1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
3.
Elaine S. Edwards
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Elaine Schwartzenburg Edwards is a former United States Senator and the first wife of Edwin Washington Edwards, making her a former First Lady of Louisiana. Edwards was born in Marksville, the seat of Avoyelles Parish, to Errol Leo Schwartzenburg, Elaine also had a brother, Frank, and another brother, Ralph. On August 1,1972, Edwin Edwards appointed Elaine to the U. S. Senate after the death of Allen Ellender and she agreed to resign after a new senator was elected, and she shared her husbands political philosophy. She married Edwin Edwards in 1949, an observer said that Elaine Edwards wanted the opposite of what Edwin wanted. She hated the fishbowl of politics, both graduated from Marksville High School. Edwin and Elaine Edwards divorced in 1989 after forty years of marriage and she is the mother of four children, including Stephen Edwards, who was convicted alongside his father in 2000, stemming from a riverboat casino licensing scheme. The other three children are Anna, Victoria and David, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
4.
Mary Landrieu
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Mary Loretta Landrieu is an American politician and former U. S. Senator from the state of Louisiana and she is a member of the Democratic Party. Born in Arlington, Virginia, Landrieu was raised in New Orleans and she received her baccalaureate degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. After working as an estate agent for several years, she was elected as a state representative. She won a race for the U. S. Senate in 1996, she was re-elected by increasing margins in competitive races in 2002 and 2008. Landrieu came to attention in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 after she publicly criticized the federal response to the natural disaster. In 2011, she became a cardinal of the Senates Homeland Security Appropriations Subcommittee and she chaired the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship from 2009 to 2014, and chaired the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources from 2014 to 2015. Landrieu was born in Arlington, Virginia, the daughter of Verna and Moon Landrieu and she is the sister of Mitch Landrieu, the current mayor of New Orleans and former lieutenant governor of Louisiana. She was raised in New Orleans as a Roman Catholic and attended Ursuline Academy of New Orleans, while a student at Ursuline, Landrieu participated in the Close Up Washington civic education program. She graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge in 1977, before entering politics, she worked as a real estate agent. Landrieu was first elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in 1979, serving from 1980 to 1988 and she was re-elected to the 90th district in October 1983 with 78% of the vote. In October 1987, she was succeeded in the 90th district by her brother Mitch, on January 1,1987, State Treasurer Mary Evelyn Parker, the longtime Democratic incumbent, resigned with nearly a year and a half left in her fifth term. Landrieu ran to succeed her in both the special and regularly scheduled elections, both held in October 1987, no Republican filed to run, so Landrieu faced only Democratic opponents. She came first on both ballots with 44%, tom Burbank, son of Thomas D. Burbank Sr. former head of the state police, came in last in both elections with 9% of the vote. Reilly decided not to contest an election, known in Louisiana as a general election. In 1991, Landrieu was unopposed for re-election, Landrieu declined to run for a third term as Treasurer, giving up the office to run for governor in the 1995 election. The other major candidates in the race were Democratic U. S, roemer came fourth with 18%, Preis was fifth with 9% and Schwegmann came sixth with 5%. Foster came first with 26% and went on to defeat Fields in the runoff with 64% of the vote, Landrieu was succeeded as state treasurer by her fellow Democrat Ken Duncan, a Baton Rouge attorney and businessman
5.
Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office
6.
Caddo Parish, Louisiana
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Caddo Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 254,969, Caddo Parish is included in the Shreveport–Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1838, Caddo Parish was carved from Natchitoches Parish, the legislature named it for the indigenous Caddo Indians, as county seat, Shreveport is the site of the parish courthouse. Caddo Parish comprises the 1st Judicial District, located downtown on Texas Street, the courthouse contains both civil and criminal courts. The current elected judges are, Ramon Lafitte, Craig O. Marcotte, Michael A. Pitman, Karelia R. Stewart, Robert P. Waddell, Erin Leigh W. Garrett, Katherine C. Dorroh, John Mosely, Jr. Brady OCallaghan, Ramona Emanuel, the Clerk of Court is Mike Spence. In April 2015, The New Yorker published an article about the prosecution of Rodricus Crawford, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 937 square miles, of which 978 square miles is land and 58 square miles is water. According to 2012 U. S. Census Bureau estimates, Caddo Parish population was 257,093, the population density was 286 people per square mile. There were 108,296 housing units at a density of 123 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 49. 1% White,40. 0% Black or African American,1. 2% Native American,1. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 82% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. 5. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino,28. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.11. In the parish the population was out with 26. 80% under the age of 18,10. 20% from 18 to 24,27. 40% from 25 to 44,22. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 89.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.90 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $31,467, and the median income for a family was $38,872. Males had an income of $31,664 versus $22,074 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $17,839, about 17. 10% of families and 21. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30. 80% of those under age 18 and 16. 10% of those age 65 or over. Although Republican John McCain carried the state of Louisiana overall, he did not carry Caddo Parish in the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama won 51% of the vote and 55,536 votes
7.
