Earl of Leven entered the north of England on behalf of the English Parliament. During March and early April, the Marquess of Newcastle fought several delaying actions as he tried to prevent the Scots from crossing the River Tyne, to prevent Sir Thomas rejoining Lord Fairfax in Hull, Belasyse occupied the town of Selby which lay between them. On 11 April, Sir Thomas Fairfaxs force, reinforced by infantry under Sir John Meldrum, stormed Selby, capturing Belasyse, hearing the news, Newcastle realised that the city of York was in danger. York was the city and bastion of Royalist power in the north of England. He hastily retreated there to forestall the Fairfaxes, Leven left a detachment under the Earl of Callendar to mask the Royalist garrison of Newcastle upon Tyne, and followed the Marquess of Newcastles army with his main body. On 22 April, Leven and the Fairfaxes joined forces at Wetherby, together, they began the Siege of York. Initially, the siege was a loose blockade as the Covenanters. On 3 June, they were reinforced by the Parliamentarian army of the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester, York was now completely encircled and siege operations began in earnest. Leven was accepted as commander in chief of the three combined allied armies before York and it was politic to make the Scottish Covenanters pre-eminent in the north as they were the largest single contingent in the army, but Leven was also a respected veteran of the Thirty Years War. News of the siege soon reached Oxford, where King Charles had his wartime capital, from 24 April to 5 May, he held a council of war attended by his nephew and most renowned field commander, Prince Rupert
27.
Stone, Staffordshire
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Stone is an old market town in Staffordshire, England, situated about 7 miles north of Stafford, and around 7 miles south of the city of Stoke-on-Trent. It is the town, after Stafford itself, in the Borough of Stafford. Stone gave its name to both a district council and a rural district council before becoming part of the borough in 1974. Stone is a town, according to the national Census. Stone recorded a population of 12,305 in 1991,14,555 in 2001, there is a Bronze Age ring ditch at Pirehill suggesting occupation in prehistoric times. Stone lies within the territory of the Iron Age Celtic tribe the cornovii mentioned by Ptolemy 2nd century AD in Geographia, to the northwest of Stone lies one of their hill forts which overlooks the Trent and perhaps the salt production in the region. The murder of Wulfad in the 7th century and his subsequent entombment under a cairn of stones is the traditional story, more recent research points to older, though no less interesting nor tangible, possibilities regarding its name and founding. The settlement of Walton is ancient Brythonic, Stone lay within the Pirehill hundred of Staffordshire named after nearby Pire Hill. In 1251, Henry III granted Stone a market charter, the Common Plot is a large area of open and wooded common land sited just to the north of the town of Stone. The Duke of Cumberland built extensive fortifications and a camp here, traces of which can still be seen. The rebels were thought to be using pack-horse routes over the high country, Stone was also strategic in preventing any break-away Jacobite group going across to Wales to recruit more men there. But with winter coming on, the Jacobites decided to back to Scotland. Stone Urban District was an urban district and it was based on the Stone civil parish which equates to the town of Stone. There were two amendments in parts of the Stone Rural parish in Stone Rural District were transferred in, the district was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972, and replaced with Stafford Borough Council and Stone Town Council. The latter publishes a history of Stone, the place-names meaning is exactly what is stated, a stone, rock, from the Old English stān. However, this legend is unlikely to be true, wulfhere was already a Christian when he became king, and the story on which it is probably based is set by Bede in another part of the country over ten years after Wulfheres death. The church built over these stones in 670 lasted until the 9th century before being destroyed by invading Danes and it was replaced in 1135 by the Augustinian Stone Priory, which survived until its dissolution in the reign of Henry VIII. The building collapsed in 1749 and the present church of St. Michaels was built in 1758, Stone stands in the valley of the River Trent, and was an important stopping-off point for stagecoaches on one of the roads turnpiked in the 18th century
28.
Clerkenwell
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Clerkenwell is an area of central London in the London Borough of Islington. It was an ancient parish and from 1900 to 1965 formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury, the well after which it was named was rediscovered in 1924. The watchmaking and watch repairing trades were once of great importance, in the 1850s the south-western part of Clerkenwell was known as Londons Little Italy because around 2,000 Italians had settled in the area. There are officially over 200,000 Italians in London, the Italian Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Sagra takes place each July in the streets surrounding the church. A small number of Italian businesses remain from the century including organ builders Chiappa Ltd. Many other Italian firms survive from the period but have relocated elsewhere, Clerkenwell took its name from the Clerks Well in Farringdon Lane. In the Middle Ages, the London Parish clerks performed annual mystery plays there, Part of the well remains visible, incorporated into a 1980s building called Well Court. It is visible through a window of that building on Farringdon Lane, access to the well is managed by Islington Local History Centre and visits can be arranged by appointment. The Monastic Order of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem had its English headquarters at the Priory of Clerkenwell, St Johns Gate survives in the rebuilt form of the Priory Gate. Its gateway, erected in 1504 in St Johns Square, served various purposes after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, for example, it was the birthplace of the Gentlemans Magazine in 1731, and the scene of Dr Johnsons work in connection with that journal. In modern times the gatehouse again became associated with the order and was in the early 20th century the headquarters of the St John Ambulance Association, an Early English crypt remains beneath the chapel of the order, which was otherwise mostly rebuilt in the 1950s after wartime bombing. The notorious deception of the Cock Lane Ghost, in which Johnson took great interest, was perpetrated nearby, the Charterhouse, near the boundary with the City of London, was originally a Carthusian monastery. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Charterhouse became a mansion and one owner, Thomas Sutton, subsequently left it with an endowment as a school. The almhouse remains but the relocated to Surrey and its part of the site is now a campus of Barts and The London School of Medicine. As it was a suburb beyond the confines of the London Wall, Clerkenwell was outside the jurisdiction of the somewhat puritanical City fathers, during the Elizabethan era Clerkenwell contained a notorious brothel quarter. In Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 2, Falstaff complains about Justice Shallow boasting of the wildness of his youth, the Clerkenwell Bridewell, a prison and correctional institute for prostitutes and vagrants, was known for savage punishment and endemic sexual corruption. In the 17th century South Clerkenwell became a place of residence. Oliver Cromwell owned a house on Clerkenwell Close, just off the Green, several aristocrats had houses there, most notably the Duke of Northumberland, as did people such as Erasmus Smith
29.
