1.
Jacob Huysmans
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Jacob Huysmans was a Flemish portrait painter. He moved to England during the reign of Charles II where he became one of the painters of the court. His chief portraits are those of Izaak Walton and Catherine of Braganza and he was born into a family of artists in Antwerp. He was the uncle of Jan-Baptiste and Cornelis Huysmans and he learned to paint from Gilles Backereel and Frans Wouters and moved to England, where he later influenced David des Granges. His first works were pastiches of work from Anthony van Dyck, as a Roman Catholic he was favoured by Catharine of Braganza. When Samuel Pepys visited his workshop in Westminster on 26 August 1664, which is said to exceed Lilly. Huysmanss most important portrait of Catharine of Braganza, Queen Catharine as a Shepherdess, was one of the pictures Pepys saw on that occasion, painting his subjects as sheperdesses with clothing embellished with embroidery and jewellery were typical of his style. Huysmans died in Jermyn Street, London, in 1696, and was buried in St. Jamess Church in Piccadilly
2.
Stafford
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Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately 16 miles north of Wolverhampton,18 miles south of Stoke-on-Trent and 24 miles north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the borough of Stafford 122,000. Stafford means ford by a staithe, the original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still an area of marshland northwest of the town. It is thought Stafford was founded in about 700 AD by a Mercian prince called Bertelin who, according to legend, the tree-trunk coffin may have been placed there as an object of commemoration or veneration of St Bertelin. This new burh was fortified and provided with an area for the centralised production of Roman-style pottery which was supplied to the chain of West Midlands burhs. Anglo-Saxon women could play powerful roles in society, Æthelflæds death effectively ended the independence of Mercia. Edward the Elder of Wessex took over her fortress at Tamworth and accepted the submission of all who were living in Mercia, in late 918 Aelfwynn, Æthelflæds daughter, was deprived of her authority over Mercia and taken to Wessex. The project for the unification of England took another step forward, the Lady of Mercia, Æthelflæd, ruled Mercia for five years after the death of her father and husband, dying in Tamworth in 918. At around this time the county of Staffordshire was formed, Stafford lay within the Pirehill hundred. In 1069, a rebellion by Eadric the Wild against the Norman conquest culminated in the Battle of Stafford, two years later another rebellion, this time led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia, culminated in Edwins assassination. This meant his lands were distributed amongst the followers of William the Conqueror, robert de Tonei was granted the manor of Bradley and one third of the kings rents in Stafford. Stafford Castle was built by the Normans on the hilltop to the west in about 1090. It was first made of wood, and later rebuilt of stone and it has been rebuilt twice since, and the ruins of the 19th century gothic revival castle on the earthworks incorporate much of the original stonework. A motte was constructed on the side of the peninsula, overlooking a ford. In 1206 King John granted a Royal Charter which created the borough of Stafford, in the Middle Ages Stafford was a market town, mainly dealing in cloth and wool. In spite of being the town, Stafford required successive surges of external investment from the time of Æthelflæd to that of Queen Elizabeth I
3.
Winchester
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Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a government district. It is situated 61 miles south-west of London and 13.6 miles from Southampton, at the time of the 2011 Census, Winchester had a population of 45,184. The wider City of Winchester district which includes such as Alresford. Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum, which in turn developed from an Iron Age oppidum. Winchesters major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The city is home to the University of Winchester and Winchester College, the area around Winchester has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with three Iron Age hillforts, Orams Arbour, St. Catherines Hill, and Worthy Down all in the nearby vicinity. In the Late Iron Age, an urban settlement type developed, known as an oppidum. It was overrun by the confederation of Gaulish tribes known as the Belgae sometime during the first century BCE and it seems to have been known as Wentā or Venta, from the Brittonic for town or meeting place. After the Roman conquest of Britain, the settlement served as the capital of the Belgae and was distinguished as Venta Belgarum, Venta of the Belgae. Although in the years of the Roman province it was of subsidiary importance to Silchester and Chichester. At the beginning of the century, Winchester was given protective stone walls. At around this time the city covered an area of 144 acres, there was a limited suburban area outside the walls. Like many other Roman towns however, Winchester began to decline in the fourth century. Ford identifies the community as the Cair Guinntguic listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains, amid the Saxon invasions of Britain, cemeteries dating to the 6th and 7th centuries suggest a revival of settlement. The city became known as Wintan-ceastre in Old English, in 648, King Cenwalh of Wessex erected the Church of SS Peter and Paul, later known as the Old Minster. This became a cathedral in the 660s when the West Saxon bishopric was transferred from Dorchester-on-Thames, the citys first mint appears to date from this period. In the early tenth century there were two new establishments, the convent of Nunnaminster, founded by Alfreds widow Ealhswith
4.