Louisiana House of Representatives
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The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana. The House is composed of 105 Representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people, members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, the House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is customarily recommended by the Governor, then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker, the current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, the Speaker pro tempore presides when the Speaker is not present. The Chairman of the Republican Delegation is Lance Harris of the 25th District, the Louisiana House of Representatives comprises 105 representatives elected from across the state from single-member districts by registered voters in the district. Representatives must be electors, be at least eighteen years old, be domiciled in the district they represent at least one year, the House is the judge of its members qualifications and elections. Elections occur every four years and representatives are limited to three four-year terms, if a seat is vacant, it will be filled in a special election. The House is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature. The Louisiana House has sole authority to state officials and introduce appropriation bills. The Louisiana House of Representatives was established, along with its functions and authority, in Article III, the Committees of the Louisiana House review proposed bills and either kill them or recommend their passage to the full House. Each committee has an area it oversees. Committees can call upon state officials to testify at committee meetings, committee membership including Chairmanships and Vice Chairmanships are assigned by the Speaker
8.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
11.
Tim Roemer
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Timothy John Tim Roemer is an American political figure who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2003 as a Democrat from Indianas 3rd congressional district. Subsequently, he was the president of the Center for National Policy and he served as U. S. Ambassador to India from 2009 to 2011. Roemer currently serves on the board of Washington, D. C. based non-profit America Abroad Media. Tim Roemer was born in 1956 in South Bend, Indiana and his grandfather, William F. Roemer, was a philosophy professor at the University of Notre Dame, and his grandmother was an elementary school teacher. Roemers parents, James and Mary Ann Roemer also worked at Notre Dame as Dean of Students and Coordinator of Volunteer Activities, Roemer graduated from Penn High School in 1975 and worked at various jobs from the age of 14 to help pay for college. Tim Roemer graduated from the University of California, San Diego with a B. A. degree in 1979. He earned his M. A. and Ph. D. from the University of Notre Dame, his 1985 dissertation was titled The Senior Executive Service, Retirement, Tim Roemer served on the staff of U. S. Representative John Brademas of Indiana and U. S and he won election to the House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1990, serving in the Congress from 1991 to 2003 representing Indianas 3rd congressional district. While in the House, Roemer served on the Intelligence, Education and Workforce and he did not run for reelection in 2002. Tim Roemer voted in favor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and he opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement, feeling it provided incentives for businesses to move out of the country. Roemer voted against presidential fast-track trade promotion authority, believing that the United States should have been stricter in its enforcement of existing agreements, much of Roemers efforts during his congressional career were related to improving education. He was the author of the Ed-Flex bill, which encouraged states to seek innovative approaches to education. Roemer was the sponsor of the Transition to Teaching bill that helped address teacher shortages by recruiting and training professionals to become teachers. He co-authored School-to-Work legislation to help high school students learn skills to prepare them for the workforce. In his final term in Congress, Roemer was instrumental in passing the No Child Left Behind Act, eventually he opposed the revisions proposed by the Bush administration, because of concerns about bureaucratic inefficiencies, and voted against the creation of DHS. Roemer advocated a civilian reserve corps to train more fluent speakers in foreign languages for the Intelligence Community, Roemer was an original sponsor of bioterrorism legislation and legislation aimed at creating the 9/11 Commission, upon which he later served. Tim Roemer was a member of the 9/11 Commission and he was a candidate for chair of the Democratic National Committee but lost to Howard Dean, who had unsuccessfully sought the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination. Roemer was criticized as too conservative for the post, due to his stance on abortion
12.
Washington and Lee University
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Washington and Lee University is a private liberal arts university in Lexington, Virginia, United States. The campus is approximately 50 miles from Roanoke, Virginia,140 miles from Richmond, Virginia, Washington and Lee was founded in 1749 as a small classical school named Augusta Academy by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers, though the University has never claimed any sectarian affiliation. In 1796, George Washington endowed the academy with a gift of stock. In gratitude, the school was renamed for the first United States President, Washington and Lee is the ninth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the second-oldest in Virginia. The University consists of three units, The College, the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. The University hosts 24 intercollegiate athletic teams compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the NCAA Division III. The classical school from which Washington and Lee descended was established in 1749 by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers and soon named Augusta Academy, in 1776, it was renamed Liberty Hall in a burst of revolutionary fervor. The academy moved to Lexington in 1780, when it was chartered as Liberty Hall Academy, the academy granted its first bachelors degree in 1785. Liberty Hall is said to have admitted its first African-American student when John Chavis and he is believed to be the first black student to enroll in higher education in the United States, although he did not receive a degree. Washington and Lee enrolled its next African-American student in 1966 in the law school, in 1796, George Washington endowed the academy with $20,000 in James River Canal stock, at the time one of the largest gifts ever given to an educational institution in the United States. Washingtons gift continues to provide nearly $1.87 a year toward every students tuition, the gift rescued Liberty Hall from near-certain insolvency. In gratitude, the changed the schools name to Washington Academy. An 8-foot tall statue of George Washington, carved by Matthew Kahle, the current statue is made of bronze, the original wooden statue was restored and now resides in the universitys library. The campus took its current architectural form in the 1820s when a merchant, Jockey John Robinson. For the dedication celebration in 1824, Robinson supplied a huge barrel of whiskey, but according to a contemporary history, the rabble broke through the barriers and created pandemonium, which ended only when college officials demolished the whiskey barrel with an axe. A justice of the Virginia State Supreme Court, Alex, M. Harman, Jr. re-created the episode in 1976 for the dedication of the new law school building by having several barrels of Scotch imported. Robinson also left his estate to Washington College, the estate included between 70 and 80 slaves. Until 1852, the institution benefited from their labor and, in some cases
13.