Worcester Cathedral
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Worcester Cathedral, before the English Reformation known as Worcester Priory, is an Anglican cathedral in Worcester, England, situated on a bank overlooking the River Severn. It is the seat of the Bishop of Worcester and its official name is The Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Mary the Virgin of Worcester. Built between 1084 and 1504, Worcester Cathedral represents every style of English architecture from Norman to Perpendicular Gothic. It is famous for its Norman crypt and unique chapter house, its unusual Transitional Gothic bays, its woodwork and its exquisite central tower. What is now the Cathedral was founded in 680 as a Priory, the first priory was built in this period, but nothing now remains of it. The crypt of the cathedral dates from the 10th century. Monks and nuns had been present at the Priory since the seventh century, the monastery became Benedictine in the second half of the tenth century. Remains of the Priory dating from the 12th and 13th centuries can still be seen, the Priory came to an end with King Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the Benedictine monks were removed on 18 January 1540 and replaced by secular canons. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the former Priory was re-established as a cathedral of secular clergy, in the 1860s the cathedral was subject to major restoration work planned by Sir George Gilbert Scott and A. E. Perkins. An image of the cathedrals west facade appeared on the reverse of the Series E British £20 note commemorating Sir Edward Elgar, Worcester Cathedral embodies many features that are highly typical of an English medieval cathedral. Like the cathedrals of Salisbury and Lincoln, it has two transepts crossing the nave, rather than the single transept usual on the Continent and this feature of English Cathedrals was to facilitate the private saying of the Holy Office by many clergy or monks. Worcester is also typical of English cathedrals in having a chapter house, Worcester Cathedral has important parts of the building dating from every century from the 11th to the 16th. Its tower in the Perpendicular style is described by Alec Clifton-Taylor as exquisite and is seen best across the River Severn, also from the Norman period is the circular chapter house of 1120, made octagonal on the outside when the walls were reinforced in the 14th century. The oldest parts show alternate layers of sandstone from Highley in Shropshire. The east end was rebuilt over the Norman crypt by Alexander Mason between 1224 and 1269, coinciding with, and in a very similar Early English style to Salisbury Cathedral. From 1360 John Clyve finished off the nave, built its vault, the west front, the north porch and he also strengthened the Norman chapter house, added buttresses and changed its vault. His masterpiece is the tower of 1374, originally supporting a timber, lead-covered spire. Between 1404 and 1432 an unknown architect added the north and south ranges to the cloister, the last important addition is Prince Arthur’s Chantry Chapel to the right of the south choir aisle, 1502–04
30.
Winchester Cathedral
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Winchester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the longest nave, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and before the Reformation, Saint Swithun, it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building, the cathedral was founded in 642 on a site immediately to the north of the present one. This building became known as the Old Minster and it became part of a monastic settlement in 971. Saint Swithun was buried near the Old Minster and then in it, so-called mortuary chests said to contain the remains of Saxon kings such as King Eadwig of England, first buried in the Old Minster, and his wife Ælfgifu, are in the present cathedral. The Old Minster was demolished in 1093, immediately after the consecration of its successor, in 1079, Bishop Walkelin began work on a completely new cathedral. Much of the used to build the structure was brought across from the Isle of Wight from quarries around Binstead. Nearby Quarr Abbey draws its name from these workings, as do many local places such as Stonelands, the building was consecrated in 1093. A substantial amount of the fabric of Walkelins building, including the crypt, transepts, the original crossing tower, however, collapsed in 1107, an accident blamed by the cathedrals medieval chroniclers on the fact that the dissolute William Rufus had been buried beneath it in 1100. Its replacement, which today, is still in the Norman style. It is a squat, square structure,50 feet wide, the Tower is 45.7 m tall. Following the accession of Godfrey de Lucy in 1189 a retrochoir was added in the Early English style, the next major phase of rebuilding was not until the mid-fourteenth century, under bishops Edington and Wykeham. Edingdon, removed the two westernmost bays of the nave, built a new west front and began the remodelling of the nave, the wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaults. Wykehams successor, Henry of Beaufort, carried out fewer alterations, adding only a chantry on the side of the retrochoir. His successor, William of Waynflete, built another chantry in a position on the north side. Under Bishops Peter Courtenay and Thomas Langton, there was more work, de Lucys Lady Chapel was lengthened, and the Norman side aisles of the presbytery replaced. In 1525, Bishop Richard Foxe added the side screens of the presbytery, with its progressive extensions, the east end is now about 110 feet beyond that of Walkelins building. After King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England and declared himself head of the Church of England, the Benedictine foundation, the priory surrendered to the king in 1539
31.