Chebsey
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Chebsey is a small village in Staffordshire 2.5 miles southeast of Eccleshall on a confluence of Eccleshall water and the River Sow some 5 miles northwest of Stafford. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 566. It comprises a number of houses and cottages and a church dedicated to All Saints. Standing above the village on a mound of higher ground. The west tower dates from the 15th century, and is constructed from mostly grey with red sandstone blocks. The external staircase turret at Chebsey, is quite an unusual feature, though it is very common in the churches of the South of England and especially those of Devon and Somerset, yet it is rarely seen in churches of the English Midlands and North of England. Parts of the wall of the church show signs of extensive repairs. The churchyard contains an Anglo-Saxon cross shaft, inside the church can be found late Victorian stained glass windows by Charles Eamer Kempe, and a 13th-century stone coffin. The church was renovated in 1897 under the supervision of Staffordshire ecclesiastical architect Andrew Capper. The churchyard contains the war graves of a soldier of World War I, media related to Chebsey at Wikimedia Commons Photograph of Chebsey Church, c.1925
5.
Staffordshire
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Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It adjoins Cheshire to the north west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south east, West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority, Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford, Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek, smaller towns include Stone, Uttoxeter, and Rugeley, and large villages Eccleshall, Wombourne, Kinver, Penkridge, Tutbury and Stretton. Cannock Chase AONB is within the county as well as parts of the National Forest, Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich, and Smethwick were historic Staffordshire towns until local government reorganisation created the West Midlands county in 1974. Historically, Staffordshire was divided into the five hundreds of Cuttlestone, Offlow, Pirehill, Seisdon, the historic boundaries of Staffordshire cover much of what is now the metropolitan county of West Midlands. The Act also saw the towns of Tamworth and Burton upon Trent united entirely in Staffordshire, in 1553 Queen Mary made Lichfield a county separate from the rest of Staffordshire. Handsworth and Perry Barr became part of the county borough of Birmingham in the early 20th century, Burton, in the east of the county, became a county borough in 1901, and was followed by Smethwick, another town in the Black Country in 1907. In 1910 the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries, including Hanley, a major reorganisation in the Black Country in 1966, under the recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England led to the creation of an area of contiguous county boroughs. Meanwhile, the county borough of Dudley, historically a part of Worcestershire, expanded. County boroughs were abolished, with Stoke becoming a district in Staffordshire. On 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, in July 2009 the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever found in Britain was discovered in a field near Lichfield. The artefacts, known as The Staffordshire Hoard have tentatively dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Some nationally and internationally known companies have their base in Staffordshire. They include the Britannia Building Society which is based in Leek, JCB is based in Rocester near Uttoxeter and bet365 based in Stoke-on-Trent. The theme park Alton Towers is in the Staffordshire Moorlands and several of the worlds largest pottery manufacturers are based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire has a completely comprehensive system with eight independent schools. Most secondary schools are from 11–16 or 18, but two in Staffordshire Moorlands and South Staffordshire are from 13–18, there are two universities in the county, Keele University in Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire University, which has campuses in Stoke-on-Trent, Stafford, Lichfield and Shrewsbury. The modern county of Staffordshire currently has three football clubs – Stoke City and Port Vale, both from Stoke-on-Trent, and Burton Albion, who play in Burton upon Trent. They were among the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888, in 1972, the club finally won a major trophy when they lifted the Football League Cup, but after relegation from the First Division in 1985 they would not experience top flight football for 23 years
6.
The Compleat Angler
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The Compleat Angler is a book by Izaak Walton. It was first published in 1653 by Richard Marriot of St Dunstan-in-the-West, Walton continued to add to it for a quarter of a century. It is a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse, Walton was born in Stafford and moved to London when he was in his teens. The book was dedicated to John Offley of Madeley, Staffordshire, however, the work begins with Londoners making a fishing trip to the Lea Valley in Hertfordshire. The first edition featured dialogue between veteran angler Piscator and student Viator, while later editions change Viator to hunter Venator, Walton drew on an earlier work. 6 verses were quoted from John Dennyss 1613 work The Secrets of Angling, there were a number of editions during the authors lifetime. There was an edition in 1655, a third in 1661, a fourth in 1668. Starting with the first edition, which had anonymous illustrations, the work has inspired artists and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Walton, Izaak
7.
Chancery Lane
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Chancery Lane is a one-way street situated in the ward of Farringdon Without in the City of London. It has formed the boundary of the City since 1994. Chancery Lane, numbered the B400 in the British road numbering scheme and it gives its name to Chancery Lane tube station which lies at the junction of Holborn and Grays Inn Road, a short distance from Chancery Lanes northern end. Lincolns Inn occupies most of the side north of Carey Street. Chancery Lane takes its name from the historic High Court of Chancery, which started its association with the area when Robert de Chesney, the Bishop of Lincoln acquired the old Temple in 1161. In later centuries the Court convened in Lincolns Inn Old Hall and other buildings there for the Courts purposes, in the 14th century it became the estate of the Master of the Rolls, which included an official residence and storage for court records. The site later became the Public Record Office, the present Grade II* listed, in 1907 it became the museum of the Public Record Office and throughout the latter half of the 20th century records gradually moved to a new site located in Kew. In 2001 it underwent renovation and became the Maughan Library, the largest academic library of Kings College London, just to the south of the Maughan Library is the site of the former Serjeants Inn. The principal building of The Law Society, the body for solicitors in England. Ede and Ravenscroft, the oldest tailors in London, have their main outlet,93, which is also their outlet for legal dress. The London Silver Vaults are located at the end of Chancery Lane
8.