United States Military Academy
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It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
14.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
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Paul M. Hebert Law Center
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The Paul M. Hebert Law Center is a law school in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, part of the Louisiana State University System and located on the main campus of Louisiana State University. D. Which is the normal first degree in American law schools, which recognizes the training its students receive in both the common and the civil law. Its designation as a Law Center, rather than Law School, derives not only from its formerly independent campus status, the law school came to fruition in 1906, under LSU president Thomas Duckett Boyd, with nineteen founding students. Since 1924, the LSU Law Center has been a member of the Association of American Law Schools and approved by the American Bar Association. The Law Center was renamed in honor of Dean Paul M. Hebert, the longest serving Dean of the LSU Law School, one of these interruptions occurred in 1947-1948, when he was appointed as a judge for the United States Military Tribunals in Nuremberg. In 2011, the Law Center received 1,437 applications for the J. D. /C. L, program for an enrolled class of 239. The current first-year class includes graduates from 80 colleges and universities throughout the nation, women make up 49% of the class, 51% are men. Approximately 35% of the class of 2014 came from outside Louisiana representing 19 others states, United States Virgin Islands, France, and China. The Center publishes the biannual open-access LSU Journal of Energy Law and Resources that focuses on the law of development, energy industries, natural resources. The total cost of attendance at the Law Center for the 2014-2015 academic year is $39,880.75, the Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $160,966. State senator and federal judge James R. Eubank,1958 Law, attorney in Alexandria, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Rapides Parish in 1952, mrs. Lambert is an LSU Law graduate and a judge in Ascension Parish. Long, American politician who served in the United States Senate from Louisiana from 1948 to 1987 Gillis W. Long, speedy Oteria Long, United States Representative from 1965 to 1973. Nicholas Lorusso, state representative from Orleans Parish since 2007 Morris Lottinger, Jr. state representative, judge of the Louisiana First Circuit Court of Appeal, buddy Napper, state representative from Lincoln Parish from 1952 to 1964 Sydney B. LSU Law, The Louisiana State University Law School from 1906 to 1977
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Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
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United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
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Lobbying
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Lobbying is the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Lobbying is done by many types of people, associations and organized groups, including individuals in the sector, corporations, fellow legislators or government officials. Lobbyists may be among a legislators constituencies, meaning a voter or bloc of voters within their district, or not, they may engage in lobbying as a business. Professional lobbyists are people whose business is trying to influence legislation, regulation, or other government decisions, actions, individuals and nonprofit organizations can also lobby as an act of volunteering or as a small part of their normal job. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential, the ethics and morality of lobbying are dual-edged. Lobbying is often spoken of with contempt, when the implication is that people with inordinate socioeconomic power are corrupting the law in order to serve their own interests. The failure of government officials to serve the public interest as a consequence of lobbying by special interests who provide benefits to the official is an example of agent misdirection. One story held that the term originated at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC, a lobbyist is a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest or a member of a lobby. Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying as part of laws to prevent political corruption, Lobby groups may concentrate their efforts on the legislatures, where laws are created, but may also use the judicial branch to advance their causes. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, for example, filed suits in state and their efforts resulted in the Supreme Court declaring such laws unconstitutional. They may use a device known as amicus curiae, literally friend of the court. Briefs are written documents filed with a court, typically by parties to a lawsuit, amici curiae briefs are briefs filed by people or groups who are not parties to a suit. These briefs are entered into the records, and give additional background on the matter being decided upon. Advocacy groups use these briefs both to share their expertise and to promote their positions, over the past twenty years lobbying in Australia has grown from a small industry of a few hundred employees to a multibillion-dollar per year industry. Lobbying has become a fact of life and is now endemic in local, state. It is not just the local councillors and state and federal politicians being lobbied, in Australia, lobbyists are expected to organise a pass to obtain access to the federal parliament. The Parliamentary Pass must be signed by two parliamentarians and it is administered by the Department of Parliamentary Services and has the enforcement of the Criminal Code Act 1995. The Pass is valid for two years, however, the Parliamentary Pass is not absolutely necessary, as some lobbyists are simply signed in on the day of their visit as guests of Senators or Members
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C. E. Byrd High School
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C. E. Byrd High School, a Blue Ribbon School, is the largest high school in Shreveport, Louisiana. In continuous operation since 1925, Byrd is also the second largest high school in the state of Louisiana. 1892, C. E. Byrd came to Shreveport as principal of the first public high school,1898, With first year enrollment of 70, the school moved to the Soady building on Crockett Street. 1899, Moved to new Hope Street School, a three story red brick building. Elementary students occupied the first floor, intermediate the second,1910, Shreveport High School built adjacent to Hope Street. 1923, Caddo Parish School Board decides to build two new high schools, 20-acre Site purchased from Justin Gras for $110,000 and four adjacent lots in Bon Air Subdivision, from F. R. Chadick for $9,500. 1924, Stewart-McGee awarded the contract for $772,133. On October 3, cornerstone laid with full Masonic ceremonies including a letter from C. E.1925, building accepted from the contractor on June 27. Because furniture had not yet arrived, the opening was delayed until October,1967, First African-American graduate, Arthur Burton. 1968, As part of an order to desegregate, neighborhood school district boundaries were abolished, courts found this policy did not accomplish desegregation 1969, New districts were created in the summer of 1969 forcing thousands of students to change schools. Faculty from historically black schools were exchanged with those from historically white high schools. 1970, In an attempt to desegregate, Valencia High School was merged with Byrd. Students class schedules were changed at the start of the new semester in order to mix the students from the two schools, the Black administrators from Valencia were given minor roles at Byrd. Tensions were high with student protests, as a result of these protests, police were called in to guard the doors of the school. Students were not allowed to leave the building once they came to school for the day, senior rings had been ordered the previous year, so each wore their own class rings. While students from both schools participated in the commencement exercises they wore different colored academic regalia, that represented their schools. Byrd High subsequently fell victim to white flight with many parents sending their children to Jesuit High School, enrollment decreased to the point that Byrd faced possible closure. Byrd returned as a powerhouse by re-inventing itself as a Math, Alma Mater Byrd, We stand to honor Thee, Alma Mater true