Fishing
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Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild, techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, the term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate. According to United Nations FAO statistics, the number of commercial fishermen. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries, in 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational pastime, Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period about 40,000 years ago. Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan man, a 40. Archaeology features such as middens, discarded fish bones, and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. The British dogger was a type of sailing trawler from the 17th century. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, an Act of Parliament was first obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to make it deeper. It was only in the 1846, with the expansion in the fishing industry. The foundation stone for the Royal Dock was laid by Albert the Prince consort in 1849, the dock covered 25 acres and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet
32.
Farnham Castle
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Farnham Castle is a castle in Farnham, Surrey, England. Built in 1138 by Henri de Blois, Bishop of Winchester, grandson of William the Conqueror, the original building was demolished by Henry II in 1155 after the Anarchy and then rebuilt in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. In the early 15th century, it was the residence of Cardinal Henry Beaufort who presided at the trial of Joan of Arc in 1414 and it is for this reason that St Joan of Arcs Church in Farnham is dedicated to her. The castle was slighted again after the Civil War in 1648, since then more buildings have been constructed in the castles grounds, the most impressive being those built by Bishop George Morley in the 17th century. The architecture reflects changing styles through the ages, making it one of the most important historical buildings in the south of England and it is an impressive stone motte and bailey fortress, which has been in continuous occupation since the 12th century. The large motte was formed around the foundations of a Norman tower and then totally enclosed by a shell-keep, with buttress turrets. Attached to the motte is an inner bailey, with a fine range of domestic buildings. The formidable outer bailey wall has square flanking towers, a 13th-century gatehouse. The castle is set in 5 acres of gardens overlooking the town of Farnham, in the Second World War, the castle was the location of the Camouflage Development and Training Centre. Here, artists such as Roland Penrose, Stanley William Hayter, for the last fifty plus years the castle has been an intercultural training and conference centre. With the help of the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Keep and Bishops Palace have undergone a complete renovation, english Heritage has guardianship of the Keep but Farnham Castle now manages the visitors to the Keep. Local guides provide tours of the Bishops Palace, ISBN 0-7153-7976-3 Farnham Castle Keep History of Farnham Castle
33.
George Morley
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George Morley was an English Anglican bishop, Bishop of Worcester and then of Winchester. Morley was born in London, England, in February,1598, to Francis Morley and Sarah Denham and he graduated BA,1618, and MA,1621. Throughout the 1620s and 1630s he moved in the illustrious intellectual political circles of Lucius Cary, during these years, he served as domestic chaplain to Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon. Leaving England, he joined the court of Charles II, shortly before the Restoration he came to England on a highly successful mission to gain for Charles the support of the Presbyterians. In 1660, he regained his canonry, and soon became Dean of Christ Church, in the same year, he was consecrated Bishop of Worcester. At the Savoy Conference of 1661 he was representative of the bishops. He was translated to the See of Winchester in 1662 and made Dean of the Chapel Royal in 1663 and his works are few and chiefly polemical, e. g. The Bishop of Worcesters to a friend for Vindication of himself from the Calumnies of Mr. Richard Baxter and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
34.
Bishop of Winchester
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The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England. The bishops seat is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire, the Bishop of Winchester is appointed by the Crown, and is one of five Church of England bishops who are among the Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords regardless of their length of service. The Lords Spiritual are the 26 bishops in parliament, the other members are called the Lords Temporal. The Diocese of Winchester is one of the oldest and most important in England, originally it was the see of the kingdom of Wessex, with the cathedra at Dorchester Cathedral under Saints Birinus and Agilbert. It was transferred to Winchester in AD660, a cathedral at Dorchester was founded in 634 by the Roman missionary Saint Birinus. It was the seat of a Bishop of the West Saxons, Winchester was divided in AD909, with Wiltshire and Berkshire transferring to the new See of Ramsbury. The most recent loss of territory was in 2014 when the Channel Islands were removed from the diocese of Winchester after a dispute with Bishop Tim Dakin led to a breakdown in relations, however, this arrangement is expressed to be an interim one and will not necessarily become permanent. The Channel Islands remain part of the Diocese of Winchester effectively under a scheme of episcopal delegation, the Channel Islands have not been transferred to and incorporated within another diocese. But in 1533, Henry VIII of England raised the rank of the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Winchester has almost always held the office of Prelate of the Order of the Garter since its foundation in 1348. The official residence of the Bishop of Winchester is Wolvesey Palace in Winchester, other historic homes of the bishops included Farnham Castle and a town residence at Winchester Palace in Southwark, Surrey. The bishop is the visitor to five Oxford colleges, including New College, Oxford and St Johns College, the current Bishop of Winchester, Tim Dakin, was enthroned on 21 April 2012, having been elected on 14 October 2011. He was consecrated as a bishop at St Pauls Cathedral, London, on 25 January 2012, deans of Winchester Diocese of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester Academy
35.