Baptism
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Baptism is a Christian sacrament of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally. The canonical Gospels report that Jesus was baptized—a historical event to which a degree of certainty can be assigned. Baptism has been called a sacrament and an ordinance of Jesus Christ. In some denominations, baptism is also called christening, but for others the word christening is reserved for the baptism of infants, Baptism has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the candidate to be immersed, in v.16, Matthew will speak of Jesus coming up out of the water. The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus head may therefore be based on later Christian practice, other common forms of baptism now in use include pouring water three times on the forehead, a method called affusion. Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as baptism by blood, later, the Catholic Church identified a baptism of desire, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved. Today, some Christians, particularly Christian Scientists, Quakers, The Salvation Army, and Unitarians, do not see baptism as necessary, among those that do, differences can be found in the manner and mode of baptizing and in the understanding of the significance of the rite. Most Christians baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, much more than half of all Christians baptize infants, many others hold that only believers baptism is true baptism. Some insist on submersion or at least partial immersion of the person who is baptized, others consider that any form of washing by water, as long as the water flows on the head, is sufficient. The term baptism has also used to refer to any ceremony, trial, or experience by which a person is initiated, purified. The Greek verb baptō, dip, from which the verb baptizo is derived, is in turn hypothetically traced to a reconstructed Indo-European root *gʷabh-, the Greek words are used in a great variety of meanings. John the Baptist, who is considered a forerunner to Christianity, the apostle Paul distinguished between the baptism of John, and baptism in the name of Jesus, and it is questionable whether Christian baptism was in some way linked with that of John. Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism, though whether Jesus intended to institute a continuing, the earliest Christian baptisms were probably normally by immersion, complete or partial. Though other modes may have also been used, at the hour in which the cock crows, they shall first pray over the water. When they come to the water, the water shall be pure and flowing, that is, then they shall take off all their clothes. The children shall be baptized first, all of the children who can answer for themselves, let them answer. If there are any children who cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer for them, after this, the men will be baptized
9.
Inn
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Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, Inns in Europe were possibly first established when the Romans built their system of Roman roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travelers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. Historically, inns in Europe provided not only food and lodging, famous London examples of inns include the George and the Tabard. There is however no longer a distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use the name inn, either because they are established and may have been formerly coaching inns. Inns were like bed and breakfasts, with a community dining room which was used for town meetings or rented for wedding parties. The front, facing the road was ornamental and welcoming for travelers, the back also usually had at least one livery barn for travelers to keep their horses. There were not lobbies as in modern inns, but the innkeeper would answer the door for each visitor, many inns were simply large estates that had extra rooms for renting. During the 19th century the inn played a role in the growing transportation system of England. Industry was on the rise and people were traveling more in order to keep, the English Inn was considered an important part of English infrastructure as it helped maintain a smooth flow of travel throughout the country. As modes of transport have evolved, tourist lodging has adapted to each generation of traveller. A stagecoach made frequent stops at roadside coaching inns for water, food, a passenger train stops only at designated stations in the city centre, around which were built grand railway hotels. The lodging aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, the Inns of Court in London were once accommodations for members of the legal profession. Other forms of inn exist throughout the world, among them are the honjin and ryokan of Japan, and caravanserai of the Ottoman Empire. In Asia Minor, during the periods of rule by the Seljuq and Ottoman Turks and these inns provided accommodation for people and their vehicles or animals and served as a resting place for people, whether travelling on foot or by other means. These inns were built between towns if the distance between them was too far for one days travel and these structures were called caravansarais which were inns with large courtyards with ample supplies of water for both drinking and other uses. They would also contain a café in addition to supplies of food
10.
Tavern
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A tavern is a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food, and in most cases, where travelers receive lodging. An inn is a tavern which has a license to put up guests as lodgers, the word derives from the Latin taberna whose original meaning was a shed, workshop, stall, or pub. In the English language, a tavern was once an establishment which served wine whilst an inn served beer, over time, the words tavern and inn became interchangeable and synonymous. In England, inns started to be referred to as houses or pubs. Wowser was a term for Christian moralists in Australia, especially activists in temperance groups such as the Womans Christian Temperance Union. Historian Stuart Macintyre argues, the achievements of the wowsers were impressive, until the late 18th century, the only places for common people to eat out were inns and taverns, not restaurants. This chaotic system was enforced by an army of tax collectors, the resultant opposition took many forms. Wine growers and tavern keepers concealed wine and falsified their methods of selling it to advantage of lower tax rates. The retailers also engaged in clandestine refilling of casks from hidden stocks, wine merchants stealthily circumvented inspection stations to avoid local import duties. When apprehended, some defrauders reacted with resignation, while others resorted to violence. Taverns symbolized opposition to the regime and to religion, in 1765 in Paris was founded the first restaurant in the modern sense of the term. However, the first Parisian restaurant worthy of the name was the one founded by Beauvilliers in 1782 in the Rue de Richelieu, Émile Zolas novel LAssommoir depicted the social conditions typical of alcoholism in Paris among the working classes. The drunk destroyed not only his own body, but also his employment, his family, the characters Gervaise Macquart and her husband Coupeau exemplified with great realism the physical and moral degradation of alcoholics. Zolas correspondence with physicians reveal he used authentic medical sources for his depictions in the novel. A common German name for German taverns or pubs is Kneipe, Drinking practices in 16th-century Augsburg, Germany, suggest that the use of alcohol in early modern Germany followed carefully structured cultural norms. Drinking was not a sign of insecurity and disorder, Taverns were popular places used for business as well as for eating and drinking - the London Tavern was a notable meeting place in the 18th and 19th centuries, for example. However, the tavern is no longer in popular use in the UK as there is no distinction between a tavern and an inn. Both establishments serve wine and beer/ale, the term pub is now used to describe these houses
11.