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West Point, New York
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West Point is the oldest continuously occupied military post in the United States. West Point was established in 1775 by George Washington who considered it the most important strategic position in America, until January 1778, West Point was not occupied by the military. It comprises approximately 16,000 acres including the campus of the United States Military Academy at West Point and it is a Census Designated Place located in the Town of Highlands in Orange County, New York, located on the western bank of the Hudson River. The population was 6,763 at the 2010 census and it is part of the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area. West Point, was a site during the Revolutionary War. Originally picked because of the abnormal S-curve in the Hudson at this point, it was founded by military engineer and it was manned by a small garrison of Continental soldiers through the entirety of the war. A great iron chain was laid across the Hudson at this point in order to impede British Navy vessels, the site comprised multiple redoubts, including Fort Putnam, which is still preserved in a Revolutionary-period design. However, Arnolds plot failed when British Major John André was captured as a spy by the Americans, arnold received a decreased cash reward of £6,000 but was commissioned as a Brigadier General in the British Army. The United States Military Academy was established at West Point in 1802 and has the longest continuous service of any United States military installation and is the nations oldest service academy. In 1937, the West Point Bullion Depository was constructed, in 1988, it became the West Point Mint, West Point is located at 41° 23′ N 73°58 W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 25.1 square miles,24.3 sq mi land and 0.7 sq mi water. West Point and the village of Highland Falls, New York, are on the west bank of the Hudson River. West Point lies in the transition between the continental and humid subtropical zones, although lying closer to the former, with four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold with moderate snowfall. The monthly daily average ranges from 27.5 °F in January to 74.1 °F in July, on average, temperatures reaching 90 °F or 0 °F occur on 17 and 1.4 days of the year. Extremes in temperature range from 106 °F on July 22,1926 down to −17 °F on February 9,1934, as of the census of 2010 there were 6,763 people, and 685 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 293.4 per square mile, there were 1,044 housing units at an average density of 42. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 82. 31% White,9. 09% African American,0. 50% Native American,3. 35% Asian,0. 15% Pacific Islander,1. 64% from other races, and 2. 96% from two or more races
21.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Lexington, Virginia
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Lexington is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 7,042 and it is the county seat of Rockbridge County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Lexington with Rockbridge County for statistical purposes, Lexington is about 57 miles east of the West Virginia border and is about 50 miles north of Roanoke, Virginia. It was first settled in 1777, Lexington is the location of the Virginia Military Institute and of Washington and Lee University. It was one of the first of what would be many American places named after Lexington, Massachusetts, the Union General David Hunter led a raid on Virginia Military Institute during the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are buried here and it is the site of the only house Jackson ever owned, now open to the public as a museum. Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper at his familys farm in Rockbridge County. McCormick Farm is now owned by Virginia Tech and is an agricultural research center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.5 square miles. The Maury River, a tributary of the James River, forms the northeastern boundary. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen climate classification system, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, similar to Northern Italy, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,867 people,2,232 households, the population density was 2,753.8 per square mile. The racial makeup was 86. 01% White,10. 38% African American,0. 26% Native American,1. 92% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander and 0. 48% from other races, and 0. 93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population,41. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the family size was 2.76. In the city, the population was out with 11. 0% under the age of 18,41. 4% from 18 to 24,14. 5% from 25 to 44,16. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 23 years, for every 100 females there were 123.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $28,982, and the median income for a family was $58,529
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Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
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Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
25.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
26.
Natchitoches, Louisiana
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Natchitoches is a small city and the parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. Established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis as part of French Louisiana, the City of Natchitoches was not incorporated until after Louisiana had become a state, on February 5,1819. It is the oldest permanent settlement in the region, Natchitoches sister city is Nacogdoches, Texas. It is also the location of Northwestern State University, Natchitoches was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico, French traders settled there as early as 1699. The post was established near a village of Natchitoches Indians, after whom the city was named, after the United States Louisiana Purchase of 1803, migration into the territory increased from the US, and Natchitoches experienced a population boom. Several plantations were built along the Red River, in the 1820s and early 1830s, Natchitoches was a freight transfer point for cotton from parts of east Texas. Cotton shippers used a route crossing the Sabine River to Natchitoches, where the freight was transferred to boats. However, the course of the river shifted, bypassing Natchitoches, a 33-mile lake was left in the rivers previous location. It became known as Cane River Lake, the lake runs through the city’s downtown historic district and Plantation Country. During the Civil War, Natchitoches was set on fire by Union soldiers who retreated through the town after their attempt to capture Shreveport. Confederate cavalry pursued the soldiers and arrived in time to help extinguish the flames before the town was destroyed. In the spring of 1863, Confederate General Richard Taylor and his men passed through Natchitoches en route to Shreveport, andrew W. Hyatt, one of Taylors line officers, wrote in his diary, reaching the banks of Cane River. We are now on a race from the enemy, and are bound for Grand Ecore. Three days later on May 11,1863, Hyatt penned, Natchitoches is quite a town, and the galleries were crowded with pretty women, who waved us a kind reception as we passed through town. Around Natchitoches and its environs,12,556 bales of Confederate cotton were stored, a match factory also opened in the city during the war. Natchitoches often engaged in fund-raising activities to relieve the destitute during the war, winters observed, Eggnog parties and other social affairs during the Christmas holiday season lifted the morale of civilians as well as that of the soldiers. Natchitoches was the site of the 1973 plane crash claimed the life of singer-songwriter Jim Croce
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Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
28.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
29.