Richard Hooker
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Richard Hooker was an English priest in the Church of England and an influential theologian. He was one of the most important English theologians of the sixteenth century, scholars disagree regarding Hookers relationship with what would later be called Anglicanism and the Reformed theological tradition. Traditionally, he has been regarded as the originator of the Anglican via media between Protestantism and Catholicism, details of Hookers life come chiefly from Izaak Walton’s biography of him. Hooker was born in the village of Heavitree in Exeter, Devon sometime around Easter Sunday 1554 and he attended Exeter Grammar School until 1569. Richard came from a family, but one that was neither noble nor wealthy. His uncle John Hooker was a success and served as the chamberlain of Exeter, Hookers uncle was able to obtain for Richard the help of another Devon native, John Jewel, bishop of Salisbury. The bishop saw to it that Richard was accepted to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 14 August 1579 Hooker was ordained a priest by Edwin Sandys, then bishop of London. Sandys made Hooker tutor to his son Edwin, and Richard also taught George Cranmer, in 1580 he was deprived of his fellowship for contentiousness having campaigned for the losing candidate in a contested election to the presidency of the college. However, he recovered it when Rainoldes finally assumed the post, in 1581, Hooker was appointed to preach at Paul’s Cross and he became a public figure, more so because his sermon offended the puritans by diverging from their theories of predestination. John Whitgift produced a reply and Thomas Cartwright a reaction to the reply, Hooker was drawn into the debate through the influence of Edwin Sandys and George Cranmer. He was also introduced to John Churchman, a distinguished London merchant who became Master of the Merchant Taylors Company and it was at this time, according to his first biographer Walton, that Hooker made the fatal mistake of marrying his landlady’s daughter, Jean Churchman. Hooker seems to have lived on and off with the Churchmans until 1595 and, according to Booty, he seems to have been treated and considerably assisted by John Churchman. Hooker became rector of St. Marys Drayton Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire, in 1584, the following year, he was appointed Master of the Temple Church in London by the Queen. The controversy abruptly ended when Travers was silenced by Archbishop in March 1586, in 1591, Hooker left the Temple and was presented to the living of St. Andrews Boscomb in Wiltshire to support him while he wrote. He seems to have lived mainly in London but apparently did spend time in Salisbury where he was Subdean of Salisbury Cathedral and made use of the Cathedral Library. The first four volumes of the work were published in 1593 with a subsidy from Edwin Sandys. In 1595, Hooker became Rector of the parishes of St. Mary the Virgin in Bishopsbourne and St. John the Baptist Barham in Kent and he published the fifth book of Of the Laws in 1597. It is longer than the first four taken together and he died 3 November 1600 at his Rectory Bishopsbourne and was buried in the chancel of the church being survived by his wife and four daughters
36.
Charles Cotton
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He was born in Alstonefield, Staffordshire, at Beresford Hall, near the Derbyshire Peak District. His father, Charles Cotton the Elder, was a friend of Ben Jonson, John Selden, Sir Henry Wotton, the son was apparently not sent to university, but was tutored by Ralph Rawson, one of the fellows ejected from Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1648. Cotton travelled in France and perhaps in Italy, and at the age of twenty-eight he succeeded to an estate greatly encumbered by lawsuits during his fathers lifetime. Like many Royalist gentlemen after the English Civil War the rest of his life was spent chiefly in quiet country pursuits, in Cottons case in the Peak District and his Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque states that he held a Captains commission and served in Ireland. His friendship with Izaak Walton began about 1655, and contradicts any assumptions about Cottons character based on his coarse burlesques of Virgil, waltons initials, made into a cipher with Cottons own, were placed over the door of Cottons fishing cottage on the Dove near Hartington. Another addition to the volume was Cottons well-known poem The Retirement, in 1656 he married his cousin Isabella Hutchinson, the daughter of Charles Hutchinson, M. P. for Nottingham. She was a half-sister of Col. John Hutchinson, They had one child, Catherine Cotton, at the request of his wifes sister, Miss Stanhope Hutchinson, he undertook the translation of Pierre Corneilles Horace in 1671. In 1675, he married the dowager Countess of Ardglass, she had a jointure of £1500 a year, hoyles Games Complete in 1750, which outsold Cottons then-obsolete work. At Cottons death in 1687 he was insolvent and left his estates to his creditors and he was buried in St Jamess Church, Piccadilly, on 16 February 1687. Cottons reputation as a writer may account for the neglect with which the rest of his poems have been treated. Their excellence was not, however, overlooked by good critics, coleridge praises the purity and unaffectedness of his style in Biographia Literaria, and Wordsworth gave a copious quotation from the Ode to Winter. The Retirement is printed by Walton in the part of the Compleat Angler. He was a Derbyshire man who loved the Peak District and wrote a long poem describing it, his father had moved there from the south of England. In Cottons day, in the decades after the Civil War, the opening chapters of his section of the Compleat Angler draw Cotton and his friend across a savage and mountainous landscape. The friend, who will be taught fly-fishing, expresses doubt as to whether they are still in Christendom, What do I think. Why, I think it is the steepest place that ever sure men and horses went down, and that, if there be any safety at all, after he picked his way down, they reach a bridge. Travel with wheelbarrows in this country he asks, because this bridge certainly was made for nothing else, why, a mouse can hardly go over it, it is not two fingers broad. They come at length to the valley in which stands Cottons house
37.