Parish register
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Along with these vital details, church goods, terriers, the parish’s response to briefs, and notes on various happenings in the parish were also recorded. These elaborate records existed for the purpose of preventing bigamy and consanguineous marriage, the information recorded was also considered significant for State records, resulting in the Church supplying it with a copy of all parish registers. A good register permits the family structure of the community to be reconstituted as far back as the sixteenth century, thus, these records were distilled for the definitive study of the history of several nations’ populations. They also provide insight into the lives and interrelationships of parishioners, before this, a few Roman Catholic religious’ houses and parish priests had kept informal notes on the baptisms, marriages and burials of the prominent local families. This injunction was addressed to the rector or vicar of every parish in England, however, this order had nothing to do with religious doctrine or the papacy and rather indicated the desire of the central government to have full knowledge of the population of the country. The book was to be kept in a coffer with two locks and keys. A fine of 3 sols,4 deniers was to be levied for failure to comply, many parishes ignored this order as it was commonly thought that it presaged a further tax. Finally, in 1597, both Queen and Convocation reaffirmed the injunction, adding that the registers were of ‘permagnus usus’, previous records had to be copied into the new books and copies of each year’s entries had to be sent to the bishop’s registrar. The parish clerk was paid to copy the old records into a new parchment book in order to keep the record up to date. During the English Civil War and in the following Commonwealth period, records were poorly kept and this parsimony and neglect was remedied by depositing the registers in county record offices where they were safeguarded and made accessible. On the other hand, the parish registers of New France were rarely damaged by external events such as war, revolution. Thus,300,00 entries were available for the time period 1621 to 1760, separate, printed registers were to be supplied by the Kings Printer, and used for baptisms, marriages and burials. These are more or less unchanged to this day, in the United States, at least the parishes in the Roman Catholic dioceses maintained a similar practice of recording baptisms, marriages, burials, and often also confirmations and first communions. From the earliest pioneer churches ministered by itinerant priests, the records were written in ecclesiastical Latin, but after the Second Vatican Council and its reforms that included translating the Mass into local languages, most register entries gradually came to be written in English. In Protestant communions with stronger similarities to Roman Catholicism, parish registers are also important sources that document baptisms, marriages, in Protestant and Evangelical churches, individual ministers often kept records of faith-related events among the congregation, but under much less guidance from any central governing body. Prior to 1563, the oldest registers of baptisms are preserved since 1379 in Gemona del Friuli,1381 in Siena,1428 in Florence or 1459 in Bologna, in France, parish registers had been in use since the Middle Ages. The oldest surviving registers date back to 1303 and are posted in Givry, other existing registers prior to orders of civil legislation in 1539 reside in Roz-Landrieux 1451, Paramé1453, Lanloup 1467, Trans-la-Forêt 1479 and Signes 1500. They had to be sent every year to the bailiwick or sénéchaussée in the south of France, in April 1667, the Ordinance of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ordered a copy to be kept by the parish clergy as before the ordinance
12.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
13.
Ironmongery
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Ironmongery originally referred, first, to the manufacture of iron goods and, second, to the place of sale of such items for domestic rather than industrial use. In both contexts, the term has expanded to include items made of steel, aluminium, brass, or other metals, the term ironmonger as a supplier of consumer goods is still widely used in Great Britain, the US equivalent being hardware store. Many architectural ironmongery items are manufactured for wholesale and commercial use in offices. The second half of the 20th century saw the decline of ironmongers’ shops. Although every small town in Britain used to have at least one, there has even been renewed use of “blacksmith nails” – four-sided hand-made rosehead nails. In some areas, ironmonger is also slang for an arms dealer, giving rise to numerous fictional characters by the name
14.
Worshipful Company of Ironmongers
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The Worshipful Company of Ironmongers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The Ironmongers, who were known as the Ferroners, were incorporated under a Royal Charter in 1463. The Company today is primarily a charitable institution, the Company ranks tenth in the order of precedence of the City of Londons livery companies, it is therefore one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies. The Companys motto is God Is Our Strength, Ironmongers Hall is the home of the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers. It is located in Aldersgate Street in the City of London, the first hall, dating back to 1457, was in Fenchurch Street, it was rebuilt in 1587 and rebuilt again in 1745 on the same site. The third hall was destroyed on 7 July 1917 by a bomb dropped during World War I. The present Hall stands on land which was bought in 1922, construction work, which was undertaken by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts, started that year and the Hall was opened on 17 June 1925
15.