Alexandria, Louisiana
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Alexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It lies on the bank of the Red River in almost the exact geographic center of the state. It is the city of the Alexandria metropolitan area which encompasses all of Rapides. In 2010, the population was 47,723, an increase of 3 percent from the 2000 census, located along the Red River, the city of Alexandria was originally home to a community which supported activities of the adjacent Spanish outpost of Post du Rapides. In 1805, Fulton and business partner Thomas Harris Maddox laid out the town plan and that same year Fulton was appointed coroner in Rapides Parish by territorial Governor William C. C. Alexandria was incorporated as a town in 1819 and received a city charter in 1832, in the spring of 1863, Alexandria was occupied by Union forces under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Nathaniel P. Banks. Porter arrived with his gunboats on May 7, later in the day Banks reached Alexandria with his cavalry, whose members had marched twenty-five miles to reach the city that day. According to the historian John D, Banks posted guards and declared martial law. Porter left behind the gunboat USS Lafayette in Alexandria and posted the USS Pittsburg on the Black River to the northeast, in 1864, Admiral Porter, back in the area, and General Banks quarreled over possession of cotton supplies. Porter seized three hundred bales of Confederate cotton from warehouses in Alexandria and stamped it U. S. N. Prize, referring to the United States Navy, Porter sent his sailors into the country to search for unginned cotton. After the crop was located, it was brought to Alexandria to be ginned and baled, the sailors also seized molasses and wool. Winters writes that Porter took all cotton wherever he found it, cotton belonging to the Confederate government, cotton belonging to the rebels, Winters continues, Banks was furious with Porter when he learned that the admiral was scouring the interior for cotton. Since he had no authority to stop Porters speculative activities, Banks could only try to beat him to the remaining cotton, army wagons were sent out in large numbers to collect the cotton. Thousands of bales were brought in by the troops and stored for future shipment, the federal army made itself as comfortable as possible during its long stay in Alexandria. Winters writes that lumber and tools were foraged, and the men busied themselves by building wooden tent floors, benches, Alexandria with a zigzag line of fortifications. Confederate citizens as a whole were most fearful of the Union, according to Winters, most had never before seen a Yankee soldier expected the worse from the invader. Some cried, some cursed, some whined, and some overcome with fear, hid themselves in the woods, negroes were responsible for much of the plunder and pillage
30.
Pineville, Louisiana
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Pineville is a city in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is adjacent to the city of Alexandria, and is part of that citys Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 14,555 at the 2010 census. It had been 13,829 in 2000, population grew by 5 percent over the preceding decade. The Central Louisiana State Hospital, the Pinecrest Supports and Services Center, Long Memorial Hospital, the Alexandria Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Alexandria National Cemetery are all located in Pineville. Pineville is also home to several large non-government employers including Baker Manufacturing Inc, crest Industries, LLC, and Dresser Industrial Valve, Inc. Louisiana State University was founded by the Louisiana General Assembly in 1853 and it was founded under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy and was located near Pineville. The first session began on January 2,1860, with General William Tecumseh Sherman of Ohio as superintendent, the military opened for its fourth session in November 1862 with 112 students. Superintendent William A. Seay found the task of holding the cadets in class hopeless, winters of Louisiana Tech University, The undisciplined young cadets with their enthusiasm for war were a continuous source of trouble. Around April 1,1863, the decided to close the school. They broke into the kitchen, smashed all the furniture, and seized all the cutlery, dishes, pots and pans, most of the students then went home to volunteer. Professor Seay was able to keep a few students until April 23, Pineville is located at 31°20′20″N 92°24′45″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.1 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pineville has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,829 people,4,994 households, the population density was 1,204.8 people per square mile. There were 5,448 housing units at a density of 474.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 57% White,26. 08% African American,0. 51% Native American,1. 90% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 1. 55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 14% of the population,32. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
31.