River Dove, Central England
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The River Dove is the principal river of the southwestern Peak District, in the Midlands of England and is around 45 miles in length. It rises on Axe Edge Moor near Buxton and flows south to its confluence with the River Trent at Newton Solney. From there, its waters reach the North Sea via the Humber Estuary, for almost its entire course it forms the boundary between the counties of Staffordshire and Derbyshire. The river meanders past Longnor and Hartington and cuts through a set of stunning limestone gorges, Beresford Dale, the river is a famous trout stream. Charles Cottons Fishing House, which was the inspiration for Izaak Waltons The Compleat Angler, the rivers name is now usually pronounced to rhyme with love, but its original pronunciation rhymed with rove. This pronunciation is used by some residents of the lower reaches of the river. From Hartington to its confluence with the River Manifold at Ilam, Dovedale is also particularly used for the name of that section between the stepping stones under Thorpe Cloud and Milldale. The Dovedale gorge is considered so scenic that it attracts a million visitors a year, good riverside paths make the whole route accessible to walkers. Much of the dale is in the ownership of the National Trust, Dovedale itself was acquired in 1934, with successive properties being added until 1938, and Wolfscote Dale in 1948. Dovedale was declared a nature reserve in 2006. Dovedales attractions include rock pillars such as Ilam Rock, Viators Bridge, once the river leaves Dovedale it combines with the Manifold and enters a wider valley near Thorpe. The valley increases in size as the river south to reach Mapleton and then Mayfield. At this point it is joined by the Bentley Brook, and then nearby at Church Mayfield, the Dove now flows in a south-westerly direction, passing Norbury and Ellastone, where it turns south until it reaches Rocester. To the south of the village, at Combridge it is joined by its largest tributary the River Churnet, the river continues east passing the villages of Marston, Rolleston and Egginton, where it is joined by its last tributary, the Hilton Brook
38.
Photogravure
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The earliest forms of photogravure were developed by two original pioneers of photography itself, first Nicéphore Niépce in France in the 1820s, and later Henry Fox Talbot in England. Niépce was seeking a means to create images on plates that could then be etched and used to make prints on paper with a traditional printing press. Niépces early images were among the first photographs, pre-dating daguerreotypes, Talbot, inventor of the calotype paper negative process, wanted to make paper prints that would not fade. He worked on his process in the 1850s and patented it in 1852 and 1858. Photogravure in its form was developed in 1878 by Czech painter Karel Klíč. This process, the one still in use today, is called the Talbot-Klič process, because of its high quality and richness, photogravure was used for both original fine art prints and for photo-reproduction of works from other media such as paintings. In France the correct term for photogravure is héliogravure, while the French term photogravure refers to any photo-based etching technique, Photogravure registers a wide variety of tones, through the transfer of etching ink from an etched copper plate to special dampened paper run through an etching press. The unique tonal range comes from photogravures variable depth of etch, that is, Photogravure practitioners such as Peter Henry Emerson and others brought the art to a high standard in the late 19th century. This continued with the work of Alfred Stieglitz in the early 20th century and this publication also featured the photogravures of Alvin Langdon Coburn who was a fine gravure printer and envisioned his photographic work as gravures rather than other photo-based processes. The speed and convenience of silver-gelatin photography eventually displaced photogravure which fell into disuse after the Edward S. Curtis gravures in the 1920s. One of the last major portfolios of fine art photogravures was Paul Strands Photographs from Mexico from 1940, many years later, photogravure has experienced a revival in the hands of Aperture and Jon Goodman, who studied it in Europe. Photogravure is now practiced in several dozen workshops around the world. Photogravure plates go through several stages, First, a continuous tone film positive is made from the original photographic negative. A smaller negative can be enlarged onto a sheet of film, the second stage is to sensitize a sheet of pigmented gelatin tissue by immersion into a 3. 5% solution of potassium dichromate for 3 minutes. Once dried against a Plexiglas surface, it is ready for the next stage, the third stage is to expose the film positive to the sensitized gravure tissue. The positive is placed on top of the sheet of pigmented gelatin tissue. The sandwich is then exposed to ultraviolet light, the UV light travels through the positive and screen in succession, each time hardening the gelatin in proportion to the degree of light exposed to it. The fourth stage is to adhere the exposed tissue to the copper plate, the gelatin tissue is adhered or laid down onto the highly polished copper plate under a layer of cool water
39.
English Civil War
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of Englands government. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular form, the war in all these countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, the two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, on the other hand, all the cathedral cities sided with Parliament. All the industrial centers, the ports, and the advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds. Lacey Baldwin Smith says, the words populist, rich, at times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet and 18 feet long, whose purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. The Royalist cavaliers skill and speed on horseback led to early victories. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired, Cromwells cavalry, on the other hand, trained to operate as a single unit, which led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out fewer than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, in spite of this, James personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his fathers position on the power of the crown, at the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as an advisory committee and was summoned only if. Once summoned, a continued existence was at the kings pleasure. Yet in spite of this role, Parliament had, over the preceding centuries. Without question, for a monarch, Parliaments most indispensable power was its ability to tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crowns disposal
40.