Thomas Gresham
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Sir Thomas Gresham, Thomas Gresham the Elder, was an English merchant and financier who acted on behalf of King Edward VI and Edwards half-sisters, queens Mary I and Elizabeth I. In 1565 Gresham founded the Royal Exchange in the City of London, the Government sought Greshams advice in all their money difficulties, and also frequently employed him in various diplomatic missions. He had no stated salary, but in reward of his services received from King Edward various grants of lands, on the accession of Queen Mary in 1553 Gresham fell out of favour at Court for a short time with Alderman William Dauntsey displacing him. His enterprises made him one of the richest men of his generation in England, in the Rialto there, called Saint Marks, tis but a bauble, if compared to this. The nearest, that which most resembles this, is the great Burse in Antwerp, yet no comparable either in height or wideness, oh my Lord Mayor, this Gresham hath much graced your City of London, his fame will long outlive him. In 1544 he married Anne Ferneley, widow of Sir William Read, by his wife he had an only son who predeceased him. He also had a daughter who married Sir Nathaniel Bacon, half-brother of Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, becoming Anne. Gresham died suddenly, apparently of apoplexy, on 21 November 1579 and was buried at St Helens Church, thus, Gresham College, the first institution of higher learning in London, came to be established in 1597. Greshams Law takes its name from him because he urged Queen Elizabeth to restore the debased currency of England. However, Sir Thomas never formulated anything like Greshams Law, which was the 1857 conception of Henry Dunning Macleod, the Faneuil Hall at Boston, Massachusetts, has also borrowed this heraldic device. The Gresham coat of arms is blazoned, Argent, a Chevron Erminés between three Mullets pierced Sable, although a beautiful story, it is more likely that the grasshopper is simply a canting heraldic crest playing on the sound grassh- and Gresh-. The Gresham family uses as its motto Fiat Voluntas Tua, Gresham appears as a background figure in a series of fictional mystery novels by the British author Valerie Anand writing under the pen-name of Fiona Buckley. The fictional heroine of the stories, Ursula Blanchard, lived in Antwerp with her first husband while he worked as one of Greshams agents, Gresham also features as the central character of Herbert Strangs book On London River, A Story of the Days of Queen Elizabeth. List of multiple discoveries Titsey Place This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Gresham. The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham by J. W. Burgon Sir Thomas Gresham by F. R. Salter Baynes, john William Burgon, The life and times of Sir Thomas Gresham comp. Chiefly from his correspondence preserved in Her Majestys state-paper office, including notices of many of his contemporaries, published 1839 by R. Jennings in London. John William Burgon The life and times of Sir Thomas Gresham Volume II, the Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham Gresham and Antwerp, Gresham College Magna Carta Ancestry, Douglas Richardson
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Royal Exchange, London
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The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as a centre of commerce for the City of London. The site was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers and it is trapezoidal in shape and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street, which converge at Bank junction in the heart of the City. The design was inspired by a bourse Gresham had seen in Antwerp and was Britains first specialist commercial building and it has twice been destroyed by fire and subsequently rebuilt. The present building was designed by William Tite in the 1840s, the site was notably occupied by the Lloyds insurance market for nearly 150 years. Today the Royal Exchange contains offices, luxury shops, and restaurants, traditionally, the steps of the Royal Exchange is the place where Royal Proclamations are read out by either a herald or a crier. The Royal Exchange was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I who awarded the building its royal title, only the exchange of goods took place until the 17th century. Stockbrokers were not allowed into the Royal Exchange because of their manners, hence they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity. Greshams original building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, a second complex was built on the site, designed by Edward Jarman and opened in 1669, but that also burned down, on 10 January 1838. It had been used by the Lloyds insurance market, which was forced to move temporarily to South Sea House following the 1838 fire, the internal works, designed by Edward IAnson in 1837, made use of concrete—an early example of this modern construction method. It features pediment sculptures by Richard Westmacott, and ornamental cast ironwork by Henry Grissells Regents Canal Ironworks and it was opened by Queen Victoria on 28 October 1844 though trading did not commence until 1 January 1845. In June 1844, just before the reopening of the Royal Exchange, the bronze used to cast it was sourced from enemy cannons captured during Wellingtons continental campaigns. Paul Julius Reuter established the Reuters news agency at No,1, Royal Exchange Buildings in 1851. It later moved to Fleet Street, the western end of the building consists of a portico of eight Corinthian columns topped by a pediment containing a tympanum with a sculptured frieze by Richard Westmacott. The central figure represents Commerce, above an inscription from the Bible, The Earth is the Lords, the Latin inscription states that the Exchange was founded in the thirteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, and restored in the seventh of Queen Victoria. Two statues stand in niches in the central courtyard, Charles II a copy of 1792 by John Spiller after Grinling Gibbons statue in the centre of the C17 courtyard, and Queen Elizabeth I by M. L. The Charles II statue survived the fire of 1838 that destroyed the previous Exchange, the Elizabeth I statue was commissioned as she was the monarch who had conferred the status ‘Royal’ on the Exchange. From 1892, twenty-four scenes from Londons history were painted on the walls by artists including Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Frank Brangwyn. The murals run as a sequence, at the wars end, the building had survived the Blitz, albeit with some near misses
17.