Chamber of commerce
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A chamber of commerce is a form of business network, for example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community, local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a President, CEO or Executive Director, plus staffing appropriate to size, the first chamber of commerce was founded in 1599 in Marseille, France. Another official chamber of commerce would follow 65 years later, probably in Bruges, however, Hull Chamber of Commerce is the UKs oldest, followed by those of Leeds and of Belfast in Northern Ireland. As a non-governmental institution, a chamber of commerce has no role in the writing and passage of laws. It may however, lobby in an attempt to get laws passed that are favorable to businesses, membership in an individual chamber can range from a few dozen to well over 800,000, as is the case with the Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Some chamber organizations in China report even larger membership numbers, Chambers of commerce can range in scope from individual neighborhoods within a city or town up to an international chamber of commerce. In addition, Chambers represent the interests of businesses, while the BBB represents both the interests of businesses and the general public, some Chambers are partially funded by local government, others are non-profit, and some are a combination of the two. Chambers of commerce also can include economic development corporations or groups as well as tourism, some chambers have joined state, national and even international bodies. Currently, there are about 13,000 chambers registered in the official Worldchambers Network registry, and this network is informal, with each local chamber incorporated and operating separately, rather than as a chapter of a national or state chamber. Chambers of commerce in the United States can be considered community, city, regional, state, city Chambers work on the local level to bring the business community together to develop strong local networks, which can result in a business-to-business exchange. In most cases, city Chambers work with their government, such as their mayor, their city council. There are also bilateral chambers of commerce that link the business environments of two countries, community chambers of commerce have started in the UK and later spread to in the US, becoming city chambers of commerce as the communities developed and became larger. Community chambers of commerce are smaller and most have a limits on numbers of members, city chambers of commerce have a long history in the US. The Charleston Chamber of Commerce is one of the oldest, dating back to colonial 1773 and that same year, Bostons Chamber of Commerce organized a seminal tax protest, The Boston Tea Party. In 2005 there were 2,800 chambers of commerce in the United States and 102 chambers representing U. S. businesses overseas. State chambers of commerce are much different from local and regional chambers of commerce, as work on state. State Chambers work with their Governor, state representatives, state senators, US congressional leaders, understanding the National or International need for understanding and information is the key service that these level of chambers of commerce provide
32.
Timothy J. Roemer
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Timothy John Tim Roemer is an American political figure who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2003 as a Democrat from Indianas 3rd congressional district. Subsequently, he was the president of the Center for National Policy and he served as U. S. Ambassador to India from 2009 to 2011. Roemer currently serves on the board of Washington, D. C. based non-profit America Abroad Media. Tim Roemer was born in 1956 in South Bend, Indiana and his grandfather, William F. Roemer, was a philosophy professor at the University of Notre Dame, and his grandmother was an elementary school teacher. Roemers parents, James and Mary Ann Roemer also worked at Notre Dame as Dean of Students and Coordinator of Volunteer Activities, Roemer graduated from Penn High School in 1975 and worked at various jobs from the age of 14 to help pay for college. Tim Roemer graduated from the University of California, San Diego with a B. A. degree in 1979. He earned his M. A. and Ph. D. from the University of Notre Dame, his 1985 dissertation was titled The Senior Executive Service, Retirement, Tim Roemer served on the staff of U. S. Representative John Brademas of Indiana and U. S and he won election to the House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1990, serving in the Congress from 1991 to 2003 representing Indianas 3rd congressional district. While in the House, Roemer served on the Intelligence, Education and Workforce and he did not run for reelection in 2002. Tim Roemer voted in favor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and he opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement, feeling it provided incentives for businesses to move out of the country. Roemer voted against presidential fast-track trade promotion authority, believing that the United States should have been stricter in its enforcement of existing agreements, much of Roemers efforts during his congressional career were related to improving education. He was the author of the Ed-Flex bill, which encouraged states to seek innovative approaches to education. Roemer was the sponsor of the Transition to Teaching bill that helped address teacher shortages by recruiting and training professionals to become teachers. He co-authored School-to-Work legislation to help high school students learn skills to prepare them for the workforce. In his final term in Congress, Roemer was instrumental in passing the No Child Left Behind Act, eventually he opposed the revisions proposed by the Bush administration, because of concerns about bureaucratic inefficiencies, and voted against the creation of DHS. Roemer advocated a civilian reserve corps to train more fluent speakers in foreign languages for the Intelligence Community, Roemer was an original sponsor of bioterrorism legislation and legislation aimed at creating the 9/11 Commission, upon which he later served. Tim Roemer was a member of the 9/11 Commission and he was a candidate for chair of the Democratic National Committee but lost to Howard Dean, who had unsuccessfully sought the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination. Roemer was criticized as too conservative for the post, due to his stance on abortion
33.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
34.