Louis Rhead
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Louis John Rhead was an English-born American artist, illustrator, author and angler who was born in Etruria, Staffordshire, England. He emigrated to the United States at the age of twenty-four, the Rhead family had operated and worked in the Staffordshire Potteries for at least three generations. Louis’s father George W. Rhead worked in the industry and was a highly respected gilder. In the 1870s, George Rhead taught art and design in Staffordshire schools and he founded Fenton School of Art. Louis and all his siblings attended their father’s art classes and worked in the potteries as children and his brothers Frederick Alfred Rhead and George Woolliscroft Rhead Jr. were also artistic, and Louis, later in his career, sometimes collaborated with them, for example in book-illustration projects. Louis was also the uncle of the potters Charlotte Rhead and Frederick Hurten Rhead, because Louis demonstrated exceptional talent, when he was thirteen in 1872, his father sent him to study in Paris, France with artist Gustave Boulanger. After three years in Paris, Louis Rhead returned to work in the potteries as a ceramic artist at Minton, in 1879 he gained a scholarship at the National Art Training School, South Kensington, London. After graduating from South Kensington in 1881, Louis Rhead worked briefly for Wedgwood, in 1883 at the age of twenty-four, Louis Rhead was offered a position as Art Director for the U. S. publishing firm of D. Appleton in New York City. He accepted and emigrated to the U. S. in the fall of 1883, in 1884 he married Catherine Bogart Yates, thus becoming an American citizen. Louis and Catherine lived in Flatbush, Brooklyn overlooking Prospect Park for forty years, in the early 1890s, Rhead became a prominent poster artist and was heavily influenced by the work of Swiss artist Eugène Grasset. During the poster craze of the early 1890s, Rhead’s poster art appeared regularly in Harpers Bazaar, Harpers Magazine, St. Nicolas, Century Magazine, Ladies Home Journal and Scribners Magazine. In 1895 he won a Gold Medal for Best American Poster Design at the first International Poster Show in Boston, by the late 1890s, the popularity of poster art declined, and Rhead turned his skills to book illustration. Between 1902 and his death in 1926, Rhead illustrated numerous books published by Harpers and others. Most notable among these were editions of, Robin Hood, The Swiss Family Robinson, Robinson Crusoe, The Deerslayer, Treasure Island, Kidnapped and Heidi. Rhead was a fly fisher and by his own account started fishing for trout in the U. S. sometime between 1888 and 1890. In 1901 he became interested in angling art and much of his published works deal with fishing. Rhead was also a dealer and sold his own line of artificial flies. His most famous and celebrated work is American Trout-Stream Insects, at the time of its publication this was one of the first and most comprehensive studies of stream entomology ever published in America
41.
Dovedale
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Dovedale is a valley in the Peak District of England. The land is owned by the National Trust, and annually attracts a million visitors, the valley was cut by the River Dove and runs for just over 3 miles between Milldale in the north and a wooded ravine near Thorpe Cloud and Bunster Hill in the south. In the wooded ravine, a set of stepping stones cross the river, Dovedales other attractions include rock pillars such as Ilam Rock, Viators Bridge, and the limestone features Lovers Leap and Reynards Cave. During the two ice ages, the limestone was cut into craggy shapes known as reef limestone by the melting ice, the caves were used as shelters by hunters around 13,000 BCE, and Dovedale has seen continuous human activity since. Around 4,500 years ago Neolithic farmers used the caves as tombs, there is evidence from Reynards Cave of Bronze Age activity and artifacts found there are displayed at Buxton Museum and Art Gallery. Vikings settled in the area around 800 CE, local place names such as Thorpe are of Scandinavian origin. These settlements became permanent, and Thorpe is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, Viators Bridge, a packhorse bridge in Milldale has been in use since the medieval period when silks and flax were transported from nearby Wetton and Alstonefield. Tourism started in the 18th century, and Dovedale is now one of the most visited natural tourist sites in Britain, in July 2014 it was announced that a hoard of Late Iron Age and Roman coins has been discovered in Reynards Kitchen Cave. National Trust archaeologist Rachael Hall said, The coins would suggest a serious amount of wealth, the coins were scheduled to go on display at Buxton Museum in late 2014. The River Dove is a trout stream. Charles Cottons Fishing House, the inspiration for Izaak Waltons The Compleat Angler, from Hartington to its confluence with the River Manifold at Ilam the River Dove flows through the scenic limestone valley known as Dove Valley, or Dovedale. From Hartington south to Ilam, a distance of eight miles, the Dove flows through Beresford Dale, Wolfscote Dale, Milldale, much of the dale is in the ownership of the National Trusts South Peak Estate. Dovedale was acquired in 1934, with successive properties added until 1938, Dovedale became a National Nature Reserve in 2006 in recognition that it is one of Englands finest wildlife sites with diverse plant life and interesting rock formations. The National Trust became embroiled in controversy in 2010, when in conjunction with Derbyshire County Council it oversaw the renovation of Dovedales iconic stepping stones and it involved topping all but one of the stones with layers of mortar and limestone slabs. At the southern end of Dovedale, at grid reference SK151510 between the villages of Thorpe and Ilam, stands Thorpe Cloud,942 ft, a limestone hill known as a reef knoll. It provides a viewpoint north up the dale and south across the Midlands plain and its name cloud is a derivation of the Old English word clud which means hill. On the opposite bank, at grid reference SK141516, is the higher but less isolated Bunster Hill,1,079 ft and they were acquired by the National Trust in 1934 for the South Peak Estate. Milldale is a village of cottages at the northern end of Dovedale
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John Dennys