Cornhill, London
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Cornhill is a ward and street in the City of London, the historic nucleus and financial centre of modern London. The street runs between Bank junction and Leadenhall Street, the hill from which it takes its name is one of the three ancient hills of London, the others are Tower Hill, site of the Tower of London, and Ludgate Hill, crowned by St Pauls Cathedral. The highest point of Cornhill is at 17.7 metres above sea level, Cornhill is one of the traditional divisions of the City. At its other end it meets Threadneedle Street, Poultry, Lombard Street, the mechanism, a force pump driven by a water wheel under the northernmost arch of London Bridge, transferred water from the Thames through lead pipes to four outlets. The service was discontinued in 1603 and this became the mark from which many distances to and from London were measured and the name still appears on older mileposts. In 1652, Pasqua Rosée, possibly a native of Ragusa, Italy, opened Londons first coffeehouse, the publishers Smith, Elder and Co, based at No. 65, published the literary journal Cornhill Magazine from 1860 to 1975. The magazine was first edited by William Makepeace Thackeray, in Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, Bob Cratchit slides down Cornhill 20 times in honour of it being Christmas Eve. Today, the street is associated with opticians and makers of optical apparatus such as microscopes and telescopes. A statue of the engineer James Henry Greathead was erected in 1994 in the road beside the Royal Exchange, underneath the modern pavement is the worlds first underground public toilet, which opened in 1855. Users were charged a fee of 1d, reputedly giving rise to the saying to spend a penny. Cornhill formed part of the course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens Olympic marathon on 12 August, the four Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. The postcode for the street is EC3V, Cornhill is one of 25 wards in the City of London, and each elects an Alderman to the Court of Aldermen, and Commoners to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are Freeman of the City of London are eligible to stand, the current Alderman is Robert Howard and the current Members of Common Council are Reverend Stephen Haines, Peter Dunphy and Ian Seaton. Cornhill Ward The Official Ward Website City of London Corporation Map of Cornhill ward The English coffee houses Cornhill, after a London map of 1750
18.
Fleet Street
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Fleet Street is a major street in the City of London. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall, having been an important through route since Roman times, businesses were established along the road during the Middle Ages. Senior clergy lived in Fleet Street during this period there are several churches including Temple Church. Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping, the term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular. The street is mentioned in works by Charles Dickens and is where the legendary fictitious murderous barber Sweeney Todd lived. Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet, which runs from Hampstead to the River Thames at the edge of the City of London. It is one of the oldest roads outside the city and was established by the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, the street runs east from Temple Bar, the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster, as a continuation of the Strand from Trafalgar Square. It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall, the road ahead is Ludgate Hill. The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side and it links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The nearest London Underground stations are Temple, Chancery Lane, and Blackfriars tube/mainline station, London Bus routes 4,11,15,23,26,76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane. Fleet Street was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison, the Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what is now Aldwych and the Strand. Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids, tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as the 14th century, records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal. An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, by the 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a Royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber, Prince Henrys Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I, who did not survive to succeed his father
19.
Parish
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A parish is a church territorial unit constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the care and clerical jurisdiction of a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or more curates. Historically, a parish often covered the same area as a manor. By extension the term refers not only to the territorial unit. In England this church property was technically in ownership of the parish priest ex-officio, the eighth Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus appended the parish structure to the Anglo-Saxon township unit, where it existed, and where minsters catered to the surrounding district. In the wider picture of ecclesiastical polity, a parish comprises a division of a diocese or see, parishes within a diocese may be grouped into a deanery or vicariate forane, overseen by a dean or vicar forane, or in some cases by an archpriest. Some churches of the Anglican Communion have deaneries as units of an archdeaconry, in the Roman Catholic Church, each parish normally has its own parish priest, who has responsibility and canonical authority over the parish. These are called assistant priests, parochial vicars, curates, or, in the United States, associate pastors, each diocese is divided into parishes, each with their own central church called the parish church, where religious services take place. An example is that of personal parishes established in accordance with the 7 July 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum for those attached to the form of the Roman Rite. Most Catholic parishes are part of Latin Rite dioceses, which cover the whole territory of a country. There can also be overlapping parishes of eparchies of Eastern Catholic Churches, the Church of England geographical structure uses the local parish church as its basic unit. The parish system survived the Reformation with the Anglican Churchs secession from Rome remaining largely untouched, Church of England parishes nowadays all lie within one of 44 dioceses divided between the provinces of Canterbury,30 and York,14. A chapelry was a subdivision of a parish in England. It had a status to a township but was so named as it had a chapel which acted as a subsidiary place of worship to the main parish church. In England civil parishes and their parish councils evolved in the 19th century as ecclesiastical parishes began to be relieved of what became considered to be civic responsibilities. Thus their boundaries began to diverge, the word parish acquired a secular usage. Since 1895, a council elected by public vote or a parish meeting administers a civil parish and is formally recognised as the level of local government below a district council. The parish is also the level of church administration in the Church of Scotland
20.