9/11 Commission
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The commission was also mandated to provide recommendations designed to guard against future attacks. Chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, the commission consisted of five Democrats, the commission was created by Congressional legislation, with the bill signed into law by President George W. Bush. The commissions final report was lengthy and based on extensive interviews and its primary conclusion was that the failures of the U. S. After the publication of its report, the commission closed on August 21,2004. The commissions website was shut down, but has been archived, however, Kissinger resigned only weeks after being appointed, because he would have been obliged to disclose the clients of his private consulting business. Senator George Mitchell was originally appointed as the vice-chairman, but he stepped down on December 10,2002, on December 15,2002, Bush appointed former New Jersey governor Tom Kean to head the commission. By the spring of 2003, the commission was off to a start, needing additional funding to help it meet its target day for the final report. In late March, the Bush administration agreed to provide an additional $9 million for the commission, the first hearings were held from March 31 to April 1,2003, in New York City. Thomas Kean - Republican, former Governor of New Jersey Lee H. Hamilton - Democrat, resigned in December 2003, stating that the White House has played cover-up Fred F. Fielding - Republican, attorney and former White House Counsel member, jamie Gorelick - Democrat, former Deputy Attorney General in the Clinton Administration Slade Gorton - Republican, former U. S. Senator from Washington Bob Kerrey - Democrat, President of the New School University and he replaced Max Cleland as a Democratic Commissioner, after Clelands resignation. John F. Lehman - Republican, former Secretary of the Navy Timothy J. Roemer - Democrat, the session was not officially transcribed because the White House considered it a private meeting in which highly classified information would be discussed. Asked to limit the length of testimony to one hour, testimony took place in the Oval Office. Initially, Bush insisted that he testify only to the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the commission, dick Cheney - Vice President, testimony not under oath. The session was not officially transcribed because the White House considered it a meeting in which highly classified information would be discussed. Testimony took place in the Oval Office, George John Tenet - Director of Central Intelligence Agency Colin Powell - Secretary of State Donald H. Testimony was recorded and not limited in time, al Gore - former Vice President, testified in private separately from Bill Clinton. Testimony was recorded and not limited in time, President Bush and Vice President Cheney insisted on testifying together and not under oath, while Clinton and Gore met with the panel separately
35.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
36.
Taylor W. O'Hearn
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Taylor Walters OHearn was a pioneer in the rebirth of the Republican Party in Louisiana during the mid-20th century. He and Morley A. Hudson, both of Shreveport in Caddo Parish, were the first two Republicans elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives since Reconstruction, the pair served single terms from 1964 to 1968. OHearn was born in Shreveport to Ernest OHearn, a railroad worker, Ernest OHearn, who was probably born in New Orleans, had been orphaned as a child when both of his parents died of yellow fever. In 1948, Taylor OHearn became a self-employed CPA in Shreveport, in 1957, he passed the Louisiana bar exam, having studied at night at Centenary College in Shreveport. He was a United States Navy veteran with service during World War II and he was a former commander of the American Legion Post 14 in Shreveport. Like most Louisiana Republicans of his era, Taylor OHearn started political life as a Democrat, in 1959, he supported the segregationist gubernatorial candidate William M. Rainach of Claiborne Parish in the Democratic primary. Rainach finished a third, and the governorship went to Jimmie Davis. Having grown disenchanted with the national Democratic administration of President John F. Kennedy, johnson, OHearn switched parties to run in 1962 for the U. S. Senate. He challenged incumbent Democrat Russell B, Long, who as the oldest son of the legendary Huey Pierce Long, Jr. was already himself a near political icon in Louisiana. OHearn charged that Long was practicing the same old pork barrel, hes promising everybody everything with their own money. OHearn further claimed that Long was attempting to take credit for all progress in the state. Long refused to debate OHearn, who charged that the senator doesnt have the guts to talk to the people about campaign issues, Long replied that he was not ashamed Ive fought to get things for Louisiana. Im not ashamed to go to the White House to talk to the president to get things done for my state, critical of the Kennedy Cuban policies, OHearn called the failed Bay of Pigs operation a desertion of Cuban patriots. Its odd to me that Russell Long and Jack Kennedy were the two persons in the country who did not know about the Cuban arms buildup. He claimed that the Cuban blockade was timed perfectly with the political campaign, OHearn also claimed that Long voted 75 percent of the time for Kennedy policies, These bills are not just socialistic but radical. Long denied OHearns contention that he was automatically in lockstep with Kennedy policies, Long voiced opposition for instance, to Kennedys intervention in the desegregation of the University of Mississippi at Oxford that fall, which had led to a violent confrontation. OHearn said that he opposed foreign aid until neutral countries committed themselves to the West and he proposed that the United States withdraw from the United Nations until the communist bloc pays its share. In appealing for support, OHearn said that his honor and integrity the only things I own, no one is going to buy it, bargain for it, or obtain it in any other matter
37.
Frank Fulco
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Frank Russo Fulco, Sr. was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Caddo Parish, having served from 1956 to 1972. He was a part of the Long faction and had once been a member of Longs popular Share Our Wealth Club and he was also a leader of the Italian-American community in his native Louisiana. Fulco was a member of the influential Louisiana Democratic State Central Committee. He had been in nearly all his life. He did it to help people and he was one of the honest ones, and were thankful for that, said Frank Fulco, Jr. of Shreveport. Fulco was born in tiny Paincourtville in Assumption Parish in South Louisiana, to Rosario Fulco and he was the twelfth of thirteen children. The Fulcos moved to Shreveport in 1909, where Frank was educated in the Shreveport public schools and he attended Tulane University in New Orleans, where he was a member of the boxing team. In 1934, Fulco married the former Josie Tritico of Lake Charles in Calcasieu Parish in southwestern Louisiana, the marriage lasted until Fulcos death, Josie died two years later. Fulco was a co-founder of Standard Printing Company and was active after 1929 in the Shreveport business community and he published community newspapers throughout the state, including the Broadmoor News, which served his own Shreveport neighborhood. Fulco resided at 148 Pennsylvania Street in Broadmoor, Fulco was long active in fraternal and civic organizations, particularly the Progressive Mens Club. He traveled across Louisiana to promote good citizenship among young men of Italian descent and it was on a trip to Lake Charles that Fulco had met Josie. The government of Italy recognized Fulcos efforts with a Certificate of Appreciation presented in the chamber of the Louisiana House of Representative in Baton Rouge, in Shreveport, Fulco was the first inductee into the Italian-American Hall of Fame. Son Frank, II, said that his father did a lot for the Italian people and he lived his whole life doing favors for people. In 1936, Fulco was elected for a single term to the Caddo Parish Police Jury, later the Caddo Parish Commission. Fulco, at twenty-seven, was the youngest member of the body, one of his colleagues, Earl Williamson, of Vivian in north Caddo Parish, would serve on the board for some forty years. Williamson, like Fulco, was part of the Long faction, Fulcos legislative tenure coincided with the administrations of Governors Earl Kemp Long, Jimmie Davis, and John J. McKeithen. Elected in 1956 and 1960, Fulco won his third term as part of a Caddo Parish five-member at-large delegation in the election held on March 3,1964. Fulco finished fourth among the five winners, Hudson and Taylor W. OHearn led the tabulations, followed by Democrats Algie D. Brown, Fulco, and future State Senator and U. S
38.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
39.