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John Dennys, a poet and fisherman, pioneered Angling poetry in England. His only work The Secrets of Angling was the earliest English poetical treatise on fishing, John Dennys may have been an acquaintance of Shakespeare. John Dennys was son of Hugh Dennis of Plucherchurch and Katherine, daughter of Thomas Trye of Hardwicke, Gloucestershire. Hughs father John had been the heir of Hugh Denys of Osterley, Middlesex, Groom of the Stool to Henry VII. Johns elder brother Henry and his only work The Secrets of Angling was the earliest English poetical treatise on fishing. It was first published in 1613, Dennyss book was published after his death, the author identified by the initials J. D. and had been attributed to up to 6 poets. In 1811 the authorship was determined from Stationers Registers, which showed that Dennys authored the book, verses from the book have been quoted in other works, such as Izaak Walton in the first part of the first chapter of his 1653 edition of The Compleat Angler. Dennys received at the hand of Thomas Westwood, the epithet The Fishermans Glorious John, the appellation was received from Walter Scott. William, born 1596 and baptised 18 April 1596 buried at Pucklechurch 1652, cicely or Cecelia, born 1596 and baptised 18 April 1596, married William Guise, Esquire of Elmore and Sheriff of Gloucester in 1647. Katherine, born 1599 and baptised 9 April 1599 Between 1572 and 1608, he was the lord of the manor at Oldbury-sur-Montem, Pucklechurch and he had other places in the same county. Rev. Henry Nicholson Ellacombe wrote Shakespeare as an Angler, in which he argues that The Bard, William Shakespeare lived for a while at Dursley, not too far from Dennyss manor of Oldbury-on-Hill, north of Pucklechurch. He died 30 July 1609 and was buried 7 August 1609 at the ancient Pucklechurch, John Dennyss will was dated 1609, without month, proved 14th. Thomas Westwood wrote the epitaph for John Dennys, Calm be his sleep in the old aisle of Pucklechurch
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The Secrets of Angling
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The Secrets of Angling was a book written by John Dennys. It was the earliest English poetical treatise on fishing, first published in 1613 in London, a didactic pastoral poem in 3 books, in the style of Virgils Georgics. It was published in 4 editions until 1652, examples of which are amongst the rarest books in existence, Dennyss poem was published anonymously,4 years posthumously, and for 198 years the poem was misattributed, its authorship remaining a mystery until 1811. First published in 1613, Dennyss book was published after his death, the author was identified by the initials J. D. and had been attributed to up to 6 poets. In 1811 the authorship was determined from a 23mo Martii,1612 entry in the Stationers Registers, the Secrets of Angling was published in 4 editions, the last in 1652, and copies are amongst the rarest books in existence. The Secrets of Angling was the earliest English poetical treatise on fishing, morgan George Watkins stated that the tone of the poem is religious. It is full of lofty sentiments and natural descriptions, an atmosphere surrounding even the commonest tools of the anglers craft. The first edition contained a dedication by R. I. to John Harborne of Tackley, County of Oxford, a didactic pastoral poem in 3 books, totaling 151 verses each of 8 lines, in the style of Virgils Georgics. The antiquity of Angling, with the art of Fishing and Fishing in general, the lawfulness, pleasure and profit thereof & with all objections answered against it. To know the season & times to provide the tools & how to chuse the best & the maner how to make them fit to take each severall fish, the Anglers experience, how to use his tools & his baits to make profit by his game. What fish is not taken with the Angle & what is & what is best for health, in what waters & rivers to find each fish. The 12 virtues & qualities which ought to be in every angler, what weather, seasons & time of the yeare is best & worst & what houres of the day is best for sport. To know each fishes haunt and the times to take them, also an obscure secret of an approved bait tending thereunto. A work of thanks to such as in a thing Of harmless pleasure have regard to save Their dearest soules from sinne, the second edition, conjectured to be about 1620, is augmented with approved experiments by Lauson, and has the same woodcut on the title. The third edition, which may be 1630, was printed at London for John, has a slightly different woodcut, with a motto, Well feare the Pleasure. The woodcut in the 4th edition title of the other editions here figures as frontispiece, the angler being dressed in the costume of a period. Bibliotheca Piscatoria recorded Thomas Westwoods description of Dennys, whom he found to be among the foremost writers and poets about angling. Similarly, Osmuch Lambert offers praise, Dennys was both poet and angler born, his verses are admired and bespeak a natural love of the art whose praises he so quaintly sings
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Fly fishing
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Fly fishing is an angling method in which an artificial fly is used to catch fish. The fly is cast using a fly rod, reel, Casting a nearly weightless fly or lure requires casting techniques significantly different from other forms of casting. Fly fishermen use hand tied flies that resemble natural invertebrates, baitfish, other food organisms, Fly fishing can be done in fresh or salt water. North Americans usually distinguish freshwater fishing between cold-water species and warm-water species, notably bass, in Britain, where natural water temperatures vary less, the distinction is between game fishing for trout and salmon versus coarse fishing for other species. Techniques for fly fishing differ with habitat Author Izaak Walton called fly fishing The Contemplative Mans Recreation, in fly fishing, fish are caught by using artificial flies that are cast with a fly rod and a fly line. The fly line is enough to send the fly to the target. Artificial flies are of types, some imitating an insect, others a bait fish or crustacean. Flies can be either to float or sink, and range in size from a few millimeters to 30 cm long. Artificial flies are made by fastening hair, fur, feathers, or other materials, the first flies were tied with natural materials, but synthetic materials are now popular and prevalent. Flies are tied in sizes, colors and patterns to match local terrestrial and aquatic insects, baitfish, many fly anglers catch unintended species such as chub, bream and rudd while fishing for main target species such as trout. A growing population of anglers attempt to catch as many different species as possible with the fly, with the advancement of technology and development of stronger rods and reels, larger predatory saltwater species such as wahoo, tuna, marlin