St Dunstan-in-the-West
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The Guild Church of St Dunstan-in-the-West is in Fleet Street in the City of London. It is dedicated to a former Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury, the church is of medieval origin, although the present building, with an octagonal nave, was constructed in the 1830s to the designs of John Shaw. It is not known exactly when the church was built. It was first mentioned in records in 1185. The House of Converts was eventually transformed into the Court of the Master of the Rolls, William Tyndale, the celebrated translator of the Bible, was a lecturer at the church and sermons were given by the poet John Donne. Samuel Pepys mentions the church in his diary, the church narrowly escaped the Great Fire of London in 1666. The Dean of Westminster roused 40 scholars from Westminster School in the middle of the night, the medieval church underwent many alterations before its demolition in the early 19th century. Small shops were built against its walls, St Dunstans Churchyard becoming a centre for bookselling and publishing, in 1701 the churchs old vaulted roof was replaced with a flat ceiling, ornamented with recessed panels. The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers has been associated with the church since the 15th century, in the early 19th century the medieval church of St Dunstan was removed to allow the widening of Fleet Street and a new church was built on its burial ground. An Act of Parliament was obtained authorising the demolition of the church in July 1829, in December 1829 and September 1830 there were auctions of some of the materials of the old church. The first stone of the new building, to the design of John Shaw, Sr. was laid in July 1831, in August 1832 the last part of the old church, which had been left as a screen between Fleet Street and the new work, was removed. Shaw dealt with the site by designing a church with an octagonal central space. Seven of the eight sides open into arched recesses, the one containing the altar. The eighth side opens into a corridor, leading beneath the organ to the lowest stage of the tower. Above the recesses Shaw designed a clerestory, and above that a groined ceiling, the tower is square in plan, with an octagonal lantern, resembling those of St Botolph, Boston, and St Helens York. George Godwin Jr suggested that the form of the lantern might have been inspired by that of St Georges church in Ramsgate. John Shaw Sr. died in 1833, before the church was completed, the communion rail is a survivor of the old church, having been carved by Grinling Gibbons during the period when John Donne served as vicar. Some of the monuments from the building were reinstituted in the new church
21.
John Donne
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John Donne was an English poet and cleric in the Church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets and his works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, Donnes style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of English society, another important theme in Donnes poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and about which he often theorized. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems and he is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits. Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years and he spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes, and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More, with whom he had twelve children, in 1615, he became an Anglican priest, although he did not want to take Anglican orders. He did so because King James I persistently ordered it, in 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Pauls Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of Parliament in 1601 and in 1614, Donne was born in London, into a recusant Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children and his father, also named John Donne, was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donnes father was a respected Roman Catholic who avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of persecution and his father died in 1576, when Donne was four years old, leaving his son fatherless and his widow, Elizabeth Heywood, with the responsibility of raising their children alone. Heywood was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood and she was a great-niece of the Roman Catholic martyr Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom would continue among Donnes closer relatives, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons, Donne was educated privately, however, there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits. Donnes mother married Dr. John Syminges, a widower with three children, a few months after Donnes father died. Two more of his sisters, Mary and Katherine, died in 1581, Donnes mother lived her last years in the Deanery after Donne became Dean of St Pauls, and died just two months before Donne, in January 1631. In 1583, the 11-year-old Donne began studies at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, after three years of studies there, Donne was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years. However, Donne could not obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, in 1591 Donne was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592 he was admitted to Lincolns Inn, one of the Inns of Court, Donnes brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom he betrayed under torture
22.
Thomas Cranmer
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Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henrys marriage to Catherine of Aragon, along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. During Cranmers tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury, he was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal and liturgical structures of the reformed Church of England, under Henrys rule, Cranmer did not make many radical changes in the Church, due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformers. However, he succeeded in publishing the first officially authorised vernacular service, when Edward came to the throne, Cranmer was able to promote major reforms. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a liturgy for the English Church. Cranmer promulgated the new doctrines through the Prayer Book, the Homilies, after the accession of the Roman Catholic Mary I, Cranmer was put on trial for treason and heresy. Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from Church authorities, he made several recantations and apparently reconciled himself with the Roman Catholic Church. However, on the day of his execution, he withdrew his recantations, to die a heretic to Roman Catholics, Cranmer was born in 1489 in Aslockton in Nottinghamshire, England. His parents, Thomas and Agnes Cranmer, were of modest wealth and were not members of the aristocracy and their oldest son, John, inherited the family estate, whereas Thomas and his younger brother Edmund were placed on the path to a clerical career. Today historians know nothing definite about Cranmers early schooling and he probably attended a grammar school in his village. At the age of fourteen, two years after the death of his father, he was sent to the newly created Jesus College, Cambridge. It took him a surprisingly long eight years to reach his Bachelor of Arts degree following a curriculum of logic, classical literature, during this time, he began to collect medieval scholastic books, which he preserved faithfully throughout his life. For his masters degree he took a different course of study, concentrating on the humanists, Jacques Lefèvre dÉtaples and this time he progressed with no special delay, finishing the course in three years. Shortly after receiving his Master of Arts degree in 1515, he was elected to a Fellowship of Jesus College, sometime after Cranmer took his MA, he married a woman named Joan. Although he was not yet a priest, he was forced to forfeit his fellowship, to support himself and his wife, he took a job as a reader at Buckingham Hall. When Joan died during her first childbirth, Jesus College showed its regard for Cranmer by reinstating his fellowship and he began studying theology and by 1520 he had been ordained, the university already having named him as one of their preachers. He received his Doctor of Divinity degree in 1526, not much is known about Cranmers thoughts and experiences during his three decades at Cambridge. Traditionally, he has been portrayed as a humanist whose enthusiasm for biblical scholarship prepared him for the adoption of Lutheran ideas, however, a study of his marginalia reveals an early antipathy to Martin Luther and an admiration for Erasmus
23.