Ralph Perlman
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Ralph R. Perlman was the state budget director in his adopted U. S. state of Louisiana, having served under four governors of both parties from 1967 until 1988. Thereafter, Perlman continued to other public service positions. Perlman was born in New York City, the son of a Jewish couple of European descent, Harry. He received his degree from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. During World War II, Perlman served with distinction in the European Theater as an officer with the United States Army 63rd Infantry Division. While stationed at Camp Van Dorn in Mississippi, he met and subsequently married the former Carol Herzberg, the Perlmans established residence in Baton Rouge, where he was first engaged in business. Carol Perlman died of cancer in 1981, in 1984, Perlman remarried, in 1964, Governor John McKeithen appointed Perlman as the executive assistant to the commissioner of administration, W. W. McDougall. In 1966, he joined the staff of then-State Representative J. Bennett Johnston, Jr. a Shreveport lawyer, who subsequently became a state senator in 1968. In 1967, Governor McKeithen named Perlman as state budget director, in that capacity he developed the Office of State Group Benefits, which handles the medical claims of state employees and retirees. He also oversaw the states $5 million investment in the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition held in New Orleans, in 1988, Perlman became the special assistant for finance under Governors Buddy Roemer, Edwin Edwards, and Murphy J. Foster, Jr. In 1997, Foster appointed Perlman secretary of the Louisiana Gaming Control Board, in 2002, then University of Louisiana System President Sally Clausen hired him as a special assistant. According to Clausen, whom Perlman considered his goddaughter, Perlman treated every budget as though it was coming out of his own pocket, if I was running the state, I’d want Ralph Perlman watching my dollars. In the first year, he saved me a million dollars from minor stuff and he was a magician in common sense. Son Gerald Lee Jerry Perlman of Shreveport, Louisiana, described his father as very detail-oriented and he had a very retentive memory. ”Perlman died in a Baton Rouge hospice at the age of ninety-six after a brief illness. In addition to his son, he was survived by his wife of twenty-nine years, Billie Williams Perlman, his daughter-in-law, Francine Perlman. In 2011, Perlman was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield
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Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
42.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
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John McKeithen
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John Julian McKeithen was the 49th governor of Louisiana, with service from 1964 to 1972. A Democrat from the town of Columbia, he was the first governor of his state in the twentieth century to serve two consecutive terms. He strongly advocated the construction of the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, McKeithen was born in the village of Grayson just south of Columbia in Caldwell Parish, the son of contractor and farmer, Jesse J. McKeithen and the former DeEtte Eglin. He graduated from school there and first attended college in High Point. In 1942, he earned his law degree from Louisiana State University Law Center in the city of Baton Rouge. From 1942–1946, during World War II, McKeithen served as a first lieutenant in the 77th Infantry Division and he fought in the battles of Guam, Gulf of Leyte, Ie Shima, and Okinawa. He was awarded two Bronze Star Medals and the Distinguished Service Cross, after the war, McKeithen started practicing law in Columbia. On June 14,1942, he married a teacher, the former Marjorie Margie Howell Funderburk. Marjorie, who was reared in Winnsboro in Franklin Parish, graduated from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston and she taught mathematics and chemistry at Jena High School in Jena in LaSalle Parish and, thereafter, at the Ward 5 School in Caldwell Parish. The McKeithens had six children, including the future State Representative and their oldest son was Jesse Jay McKeithen. Their daughters are Rebecca Ann, Melissa Sue, Pamela Clare, as a legislator, McKeithen consistently voted for tax increases. The anti-Longs, led that year by Judge Robert F. Kennon of Minden, won the governorship, in a runoff election, McKeithen lost the lieutenant governors race to C. E. Cap Barham of Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, who had run on the gubernatorial intraparty ticket with U. S. Representative Thomas Hale Boggs, Sr. of New Orleans, Barham then switched to the Kennon ticket in the runoff against McKeithen. Once in office, however, Kennon and Barham were often at odds, McKeithen then served on the Louisiana Public Service Commission from 1955 to 1964. He emerged successful in the 1954 Democratic primary for the PSC by defeating incumbent Harvey Broyles and he was then unopposed in the general election. McKeithen represented Huey Longs old north Louisiana district, and emulated Long with his populist attacks on the Southern Bell Telephone Company. He was credited with preserving the traditional nickel telephone call, when most states had gone to a dime or higher at pay phone outlets
United States
United States Army