and sharks have become target species on fly. Realistically any fish can be targeted and captured on fly as long as the food source is effectively replicated by the fly itself. Many credit the first recorded use of a fly to the Roman Claudius Aelianus near the end of the 2nd century. He described the practice of Macedonian anglers on the Astraeus River. they have planned a snare for the fish, round a hook, and fit on to the wool two feathers which grow under a cocks wattles, and which in color are like wax. Their rod is six feet long, and their line is the same length, the last word, somewhat indistinct in the original, is either mosco or musca but catching fish with fraudulent moss seems unlikely. The traditional Japanese method of fly-fishing is known as Tenkara, Tenkara originated in the mountains of Japan as a way for professional fishermen and inn-keepers to harvest the local fish, Ayu, trout and char for selling and providing a meal to their guests. Primarily a small-stream fishing method that was preferred for being highly efficient, another style of fishing in Japan is Ayu fishing. This refers primarily to Ayu fishing, which uses a fly as lure, uses longer rods
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Artificial fly
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An artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure, usually used in the sport of fly fishing. In general, artificial flies are an imitation of natural food sources which fly fishers present to their species of fish while fly fishing. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying, in which furs, feathers, effective artificial fly patterns are said to be killing flies because of their ability to put fish in the creel for the fly fisher. There are thousands of fly patterns, many of them with descriptive. Fly tying is a practice in fly fishing, considered by many anglers an important part of the fly fishing experience. Many fly fishers tie their own flies, either following patterns in books, natural insect examples, the technique involves attaching small pieces of feathers, animal fur, and other materials on a hook in order to make it attractive to fish. This is made by wrapping tightly around the hook and tying on the desired materials. A fly is sized according to the width of the gap, large or longer flies are tied on larger, thicker. The construction of tube flies is different in that the tier secures materials a tube rather than to a hook and these flies are rigged by passing the fishing line through the tube before attaching a hook. Generally, fly patterns are considered either imitations or attractors and these can be further broken down into nymphs, terrestrials, dry flies, eggs, scuds, and streamers. Imitations seek to deceive fish through the imitation of insects on which the fish may feed. Imitators do not always have to be realistic in appearance, they may derive their lifelike qualities when their fur or feathers are immersed in water. Attractors, which are brightly colored, seek to draw a strike by arousing an aggression response in the fish. Famous attractors are the Stimulator and Royal Wulff flies, the first literary reference to flies and fishing with flies was in Ælian’s Natural History probably written about 200 A. D. That work discussed a Macedonian fly, the Treatyse on Fysshynge with an Angle was published within The Boke of St. Albans attributed to Dame Juliana Berners. The book contains, along with instructions on rod, line and hook making, the 1652 4th edition of John Dennyss The Secrets of Angling, first published in 1613, contains the first known illustration of an artificial fly. A major concept in the sport of fly fishing is that the fly imitates some form of prey when presented to the fish by the angler. In the mid to late 19th century, those schools of thought, at least for trout fishing were, the formalists and the colourists
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Worm
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Worms /ˈwɜːrm/ are many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no limbs. Various types of worm occupy a variety of parasitic niches. Free-living worm species do not live on land, but instead live in marine or freshwater environments, in biology, worm refers to an obsolete taxon, vermes, used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, now seen to be paraphyletic. The name stems from the Old English word wyrm, most animals called worms are invertebrates, but the term is also used for the amphibian caecilians and the slow worm Anguis, a legless burrowing lizard. Invertebrate animals commonly called worms include annelids, nematodes, platyhelminthes, marine worms, marine Chaetognatha, priapulid worms. Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, when an animal or human is said to have worms, it means that it is infested with parasitic worms, typically roundworms or tapeworms. Lungworm is also a parasitic worm found in various animal species such as fish. Worms can be divided into groups, but are still technically decomposers. The first of these, Platyhelminthes, includes the flatworms, tapeworms and they have a flat, ribbon- or leaf-shaped body with a pair of eyes at the front. The second group contains the threadworms, roundworms, and hookworms, threadworms may be microscopic, such as the vinegar eelworm, or more than 1 metre long. They are found in earth, moss, decaying substances, fresh water. The Guinea worm, for example, gets under the skin of the feet, the third group consists of the segmented worms, with bodies divided into segments, or rings. Among these are the earthworms and the worms of the sea. In earlier taxonomic classification, all the above were included in the now obsolete group Vermes, familiar worms include the earthworms, members of phylum Annelida. Other invertebrate groups may be called worms, especially colloquially, in particular, many unrelated insect larvae are called worms, such as the railroad worm, woodworm, glowworm, bloodworm, inchworm, mealworm, silkworm, and wooly bear worm. Worms may also be called helminths, particularly in medical terminology when referring to parasitic worms, hence helminthology is the study of parasitic worms. When a human or an animal, such as a dog or horse, is said to have worms, it means that it is infested with parasitic worms, deworming is a method to kill off the worms that have infected a human or animal by giving anthelmintic drugs. Ringworm is not a worm at all, but a skin fungus, wurm, or wyrm was the Old English term for carnivorous reptiles, and mythical dragons
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Walton, Izaak". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