Thomas Ken
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Thomas Ken was an English cleric who was considered the most eminent of the English non-juring bishops, and one of the fathers of modern English hymnology. Ken was born in 1637 at Little Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire and his father was Thomas Ken of Furnivals Inn, of the Ken family of Ken Place, in Somerset, his mother was the daughter of little known English poet, John Chalkhill. In 1646 Kens stepsister, Anne, married Izaak Walton, author of The Compleat Angler, in 1652 Ken entered Winchester College, and in 1656 became a student of Hart Hall, Oxford. He gained a fellowship at New College in 1657, and proceeded B. A. in 1661, ordained in 1662, he successively held the livings of Little Easton in Essex, St. He remained there for years, acting as curate in one of the lowest districts, preparing his Manual of Prayers for the use of the Scholars of Winchester College. The latter is made to begin with the line All praise to Thee, my God, this night, but in the earlier editions over which Ken had control. Both of these end with a doxology beginning Praise God, from whom all blessings flow. In 1674 Ken paid a visit to Rome in company with his nephew, the young Izaak Walton, in 1679, Ken was appointed by Charles II chaplain to the Princess Mary, wife of William of Orange. He was once more residing at Winchester in 1683 when Charles came to the city with his slightly disreputable court and his residence was chosen as the home of Nell Gwynne, the Kings official mistress. Ken stoutly objected and succeeded in making the favourite find quarters elsewhere, the fleet returned in April 1684, and a few months after, upon a vacancy occurring in the see of Bath and Wells, Ken was appointed bishop. In this year he published his Exposition on the Church Catechism, perhaps better known by its sub-title, in 1688, when James reissued his Declaration of Indulgence, Ken was one of the Seven Bishops who refused to publish it. Along with his six brethren, Ken was committed to the Tower on 8 June 1688, Ken was put on trial with the others on 29 and 30 June, which resulted in a verdict of acquittal. Accordingly, he took his place among the non-jurors, and, as he stood firm to his refusal, he was, in August 1691, superseded in his bishopric by Dr Richard Kidder and he did however persuade George Hooper to accept and made a cession to him. At Hoopers instigation, Queen Anne granted Ken a pension of £200, taking up residence on the top floor at Longleat for a period of some twenty years, he exerted a profound influence upon Thomas Thynne, becoming what some might describe as his conscience. An example of such benevolence, In 1707, Thynne, influenced by Ken, founded a school for boys in the nearby market town of Warminster. Originally The Lord Weymouth School, in 1973 this school merged with St Monicas School for Girls to become the co-educational Warminster School, Ken is remembered at Warminster School by the naming of a competitive house after him. Notable too is the fact that a portion of the West Wing of Longleat was transformed into a chapel for the daily worship. While living in the house at Longleat, Ken wrote many of his famous hymns, including Awake my soul, and, as a hymnwriter he has had few equals in England, he wrote Praise God from whom all blessings flow
24.
Bishop of Bath and Wells
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The Bishop of Bath and Wells heads the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells in the Province of Canterbury in England. The present diocese covers the vast majority of the county of Somerset, the Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells in Somerset. The current bishop, since his confirmation of election on 4 March 2014, is Peter Hancock, the seventy-eighth Bishop and he fully took up his duties upon his installation in a service at Wells Cathedral on 7 June 2014. The see had been vacant since Peter Prices retirement on 30 June 2013, the Bishops residence is The Palace, Wells. In late 2013 the Church Commissioners announced that they were purchasing the Old Rectory, however this decision was widely opposed, including by the Diocese, and in May 2014 was overturned by a committee of the Archbishops Council. Somerset originally came under the authority of the Bishop of Sherborne and he planned and began a much larger church as his cathedral, to which was attached a priory, with the bishops palace beside it. In 1197 Bishop Savaric FitzGeldewin officially moved his seat to Glastonbury Abbey with the approval of Pope Celestine III. However, the monks there would not accept their new Bishop of Glastonbury and his successor, Jocelin of Wells, then returned to Bath, again under the title, Bishop of Bath. The official episcopal title became Bishop of Bath and Wells under a Papal ruling of 3 January 1245, by the 15th century Bath Abbey was badly dilapidated. Oliver King, Bishop of Bath and Wells, decided in 1500 to rebuild it on a smaller scale, the new abbey-church was completed just a few years before Bath Priory was dissolved in 1539. Then Henry VIII considered this new church redundant, and it was offered to the people of Bath to form their parish church, but they did not buy it, and it was stripped of its glass and lead. The last bishop in communion with Rome was deprived in 1559, the diocese and the episcopate are today part of the Anglican Communion. Fictional bishops of this title appear in the BBC television comedy Blackadder, in which the bishop is portrayed as an obese, blasphemous. Others are mentioned in at least two skits by Monty Python and yet another in the BBC radio comedy Absolute Power. Neil Gaimans 2008 work The Graveyard Book features a character named the Bishop of Bath, official Diocese of Bath & Wells Website Episcopal succession, Wells
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Walton, Izaak". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
